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Ä Į I Ē É Ħ Ĕ I İ Í Ĭ Ĕ Ë Í I Î Ħ Ĝ Ë Í Ĭ Ĩ É Ī É ĤÉ Ī Ĕ F Į Ĥ É Ë Ĝ Î I ĒĔ Ĥ ÉĬ
Ĭ Í Ë Ĝ É Ë Ĝ Í I Ĕ Ĭ Ĉ IJ Ě Ĥ Ĝ Ë Í Ő Ĉ Ī Ĝ Ĵ É Ē É Ĭ /.3
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ab^``bpl^imÑ_if`lpboÅ^jbklo9v&fs'bi_bkbcf+
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abi`lkprjfalo/4+n r b pbobmobpbkq^bki^Dfdro^
/ mlobi~ob^bkqobi^`ros^ababj^ka^v*bimob+
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m^oqf`fm^kalbkbijbo`^alvprjfkfpqo^kalbi
pbosf`fl mÑ_if`l obnrbofal,Aljl obpriq^al* bi
pbosf`fl mÑ_if`l bp fkbufpqbkqb, Ci mob`fl qlmb
qfbkbnrbbpq^obkqlk`bp* kb`bp^of^jbkqb* mlo
bk`fj^abi`lpqlj^odfk^i &AKd',
Alkpb`rbkqbjbkqb*bijÅkfjlmob`flobdri^al
nrbpbmrbab`l_o^obpNP;AKb*`ljlpbjrbp+
qo^ bk i^ Dfdro^ 0* i^ jfpj^ nrb obmolar`b^ i^
Dfdro^/ valkabpbobmobpbkq^^rkjlklmlifpq^
_^gl rk pfpqbj^ obdri^qlofl ab mob`flpvq^p^p
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q^o~fkjbaf^q^jbkqbnrbbpbmob`flkl`r_obkf
pfnrfbo^bi`lpqljbafl&AKb'*mloilnrbilp`lp+
qlpqlq^ibpbu`babo~k^ilpfkdobplpqlq^ibp,çOrÄ
fjmif`^oÅ^ bpql=Orbabp^m^ob`boÅ^ i^ bjmobp^
abijbo`^al*v^nrbdbkbo^oÅ^mÄoafa^pvv^kl
pboÅ^ obkq^_ib m^o^ bii^ `lkqfkr^o lmbo^kal, W
^i`boo^oi^cfoj^*`lkbii^abp^m^ob`bbipbosf`fl
mÑ_if`lnrbpbabpb^nrbpb^prjfkfpqo^al,Ll
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pbcfg^`ljlmob`flqlmb^`l_o^oNPbkqlk`bpi^
bjmobp^mrbabpbdrfolmbo^kalmlonrbmrbab
mbo`f_fofkdobplpnrb`r_o^ki^qlq^ifa^aabprp

/4, Cibu`babkqbabi`lkprjfalomrbab`lk`bmqr^opb`ljli^pd^k^k`f^pabi `lkprjfalomlobi eb`elab^anrfofo

bi_fbklpbosf`flabrk^pli^sbwbkrk jbo`^alvklbkrkfa^abpfkafsfar^ibp`ljmo^a^prk^^ rk^^afpqfkqlp
:=OH<:MNL /1.

lcboq^kqbp, Cp ab`fo* pf bi rpr^oflqrsfbo^ nrb ^anrfofo rkfa^abp abi _fbk lpbosf`fl mlopbm^o^al* rk^ ^ rk^* pr
afpmlpf`fÉk ^ m^d^o bjmbw^oÅ^ pfbkal ^iq^ v bi mob`fl nrb m^d^oÅ^ q^j_fÄk pboÅ^ ^iql +`lk iÅjfqb bk pr `ros^
ab abj^ka^+a^al nrb kl mlpbb rkfa^a ^idrk^ abbpb _fbk,? jbafa^ nrbs^ ^anrfofbkal j~p rkfa^abp* pr
s^ilo^`fÉkabi_fbklpbosf`flafpjfkrvbvbkqlk`bpprafpmlpf`fÉk^ m^d^obpjbklo*^anrfofbkalbp^prkfa^abp
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jbklp^j~p,Cpqlbpbcb`qlabi^ii^j^a^ ibvabrqfifa^aj^odfk^iab`ob`fbkqb ,

ŤTÚ ÂĮFĔIĜÍ ÁŘBĔĒĜIÉ ǼÍĪÉ

`lpqlp ab molar``fÉk `lkgrpqbw^ v bu^`qfqra*
pfk bkqo^obk mÄoafa^p b`lkÉjf`^p* ob`f_fbkal
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6HD8>68>DC:H
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jbw`i^ fkbcf`fbkqb ab fkprjlp rqfifw^kal j~p
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J^ obdri^`fÉk m lo q^p^ ab ob qlokl  kl bp bi

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j riqfmif`fa^a ab bpnrbj^p obdri^qloflp v prp V
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ol
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Cufpqb bkqlk`bp rk^ `loobpmlkabk`f^ bkqob bi `lkcfdro^k qo^gbp^i^jbafa^ ,Ciib`qlofkqbobp^+ ,65
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plk^nrÄiilpm^dlp^c^`qlobpabmolar``fÉkkb`bp^oflpm^o^fk`lomlo^oilp^imol`bplmolar`qfsl+^i^crk`fÉkab
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à
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d\iZX[fp\cdfefgfc`feXkliXc)Ck:=OH<:MNLLÜ/6,Jfj^80..6*mm,141+150,

Ä ĮIĒÉĦĔIİ ÍĬ ĔË ÍIÎĦĜ Ë ÍĬ ĨÉĪÉ ĤÉ Ī ĔFĮĤ ÉËĜ ÎI ĒĔ Ĥ ÉĬ Ĭ Í Ë Ĝ É Ë Ĝ Í I Ĕ Ĭ ĈIJĚ Ĥ Ĝ Ë Í Ő Ĉ Ī Ĝ Ĵ É Ē É Ĭ ŤTÛ

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j bkqb0/*\jki`Zkfj\ejl'pb`lj_fk^bpqbjlabil
obdri^qlofl`lkbijlabilab `ljmbqbk`f^mlo
i^`^k`e^ bksbwab `ljmbqbk`f^bki^`^k`e^ 
mlmri^ofw^almloBbjpbqw00,
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ab fkarpqof^p `lk `^o^`qboÅpqf`^p ab jlklmlifl
k^qro^i mbojfqÅ^ d^o^kqfw^o i^ bcf`fbk`f^ ^pfd+
k^qfs^ bk i^ molsfpfÉk abi pbosf`fl* ^rk `r^kal
kl pb^ mlpf_ib i^ `ljmbqbk`f^ bcb`qfs^ bumlpq,
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rkpbosf`flnrbbpjlklmliflk^qro^i*bprkplil
lmbo^alo, Nbol bu+^kqb* bi fab^i bp nrb bufpq^k
s^oflp`ljmbqfalobpm^o^^agraf`^opbbiabob`el
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jlklmÉif`l, Qf pb `rjmibk i^p `lkaf`flkbp ab
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bifjfk^obimlabo jlklmÉif`lbu+mlpq* i^ qbloÅ^
abBbjpbqwklpaf`bnrbi^if`fq^`fÉkqo^kpcbofo~
^ ilp `lkprjfalobp bi _bkbcf`fl abi mlabo abi
jlklmlifl`r^kalpb^agraf`^biabob`elabbu+
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i^if`fq^`fÉkmloq^ofc^ob`ljbka^a^mloBbjpbqw
obcrbow^^i^obdri^`fÉk mloq^p^abobqlokl,
Sk^ s^of^kqb ab if`fq^`fÉk jrv rp^a^ pb a^
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q^oi^, Mqo^p s^of^_ibp ab `ljmbqbk`f^ mrbabk
pbobimi^wlabbumilq^`fÉk*bi`lcfk^k`f^jfbkql
bpq^q^i +b k cloj^ ab m^dlp mloafpmlkf_fifa^a
l m^dlpafcbofalpbkbiqfb j m l +*`^klk lm^dl
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ab ilp fkdobplp v lqolp* `lj l `ljmoljfplp
ab fksbopfÉk* `ljmoljfplp ab `^ifa^a* j lkql
plif`fq^al ab d^o^kqÅ^p ab fkdobplp jÅkfjlpl
`lj_fk^`flkbpabilp^kqboflobp,
Nbol i^ `ljmbqbk`f^ mlo mob`flp pfdrb pfbkal
i^bpqo^qbdf^mobaljfk^kqbq^kqlmloprpfj mif+
`fa^a ab^mif`^`fÉk `ljl mlobi eb`elabnrb
bpbk bi mob`flalkabbirpr^oflabi pbosf`flpb
jrbpqo^bpmb`f^ijbkqbpbkpf_ib`r^kalpbfj+
mibjbkq^bijfpjljbaf^kqbrk^?NN,
:=OH<:MNL /1.
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00, BCKQCRX* F^olia, P_pK\^{cXk\Nk`c`k`\j9 ) Ck8 Hlrok^i l cJ^t ^ka C`lkljf`p* LÜ /*Tli, //,Reb Skfsbopfqv lc
Aef`^dlNobpp,Aef`^dl* /746*mm,33+43,
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J===%7CB7@IG=CB9G
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qo^kp^``flkbp b`lkÉjf`^p nrb `lkcfdro^k bp+
qor`qro^pfkarpqof^ibpabjlklmliflpk^qro^ibp,
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bjmobp^mofs^a^nrb^`qÑ^`ljl`lk`bpflk^ofl,
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qof^abi^p?NNbpbiabcfg^oqlmbp^i^q^p^abobqlo+
klabifksbopflkfpq^*nrbbnrfs^ibbki^mo~`qf`^^
bpq^_ib`bomob`flpqlmb*`rfa^kalnrbklpb^kq^k
_^glpnrbbifjfkbkilpfk`bkqfslpabijlklmlifpq^
abi^?NNm^o^_ofka^obipbosf`flmÑ_if`l,
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jl ^i _rp`^o obmolar`fo ^idrk^ `ljmbqbk`f^
b kqob  fkqbobp^alp m lo b u m il q^ o i^ ?NN, Nlo
q^kql*bp fj mloq^kqb nrb i^p `lkaf`flkbpab i^
if`fq^`fÉk pb^k ^qo^`qfs^p ^i j^vlo kÑjbol ab
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j^vlo`^kqfa^aabmlpqlobp,
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j^pbklqolqo^_^gl*v^nrbbu`babbi iÅjfqbabi
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kÉjf`^, Bf`elp mol_ibj^p plk ab m^oqf`ri^o
fk`rj_bk`f^ abi ^_ld^al* bk i^ jbafa^ nrb
af`bk obi^`fÉk `lk i^ mobpbk`f^ ab fk`bkqfslp
kl ^ifkb^alp bkqob i^p m^oqbp ^pÅ`ljl `lk i^
bufpqbk`f^ab`lkqo^qlpfk`ljmibqlp,