Wave Motion

Ariful Islam

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 Restoring Force

• If the spring is stretched by pulling

the mass longitudinally, due to
elasticity a force tends to bring the
mass back towards the equilibrium
position. This force is called the
restoring force or return force.
• If the spring were compressed the
restoring force would tend to
extend the spring and restore the
mass to its equilibrium position.
• The more you stretch/compress the
spring, the more will be the
restoring force.

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Restoring Force

• Direction of the restoring force is always opposite to the displacement

• Magnitude of restoring force is linearly proportional to the displacement.

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Simple Harmonic Motion
• Any oscillatory or vibrating motion which satisfies both of the
following two conditions is called simple harmonic motion.

✓Restoring force is always directed towards the equilibrium

position, and
✓Magnitude of restoring force is linearly proportional to the
displacement of mass from its equilibrium position.

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Simple Harmonic Motion

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Simple Harmonic Motion
• A general solution for x(t) can be expressed as-

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Simple Harmonic Motion
• Differentiating this equation twice with respect to time gives-

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Phase, Amplitude, Time-Period and Frequency

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Phase, Amplitude, Time-Period and Frequency
• Time Period: T=2π/ω
• Frequency: ν0=1/T

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Velocity and Acceleration
• Displacement of a mass executing simple harmonic motion is given by-

Therefore, in simple harmonic motion, acceleration is proportional to the

displacement but opposite in sign.
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Velocity and Acceleration
• If we plot displacement, velocity and acceleration as functions of time, we
will get graphs as shown in the figure.

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Velocity and Acceleration
• Figure shows that, for any complete cycle in each case, area under the
curve for the first half is exactly equal to area under the curve in the
second half and the two are opposite in sign.
• Thus, over one complete cycle algebraic sum of these areas is zero.
• This means that average values of displacement, velocity and acceleration
over one complete cycle are zero.

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Velocity and Acceleration

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Velocity and Acceleration

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Velocity and Acceleration

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Velocity and Acceleration

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Energy of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator

• Consider the spring-mass system shown in the figure. When the mass is
pulled, the spring is elongated.
• The amount of energy required to elongate the spring through a distance
dx is equal to the work done in bringing about this change. It is given by-

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Energy of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator

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Energy of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator
• Therefore, the energy required to elongate the spring through a distance x
is-

• This energy is stored in the spring in the form of potential energy and is
responsible for oscillations of the spring-mass system.

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Energy of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator

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Energy of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator

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Energy of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator

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Energy of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator

• The plots of U and K.E. as a function of x are shown in the figure which
shows that-
• The shape of these curves is parabolic,
• The shape is symmetric about the origin, and
• The potential and kinetic energy curves are inverted with respect to one
another. This is due to the phase difference of π/2 between the
displacement and velocity of a harmonic oscillator.

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Energy of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator

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Average Values of Kinetic and Potential
Energies

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Average Values of Kinetic and Potential
Energies

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