AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERING
PROBLEMS AND
SOLUTIONS
Alexis T. Belonio

Department of Agricultural Engineering and

UNIVERSITY PRESS Environmental Management
Central Philippine University College of Agriculture
Iloilo City, Philippines Central Philippine University
Iloilo City, Philippines
AGRICULTURAL
ENGINEERING
PROBLEMS AND
SOLUTIONS
Alexis T. Belonio

Department of Agricultural Engineering

and Environmental Management
College of Agriculture
Central Philippine University
Iloilo City, Philippines
The Author:
Alexis T. Belonio is a Professional Agricultural Engineer. Presently, he
is an Associate Professor and Chairman of the Department of
Agricultural Engineering and Environmental Management, College of
Agriculture, Central Philippine University, Iloilo City. He finished his
Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering and Master of Science
degrees from Central Luzon State University, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. He
has been deeply involved in teaching, research, project development, and
entrepreneurial activity on various agricultural engineering projects since
1983.

He was awarded by the Philippine Society of Agricultural Engineers

(PSAE) as Most Outstanding Agricultural Engineer in the Field of Farm
Power and Machinery and by the Professional Regulation Commission
(PRC) as Outstanding Professional in the Field of Agricultural
Engineering in 1993. In 1997, he was awarded by the TOYM
Foundation and the Jerry Roxas Foundation as the Outstanding Young
Filipinos (TOYF) in the Field of Agricultural Engineering. He is
presently a PSAE Fellow Member.

As a dedicated professional, he serves as technical consultant to various

agricultural machinery manufacturers in Region VI. He also serves as a
Reviewer of the TGIM Foundation Review Center on the field of
Agricultural Machinery and Allied Subjects, and Agricultural Processing
and Allied Subjects since 1998. He has written and published several
research and technical papers.

Acknowledgement:
The author is very much thankful to the Lord God Almighty who inspired
him to prepare this material for the benefit of those who are called to
serve in the agricultural engineering profession.

He also wishes to acknowledge the following for the motivation and

encouragement during the preparation of this material: (1) Dr. N. Orcullo
of the TGIM Foundation Review Center, Manila; and (2) Dr. R. Dusaran
of the College of Agriculture, Central Philippine University, Iloilo City.

To Salve and their children: Mike, Happy, Humble, Jireh, Justly,

Tenderly, and Wisdom for their prayer and inspiration.
Trial Edition
PREFACE

This book was written to provide agrcultural engineering students

and graduates who are planning to take the agricultural engineering
board examination a handy reference on the area of machinery and
equipment. The basic fundamental principle of agricultural
machinery and equipment from production to post-harvest
operation are presented in the book. The presentation are mzde
straight forward to make it more simplier and comprehensive in
nature. Practicing Agricultural Engineers and those other Engineers
working in the field of agriculture will also find this book as a
handy reference for related works in the management and
mechaniztion of agricultural machines and equipment.

The presentation of the subject matter in this book is categorized

into field implement and farmstead equipment. This includes
tillage, seed and planting, crop maintenance, water pumping and
irrigation, harvesting and threshing, drying, milling, storage, and
other processing equipment. The management and mechanization
aspect are also given. Theories are presented as well as sample
problems are given to help the students understand and learn how
to calculate the different parameter needed in determining the sizes,
numbers, capacity and efficiency of the different machines and
equipment.

This book is still in draft form. Additional information will be

included in the future to make this book more comprehensive and
detailed. Comments and suggestions are welcome for the future
improvement of this book.

God bless and may this book become useful to you!

Copyright  2003 by Alexis T. Belonio

No part of this book is allowed to be photocopied or reproduced in

any form without any written permission from the author. ALEXIS T. BELONIO
A tractor pulls a 1.0 meter wide heavy duty offset disk harrow An irrigation pump shall be driven by a single cylinder
at an operating speed of 6 kph. What is the theoretical field engine. The set-up has the following data: engine rpm, 2200;
capacity of the machine? pump rpm, 1800; diameter of engine pulley, 25 cm. What
Given: Implement - heavy duty offset disk harrow should the diameter of the pump pulley be?
W - 1.0 m Given: Engine rpm - 2200 rpm
V - 6 kph Pump rpm - 1800 rpm
Required: Theoretical field capacity Engine pulley- 2.5 cm
Solution: Required: Pump pulley
FCt = 0.1 W V Solution: D2 = N1 D1 / N 2
= 0.1 (1 m) ( 6 kph) = 2200 rpm ( 25 cm) / 1800 rpm
= 0.6 ha/hr = 30.55 cm

Determine the length of a flat-belt pulley drive having the

following data: diameter of first pulley, 300 mm; diameter of
A diesel engine that operates at 2500 rpm will be used to drive second pulley, 400 mm; center distance of the pulley shaft, 10
an irrigation pump which should turn at 1000 rpm. The pulley meters.
diameter for the pump is 4 inches. What is the recommended Given: D1 - 300 mm
pulley for the engine? D2 - 400 mm
Given: Engine - Diesel C - 10 m
N1 - 2500 rpm Required: Length of flat belt
N2 - 1000 rpm Solution:
D2 - 4 in. L = 2C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1-D2)2 / 4C
Required: Engine pulley diameter, D1 = 2 (10 m) + 1.57 (0.30m + 0.4 m) + (0.30m -
Solution: N1 D1 = N 2 D 2 0.40 m ) 2 / 4 (10 m)
D1 = [N2 D2] / N1 = 21.05 m
= 1000 rpm (4 in) / 2500 rpm
= 1.6 in or use 2 in.
A corn sheller cylinder will be driven by 10 hp diesel engine If the belt has a capacity rating of 4.5 hp per belt,
thru a V-belt drive. The engine has a speed of 1800 rpm approximately how many belts are recommended for the
while the required speed of the corn sheller is 650 rpm. The drive?
effective diameter of the driver pulley is 12 inches. What Given: Design Power - 10 hp
should be the diameter of the driven pulley? Belt capacity - 4.5 hp per belt
Given: Engine Power - 10 hp Required: Number of belts
Engine speed - 1800 rpm Solution: Nb = Pd / Cb
Sheller speed - 650 rpm = 10 hp / 4.5 hp per belt
Driver pulley diameter - 12 inches = 2.2 belts use 3 belts
Required: Driven pulley diameter
Solution:
Nr Dr = Nn Dn What is the recommended shaft diameter for the drive in item
Dn = Nr Dr / Nn above? Assume a design stress of 6000 psi.
= (1800 rpm) (12 in) / 650 rpm Given: Design power - 10 hp
= 33 in. Shaft rpm - 1800 rpm
Design stress - 6000 psi
Required: Shaft diameter
In the given problem in item above, what is the required Solution: T = 63025 (Pd) / N
length of V-belt if the center distance between pulleys is 60 = 63025 (10 hp) / 1800 rpm
in. = 350 in-lb
Given: Dr - 12 in. D = [16 T /  Sd ] 1/3
Dn - 33 in. = [16 (350 in-lb) /  (6000 psi) ] 1/3
C - 60 in. = 0.66 in.
Required: Length of belts
Solutions: L = 2C + 1.57 (D1+D2) + (D1-D2)2 / 4C
= 2 (60 in.) + 1.57 (12 in.+33 in.) +
(12 in. - 33 in.) 2 / 4 (60 in.)
= 192.5 in.
What is the force required to pull a single moldboard plow on The field capacity of the rotary tiller was measured at 0.23
a clay loam soil having a width and depth of cut of 30 cm and ha/hr. If the operating width and speed of the machines are
15 cm, respectively. Soil draft is 8 psi. 1.5 m. and 2 kph, respectively, what is the field efficiency of
Given: Width of cut - 30 cm the tiller?
Depth of cut - 15 cm Given: Actual field capacity - 0.23 ha/hr
Soil draft - 8 psi Operating width - 1.5 m
Required: Force to pull the plow Operating speed - 2 kph
Solution: F = A Ds Required: Field efficiency
= (30 cm) (15 cm) (8 psi x in/2.54 cm Solution: Ef = AFC x 100 / TFC
x kg/2.2 lb) TFC = 0.1 (1.5 m ) ( 2 kph)
= 253 kg = 0.3 ha/hr
Ef = 0.23 ha/hr (100) / 0.3 ha/hr
= 77%
If the plow above has an average speed of 5 km/hr, what is the
drawbar horsepower of the plow.
Given: Force to pull the plow - 253 kg What is the effective field capacity of the rotary tiller tilling
Velocity of the plow - 5 kph theoretically at 0.4 ha/hr with a field efficiency of 85%?
Required: Drawbar horsepower Given: Theoretical field capacity - 0.4 ha/hr
Solution: DHP = F V Field efficiency - 85%5
= 253 kg (5 kph x 1000m/km x Required: Effective field capacity
hr/3600s) Solution: EFC = Ef (TFC)
= 4.6 hp = 0.85 (0.4 ha/hr)
= 0.34 ha/hr

A rotary tiller has 2 m operating width. If the tractor runs at a What is the effective field capacity of 2 moldboard plows
speed of 2 km/hr, what is the theoretical field capacity of the having 25 cm width, each plowing at a speed of 7 km/hr? The
machine? field efficiency is 80%.
Given: Operating width -2m Given: Number of plows - 2
Operating speed - 2 kph Plowing speed - 7 kph
Required: Theoretical field capacity Field efficiency - 80%
Solution: TFC = 0.1 W V Required: Effective field capacity
= 0.1 ( 2 m) ( 2 kph) Solution: EFC = Np W Ef
= 0.04 ha/hr = 2 (0.25 m) (7 kph) (0.8)
= 0.28 ha/hr
Compute the torque acting on pulley that is rotating at 1800 Recommend a shaft size required for the main transmission
rpm when delivering a power of 10 kW. If the pulley used in shaft of rice mill prime moves with the following
transmitting power runs at 1800 rpm has a diameter of 8 in, specifications: Engine= Isuzu 8 PA, Hp rated= 225 Hp,
what is the force transmitted by the belt? Also compute the Engine Speed= 3600 rpm. Use design stress for the shaft
actual load applied to the pulley shaft? If 6200 single row equal to 6,000 psi. Recommend a size of square key for the
deep groove ball bearing will be used to drive the pulley calculated shaft above. Assume the size of key of 1/2" square.
above, what would be the rating fatigue life of the bearing? Given:
What is the rated life in hours of the bearing above? Solution: T = 63,000 x 225 Hp/3600 rpm
Given: = 3939.06 in-lb
Solution: M = 974,000 (10 kW) / 1800 rpm D = [16 (3,850 in-lb)/  (6,000 psi)] 1/3
= 5411.1 kgf-mm = 1.5 in. use 2 in.  shaft
Ph =M/V T = 3939.06 in-lb
= (5411.1 kg-mm) / (8 in x 25.4 mm/in) F = 3939.06 in-lb/in
= 53.26 kgf = 3939.06 lb
Kb = fb PH L = 3939.06 lb/ (1/2 in x 25,000 psi)
= 2.25 (53.26 kgf) = 0.32 in
= 119.8 kgf 1/2 all = 3 F/ 2A
L = [C/P] 3 A = 1/2 L
= [400 kgf/119.8] 3 2,500/2 x 2(1/2) L = 3 (3939.06)
= 37.22 x 106 rev L = 0.32 in
Lh = [106/60 n ] [ C / F] 3 Convert 100 psi to kPa.
= [106/ 60 (1800) [ 400 kgf/119.8 kgf] 3 kPa = 100 psi x 6.8945 kPa/psi
= 344. 62 hours = 689.45 kPa
A shaft delivers 10 lbs at 10- cm crank radius. What is the A three-bottom disk plow is plowing at a speed of 8 kph. The
torque delivers by the shaft? effective width per plow bottom is 25 cm. If the plowing
If the shaft above rotates at 80 rpm, what is the power efficiency is 80%, what is the theoretical and effective field
delivered by the shaft? capacity of the implement.
Given: Given: Plow - disk
Solution: T =FxR Speed - 8 kph
= 10 lbs x 10 cm x kg/2.2 lbs Width - 25 cm/plow
= 45.45 kg-cm Eff - 80%
Hp = T N / 63025 Required: Theoretical and effective
= (10 lbs x 10 cm x 800 rpm) / (2.54 field capacity
cm/in x 63025) Solution: Ct =bV
= 0.5 Hp = 0.25 x 0.1 x 3 x 8
= 0.6 ha/hr
Ce = Ct 
= 0.6 ha/hr x 0.8
A solid shaft delivers 1000 in-lb torque at 800 rpm rotation, = 0.48 ha/hr
what shaft diameter would you recommend? Recommended
design stress of 6,000 psi.
Given:
Solution: D = [(16 (1000 in-lb) /  (6,000 psi)] 1/3 Find the effective field capacity of five-bottom disk plow with
=0.9 in. use 1"  25 cm width of cut per plow bottom. Assume a field
efficiency of 0.8 and operating speed of 7 km/hr.
Given: Plow type - disk
Number of disk -5
Field efficiency - 80%
Speed - 7 kph
Required: Effective field capacity
Solution: Ce =  bV
= 0.8 x 0.1 x 0.25 cm/disk x 7 kph x 5
disks
= 0.70 ha/hr
Compute the drawbar pull and drawbar horsepower of a four A power harrow has 6 m operating width. If the tractor runs
(4)-bottom moldboard plow on a clay loam soil having an at a speed of 20 km/hr, what is the theoretical field capacity of
effective width of cut of 0.3 m per bottom and a depth of cut the machine? What is the effective field capacity of the
of 0.15 m. The plowing speed is 10 kph. (soil draft for clay harrow if its field efficiency is 0.85?
loam soil is assumed at 8 psi). Given: Operating width -6m
Given: Plow - moldboard Speed - 20 km/hr
No. of Plow -4 Required: Theoretical Field Capacity
Width of Cut - 0.3 m Effective Field Capacity
Depth of Cut - 0.15 cm Solution: Ct = 0.1 b V
Speed - 10 kph = 0.1 x 6 x 20
Soil Draft - 8 psi = 12 ha/hr
Required: Drawbar pull and Drawbar horsepower Ce =  x Ct
Solution: = 0.85 x 12
F = 0.15 m x 0.30 m x 4 plows x 5818.2 = 10.2 ha/hr
kg/m3
= 1047.3 kg The field capacity of a tractor-drawn field cultivator was
DHP = (1047.3 kg x 10 kph x 1000m/km x measured at 2.9 ha/hr. If the operating width and speed of the
hr/3600sec) / 76.2 machines are 2.5 m and 13 kph, respectively, what is the field
= 38.2 hp efficiency of the tiller?
Given: Effective Field Capacity - 2.9 ha/hr
What is the drawbar pull required for a 3-meter tractor drawn Operating Width - 2.5 m
offset-disk harrow. The implement specific draft is 89 kg/m. Travel Speed - 13 kph
Also compute the drawbar horsepower of the implement if it Required: Field efficiency
running at a speed of 20 kph. Solution: Field efficiency = 2.9 ha/hr x 100 / (0.1 x
Given: Harrow - offset disk 2.5 m x 13 kph)
Width - 3 meters = (2.9 ha/hr / 3.25 ha/hr)
Draft - 89 kg/m x 100
Speed - 20 kph = 89 %
Required: Drawbar pull and DHP
Solution: F = Wi x 
= 3 m x 89 kg/m
= 267 kg
DHP = (267 kg x 20 kph x 1000m/km x
hr/3600sec)/ 76.2
= 19.5 hp
Compute the drawbar pull of plow on a power tiller whose A 16 hp rotary tiller is tilling at a depth of 10 cm. Its rotating
depth and width of cut are equal to 10 cm x 8 cm. The tiller has a width of 0.5 m. What is its specific power output
number of plow bottom is 2. Soil draft is equal to 5 psi. If the of the machine if it is traveling at a speed of 0.5 m/sec?
plow is drawn at a speed of 10 km/hr, what is the drawbar Assume a power transmission efficiency for the tiller of 0.80.
horsepower of the plow?
Given: Width of Cut - 8 cm Given: Power Input - 16 hp
Depth of Cut - 10 cm Depth of Cut - 10 cm
No. of Plow - 2 Width of Cut - 0.5 m
Draft - 5 psi Speed of Tiller - 0.5 m/sec
Speed - 10 kph Power Trans Eff - 0.80
Required: Drawbar pull Required: Specific Power Output
Solution: Solution: SPO = (16 Hp x 0.80 x 746 watt/Hp) /
A = 10 cm x 8 cm x 2 plows 100 (50 cm) (10 cm) (0.5 m/sec)
= (80 cm2 /plow x 2 plows) = 0.382 Watts/cm3
= 160 cm2
F = 160 cm2 (5 lb/in2) (in2 / 2.54 m2)
(kg/2.2 lb) A hydro tiller is driven by 16-hp gasoline engine that has a
= 56.36 kg 10-liter capacity fuel tank fully loaded with fuel. After 6
DHP = F x V hours of operation, it was found out that the tank only
= (56.36 kg x 10 kph x 1000 m/km x contains 6 liters of fuel, what is the fuel consumption rate of
hr/3600sec)/76.2 kg-m/sec-Hp the hydro tiller?
= 2.04 Hp Given:Power Source - 16 hp engine
Tank Capacity - 10 liters
Operation - 6 hours
Fuel left - 6 liters
Required: Fuel Consumption Rate
Solution: FCR = (10 liters - 6 liters) / 6 hours
= 0.66 lph
Compute the force exerted by the cage wheel of a hard tractor The effective width of cut of a single bottom moldboard plow
whose wheel diameter is 0.8 m. The wheel is drawn by 10 hp drawn by a power tiller is 10 cm. If the machine will be used
robin engine which drives the cage wheel at 30 rpm. The to plow a 2 hectare farm, what is the total distance that would
transmission efficiency of the machine is 0.90. be traveled by the machine in order to accomplished the task?
Given: Wheel diameter - 0.8 m Given: Implement - moldboard plow
Engine Hp - 10 hp Effective width of cut - 10 cm
Wheel speed - 30 rpm Area to be plowed - 2 hectares
Eff. Trans - 0.90 Required: Distance to be traveled by plow
Required: Force exerted by the cagewheel Solution:
Solution: F = AHP/ 2 N R D = Area to be plowed / Effective width
= ( 10 hp) (0.90) (4573)/ 2  (30 rpm) of cut
(0.4 m) = (2 hectares x 10,000 m2/ha) / (10 cm
= 272.93 kg x m/100 cm)
= 200 km

A power tiller was tested on a 10 m wide plot. During the

test, the machine made 22 rounds to complete the plowing
operation using two-0.3 m diameter disk plow. What is the
average swath of the power tiller?
Given: Machine - power tiller
Width of plot - 10 m
Number of rounds - 22 rounds
Required: Average swath of the power tiller
Solution:
S = width of plot / 2 x number of rounds
= 10 m / 2 ( 22 rounds)
= 0.23 m
A single-bottom moldboard plows on a clay loam soil (8 psi draft) EFC = 0.1(3 plow)(0.25m/plow)(8kph)
having an effective width of cut of 0.3 m. and a depth of cut of 15 = 0.60 ha/hr
cm. What is the force exerted by a plow?
Given: Plow - single-bottom moldboard What is the required drawbar pull for a 5-meter tractor drawn spike
Soil draft - 8 psi tooth harrow with a specific draft of 89 kg/m? What is the drawbar
Width of cut - 0.3 m horsepower of the implement if it is running at a speed of 6 kph?
Depth of cut - 0.15 m Given: Width of implement - 5 m
Required: Force exerted by the plow Specific draft - 89 kg/m
Solution: F = A ds Speed - 6 kph
= (0.3m)(0.15m)(8psi)(in/0.254m)2 Required: Drawbar pull
(kg/2.2 lb) Solution: F = Ds W
= 253 kg = 89 kg/m) ( 5 m)
= 445 kg
What is the drawbar horsepower of the plow in item above if the DHP = F V
plowing speed is 5 kph? = (445 kg)(6 kph)(1000m/km)
Given: Force - 253 kg (hr/3600sec) /76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
Velocity - 5 kph = 10 hp
Required: Drawbar horsepower
Solution: dph = F V In a 200-hectare corn project, the field has to be tilled in 30 days.
= 253 kg (5 kph) (1000m/km)(hr/3600 What size of heavy-duty offset-disk harrow should be selected if
sec) the tractor to be used operates at 5 kph. Assume a 75% field
= 4.6 hp efficiency and an 8-hour working day.
Given: Area - 200 hectares
A 3-bottom plow is plowing at a speed of 8 kph. The Tilling period - 30 days
effective width per plow bottom is 25 cm. If the plowing Implement velocity - 5 kph
Field efficiency - 75%
efficiency is 80%, what is the theoretical and effective field
Operating time - 8 hours per day
capacity of the plow above? Required: Size of heavy-duty offset disk harrow
Given: Number of plow - 3 bottom Solution: RFC = A /[Pt x OT x Eff]
Speed - 8 kph = 200 hectares / [30 daysx 8hr/day x 0.75]
Effective width/plow - 25 cm = 1.11 ha/hr
Plowing efficiency - 80% W = RFC / [0.1 x V]
Required: Theoretical field capacity = 1.11 ha/hr / [0.1 x 5 kph]
Solution: TFC = 0.1 (3 plow)(0.25m/plow)(8 kph) / 0.80 = 2.2 m
= 0.75 ha/hr
In a field demonstration of a rice reaper with 1.2-m cutter bar One-thousand gallons per minute (1000 gpm) of water is to be
performance showed that the average travel speed of the machine is pumped from a river to a farm 150-ft above the river. What is
3 kph. The average width of cutter bar actually utilized is 1.0 m. the required horsepower to drive the pump considering a
Time lost in crossing the dike is 5 min/ha and 10 min/ha for repair. pump efficiency of 70 % and the friction and other losses of
Turning and other idle time is 10 % of the effective operating time 20 % of the static head.
while removing field obstruction and clogging is 15 min/ha. What
Given: Pumping rate - 1000 gpm
is the theoretical and effective field capacity of the machine? What
is the time lost in turning and other idle time per hectare of the Pumping head - 150 ft
reaper? Pump efficiency - 70%
Given: Width of implement - 1.2 m Friction and other loss - 20% of the static
Velocity - 3 kph head
Width effective - 1.0 m Required: Pump horsepower
Time lost in crossing the dike - 5 min/ha Solution: PHP = Q H  / [7.48 x 33000
Time lost in repair - 10 min/ha = (1000 gpm)(150ft)(62.4 lb/ft3) /
Turning and idle time - 10% of 0.70 (7.48 gal/ft3 x 33000 ft-lb/min-hp
effective operaitng time = 64.8 hp
Lost in removing obstruction
and clogging - 15 min/ha If a diesel engine will be used to drive the pump in item
Required: Theoritical field capacity, effective field above, what is the recommended horsepower for the engine?
capacity, time lost in turning and other idle time Engine efficiency is 80%.
per hectare Given: Pump horsepower - 64.8 hp
Engine efficiency - 80%
Solution: TFC = 0.1 (1.2 m ) (3 kph) Required: Engine horsepower
= 0.36 ha/hr Solution: EHP = PHP / e
EFC = 0.1 (1.0 m) (3 kph) = 64.8 hp / 0.80
= 0.30 ha/hr = 80.9 hp
Tl = [1/(0.3 ha/hr)] [0.1]
= [3.33 hr/ha ][0.1]
= 0.333 hr/ha x 60 min/hr
= 20 min/ha
If a gasoline engine will be used to drive the pump in item A tractor operating at 3.5 mph develops a drawbar pull of
above, what is the power requirement? (70% engine 3000 pounds. Estimate the required drawbar horsepower for
efficiency) the tractor.
Given: Pump horsepower - 64.8 hp Given: Tractor speed - 3 mph
Engine efficiency - 70% Drawbar pull - 3000 lbs
Required: Engine horsepower Required: Drawbar horsepower
Solution: EHP = PHP / e Solution: DHP = F V
= 64.8 hp / 0.70 = (3000 lbs)(3.5mph)(5280ft/mi)
= 92.5 hp (hr/60 min) / 33000 ft-lb/min-hp
= 28 hp
A farmer wishes to spray his cotton plantation at a rate of 300
gallons per hectare. Sixteen nozzles, 18 inches apart will be
used. The foward speed of the tractor will be 5 kph. Compute The specific fuel consumption of a tractor is 0.3 lbs per BHP-
the field capacity of the sprayer in hectare per hour. What is hour. If the heating value of the fuel is 19500 BTU/lb, what is
the required pump capacity for the sprayer above? the brake thermal efficiency?
Given: Sraying rate - 300 gal per hectare Given: Specific fuel consumption - 0.3 lbs/bhp-hour
Number of nozzles - 16 Heating value of fuel - 19,500 BTU/lb
Nozzle spacing - 18 inches Required: Brake thermal efficiency
Tractor speed - 5 kph Solution: bt = [0.3 lb/bhp-hr x 19500 BTU/lb
Required: Field capacity, required pump capacity x 3.9x19-4 hp-hr/BTU] / 7.6 Hp-hr/lb
Solution: FC = 0.1 W V = 43.8%
= 0.1 (16 nozzles)(18 in./nozzle)
(0.254 m/in)(5kph)
= 3.6 ha/hr
Qp = (300 gal/ha)(3.6 ha/hr)(hr/60min)
= 18.3 gpm
A corn plantation requires a population of 37,000 plants per A tractor drive wheel under load rotates at 1200 revolution in
hectare. The average emergence is 90 % and the row spacing passing a newly cultivated field. At no load, the tractor drive
is to be 1.2 meters. If the seed are to be drilled, what should be wheel is able to rotate at 1125 revolution. What is the percent
the seed spacing? slippage of the tractor drive wheel?
Given: Required population - 37,000 plants per hectare Given: Wheel revolution at load - 1200 revolutions
Emergence - 90% Wheel revolution at no load - 1125 revolutions
Row spacing - 1.2 meters Required: Percent slip
Required: Seed spacing Solution: % slip = [Rl – Rn] 100 / Rn
Solution: No. of hills = No of Hills / Emergence = [1200 rev – 1125 rev] 100 / 1125 rev
= 37,000 plants/ha / 0.90 = 6.25%
= 41,111 plants /ha
Seed spacing = 41,111 plants per ha /
[10,000 m2/ha x 1.2 m] What is the application rate of a granular broadcast spreader
= 0.30 m required to apply 1 ton of manure at a distance of 1000
meters. The machine swath is 2 meters.
Given: Weight of manure to be applied - 1 ton
What is the theoretical field capacity of a 3.0 m wide tandem Length of application - 1000 meters
disk harrow pulled by a 4-wheel drive tractor running at a Machine swath - 2 meters
speed of 10 kph? Required: Application rate
Given: Width of implement - 3.0 m Solution: Appli Rate = Weight of Manure /
Speed of the tractor - 10 kph [Width x Length]
Required: Theoritical field capacity = 1 ton x 100 kg/ton x 10,000
Solution: TFC = 0.1 W V m2/ha / [1000 m x 2 m]
= 0.1 ( 3 m) (10 kph) = 5000 kg/ha
= 3 ha/hr
Assume that you are the Agricultural Engineer of a 500- How many days in item above are required to plow the 500-
hectare corn farm with soil type that gives 10 psi draft when hectare farm using ten units of the same kind of tractor and
plowing at a speed of 4 km/hr. Compute the drawbar plow?
horsepower required to pull a three-disk plow with effective Given: Area to be plowed - 500 ha
cut of 12 inches per disk at a plowing depth of 6 inches. Number of tractors - 10 units
Given: Area - 500 ha corn farm Required: Number of days to finish the area
Soil draft - 10 psi Solution: Time = 500 ha / [10 tractors x 4.02 ha/day-
Plowing speed - 4 kph tractor]
Plow bottom - 3 disk = 12.5 days
Width of cut - 12 in. per disk
Plowing depth - 6 inches
Required: Drawbar horsepower
Solution: DPH = [3x12inx6inx10 psix4kph What is the amount of fuel consumed in liters per 16 hours
x1000m/kmxhr/3600sec] day in item above of one tractor unit if the specific fuel
/ 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp consumption is 1 lb/dhp-hr and the specific gravity of the fuel
= 14.3 hp is 0.8?
Given: Specific fuel consumption - 1 lb/dhp-hr
Specific gravity - 0.8
How many hectares in item above does a tractor pulling a Required: Fuel consumed per 16 hours – tractor
three disk plow would be able to plow in one day (16 hours Solution: FCR = 1 lb/dhp-hrx14.3 hp / [0.8 x 62.4 lb/ft3]
operation) assuming a total time loss of 30%? = 0.286 ft3 of fuel /hr x (30cm/ft)3 x
Given: No. of disk - 3 disk liter/1000 cc
Width of cut - 12 in per disk = 7.73 liters per hour
Operating time - 16 hours per day
Time loss - 30% Vol of fuel = (7.73 liter/hr)
Required: Effective field capacity (16hours/day)(12.5 days)
Solution: EFC = 0.1(3diskx12 in/diskx0.254m/in) = 1546.87 liters
(4 kph)(0.7)
= 0.36 ha/hr x 16hr/day
= 4.02 ha/day
What is the cutting width of the single disk harrow set at 18 A 30-disk double-offset-disk harrow is travelling at a speed of
degree working angle containing 20 disks spaced at 30 cm? 10 kph. If the disk diameter is 40 cm spaced at 30cm, what is
Disk diameter is 40 cm. the cutting width of the harrow? What is the theoretical field
Given: Number of disks - 20 disks capacity of the harrow?
Disk spacing - 30 cm Given: Type of harrow - double-offset
Disk diameter - 40 cm Number of disk - 30 disks
Required: Cutting width Travelling speed - 10 kph
Solution: W = [0.95 N S + 0.3 D] / 1000 Disk diameter - 40 cm
= 0.95 (20 diskx300 mm) + Disk spacing - 30 cm
0.3 (400 mm) / 1000 Required: Cutting width
= 5.82 m Solution: W = [0.95 N S + 0.6 D] / 1000
= 0.95 (20 diskx300 mm)+0.6(400 mm)
/ 1000
= 8.89 m
If the harrow in item above is a tandem disk harrow, what is
the cutting width of the machine? TFC = 0.1 W V
Given: Type of harrow - tandem disk harrow = 0.1 x 8.89 m x 10 kph
Required: Width of cut = 8.89 ha/hr
Solution: W = [0.95 N S + 1.2 D] / 1000
= [0.95 (20 diskx300mm) +
1.2(400mm)] / 1000
= 6.18 m
The axle of a power tiller was tested on a Prony-brake A tandem disk harrow at 18 degrees working angle is used to
dynamometer. The force delivered at the brake arm of 1 m pulverize newly plowed farm at a rate speed of 10 km/hour.
was 300 kg at a speed of 25 rpm. Determine the torque and Compute the, effective width of the implement, the theoretical
shaft power of the machine. Also compute the specific fuel field capacity, and the effective field capacity of the harrow.
consumption of the engine that drive the power tiller if it Assume a field efficiency of 90%. The harrow has 24 pieces
consumes diesel at a rate of 0.9 liters per hour. of 30-cm disk spaced at 20 cm.
Given: Machine - power tiller Given: Harrow = tandem
Brake arm - 1 meter Work angle = 18 deg
Shaft load - 300 kg Speed = 10 kph
Shaft speed - 25 kg Field Eff = 90%
Fuel consumption - 0.9 lph No. Disks = 24 units
Required: Torque, shaft power, and specific fuel Disk Dia = 30 cm
consumption Spacing = 20 cm
Solution: Required: Effective Field Capacity
T = FxL Solution:
= 300 kg x 1 m (a) Effective Width
= 300 kg-m We = 0.95 N S + 1.2 D
Ps = F x N / 1340 = 0.95 (23) (20 cm) + 1.2 (30cm)
= 300 kg-m x 25 rpm / 1340 = 473 cm
= 5.597 hp (b) Theoretical Field Capacity
SFC = Fc x f / Ps Ct = 0.1 W (V)
= 0.9 lph x 0.84 kg diesel/liter x 1000 = 0.1 x 473 cm x m/100cm x 10 kph
g/kg / 5.597 hp x 0.746 kW/hp = 4.73 ha/hr
= 181.06 g / kW-hr (c ) Effective Field Capacity
Ce = f Ct
= 0.90 x 4.73 ha/hr
= 4.26 ha/hr
Compute the number of plants required of plants for 2 hectare A 120-hectare farm is to be planted with corn. The row and
corn farm. Seed spacing are as follows: Plant spacing, 0.25 hill spacing are 50 cm and 40 cm respectively. How many
m and row spacing, 0.45 m. hills is to be planted in the farm? If 12 row drill planter is to
Given: Area - 2 hectare be used at 10 kph implement speed, what is the theoretical and
Sp - 0.25 m effective field capacity of the machine? Assume a field
Sr - 0.45 efficiency of 80%. If the field required 3 seeds per hill and
Required: Number of plants for 2-hectare farm has a percentage emergence of 90%, how many kilos of seeds
Solution: are needed for the entire area? Assume 0.1g per seed.
Np = (2 hectare x 10,000)/(0.25 m x 0.45 m) Given: Area - 120 hectares
= 177, 777.8 plants or hills Row spacing - 50 cm
Hill spacing - 40 cm
Machine - 12- row seeder/planter
Implement Speed - 10 kph
How many grams of cotton seeds are required per row for a Field efficiency - 80%
hectare assuming that a row spacing and plant spacing for the % Emergence - 90%
seeds are set at 0.20 m and 0.50 m, respectively? The seeding No. of Seeds/hill - 3 seed
rate is 10 kg/ha. Wt per seed - 0.1 g / seed
Given: Crop - cotton Required: Number of hills, Theoretical field capacity,
Seeding rate - 10 kg/ha Effective field capacity, and Weight of seeds
Row spacing - 0.5 m needed for the entire farm.
Plant spacing - 0.20 Solution: No. Hills = (10,000 x A) / (Sh x Sr)
Required: Seed required in kilogram = 10,000 x 120 ha / (0.50 m x 0.4
Solution: Seed Required = 10 kg/ha x 0.20 m x 0.5 m)
m /10 = 6,000,000 hills
= 0.1 g FCt = 0.1 Wi x Vi
= 0.1 x 12-row x 0.5 m x 10 kph
= 6 ha/hr
FCe = FCt x f
= 6 ha/hr x 0.80
= 4.8 ha/hr
Ws = No Hills x No. Seeds x SWs / E
= (6,000,000/hill x 3 seeds/hill x 0.1
g/seed x kg/1000g) / 0.9
= 2000 kg
Walking in the rice field operating the sprayer with a spray
swath of 1 m, a person covers 220 m/min. If the nozzle Compute the friction head from a 6-meter depth suction pipe
discharge is 0.4 liter/min, what is the application rate per of a centrifugal pump which discharges 0.012 m3/sec of water.
hectare? The pipe nominal diameter is 4 inches.
Given: Swath -1m Given: Length of pipe - 6 meters
Walking speed - 20 m/min Discharge - 0.012 m3/sec
Nozzle discharge - 0.4 liter/min Pipe diameter - 4 inches
Required: Application rate Required: Friction head
Solution: Area covered by spray swath per minute Solution:
1 m x 20 m/min = 20 m2/min L x Q2
Application rate per hectare Hf = k
= (10, 000 m2/ha x 0.4 liter/min) / 20 C2 x D 2
m2/min 6 m x (0.012 m 3/sec) 2
= 200 liters /ha = 10
(1.0)2 x (4 in. x 2.54 cm/in x m/100
cm) 2
If a boom sprayer has 6 nozzles and each nozzle discharges = 0.864 m
0.6 liter/ min, what is the application rate if the spray swath
and walking speed is 25 m/min?
Given: No. of nozzles -6
Nozzles discharge -0.6 liter/min A pump was tested to measure the flow rate using a 90 degree
Swath -6m triangular weir. Tests have shown that the head of water into
Walking speed - 25 m/min the weir averages to 13 cm. What is the average rate of flow
Required: Application rate of the pump?
Solution: Total nozzle discharge per minute Given: Machine - pump
0.6 liter/min x 6 = 3.6 liters/min Test rig - 90 degree triangular weir
Area covered per min. Ave head reading - 15 cm
3 m x 25m/min = 75 m2/min Required: Pump flow rate
Application Rate per hectare Solution: Q = 0.0138 H 5/2
= 3.6 liters/min x 10, 000 m2/min / 75 = 0.0138 x (15 cm) 5/2
m2/min = 12.02 lps
= 480 liters/min
A pump was installed with a suction head of 6 m and a A rotary pump at 1200 rpm is used to deliver milk at a head of
discharge head of 10 meters. The discharge rate of the pump 6 meters. The rate of flow of the pump is 0.01 m3/sec. What
is 60 liters per minute. What is the water horsepower of the is the fluid and brake horsepower of the pump shaft if it has an
pump? efficiency of 75%. What is the motor horsepower if the
Given: Suction head -6m transmission and motor efficiencies are 91% and 99%,
Discharge head - 10 meters respectively.
Discharge rate - 60 lpm Given: Flow rate - 0.1 m3/s
Required: Water horsepower Total head -6m
Solution: WHP = TDH x Q / 102 Specific gravity of milk - 1.1
= (6 m + 10 m) x (60 lpm x min/60sec) / Pump efficiency - 75%
102 Transmission efficiency - 91%
= 0.157 kW x Hp/0.746 kW Motor Efficiency - 99%
= 0.210 hp Required: Fluid horsepower, Brake horsepower, and Motor
horsepower
A pump which discharges 4 liters per second at a head of 6 Solution: FHP = Q H 
meters is driven by electric motor. The input current of the (0.1 m3/s ) ( 6 m ) (1.1 x 1000 kg/m3)
motor is 1.5 amp while the input voltage is 220 volt. What is =
the overall efficiency of the pump if the motor power factor is 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
0.98? = 0.87 hp
Given: Pump discharge - 4 lps BHP = FHP / p
Head - 6 meters = 0.87 hp / 0.75
Input current - 1.5 amp = 1.16 hp
Input voltage - 220 volt MHP = BHP / (t x m)
Power factor - 0.98 = 1.16 hp / ( 0.91 x 0.99)
Required: Pump overall efficiency = 1.29 hp therefore use 1-1/2 hp motor
Solution: WHP = TDH x Q / 102
= (6 m) x ( 4 lps) / 102
= 0.235 kW
IP = V x I x cos 
= 220 volt x 1.5 amp x 0.98
= 0.323 kW
p = (WHP / IP) x 100
= (0.235 kW / 0.323 kW) x 100
= 72.7 %
What will be the flow rate, working head, and power Estimate the pull that can be developed from a 900 kg water
requirement of the pump system above if its speed is buffalo pulling a load at an angle of 30 deg. The horizontal
increased to 2100 rpm. distance between the front and the rear foot is 1.4 m. The
Given: Speed1 - 1200 rpm center of gravity of the animal is located 0.7 m from the foot.
Flow rate - 0.1 m3/s The horizontal distance from the yoke to the rear foot is 0.3
Head1 -6m m. The height of the neck yoke was measured 1.2 m from the
Horsepower1 - 0.87 hp neck load point to the ground. Assume a coefficient of
Speed2 - 2100 rpm friction of 0.95 between the roof and the ground surface.
Required: Flow rate2, Head2, and Horsepower2 Given: W = 900 kg h2 = 1.2 m
Solution: Q2 = (N2/N1) x Q1 L = 1.4 m  = 30 deg
= (2100 rpm/1200 rpm) 0.1m3/s L1 = 0.7 m  = 0.95
= 0.0175 m3/s L2 = 0.3 m
H2 = (N2/N1)2 x H1 Required: Pull
= (2100 rpm/1200 rpm)2 x 6 m Solution:
= 18.4 m 900 kg (0.7 m) (0.95)
HP2 = (N2/N1)3 x HP1 P =
= (2100 rpm/1200 rpm)3 x 0.87 hp [1.4 m + 1.2 m (0.96)] cos 30 +
= 4.66 hp 0.3 m (0.95) sin 30

900 kg (0.665m)
=
(2.54 m) 0.866 + (0.285 m) 0.5
= 255.76 kg
Compute the amount of power that can be developed by a 600
kg draft animal pulling an 80 kg load at a speed of 0.9 m/sec. Calculate the indicated horsepower of a six- cylinder engine,
Given: Weight of animal - 600 kg 4" bore and 4" stroke, 1500 rpm, 80 psi mean effective
Load - 80 kg pressure.
Speed - 0.9m.sec Given: No. of cylinders -6
Required: Hp Bore, D - 4 in.
Solution: Stroke, L - 4 in.
Hp =FxV RPM, N - 1500 rpm
= 80 kg x 0.9m/sec Pressure, P - 80 psi
= 72 kg-m/sec or 0.96 hp Required: Indicated horsepower
Solution:
If a cow can provide a draft of 60 kg, how much draft can be L = 4 in. x 1 ft/12 in. = 0.34 ft
provided by 2 cows together? A = /4 x D2 = /4 (4)2 = 12.57 in2
Given: No. of cows - 2 PLANn
Draft - 60 kg IHP =
Required: Total Draft 33, 000 x 2
Solution: 80 x 0.34 x 12.57 x 1500 x 6
Dt = No. of oxen x draft/ox x factor =
= 2 cows x 60 kg/ox x 1.9/2 33, 000 x 2
= 114 kg = 46.61 hp

Suppose a 4-cylinder engine has a bore of 3.5 in. and a stroke

of 4.0 in, what is the piston displacement of the engine?
Given: No. of cylinders -4
Piston diameter - 3.5 in.
Stroke - 4.0 in.
Required: Piston displacement
Solution:
PD =  (3.5 in)2/4 x 4.0 in x 4
= 153.9 in3
Suppose that an engine has a piston displacement of 39.4 in 3. Calculate the BHP of 4 cylinder, 2-stroke cycle internal
If the clearance volume of the cylinder in 2.5 in 3, what is its combustion engine with 4" diameter and 5" stroke piston. The
compression ratio? mean effective pressure is 102 psi and number of explosion
Given: PD - 38.4 in3 per minute is 6600. The mechanical efficiency of the engine
CV - 2.5 in3 is 80 percent.
Required: Compression ratio Given: No. of cylinder -4
Solution: Mean Eff Pressure - 102 psi
38.4 in3 + 2.5 in3 No. of stroke -2
CR = No. of exp/ min. - 600
2.5 in3 Bore (diameter) - 4 in.
= 16.4 Mech Eff - 80%
Stroke - 5 in.
Required: BHP
Solution:
No. of explosion/min = N (rev/min) x 1
explosion/cyl./rev x no. of cyl.
600 = N x 4
N = 150 rpm
102 psi x (144 in2/ft2) x /4 (4/12)2 x 150 x 4
IHP =
33, 000
= 38.84 Hp
BHP = IHP x Mech. Eff.
= 9.79 x 0.8
= 31.07 Hp
The indicated power of an engine is 69 horsepower. The Two persons are doing the threshing operation by
brake horsepower is 54. What is the mechanical or engine “Hampasan” method. What is the total human power
efficiency? generated by the two persons in one day if they work an
Given: IHP - 69 Hp average of 6 hours?
BHP - 54 Hp Given: Work - threshing
Required: Mechanical Efficiency No. of persons -2
Solution: Time - 6 hours
BHP Required: Power generated by the two persons
Mech. Eff. = -------- x 100 Solution:
IHP Pg = 0.35 - 0.092 log (6 hours x 60 min/hr)
54 Hp = 0.35 - 0.092 log (360 min)
= ------------- x 100 = 0.11 hp/person
69 Hp TPg = 0.11 hp/person x 2 persons
= 78.26% = 0.22 hp

A person is working for 4 hours on a farm in harvesting

operation. Estimate the power that can be generated by the An engine was tested on a brake dynamometer at a speed of
person in doing the job. 2000 rpm. The brake arm of the machine is 1.2 meters and it
Given: t - 4 hours registered a load of 5 kg. What is the shaft power of the
Required: Power generated engine?
Solution: Given: Engine speed - 2000 rpm
Pg = 0.35 - 0.092 log (4 hours x 60 min/hr) Brake arm length - 1.2 meters
= 0.35 - 0.092 log (240 min0 Force registered - 5 kg
= 0.13 hp Required: Engine shaft power
Solution:
Ps = T x N / 974
= 5 kg x 1.2 m x 2000 rpm / 974
= 12.3 kW x Hp / 0.746 hp
= 16.51 hp
The engine fuel tank was completely filled with gasoline fuel A four-stroke naturally-aspirated diesel engine was tested on a
before testing. After 4 hours of continuous test 3.7 liters of prony brake dynamometer and gives a BHP output of 14.2
fuel was used to reload the tank completely. Test has shown horsepower. During the test the ambient air temperature is 27
that the engine shaft power was 10 hp. What is the specific C while the total atmospheric pressure is 1020 mb. What is
fuel consumption of the engine? the corrected brake horsepower of the engine?
Given: Fuel - gasoline Given: Engine - 4 stroke naturally
Operating time - 4 hours aspirated
Fuel consumed - 3.7 liters BHP output - 14.2 horsepower
Shaft power - 10 horsepower Ambient air temperature - 27 C
Required: Specific fuel consumption Total atm pressure - 1020 mb
Solution: Required: Corrected BHP
3. 7 liters x 0.743 kg/liter gasoline x 1000 g / kg Solution:
SFC = 1013 0.65
T + 273 0.5
4 hours x 10 hp x 0.746 kW/hp Kd = -------- x -------------
= 92.13 g/kW-hr Pb 293

= (1013/1020 mb) 0.65 x((27C+273) /

A spark ignition engine was tested with BHP output of 9.6 293) 0.5
horsepower. If the ambient condition during the test is 30 C = 1.007
ambient air temperature, what is the corrected BHP of the Corrected BHP = 24.2 hp x 1.007
engine? The total atmospheric air condition is 1011 mbar. = 14.303 hp
Given: BHP of the engine tested - 9.6 hp
Ambient air temperature - 30 C Compute the power that can be generated by hydro-turbine
Total atmospheric air condition - 1011 mb water input of 40 lps on a head of 20 m. The turbine
Required: Corrected BHP efficiency is 70%.
Solution: Given: Q - 40 lps or 0.04 m3/s
1013 T + 273 0.5 H - 20 m
Kg = ---------- x K - 0.7
Pb 293 Required: Power
= 1013/ 1011mbx (30C+273 / 293 ) 0.5 Solution:
= 1.019 P = 9810 x 0.7 x 20 x 0.04
Corrected BHP = 9.6 hp x 1.019 = 5494 watts or 5.5 KW
= 9.78 hp
A hydro site offers a head of 50 m and a flow of 1.2 m 3/s. Compute the average power output of a ricehull stove with
With alternator sped requirement of 1500 rpm and a direct total average fuel consumption rate of 5 kg of rice hull in 4
drive (G=1), compute the specific speed of the turbine for the hours operation. The net calorific value of rice hull is 3000
system. Assume a turbine efficiency of 70%. kcal/kg.
Given: Q - 1.2 m3/sec Given: Total fuel used - 5 kg
H - 550 m Net calfc value - 3000 kcal/kg
t - 70% Total burning time - 4 hours
Na - 1500 Required: Average power output
G -1 Solution:
Required: Turbine specific speed Pav = 5 kg x 3000 kcal/kg/4 hours
Solution: = 3750 kcal/hr
Po = 0.7 x 9810 x 50 m x 1.2 m3/sec x KW/1000W
= 412 kW What is the probable height of the flame on a step-grate stove
1500 rpm x (412 kW)0.5 with a power output of 1000 BTU/hr?
Ns = Given: Power output - 1000 BTU/hr
1 x (50 m)1.25 Type of stove - with grate
= 230 C - 75 mm/kw
Required: Flame height
Solution:
A wood charcoal stove consumes 0.5 kg of fuel per hour. If hlf = 75 mm/kw x (1000 BTU/hr x
95% is volatile matter, what is the design power of the stove? kw/3414.43 BTU/hr)2/5
Assume a heating value for wood charcoal of 6000 kcal/kg. = 75 mm/kw (0.293 kw)0.4
Given: Fuel consumption rate - 0.5 kg/hr = 45.9 mm
Percentage volatile matter - 95 %
Required: Design power
Solution: Two kilogram of rice is to be prepared for cooking. Estimate
Pdes = 0.7 (Pc + Pv, max) the time required to cook the rice.
= 0.7 (1 + 0.95) (0.5 kg hr x 6000 kcal/kg) Given: Weight of rice - 2 kg
= 4095 kcal/hr Required: Cooking Time
Solution:
tc = 550 (2 kg)0.38
= 550 (1.30)
= 715.7 sec or 11.92 min
 Compute the power that can be generated by hydro-turbine
Two liters of water will be boiled in the stove. The desired water input of 40 lps on a head of 20 m. The turbine
time to boil water is 20 minutes. If the initial temperature of efficiency is 70%.
water is 28 C and the boiling temperature is 100C, what is the Given: Q - 40 lps or 0.04 m3/s
maximum power required for the stove? Assume a thermal H - 20 m
efficiency of 15% for the stove. K - 0.7
Given: Volume of water - 2 liters Required: Power
Boiling time - 20 minutes Solution:
Initial temperature of water - 28 C P = 9810 x 0.7 x 20 x 0.04
Final temperature of water - 100C = 5494 watts or 5.5 KW
Thermal efficiency -15%
Required: Maximum power
Solution:
2 x 1 kg/l x kcal/kg -C (100 C - 28 C) A 12 amperes electric fan and blower with a power factor of
Pmax = 0.85 was connected to a 240 volts convenient outlet.
20 min x hr/60 min (0.15) Calculate the power in the circuit.
= 2880 kcal/hr Given: Appliance - electric fan
Current - 12 amp
Power factor - 0.85
Two liters of water will be boiled in the stove. The desired Required: Current and power in the circuit
time to boil water is 20 minutes. If the initial temperature of Solution:
water is 28 C and the boiling temperature is 100C, what is the Power (watts) = volts x amperes x power
maximum power required for the stove? Assume a thermal factor
efficiency of 15% for the stove. = 240 volts x 12 amp x
Given: Volume of water - 2 liters 0.85
Boiling time - 20 minutes = 2,448 watts
Initial temperature of water - 28 C
Final temperature of water - 100C
Thermal efficiency - 15%
Required: Maximum power
Solution:
2 x 1 kg/l x kcal/kg -C (100 C - 28 C)
Pmax =
20 min x hr/60 min (0.15)
= 2880 kcal/hr
Compute the input current on a 5 hp electric motor used to A water heater draws 10 ampere at 240 volt current supply.
drive a hammer mill at 2200 rpm. The imput voltage is 220 Determine its heat resistant.
with a power factor of 0.98. Given: Current - 10 ampere
Given: P - 5 hp Voltage - 240 volt
V - 220 volt Required: Heat resistance
Power factor - 0.98 Solution: R = I / V
Required: Input current = 10 amperes / 240 volt
Solution: I = P / E cos  = 0.4166 ohms
= 5 hp x 746 w/hp / [220 v x 0.98 ]
= 17.3 amp A circuit has a resistance of 20 ohms and the amount of
current flowing is 12 amperes. Determine the voltage.
A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of 50 ohms is Given: Resistance - 20 ohms
connected to a socket with 240 volt current supply. How Current - 12 amperes
much current flows through the lamps? Required: voltage
Given: Resistance - 50 ohms Solution: V =IR
Voltage - 240 volt = 12 amperes x 20 ohms
Required: Current flowing through the lamp = 240 volt
Solution: I = V/R
= 240 volt/ 50 ohms Determine the current flows in a circuit having a resistance of
= 4.8 amperes 5 ohms on 120 volt and 240 volt current supply.
Given: Resistance - 5 ohms
A 12 ampere electric fan and blower with a power factor of Voltage 1 - 120 volt
0.85 was connected to a 240 volts convenient outler. Voltage 2 - 240 volt
Calculate the power in the circuit. Required: Current at V1 and V2
Given: Current - 12 ampere Solution: I = V/R
Power factor - 0.85 At 120 volt
Voltage - 240 volt I = 120 volt / 5 ohms
Required: Power in the circuit = 24 amperes
Solution: P = E I cos  At 240 volt
= 240 volt x 12 amp x 0.85 I = 240 volt / 5 ohms
= 2,448 watts = 48 amperes
 = 48 amp
An electric motor has a nameplate rating of 2 horsepower, 240 A circuit has a resistance of 20 ohms and the current flows at
volts, and 15 amperes. Calculate the motor power factor 12 amperes. Determine the voltage.
assuming a motor efficiency of 85%. Also compute for the Given: Resistance - 20 ohms
motor power input.. Current - 12 amperes
Given: Appliance - electric motor Required: Voltage
Power - 2 hp Solution:
Voltage - 240 Voltage = Current x Resistance
Current - 15 amperes = 12 amperes x 20 ohms
Required: Motor power factor = 240 volts
Solutions:
Efficiency = Output / Input
Input = 2 hp x 746 watts/hp / 0.85
= 1755 watts Two automobile headlights are connected in series to a 12 volt
Power Factor = Power / (volt x ampere) battery each having a resistance of 1 ohm. What is the current
= 1755 / (240 volts x 15 amp ) flowing in the circuit?
= 0.4875 Given: Appliance - 2 auto headlights
Power Input = volt x ampere Voltage - 12 volt
= 240 volt x 15 amp Resistance - 1 ohm
= 3,600 volt-ampere Required: Current flowing
Solution: R = R1 + R2
Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 5 I =V/R
ohms on a 120 volt and 240 volt current supply. = 12 volts / 2 ohms
Given: Volt 1 - 120 volts = 6 amperes
Volt 2 - 240 volts
Resistance - 5 ohms
Required: Current
Solution:
(a) For 120 volt
I =V/R
= 120 volt / 5 amp
= 24 amp
(b) For 240 volt
I =V/R
= 240 volt / 5 amp
A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of 50 ohms is
connected to a socket with 240-volt current supply. How Determine the monthly energy consumption of the following
much current flows through the lamp? Calculate the power appliances below: If the average cost of energy is P5.00 per
drawn. kwh, what is the total cost of the energy used in 30-day
Given: Appliance - mercury lamp consumption?
Resistance - 50 ohms Given:
Voltage - 240 volt Appliance Load Daily Used
Required: Current flows through the lamp Electric Iron 1200 watts 2 hours
Power drawn Water heater 1000 watts 3 hours
Solution: Toaster 2300 watts 30 minutes
I =V/R
= 240 volt / 50 ohms Required: Monthly energy consumption
= 4.8 amperes Solution:
W = V I x pf
= 240 volts x 4.8 amperes x 1.0 Electric Iron = 1200 x 2 / 1000
= 1152 watts = 2.4 kw-hr
W = I2 R Water heater = 1000 x 3 / 1000
= (4.8 amp) 2 x 50 ohms = 3.0 kw-hr
= 1152 watts Toaster = 1300 x 0.5 hr / 1000
= 0.65 kw-hr
Total Energy = 2.4 kw-hr + 3.0 kw-hr x 0.65
A water heater draws 10 amperes at 240 volt current supply. kw-hr
Determine its heat resistance. = 6.05 kw-hr
Given: Appliance - water heater Total Cost = 6.50 kw-hr/day x 30 days /
Current - 10 amperes month x P5.00/kwhr
Voltage - 240 volt = P 907.50
Required: Heat resistance
Solution:
R =VI
= 240 V / 10 amperes
= 24 ohms
A 100-watt light bulb is used continuously for 8 hr. How It requires a force of 200 newtons (45 lb) to pull the boat, and
much electric energy is used? If the cost of electricity is the boat is moved 5 meters (16.4 ft). How much work is done
P7.00 per kw hour, how much is the cost for 2 months period in moving the boat?
at 20 days per month operation? Given: Force - 200 newtons
Given: Appliance - light bulb Distance - 5 meters
Power - 100 watt Required: Work (W)
Time Used -= 8 hours Solution: W = 200 newtons x 5 meters
Required: Electric energy = 1000 newton-meters
Solution: Energy = Power x Time = 1000 joules
= 800 kw x 8 hours
= 0.8 kw-hr
Cost = 0.80 kw-hr x 20 days x 2 months What is the efficiency of a light bulb which uses 1000 joules
x P7.00/kw-hr of electric energy to produce 200 joules of light energy?
= P224.00 Given: Energy in - 1000 joules
Energy out - 200 joules
Required: % eff.
200 joules
Solution: % eff. = ------------------ x 100
What is the equivalent size in square millimeter of a cable 250 1000 joules
MCM? = 0.2 x 100
Given: Cable size - 250 MCM = 20
Required: Equivalent size of cable in square mm
Solution: What is the efficiency of an electric generator that produces
Circular mill = 250 MCM x 1000 5000 joules of electric energy from the 7000 joules of
circular mill/MCM mechanical energy used to rotate the generator?
= 250,000 circular mill Given: Energy in - 7000 joules
Square mm = CM x 0.0005067 Energy out - 5000 joules
= 126.67 mm2 Required: % eff.
5000 joules
Solution: % eff. = ------------------ x 100
7000 joules
= 0.714 x 100
= 71.4
Determine the potential energy (W) of 1 6-volt (6-V) battery
that has 3000 coulombs (3000 C) of charge (Q) stored in it. How much energy is required to operate a 60-watt lamp for 30
Given: V-= 6 V minutes?
Q - 3000 C Given: Power (P) - 60 watts (W)
Required: W Time (t) - 30 minutes
Solution: W = 6 V x 3000 C Required: Energy (W)
= 18,000 joules (J) Solution: Since there are 60 seconds in a minute, 30
minutes equals
30 x 60 = 1800 seconds (s)
What is the resistance, at 20C, of an electric motor winding W = 60 W x 1800 s
that uses 200 meters of copper conductor which is 0.26 square = 108,000 watt-seconds
centimeter (approximately 3/16 in. by 3/16 in.)? The = 108,000 joules (J)
resistivity of copper at 20C is 0.00000172 ohm-centimeter.
Given: K - 0.00000172 ohm-centimeter
L - 20,000 centimeters What is the efficiency of a radio receiver that requires 4 watts
A - 0.26 square centimeter of electric power input to deliver 0.5 watt of power output?
Required: R Given: Pin - 4 watts )W)
0.00000172 -cm x 20,000 cm Pout - 0.5 watts (W)
Solution: R = --------------------------------------------- Required: % eff.
0.26 sq cm 0.5 W
R = 0.132 ohm Solution: % eff. = ----------- x 100
4W
= 0.125 x 100
What is the power rating of an electric device that converts = 12.5
940 joules of energy in 10 seconds? How much power input is required to operate a stereo
Given: W - 940 joules (J) amplifier producing 50 watts of output power that is 30
t - 10 seconds (s) percent efficient?
Required: P Given: Pout - 50 watts (W)
940 J % eff. - 30
Solution: P = ---------- = 94 joules per second Required: Pin
10 s 50 W
Solution: Pin = ----------- x 100
30
= 1.7 W x 100
 = 170 W A certain electric toaster draws 4 amp of electric current when
it is connected to a 220-volt source. What is the resistance of
How much energy is used by a 1200-watt heater in 4 hours of the toaster’s heating element?
continuous operation? Given: Appliance - Electric toaster
Given: Power (P) - 1200 watts (W) Voltage - 220 volt
Time (t) - 4 hours (h) Current - 4 amperes
Required: Energy (W) Required: Resistance
Solution: W = 1200 W x 4 h Solution:
= 4800 Wh 4 = 220/R
R = 220/4
= 55
What is the efficiency of a ¾-horsepower (hp) motor that
requires an input of 1000 watts (W) of electric power? Voltage is 120 volts, Current is 10 amp, and Time is 6 hrs.
Given: Power input (Pin) - 1000 W Determine energy usage.
Power out (Pout) - ¾ hp Given: Voltage - 120 volts
Solution: ¾ hp = 0.75 hp Current - 10 amperes
Pout = 0.75 hp x 746 W/hp Time - 6 hours
= 559.5 W Required: Energy usage
559.5 W Solution:
% eff. = ---------------- x 100 Energy = 120 volt x 10 amp x 6 hours
1000 W = 7,200 watt-hour
= 55.95 = 7.2 kw-hr

Calculate the amount of current flowing to an electric water

heater having a 23-ohm heater circuit and an input voltage of
230 volts.
Given: Appliance - Electric water heater
Resistance - 23 ohms
Voltage - 230 volt
Required: current flowing
Solution:
I = E/R
= 230/23
= 10
Determine the Kwhr used for operating 2 motors at their rated
capacity for 10 hrs. Motor rating are 2 & ¼ hp A dwelling has a floor area of 150 m2 exclusion of unoccupied
Given: Appliance - electric motors basement and open porches. It has 12 Kw range. Compute
Motor A - 2 hp the general lighting requirement at 24 w/m2 and the minimum
Motor B - ¼ hp branch circuit required.
Operation - 10 hours Given: Floor area - 150 m2
Required: Kw-hr used Appliance - range
Solution: Power input - 12 Kw
Motor A = 1,000 watts/hp x 2 hp Required: General lighting and Minimum branch circuit
= 2,000 watts required
Motor B = 1,200 watts/hp x ¼ hp Solution:
= 300 watts General lighting load (24W/m2)
Total Wattage = (2000 watts + 300 watts) x 10 = 150 m2 x 24W/m2
hrs / 1000 = 3,600 watts
= 23 kw-hr Minimum # of Branch Circuit Required
= 3,600W / 230 V
An electric motor is being tested for measuring energy = 15.6 Amp (Use one 20-A 2 wire
consumption in the house. All electrical equipment are turned circuit )
off. The Kwhr-meter disk revolutions are counted for a period
of 6 minutes. The disk makes 20 revolutions and the Kh
factor of the meter is 2.5. What is the power input to the
motor. Determine the number of outlets required for a room having a
Given: Revolution of Disk - 20 rev dimension of 12 ft x 12 ft.
Measurement Time - 6 minutes Given: Floor dimension - 12 ft x 12 ft
Kh factor - 2.5 Required: Number of outlet required
Required: Motor power input Solution:
Solution: No. of outlets= (12 ft + 12 ft + 12 ft + 12 ft) /
Watthours = Kh x revolutions 20
= 2.5 x 20 rev duplex receptacle is needed for a 12 x 14 ft room?
= 50 watt-hour Given:Floor dimension = (12 ft + 14 ft + 12 ft + 14 ft )
Watthours per hr = 50 watt-hour x 60 Required: Number of duplex receptacles
min/hr / 6 minutes Solution:
= 500 watts Number of Outlets = (12 + 14 + 12 + 14) /20
Power input = 500 watts / 1000 = 2.6 or 3 duplex receptacle
= 0.5 kw
 Compute for the voltage loss in line for a 120-V input, 8-amp
There were 43 general purpose outlets in a certain residence. current over 200 feet using #14 AWG wire.
How many 15 amp. Branch circuit are needed? Given: Input voltage - 120 volt
Given: No. of outlets - 43 Current - 8 amp
Current - 15 amp Length of wire - 200 feet
Required: Branch circuit Wires size - AWG # 14
Solution: Required: Voltage loss
No. of Branch circuit = 43 outlets / 10 Solution:
= 4.3 or use 5 branch Voltage loss = I x R
circuits = 8Amp x 0.516
= 4.128 volts x 2
There were 13 small appliances in a residence. How many = 8.256 V lost in line
20-amp branch circuits are required?
Given: No of appliances - 12 Voltage at appliance = 120 volt – 8.256 volt
Required: No. of 20 branch circuit required = 111.744 volt
Solution:
No of branch circuit = 13 appliances / 8
= 1.6 use 2 circuits
It requires a force of 200 newtons (45 lb) to pull the boat, and
the boat is moved 5 meters (16.4 ft). How much work is done
in moving the boat?
A proposed brooder house is planned for 1200 baby chicks. Given: Force - 200 newtons
Electric underheat brooders will be used. What will be the Distance - 5 meters
value of the electrical load of this building? Required: Work (W)
Given: No. of chicks - 1200 Solution: W = 200 newtons x 5 meters
Appliance - underheat brooder = 1000 newton-meters
Required: Total electric load = 1000 joules
Solution:
Heat load = 3 Watts /chick x 1,200
= 3600 watts
What is the efficiency of a light bulb which uses 1000 joules
of electric energy to produce 200 joules of light energy? What is the resistance, at 20C, of an electric motor winding
Given: Energy in - 1000 joules that uses 200 meters of copper conductor which is 0.26 square
Energy out - 200 joules centimeter (approximately 3/16 in. by 3/16 in.)? The
Required: % eff. resistivity of copper at 20C is 0.00000172 ohm-centimeter.
200 joules Given: K - 0.00000172 ohm-centimeter
Solution: % eff. = ------------------ x 100 L - 20,000 centimeters
1000 joules A - 0.26 square centimeter
= 0.2 x 100 Required: R
= 20 0.00000172 -cm x 20,000 cm
Solution: R = ---------------------------------------------
0.26 sq cm
What is the efficiency of an electric generator that produces R = 0.132 ohm
5000 joules of electric energy from the 7000 joules of
mechanical energy used to rotate the generator? What is the power rating of an electric device that converts
Given: Energy in - 7000 joules 940 joules of energy in 10 seconds?
Energy out - 5000 joules Given: W - 940 joules (J)
Required: % eff. t - 10 seconds (s)
5000 joules Required: P
Solution: % eff. = ------------------ x 100 940 J
7000 joules Solution: P = ---------- = 94 joules per second
= 0.714 x 100 10 s
= 71.4

How much energy is required to operate a 60-watt lamp for 30

Determine the potential energy (W) of 1 6-volt (6-V) battery minutes?
that has 3000 coulombs (3000 C) of charge (Q) stored in it. Given: Power (P) - 60 watts (W)
Given: V-6V Time (t) - 30 minutes
Q - 3000 C Required: Energy (W)
Required: W Solution: Since there are 60 seconds in a minute, 30
Solution: W = 6 V x 3000 C minutes equals
= 18,000 joules (J) 30 x 60 = 1800 seconds (s)
W = 60 W x 1800 s
= 108,000 watt-seconds
= 108,000 joules (J)
What is the efficiency of a radio receiver that requires 4 watts What is the efficiency of a ¾-horsepower (hp) motor that
of electric power input to deliver 0.5 watt of power output? requires an input of 1000 watts (W) of electric power?
Given: Pin - 4 watts )W) Given: Power input (Pin) - 1000 W
Pout - 0.5 watts (W) Power out (Pout) - ¾ hp
Required: % eff. Solution: ¾ hp = 0.75 hp
0.5 W Pout = 0.75 hp x 746 W/hp
Solution: % eff. = ----------- x 100 = 559.5 W
4W 559.5 W
= 0.125 x 100 % eff. = ---------------- x 100
= 12.5 1000 W
= 55.95

How much power input is required to operate a stereo

amplifier producing 50 watts of output power that is 30
percent efficient?
Given: Pout - 50 watts (W)
% eff. - 30
Required: Pin
50 W
Solution: Pin = ----------- x 100
30
= 1.7 W x 100
= 170 W

How much energy is used by a 1200-watt heater in 4 hours of

continuous operation?
Given: Power (P) - 1200 watts (W)
Time (t) - 4 hours (h)
Required: Energy (W)
Solution: W = 1200 W x 4 h
= 4800 Wh
Five hundred hectare of farm is to be plowed using 5-bottom F = (1500 cm2 ) x 12 psi x (1in/2.54 cm)2
moldboard plow. The cutting width of each plow bottom is x kg/2.2 lb
20 cm with a cutting depth of 15 cm. If three (3)-tractors = 1268.2 kg
units are pulling a plow at an average speed of 15 kph, how DHP =(1268.2 kg x 15 kph x 1000m/km
many day does the whole area be finished? Assume a x hr/3600 sec ) / 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp
plowing efficiency of 85% and plowing operation per day of 6 = 6.9 hp
hours. Also compute the drawbar hp of the plow if the
specific draft of soil is equal to 12 psi.
Given: Area - 500 has
No of Plow -5
Width of Cut - 20 cm
Depth of Cut - 15 cm
No of Tractors - 3 units
Speed of Tractor - 15 kph
Plowing Eff - 85%
Operation - 6 hr/day
Soil Draft - 12 psi
Required: Days to finish plowing
Plow drawbar horsepower
Solutions
Winput = 20 cm x 5 bottoms
= 100 cm
Ct = (0.1 x 100 cm x 15 kph) / (100 cm/m)
= 1.5 ha/day
Ce = 0.85 (1.5 ha/day)
= 1.275 ha/hr-unit
Capacity for 3 tractor unit = 1.275 ha/hr-unit x 3 units
= 3.825 ha/hr x 6 hrs/day
= 22.95 ha/day
No. of days to finish plowing= 500 ha / (22.95 ha/day)
= 21.78 days
Drawbar Hp = F x V
A = 20 cm/plow x 5 plows x 15 cm
= 1500 cm2
A tractor shown below has the following engine A 3,500 kg tractor during transport operation passes through
specifications: number of cylinders – 6, cylinder bore – 0.15 an earth road at a speed of 15 kph. The rated brake power of
m, piston stroke – 0.20 m, engine speed – 2200 rpm, mean the tractor is 125 horsepower while the transmission
effective pressure – 180 psi, and number of stroke – 4. What efficiency from the engine to the wheel axle is 80%. If the 2-
is the indicated horsepower and brake horsepower of the m rear diameter wheel of the tractor at 100 meter distance can
engine assuming an engine efficiency of 80%? What is the only rotate 11 revolutions during operation, determine the
estimated PTO power, wheel axle power, and drawbar power following: (1) percentage slip of the tractor wheel, (2)
of the tractor if its transmission efficiencies are 90%, 92%, drawbar horsepower of the tractor, and (3) tractive efficiency
and 81%, respectively. of the tractor wheel.
Given: No. of cylinders -6 Given: Tractor weight - 3500 kg
Engine speed - 2200 rpm Running velocity - 15 kph
Cylinder bore - 0.15 m Brake horsepower - 125 hp
Mean Eff Pressure - 180 psi Trans efficiency - 80% engine to wheel axle
Piston stroke - 0.20 m Wheel diameter - 2m
Engine stroke -4 Coef of rolling resistance - 0.07
Engine efficiency - 80% Required: Slip, drawbar horsepower, tractive efficiency,
Transmission efficiency - 90% pto, 92% w and torque
axle, and 81% db Solutions:
Required: Indicated horsepower and brake horsepower of Slip = [ 100 m - ( x 2 m x 11 rev)] x 100 /
the tractor engine [( x 2 m x 11 rev)]
PTO power, wheel axle power, and drawbar = 44.70%
power WAP = 125 hp x 0.8 = 100 hp
Solution: Ps = WAP x slip = 100 hp x 0.447
IHP = [180 lb/in2 x 704.2 kg/m2] x [0.2m] x [ = 44.7 hp
(0.15m)2/4] x [2200 rpm / 60 sec/min] x R = 3500 kg x 0.07 = 245 kgf
[6 cylinders] / [ 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp] x 2 PR = 245 kgf x 15kph (1000m/km x
= 646.7 hp hr/3600sec)/76.2
Brake Horsepower = 646.7 hp x 0.80 = 13.39 hp
= 517.4 hp Ploss = Ps + PR = 44.7 hp + 13.39 hp
PTO Horsepower = 517.4 hp x 0.90 = 58.09 hp
= 465.7 hp DHP = 100 hp – (58.09) = 41.9 hp
Wheel Axle Power = 517.4 hp x 0.92 Eff t = DHP/WAP
= 475.9 hp = [41.9 hp x 100] / 100 hp
Drawbar Power = 517.4 x 0.81 = 41.9%
= 419.1 hp
A 15 wheel axle hp tractor is running at a speed of 10 kph A 2-ton capacity flat-bed dryer dried paddy from 20 to 14
during harrowing operation on a deep mud soil. The tractors percent in 10 hours. What is the drying capacity of the dryer?
weighs 1500 kg. The wheel diameter of the tractor is 2 meters Given : Capacity of the bin - 2 tons
and is able to rotate at 14 revolutions in 100 meter distance. Drying time - 10 hours
What is speed of the tractor wheel in revolution per minute? Required: Drying capacity
What are the power losses of the tractor by wheel slip and Solution:
rolling resistances? Cd = 2 tons / 10 hours
Given: Tractor WAP - 15 hp = 0.2 tons per hour
Tractor speed - 10 kph
Tractor weight - 500 kg
Soil condition - deep mud soil Compute the moisture reduction per hour of the dryer given in
Wheel rotation - 28 revolutions problem above.
Distance traveled - 200 meters Given : Initial moisture content - 20%
Wheel diameter - 2 meters Final moisture content - 14%
Required: Wheel slip and speed of tractor wheel in rpm Drying Time - 10 hours
and power losses due to wheel slip, and power Required: Moisture reduction per hour
loss due to running resistance. Solution:
Solution: MR = (20% - 14%) / 10 hours
Slip = [ 200 m - (  x 2 m x 28 rev ) ] x 100 / = 6% / 10 hours
[ (  x 2 m x 28 rev ) ] = 0.6 percent / hour
= [(200 m – 175.9 m) x 100 / [175.9 m]
= 13.7%
Nw = [10 km/hr x 1000m/km x hr/60 sec] / If the amount of heat used in removing the moisture from the
[ ( x 2 m) x 0.137] grains is continuously-flow dyer is 3000 kJ/hr, what is the
= 193.6 rpm heat utilization efficiency if the burner uses 6000 kJ/hr of
Ps = WAP x slip fuel?
= 15 hp x 0.137 Given: Total heat utilized - 3000 kJ/hr
= 2.6 hp Heat supplied - 6000 kJ/hr
R = 500 kg x 0.25 Required: Heat utilization efficiency
= 125 kg Solution:
Pr = [125 kg x 10 km/hr x 1000 m/km x HUE = 3000 kJ / 6000 kJ/hr x 100
hr/3600 sec] / 76.2 kg-m/sec-hp = 50%
= 4.5 hp
What is the wheel axle power of a four-wheel tractor whose If the tractor wheel above has a diameter of 2 meters, what is
engine power is equal to 150 Hp. The mechanical efficiency the force available at the wheel of the tractor?
is 85%. Given:
Given: Required:
Required: Solution: T = FR
Solution: Pw = m Pe F = T/R
= 0.85 (150 hp) = 378.45/ 1m
= 127.5 hp = 378.4 N

What is the wheel axle torque of a tractor above if its wheel The wheel of tractor above rotates by two-half revolution at a
rotates at 40 rpm. distance of 20 meters. What is the percentage slip of the
Given: tractor.
Required: Given:
Solution: Required:
1000 N Solution:
An = 20 m
T =
 (2 m) (2.5 rev.)
2n
AL =
1000 (127.5 hp x 0.746) rev.
= 15.7 m
= 20 - 15.7
2  940 rpm)
= 378.45 N-m S = x 100
15.7
= 27.39%
If the tractor above weigh 2.5 tons and running at deep mud A sundrying floor is to be constructed using concrete. The
soil. What is the rolling resistance of the tractor? dimension is 10 cm thick by 20 m wide and 30 m long. The
Given: recomeneded mixing proportion is 1:2:4. Determine the
Required: numbre of bags of cement and the volume of sand and gravel
Solution: needed for the construction.
R = 0.25 (2500 kg) Given: Thickness - 10 cm
= 625 kgf Width - 20 m
Length - 30 m
Mixing proportion - 1:2:4
If the tractor above runs at a velocity of 15 kph, what is the Required: Number of bags of cement
power loss? Volume of sand
Given: Volume of gravel
Required: Solution: Vt = LxWxT
Solution: = 30 m x 20 m x 0.1 m
PL= Ps + PRR = 60 m3
625 kgf (15 km/hr) (1000/3000) Number of bags
= 127.5 (0.2739) + of cement = 7.84 bags/m3 x 60 m3
76.2 kg-m/sec-hp = 470 bags
= 34.92 hp + 34.18 hp Vol of sand = 0.44 m3/m3 con x 60 m3
= 69.09 hp = 26 m3
Vol of gravel = 0.88 m3/m3 con x 60 m3

Compute the number of 4” x 8” x 16” concrete hollow blocks

What is the power of the tractor above? needed for a wall having a length of 50 m and a height of 3
Given: m. The wall is provided with a 0.4 m foundation wall.
Required: Given: Length of wall - 50 m
Solution: Height of wall -3m
Pd = Pw - PL Height of foundation wall - 0.4 m
= 127.5 hp - 69.09 hp Required: Number of concrete hollow blocks needed for
= 58.4 hp the wall
Solution: Area of wall = (3 m + 0.4 m) 50 m
= 170 m2
No. CHB = 13 CHB/m2 x 170 m2
= 2,210 CHB