Chapter: 5
Topic: Chemical Bond
Knowledge based questions:
1. What is chemical bond?
2. What is metallic bond?
3. What is ionic bond?
4. What is covalent bond?
5. What is octet rule?
6. What is duet rule?
7. What is polar compound?
8. What is valence?
9. What is valence electron?
10. What is radical?
11. What is structural formula?
12. What is molecular formula?
Comprehension based question:
7. Why sulfur show variable valence?
8. Valence and valence electron are not same –
explain.
9. Phosphorus has variable valence – explain.
10. Why NH+4 is a radical?
11. Write two differences between ionic
compound and covalent compound.
12. 6. Why carbon form covalent compound
only?
13. HF is a polar compound – explain.
14. H2o is a polar compound – explain.
15. Why melting point of MgCl2 is high?
16. Though CO2 is gaseous but SiO2 has high
melting point. Why?
Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
13. What is latent valence?
14. What is lone pair electron?
15. What is bond pair electron?
16. What is ion?
17. What is cation?
18. What is anion?
19. What is crystal water?
20. What is vander waal’s bond?
21. What is polarity?
22. What is solubility?
23. What is giant molecule?
1. Why metals conduct electricity?
2. Valence electron of chlorine is 7. Explain.
3. Why valence of inert gas is considered 0?
4. Determine bond pair and lone pair electrons
in NH3.
5. What is Electron Sea? Explain in the light of
metallic bond
6. Why NaCl doesn’t conduct electricity in solid
state?
Creative part:

1.

Element A B C D
Atomic number 6 9 11 17

a) What is radical?
b) Valence and valence electron of Oxygen are not same. Explain.
c) In the stem show the bond formation with figure between A and D.
d) Compound formed by B and C is soluble in water but formed by A and D is insoluble. Analyze the
statement.

2. A and B are two elements whose atomic number are 20 and 9.

a) What is polar compound?
b) Why melting point of MgCl2 is high?
c) Why electronic configuration of A does not follow the 2n2 formula? Explain.
d) Compound formed by A and B element doesn’t conduct electricity in solid state but conduct in dissolve
state – Analyze.

3.
Q P Ar

Right side of periodic table-

a) What is orbit?
b) Why radius of Mg and Mg2+ varies?
c) Compare the ionization potential of full period stated in the stem.
d) Q element form two types of compound with P element – Analyze.

4. M, D, E are three elements of third period and their valence electrons are 2, 5, 7.
a) What is anion?
b) Why SO42- is a radical?
c) Show the bond formation with figure of DE3.
d) Between ME2 and DE5, one is insoluble in water. Analyze it.

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
5.
Element Period Group
A 2 14
B 2 17
C 3 2

a) What is isotope?
b) HF is a polar compound. Explain.
c) Show the bond formation of C and B with diagram.
d) Between two allotropes of A, one is electricity conductive but another one isn’t .Explain.

6. B, C, D, E are four elements and their atomic numbers are 17, 16, 9 and 6 respectively.
a) What is Electron Sea?
b) Why graphite is electricity conductive but diamond is not electricity conductive?
c) What kind of bond is present in EB4 compound? Explain.
d) “ elements not only follow the octet rule” Analyze it.

7. A and B are two elements whose atomic numbers are 5 and 9 respectively.
a) What is metallic bond?
b) Why K is called alkaline metal?
c) Will the compound formed by A and B compound follow the octet rule or not? Analyze.

8. 7A, 15B, 21C

a) What is coinage metal?
b) Explain the nature of Na2CO3 solution.
c) Which element present in the stem is d block element but not transition element? Explain.
d) Though B element form BX5 but A element doesn’t form AX5 compound – Explain.

9. 7D 15 E 17F

a) What is chemical bond?

b) Write two limitations Bohr model.
c) Though E element form two kinds of compound with F but D element form only one compound.
Explain.
d) One compound follow octet rule but another doesn’t follow formed by E and F element. Analyze.

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
Some important topics:

Chemical bond: A chemical bond is lasting attraction between atoms, ions, or molecules that enables
the formation of chemical compounds.

Metallic bond: A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond formed between positively charged atoms in
which the free electrons are shared among a lattice of cat ions.

Electron Sea: A metallic bond is a type of chemical bond formed between positively charged atoms in
which the free electrons are shared among a lattice of cat ions. In metallic bond the valence electrons
from the s and p orbital of the interacting metal atoms delocalize. That is to say instead of orbiting their
respective metal atoms; they form a “sea” of electrons that surrounds the positively charged atomic
nuclei of the metal ions. The electrons then move freely throughout the space between the atomic
nuclei. This is the Electron Sea model of metal. Due to these free electrons metals conduct electricity.

Ionic bond or electrovalent bond: Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions or between metal and non - metal.

Properties of ionic compounds:

i. All ionic compounds remain in crystalline form in solid state.

ii. They have high melting and boiling point
iii. They are generally soluble in polar solvents and insoluble in non- polar solvents.
iv. Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in dissolved state but cannot conduct electricity in solid
state.
v. The reactions between ionic compounds are very fast.

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
Covalent bond: A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electron pairs between atoms. It occurs between non metal and non metal.
Properties of covalent compounds:

i. Covalent compounds have low melting point and boiling point and they are generally volatile.
ii. They are soluble in non polar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents.
iii. Covalent compounds are generally nonconductor of electricity in all states.
iv. Many covalent compounds show isomerism.

Limitations of covalent bond:

i. Octet contraction ( less than 8 electrons after sharing)
ii. Octet expansion( more than 8 electrons after sharing)
Examples: pcl3, pcl5 etc.

Polar compounds and non-polar compounds: Polar compounds are compounds that have slight charges
(slightly positive and slightly negative) within the compound. The slight charges are due to electro
negativity differences. Examples of polar compounds would be: water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF),
hydrogen chloride (HCl), and ammonia (NH3).

Non - polar compounds are compounds that do not have slightly negative and positive charges within
the compound.

Polarity: In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical
groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
Polar molecules must contain polar bonds due to a difference in electro negativity between the bonded
atoms.

Solubility: Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to
dissolve in a solvent.

Giant molecule: A substance containing a large number of atoms which are covalently bonded is called
a giant molecule or a giant covalent lattice. There are some examples of molecules made from non-
metals which form giant structures. Such as, SiO2 .

vander waal’s bond: Vander Waals forces include attraction and repulsions between atoms, molecules,
and surfaces, as well as other intermolecular forces. Vander Waals forces are very short lived inter
molecular attraction force.

Hydrogen bond: A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between
a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. It has important effects on the
physical properties of the compounds. For example the compounds with H bond have more melting and
boiling points than related other compounds without H bond. Although covalent compounds are
generally insoluble in water, but those with H bond soluble in water.

H20 is a liquid but H2S is gas at room temperature: H20 and H2S are hydrides of Oxygen and Sulfur of
group 16. According to group relation, they should have similar physical state. But, H 20 is a liquid and
H2S is a gas. This is because; the ability of Oxygen atom to pull electrons is greater than of Sulfur. O is
more electro negative than S. When hydrogen is connected to a highly electronegative element like
Oxygen it has higher intermolecular forces like Hydrogen bonding. So, H20 has intermolecular hydrogen
bond between its molecules (H-O-H------H-O-H) while H2S has weak Van Der Wals forces between its
molecules. Hence the molecules H20 of are strongly packed than H2S, thus water is at liquid state at room
temperature.

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
Lone pair electron: In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with
another atom in a covalent bond and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair. Lone
pairs are found in the outermost electron shell of atoms.

Bond pair electrons: The electron pair being shared by the atoms in covalent bond is called a bonding
pair.

Graphite conduct electricity but diamond doesn’t: Carbon has an electronic arrangement of 2, 4.In
diamond; each carbon shares electrons with four other carbon atoms - forming four single bonds. Since
all valence electrons of carbon atoms are used up in forming C-C sigma bonds, no delocalized electrons
are present. So diamond is electrically no-conducting.

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
In graphite, each carbon atom uses three of its electrons to form simple bonds to its three close
neighbors. That leaves a fourth electron in the bonding level. These "spare" electrons in each carbon
atom become delocalized over the whole of the sheet of atoms in one layer. The important thing is that
the delocalized electrons are free to move anywhere within the sheet. So, graphite is electrically
conductive.

Though CO2 is gaseous but SiO2 has high melting point: Although C and Si are both group 14 elements,
C is much smaller than Si and can form double bonds with two oxygen atoms whereas Si is larger and so
forms single bonds with four oxygen atoms. This means that carbon dioxide is composed of individual
molecules (CO2) whereas silicon dioxide is simply an extended network of giant covalent structure with
formula of SiO2. The covalent bonds between the atoms within the individual CO2 molecules are strong
but the intermolecular forces are weak. The energy required to break those weak intermolecular forces
between each CO2 molecule is much lower than the energy required breaking the strong individual Si-O
covalent bonds (melting the silicon dioxide). Therefore carbon dioxide has a much lower melting point
and boiling point than silicon dioxide. So, Carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature while silicon
dioxide is a solid at room temperature with a melting point of 1770°C.

Solubility of NaCl in water: When ionic bond forms, one atom becomes positively charged and the other
one becomes negatively charged. Water is a covalent polar compound. Also ionic compound tends to
form complex lattice network and structures. When the salt is put in water, the water pulls Na+ on one

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
side and Cl- on the other side. The water molecule can pull hard enough to eventually break each salt
molecule away from the lattice, dissolving the crystal structure.

Fig: Solubility of NaCl in water

Conductivity of ionic compounds in liquid state: Solid ionic compounds have no free electrons, but the
ions are trapped in the lattice, and cannot move away from their fixed positions. Solid ionic compounds
do not conduct electricity. In the liquid state the charged ions are able to move around. The positive ion
moves towards the negative terminal and the negative ion moves towards the positive terminal. Thus
the current is carried through the liquid, and the compound is able to conduct electricity.

Melting point and boiling point: When ionic bond forms, one atom becomes positively charged and the
other one becomes negatively charged. Ions of different charges are attracted to one another. The
stronger the attraction forces between them, the higher their melting point and boiling point. Also ionic
compound tends to form complex lattice network and structures. The bonds that hold the compounds
together are very strong and require a great energy to break apart. A higher temperature indicates that
more energy is being used. That’s why Melting point and boiling point of ionic compounds are high.

S show variable valence:

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College
 Nitrogen can form only NCl5 but phosphorous can form PCl3 and PCl5.

Zannatul Naim
Assistant Teacher (Chemistry)
Mirpur Cantonment Public School & College