9

Science

Quarter 2 - Module 3

Week 3 (Properties of Ionic and

Covalent Compounds)

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Science - Grade 9
Quarter 2 - Module 3 (Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds)
Second Edition, Revised 2021

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 Lesson Properties of Ionic and
1 Covalent Compounds

Hello there our young scientist! Welcome to the third module of this
quarter. Before moving forward, please be guided with what’s waiting for
you ahead!

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Recognize the different types of compounds (ionic or covalent) based on their

properties such as melting point, hardness, polarity, electrical and thermal
conductivity. (S9MT- IIb- 14)

In the previous module you learned that atoms are capable of losing and gaining of
electrons in order to become ions. The electrons that are involved in these processes are
called valence electrons, the number of electrons in its outermost energy level.
In this module you will focus on learning that after an atom becomes an ion, it will
be capable of forming attraction with another atom to produce compounds. You will also
be differentiating whether a compound is ionic or covalent based on their properties and
appreciate the several applications of common ionic and covalent compounds.

Excited to discover more? Before you start, answer the following pre-assessment
first.

WHAT I KNOW
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct option. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. The following are ionic compounds EXCEPT
A. AlF3 B. CaCl2 C. H2O D. Fe2O3
2. In which element should carbon (C) combine to form a covalent compound?
A. Al B. Cl C. Fe D. Mg

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3. Which of the following combinations can form an ionic compound?
A. metal + nonmetal C. metal + metal
B. nonmetal + nonmetal D. cannot be determined
4. Which of the following combinations can form a covalent compound?
A. metal + nonmetal C. metal + metal
B. nonmetal + nonmetal D. all of these
5. Which type of chemical bonding involves electron sharing?
A. covalent C. metallic
B. ionic D. all of the above
6. Which of the following types of bonds will have the highest electrical and thermal
conductivity?
A. ionic bond C. polar covalent bond
B. nonpolar covalent D. all of these
7. Which compound will have a high melting temperature?
A. glucose C. sodium chloride (salt)
B. paraffin wax (candle wax) D. sucrose (table sugar)
8. Which of the following statements is FALSE about ionic compounds? They _____
A. are weaker than covalent bonds
B. have high melting and boiling points
C. are thermal and electrical conductors
D. are formed from a metal and a nonmetal
9. In which form of the ionic compound can it conduct electricity easily?
A. as a vapor
B. as a crystal
C. when warmed slightly
D. when dissolved in water
10. The following are characteristics of covalent compounds EXCEPT
A. low melting points
B. high boiling points
C. poor thermal and electrical conductivity
D. none of these

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11. Which compound can be added to water in order to increase its boiling point?
A. ammonia (NH3) C. sodium chloride (NaCl)
B. chloroform (CHCl3) D. sucrose (C12H22O11)

For questions 12-15, refer to the hypothetical periodic table below:

A E

B G K

H C

D I J

12. Which set of hypothetical elements are all nonmetals?

A. A, E and K C. E, K and J
B. I, C and J D. B, C and H
13. Which combination will most likely form an ionic compound?
A. H and D C. B and A
B. A and K D. B and D
14. Which hypothetical element is classified as a metalloid?
A. element C C. element H
B. element I D. element J
15. The combination of elements I and K will form what type of compound?
A. covalent C. metallic
B. ionic D. cannot be determined

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 WHAT’S IN
Applying what you have learned about the structure of the periodic table
and ion formation, answer the following questions:

Figure 1. Periodic Table of Elements

Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/370843350550356946/

Guide Question: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Where are the metallic elements located?
2. What about the nonmetals?
3. Which type of atom has a greater tendency to:
a. lose electron(s)?
b. gain electron(s)?
4. When can an atom achieve stability?
Atoms will gain or lose electrons in order to achieve stability. This is described in
the Octet Rule which states that atoms prefer to have eight electrons (just like the noble
gases; except He) in their valence shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons,
they tend to react and form more stable compounds.

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 Since there are different types of atoms, then their combinations could also result
in various types of compounds. As you move with the succeeding activities you will learn
the different types of compounds and how they are formed.

WHAT’S NEW
Activity 1: Bonding by Electron Transfer
Objectives:
➢ Describe how an atom transfers electrons.
➢ Determine the type of atoms which can form ionic bonds.
Procedure:
1. Observe the diagram below about the electron transfer from the sodium (Na)
atom to chlorine (Cl).

Figure 2. Electron Transfer from Na to Cl

Source: https://www.emedicalprep.com/study-material/chemistry/chemical-bonding/ionic-electrovalent-bond/

Guide Questions: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Based on the diagram, what happened to the valence electron of sodium?
2. What happened after sodium transferred its electron to chlorine?

The process which occurred between the sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms
involves an electron transfer and the formation of an IONIC BOND and an ionic
compound. After ionic bonding, sodium became isoelectronic with Ne (Ne) while chlorine
became isoelectronic with argon (Ar), thus both sodium and chlorine attained stability.
Isoelectronic means sodium attains the same electron configuration with neon and in the
case of chlorine it acquired the same configuration with that of argon. Thus, both of them
became stable.
How else can we identify if an ionic bonding took place in the formation of a
compound?

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 Ionic bonding only happens between a metallic and a nonmetallic atom. When a
metal loses electron(s) it becomes a cation; and when a nonmetal gains electron(s) it
becomes an anion. According to the rule of charge, positively charged particles will be
attracted to the negatively charged particles, therefore an ionic compound is formed.
3. Complete the table below by placing a ( / ) mark if the compound is ionic or
an ( x ) if it is not. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Chemical Formula Is it an ionic

compound?

1. Fe2O3

2. H2O

3. CH4

4. NaBr

5. K2S

Activity 2: Bonding by Electron Sharing

Objectives:
➢ Describe how an atom shares electrons.
➢ Determine the type of atoms which can form covalent bonds.

Procedure:
1. Observe the diagram below about the electron sharing between oxygen (O) and
two hydrogen (H) atoms.

Figure 3. Electron Sharing Between Oxygen and Hydrogen Atoms

Source: https://www.tes.com/lessons/ImVd2xlJW_xcBg/covalent-and-ionic-bonding-revision

Guide Questions: Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Based on the diagram, what happened to the valence electrons of the
oxygen atom and hydrogen atoms?

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 2. How do covalent bonds form between atoms?

In covalent bonding there is no complete transfer of electrons, instead atoms only

share electrons.
In this type of bonding, a pair of shared electrons is equal to one (1) bond. Notice
that after the sharing of electrons, each atom in the compound attains a stable
configuration and a covalent compound is formed. Such compounds could exist as
independent units called molecules. As a whole, the molecule does not carry a charge.
Covalent bonding also exists between or among nonmetals.

3. Complete the table below by identifying the type of compound shown. Place
a ( / ) mark under the proper columns. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

Chemical Formula Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

1. NH3

2. H2O2

3. LiCl

4. FeCl3

5. N2

6. C6H12O6

7. CO2

8. Al2O3

9. MgBr2

10. CHCl3

WHAT IS IT
Compounds are formed after two or more atoms combine by either sharing
or transferring of electrons. If a metallic atom combines with a nonmetallic atom, an ionic
compound is formed. If a nonmetal combines with another nonmetal, then a covalent
compound is formed.

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 Aside from its atomic composition, how else can we differentiate an ionic
compound from a covalent compound?
We can easily identify the classification of a compound through its physical
properties such as: melting point, boiling point, polarity, thermal conductivity, brittleness
and flammability.
BOILING POINT and MELTING POINT
Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting and boiling points than covalent
compounds due to the stronger bonding between the metallic and nonmetallic atoms in its
composition.
SHAPE and BRITTLENESS
Ionic compounds in its solid state are usually in
crystal form due to the arrangement of its atoms and
because of this they also become brittle or easily
damaged.
On the other hand, covalent compounds
may exist as an indefinitely shaped solid, liquid
Figure 2. Crystal Lattice of LiCl
or gas. They are also soft and flexible.
Source: https://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/
bonding/ionic/section1/

THERMAL and ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water while covalent
compounds typically don't. This is because covalent compounds dissolve into molecules
while ionic compounds dissolve into ions, which can conduct charge.
FLAMMABILITY
Flammability or also known as combustibility is the ability of a material to easily
ignite with the factors in its immediate surroundings such as temperature. Most covalent
compounds are flammable since most of them are made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms
that can react with oxygen gas in the air to form carbon dioxide and water.
POLARITY
A substance could be polar or nonpolar. Polarity is the separation of an electric
charge which leads a compound to have a positive and negative end. In order to easily
differentiate the polarity of a substance, we can apply the “like dissolves like” principle.
Meaning to say, we can relate the polarity of a compound to its solubility with another
substance.
For example, water is a polar molecule since the shared electrons tend to be
closer to the oxygen atom’s side creating a slightly negative end while on the side of the
hydrogen atoms, a slightly positive end.
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 Figure 3. Polarity of Water
Source: https://www.quora.com/How-much-do-microwaves-heat-up-oils-and-fats-relative-to-wate

If we mix salt with water, the salt will dissolve. And applying the principle, since
salt and water mixed well, therefore they are both polar. Likewise, a nonpolar substance
will only dissolve or mix well in another nonpolar substance.
All ionic compounds are polar substances while covalent compounds could be
polar or nonpolar molecules.

WHAT’S MORE
Activity 3: Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Objective:
➢ Recognize ionic and covalent compounds based on their physical properties.

Procedure:
1. Read each situation about common ionic or covalent compounds and determine
what physical property has been used in order to signify its classification. Copy and
complete the table below on a separate sheet of paper.
2. If an item involves polarity of a covalent compound, further classify it as polar
covalent or nonpolar covalent.

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 Compound
Classification
Situation Physical Property (ionic/ polar covalent/
Emphasized nonpolar covalent)

A. Butane (C4H10) gas is used

as fuel for portable stoves.

B. Vetsin or sodium glutamate

(C₅H₈NO₄Na) has a grainy
and crystal-like appearance.

C. Oil (C8H18) does not mix

with water.

D. Paraffin wax (C20~40H42~82)

melts between 46-68
degrees Celsius.

E. Sugar (C12H22O11) dissolves

in water.

F. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

solution can allow electricity
to pass through it.

G. Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)

mixes well in water.

H. Tawas or hydrated
aluminum potassium sulfate
possesses a specific crystal
shape.

I. Methane (CH4) can be a

source of biogas.

J. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) can

be diluted in water.

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 WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Complete the following sentences in order to summarize your learnings in this lesson.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The _________ electrons are the outermost electrons which are directly
involved in chemical bonding.
2. An _________ bond involves complete transfer of electrons; thus ions are
formed.
3. ___________ compounds are generally soluble in water and in polar solvents.
4. A ______________ bond involves the sharing of electrons that results in the
formation of a compound whose representative particle is a molecule.
5. Covalent bonds may be ___________ or _____________.

WHAT I CAN DO
Listed below are some common household ionic and covalent substances. Supply
the use(s) of each compound. Use a separate sheet of paper.

Substance Uses/Applications

example: sugar as sweetener

1. salt

2. alcohol

3. cornstarch

4. baking soda

5. hydrogen peroxide (agua

oxigenada)

ASSESSMENT
Read and analyze each item. Choose the correct answer and write it on a
separate piece of paper.
1. Which of the following correctly describes the ionic bond? It involves __________
A. sharing of protons C. transfer of protons
B. sharing of electrons D. transfer of electrons
2. The following are classified as ionic compounds EXCEPT
A. Al2O3 B. AgNO3 C. BaF2 D. CCl4
3. Which atom has a greater tendency to lose electrons?
A. Bromine B. Nitrogen C. Oxygen D. Potassium
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4. Covalent bonding occurs between what type of atoms?
A. metals C. nonmetals
B. metals and nonmetals D. cannot be determined
5. Which is NOT a covalent compound?
A. carbon dioxide (CO2) C. copper sulfate (CuSO4)
B. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) D. sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
6. Which of the substances when dissolved in water will conduct electricity?
A. gasoline B. glucose C. oil D. salt
7. Which of the following sets of samples has covalent bond and ionic bonding in this
order?
A. vetsin and water C. salt and carbon dioxide
B. paraffin wax and salt D. baking soda and starch
8. What will most likely happen to a non-metallic atom after ionic bonding?
I. It forms a cation.
II. It forms an anion.
III. It becomes stable.
IV. It becomes unstable.
A. I & II B. II & III C. III & IV D. I & IV
9. When two identical nonmetallic atoms combine, what bond will be formed?
A. ionic C. polar covalent
B. metallic D. nonpolar covalent
10. Choose 2 elements that would likely to form an ionic bond among the following
elements: Li, Si, F and Ne
A. Li and F B. Li and Si C. Ne and Si D. Si and F
11. Why do atoms react with one another to form chemical bonds? To ___________
A. attain stability C. produce ions
B. form molecules D. form compounds
12. Polar molecules are soluble in ____________ substances.
A. nonpolar C. polar
B. metallic nonpolar D. cannot be determined
13. Why is oil immiscible in water? It is because oil _____________
A. and water are polar molecules
B. is polar while water is nonpolar
C. is nonpolar while water is polar
D. and water are nonpolar molecules
14. What kind of force is present in ionic bonds?
A. electrostatic C. repulsive
B. neutral D. retentive
15. How is the bond in Br2 different from the bond in MgF2?
A. There is no bond difference between the two.
B. The bond in Br2 is covalent while the bond in MgF2 is ionic.
C. The bond in Br2 is ionic while in the bond in MgF2 is covalent.
D. The bond in Br2 is metallic while the bond in MgF2 is covalent.

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References
Books:
□ Lemay, E. H. Jr., et al. (1996). Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
□ Magno, M., et al. (2001), Practical Work in High School Chemistry, Sourcebook for
Teachers. Quezon City: UP National Institute for Science and Mathematics
Education Development.
□ Silberberg, M. (1996) Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. St.
Louis Mosby.
□ Wilbraham, A.C., et al (1997). Chemistry, 4th Edition. New York: Addison-Wesley
Pub.
□ Wilbraham, A.C., et al (2007). Chemistry,Teacher’s Edition. Boston,
Massachusetts, Prentice Hall, Inc.

Internet Sources:
□ https://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/bonding/ionic/section1/
□ https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/370843350550356946/
□ https://www.emedicalprep.com/study-material/chemistry/chemical-bonding/ionic-
electrovalent-bond/
□ https://www.tes.com/lessons/ImVd2xlJW_xcBg/covalent-and-ionic-bonding-
revision
□ https://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/bonding/ionic/section1/
https://www.quora.com/How-much-do-microwaves-heat-up-oils-and-fats-relative-
to-water

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What’s In
1. Metals are placed on the left-hand side of the periodic table.
2. Nonmetals are on the right side.
3. Metals have the tendency to lose electrons while the nonmetals gain electrons.
4. Atoms are stable when they have eight valence electrons.
What’s New
Activity 1
1. The valence electron of sodium transferred to chlorine.
2. Sodium became cation while chlorine an anion.
Chemical Formula Is it an ionic compound?
1. Fe2O3 /
2. H2O x
3. CH4 x
4. NaHCO3 /
5. KBr /
Activity 2
1. The valence electrons of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms were shared.
2. Covalent bonds are formed when nonmetallic atom share electrons.
Chemical Formula Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
1. NH3 /
2. H2O2 /
3. LiCl /
4. Fe2(SO4)3 /
5. N2 /
6. C6H12O6 /
7. CO2 /
8. Al(OH)3 /
9. MgBr2 /
10. CHCl3 /
Answer Key:
Compound Classification
(ionic/ polar covalent/ nonpolar
Situation Physical Property covalent)
Emphasized
 17
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What’s More
Activity 3
Compound Classification
(ionic/ polar covalent/ nonpolar
Situation Physical Property covalent)
Emphasized
K. Butane (C4H10) gas is used as fuel for flammability covalent
portable stoves.
L. Vetsin or sodium glutamate brittleness ionic
(C₅H₈NO₄Na) has a grainy and crystal-
like appearance.
M. Oil (C8H18) does not mix with water. polarity nonpolar covalent
N. Paraffin wax (C20~40H42~82) melts melting point covalent
between 46-68 degrees Celsius.
O. Sugar (C12H22O11) dissolves in water. polarity polar covalent
P. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution can electrical conductivity ionic
allow electricity to pass through it.
Q. Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) mixes well in polarity polar covalent
water.
R. Tawas or hydrated aluminum potassium shape ionic
sulfate possesses a specific crystal
shape.
S. Methane (CH4) can be a source of flammability covalent
biogas.
T. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) can be diluted polarity polar covalent
in water.
What I Have Learned
1. valence
2. ionic
3. Ionic
4. covalent
5. polar; nonpolar