Contents viii

4.9.8 Intrinsically diminutive adjectives with -(i)y-ôw, -íyá ~ -ìyà ........................... 232
4.9.9 Synchronically opaque diminutives .................................................................. 234
4.10 Iteration (full reduplication) of noun and adjective stems ...................................... 234
5 NOMINAL INFLECTION AND NP SYNTAX .......................................................... 235
5.1 Overview................................................................................................................... 235
5.2 Possessives ................................................................................................................ 236
5.2.1 Possession.......................................................................................................... 236
5.2.1.1 Direct juxtaposition of possessor NP and possessed noun ........................ 236
5.2.1.2 ŋónê in possessed NPs and possessive predicates ..................................... 237
5.2.2 Recursive possession ......................................................................................... 238
5.3 Adjectives ................................................................................................................. 238
5.3.1 Syntax of simple adjectives ............................................................................... 238
5.3.2 Adjective plus numeral...................................................................................... 239
5.4 Numerals and other quantifiers ................................................................................. 240
5.4.1 Simple numeral phrases .................................................................................... 240
5.4.2 Existential quantification................................................................................... 240
5.4.3 Universal quantification (kûl ‘all, every, each’) ............................................... 240
5.4.3.1 Totalizing sense (‘all’) ............................................................................... 241
5.4.3.2 Distributive sense (‘each, every’) .............................................................. 242
5.4.4 Distributive iteration of numerals ..................................................................... 243
5.4.5 Complementary subsets..................................................................................... 243
5.4.6 Weak quantifiers (‘many, much, few’) ............................................................. 244
5.4.7 Currency and time of day .................................................................................. 245
5.4.7.1 Currency ..................................................................................................... 245
5.4.7.2 Time ........................................................................................................... 245
5.4.8 Quantification over pronouns ............................................................................ 247
5.4.9 Quantification over events ................................................................................ 248
5.4.10 Partitive-like constructions with quantifiers ................................................... 248
5.4.11 Indefinite plural -ɲoŋ+H ................................................................................ 248
5.5 Final/definite singular and definite plural................................................................. 249
5.6 Demonstrative pronouns ........................................................................................... 250
5.7 Independent definite particles ................................................................................... 251
5.7.1 Strong definite H+dì (or H+dì+H)................................................................ 251
5.7.2 Adverbs with dìn or dìn dì ................................................................................ 253
5.8 Discourse-function (DF) markers ............................................................................. 253
5.8.1 Focus particle (gâ) ............................................................................................. 254
5.8.2 Topic particles ................................................................................................... 254
5.8.3 Other DF particles (mô ‘also, too’, tán ‘only’, emphatics) ............................... 254
5.9 Adpositions and case ................................................................................................ 255
5.9.1 Unmarked case versus adpositions .................................................................... 255
5.9.2 Dative sê ............................................................................................................ 256
5.9.3 Possessive ŋónê ................................................................................................. 257
5.9.4 Locative gà: ~ gà ............................................................................................... 257
5.9.5 bòŋ ‘on’ ............................................................................................................. 259
5.9.6 dô ‘chez, at the place of’ ................................................................................... 259