♡ BOMB APUSH STUDY GUIDE ♡

◦•●◉✿ Sophie and Logan ✿◉●•◦

Unit 1 2
Key terms: 2
Timeline: 2

Unit 2 3
Key Terms: 3
Timeline: 3

Unit 3 5
Key Terms: 5
Timeline: 5

Unit 4 9
Key Terms: 9
Timeline: 10

Unit 5 16
Key Terms: 16
Timeline: 16

Unit 6 23
Key Concepts: 23
Timeline: 23

Unit 7 26
Key Terms: 26
Timeline: 27

Unit 8 27
Key Terms: 27
Timeline: 27

Unit 9 27
Key Terms: 27
Timeline: 27
 Unit 1
Key terms:
- Columbian Exchange (1492): exchange of plants, animals, and germs between the New World,
Europe, and Africa
- European lifespan went up (because of sugar, rice, food)
- sparked economic development because it facilitated the shift from feudalism to
capitalism
- Native American population shrunk significantly due to new diseases (such as smallpox)
- made it easier for the Spanish to gain control over their land
- Encomienda system (the 1500s): labor system established by the Spanish crown (order:
peninsulares, Spanish, creoles, mestizos, native Americans, slaves)
- The Pueblo Revolt (1680): Spanish gained control over the Pueblo people and forced them into
encomiendas, forcing them to erase their culture
- Uprising against the Spanish- they destroyed buildings and burned fields
- After Pope (leader) died, the Spanish reconquered them once again but accepted the
Pueblo culture more

Timeline:
- Native American culture
- large families/clans, spiritual, land, and water were communal possessions,
hunting, good agriculture
- 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean blue
- wanted to Christianize Indians, steal wealth, use them as slaves
- Latin American civilizations had centralized governments - conquered by conquistadors
like Francisco Pizarro (Inca empire) and Hernan Cortes (Aztec empire)
- Spanish had weapons, tactics, and diseases so it was easier to fight Indians
- Columbian exchange, New World provided gold and silver
- Spanish established New World Empire to spread Roman Catholicism and extend the
king’s wealth
- controlled from Madrid
- Encomenderos forced natives to work in brutal environments
- Due to the death (by disease and warfare) of Native Americans, the Spanish brought in
slaves from Africa to work in sugar plantations (1500-1650)
- racial hierarchy: mestizos, mulattos, etc. with intermarriage
- Pueblo Revolt 1680

Unit 2
Key Terms:
- American Exceptionalism: America is different from other countries due to its mission to
become, a democratic, “city upon a hill”
- mercantilism (17th+18th century): economic philosophy that guided European countries like
Great Britain - exporting more than importing -
- The First Great Awakening (the 1730s-40s): religious revival that began in New England
- Enlightenment (18th century): eradicated superstition, focused on natural rights, science,
technology
- Chart comparing colonies’ settlement patterns (hyperlink)
- Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): indentured servants + poor uprise against rich employers - ended use
of indentured servants, began the use of African slaves because they were more reliable and
cost-effective
- King Philip's War (1675): Natives burned buildings in Massachusetts
- Navigation Acts (1763): stated that only ships built in England or America could trade in the
colonies - trade on enumerated goods had to be shipped to England (made rest of world buy
through England instead of directly from Indies)
- Chesapeake Colonies vs. New England Colonies (hyperlink)

Timeline:
- French and English established colonies in North America in the 17th century
- French North America
- Got Canada, Mississippi river valley, Louisiana
- Christianized with priests, but cooperated with Native American beliefs
- British North America:
- Migrants who wanted economic prosperity + religious freedom came to North America
- In New England, religion was the most important
- In the Chesapeake colonies, the economy was the most important
- Settlements from Massachusetts to Georgia
- At first, tried to be peaceful with Native Americans, did not last (Powhatan War, King
Philip's War)
- Chesapeake colonies
- Jamestown (1607): by British stock company, religion wasn’t significant
- Virginia House of Burgesses: first legislative assembly
- Maryland was founded (by Lord Baltimore) as a place for Roman Catholics to escape
persecution from protestants
- Founded Act of religious toleration in that state
- Tobacco allowed for colonies to be economically stable - grown by a large, inexpensive
labor force (indentured servants),
- Bacon’s Rebellion (1676): switch from indentured servants to slaves
- Cash Crops: tobacco, rice, and indigo
- By 1750, slaves were 40% of Virginia’s population (65 years, slavery rose a lot)
- Puritans
 - Protestants who wanted to purify - hated the hierarchy of religious leaders
- Left England to escape religious restrictions
- “City upon a hill”: pact to God to build an ideal Christian society (1st example of
American exceptionalism)
- Banned outspoken religious dissenters (like Anne Hutchinson, who challenged gender
roles, question puritan teachings of salvation)
- Migrated in families in, a patriarchal society, valued education of Bible, the relationship
between church and state
- Exchanged life skills + traded
- began to see natives as “barbarians”
- conflict in 1636 when New Englanders destroyed Pequot village
- Pennsylvania
- William Penn founded it to refuge Quakers, a very liberal colony
- freedom of religion, also diversity
- Quakers: pacifists, freedom of worship, opposed slavery (1st abolitionists)
- Virginia and Massachusetts
- VA- good agricultural conditions so plantation-based economy (lots of slaves),
dominated by elite and small farmers
- MA (founded by pilgrims and puritans) - different conditions- mid agriculture so
diversified economy (barely any slaves), dominated by ministers
- The West Indies
- Sugar (the most valuable crop in the British empire) profits attracted the British to
Barbados + Jamaica
- Getting sugar required a lot of labor (servants)
- The peak of slave importation to Barbados+ Jamaica was 1700-1800
- Sugar and trading fueled the transatlantic trading network between Indies, colonies,
Englands, and Africa
- West Indian planters preferred to buy resources from colonies (over England), but
England wanted more $ so England placed Navigation Acts
- The Great Awakening led to a greater appreciation of the emotional experience of faith + higher
education + growth in religious diversity + promoted greater independence/diversity of thought
- The Enlightenment
- Intellectual movement
- Colonial leaders like Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson formed a “republic of letters”
- The idea that you use reason to discover laws of economics and government
- John Locke’s argument: everyone was entitled to natural rights of life, liberty, and
property

Unit 3
Key Terms:
- virtual representation: British government claimed that Parliament represented the colonists
- republican government/republicanism: government should be based on the consent of the
people, inspired by American revolutionaries
- separation of powers: division of power between the 3 branches of government, Hamilton
fought for this
- checks and balances: system in which each bench of power can check the power of other
branches
- republican motherhood: women have role of raising children to be responsible citizens, women
played key role in shaping the character of the future citizens
- anti-federalists: opponents of the Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights and because it
would create a central government dominated by rich (liked a small localized government)
- Hamilton’s Financial Program: wanted to fund federal debt, assume state debts, create a national
bank, impose tariffs to protect home industries
- states’ rights: a doctrine which allowed states to challenge or nullify federal laws
- Treaty of Paris 1763: ended French power in North America, British given all French territory
- French and Indian War:

Timeline:
- French and Indian War
- Britain vs France, also known as the Seven Years War
- Albany Plan of Union: called for the formation of grand counsel to oversee common
defense against Indian and French threats
- plan fail because assemblies did not want to give up autonomy
- British feared colonial unity would undermine their power
- British won because outnumbered French significantly
- The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the war
- Native Americans were vulnerable because they had sided with the French during the
war
- Chief Pontiac against British - uprising to expel redcoats (did nothing)
- Proclamation of 1763: prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachians
(settlers ignored this though)
- to please Native Americans, de escalate tension
- the war led to colonial pride since they helped the British win
- British in a lot of debt
- colonies had to help pay the debt
- Stamp Act Crisis (1765-66)
- raise revenue to pay for British troops in America
- resistance because colonists believed that only assemblies in America had the right to
tax them
- “no taxation without representation”, and other means of boycotting (imported goods)
- took away the stamp act because they needed colonies to purchase goods
 - issued Declaratory act to reassert authority over colonies
- road to revolution
- The Townshend Act (1767): imposed (high) tariffs on everyday items to use money for
military expenses
- reignited dispute of “taxation without representation”
- more boycotts once again in Boston
- more feelings of distress
- Boston Massacre (1770): British killed 5 townspeople, depicted British soldiers and
merciless
- Parliament repealed Townshend Acts except for tea
- Intolerable Acts (1773-1776)
- Boston Tea Party infuriated British officials
- Parliament passed coercive acts/intolerable acts, closed Boston port and
allowed for the quartering of troops
- confirmed colonists fear that Britain restricted their rights to self government
- Continental Congress (1774): complete boycott of British goods, organized
militia for defense
- Second Continental Crisis convened in 1775 following battles of Lexington and Concord
- creation fo Continental Army with Commander Geroge Washington
- Revolutionary Mindset
- annoyed with British attempts to tightly control colonies
- republicanism woo!
- King George III meanie everyone despised
- Declaration of Independence (1776): created American identity, transformed taxes into
fight for total independence
- self evident truths and principles
- “all men created equal”
- Revolutionary War
- British underestimated American military, British government divided, French alliance to
America provided resources, Americans fought for their ideals
- Battle of Saratoga: led to alliance with France
- Battle of Yorktown: ended the Revolutionary War bc British forced to surrender
- Treaty of Paris of 1783: recognized American independence and sovereignty
- compensate loyalists whose land was taken by state governments
- Articles of Confederation (1781): wanted to avoid giving the government too much power, gave
Congress certain responsibilities, had little authority to fulfill responsibilities, the central
government did not include judicial or executive branches, could not enforce resolutions upon
states or levy taxes or regulate interstate commerce
- confederate government
- won revolutionary war
- ultimately ineffective
 - Northwest ordinance (1787): established procedure for territories to become states,
band slavery from the northwest territory, the line between freedom and slavery
- Shay’s Rebellion: Shay and armed farmers did an uprising
- causes: impoverished farmers, lost land due to debts to the bank, lower
property taxes, want more paper money, halt farm foreclosures
- frightened conservative leaders
- proved Articles of Confederation were not working for America, needed a
stronger national government
- Constitutional Convention (1787):
- delegates from every state abandoned articles of confederation
- Government derives from the consent of the people, to limit the power they divided it
into executive, judicial, and legislative branches with checks and balances
- Federal system of government divides power between state and central government
- The Great Compromise: a fight over representation of the states and compromise was to
create a 2 house congress - house of representatives (based on population) ans senate
(equal throughout)
- Key provisions
- Levy taxes
- Declare war
- Regulate interstate commerce
- Make laws
- Electoral college
- Supreme court (appointed by president)
- Senators (chosen by state legislators)
- President could be impeached
- Ability to add/remove amendment
- Key omissions
- Bill of Rights 1791 as first 10 amendments
- Direct election of senators 1913
- 2 term limit for presidents added in 1951
- Slavery in the Constitution
- First Emancipation: gradually eliminating slavery in northern states
- Slavery becoming popular in the South
- 3/5ths compromise: Africans Americans treated as 3/5ths of a person in taxation and
representation
- Mixed opinions on slavery (S wanted, N didn’t) but Congress decided to not interfere on
trade until 1808
- Role of Women
- Lost control of property when married, no separate legal identity from husband, could
not vote or be involved in politics, no legal rights over children
- Abigail Adams wrote Remember the Ladies (letters to husband including women’s rights
topics)
 - Republican motherhood
- Anti-federalist vs Federalist
- Anti-federalist:
- Opposed constitution
- Mostly poor, rural supporters
- Hated central government
- Wanted small government
- Wanted us states to be tied together only for trade and defense
- Urged for a Bill of Rights
- Federalists
- Supported constitution
- Mostly wealthy, urban supporters
- Hated Articles of Confederation because it lacked power to protect
- Liked constitution
- Don’t like separation of powers in checks and balances
- Liked constitution
- Federalist papers: Madison, Hamilton, and Jay wrote papers explaining constitution
- Washington elected in 1789 and 1792
- Hamilton’s proposals
- Fund federal debt
- Assume state debt
- Tax on liquor
- Tariffs on goods
- National bank - stable currency
- National bank debate sparked question on whether or not constitution should be
interpreted loosely
- Jefferson said constitution does not say to crate national bank - constitution
should be taken strictly - if it does not permit, it forbids
- Hamilton said constitution should empower congress (taken loosely) - when it
does not forbid, it permits
- Washington signed bank of Us
- Jays’ Treaty: Britain promised to evacuate the northwest force and pay damages
- In return, US pays debt owed by British merchants
- People thought us was turning back on its relationship with France
- Framers did not want political parties
- Federalists vs anti-federalists (democratic republic party) became american 2 party
system
- John Adams Era 1791-1801
- Quasi-War with France because they seized American ships (retaliation after Jay’s Treaty)
- Alien and Sedition Acts
- The Naturalization Act: residency requirement of US citizenship for 5-14 years
because immigrants tended to vote for anti-federalists
 - Alien Acts: deported dangerous aliens
- Sedition Acts: illegal to write, speak, or print any statements about the president
- Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
- Government was very federalist at this time, so Kentucky and Virginia legislators
wrote a resolution saying how the acts were bad because violated the 1st
Amendment (freedom of speech))
- Resolutions became a states rights doctrine - states retained the right to nullify
federal laws

Unit 4

Key Terms:
- Judicial review: power of supreme court to strike down an act of congress by declaring it
unconstitutional
- American system (internal improvement): strengthen economy by protective tariffs, national
banks, and infrastructure
- Jacksonian democracy: common man, white male suffrage, opposition to elites (Jackson loved
slaves, hated Natives)
- Nullification: to invalidate any federal law that the state deems unconstitutional
- Market Revolution (1820 to 1850): increase and exchange of goods in all markets
- Output of farms, factories, traders, and merchants (output went up)
- Creation of canals, roads, railroads, etc
- Nativism: anti-foreign sentiment (caused by irish and german immigrants)
- Second Great Awakening (1800-30): wave of religious enthusiasm, women played an essential
role
- Americans aware of slavery
- Wanted temperance (created mental institutions)
- Perfectionism: wanted to create utopian communities (prison reform, temperance, etc)
- Brook Farm, New Harmony
- The Cult of Domesticity: idealized women as their roles of wives and mothers
- Transcendentalism: living a simple life, celebrating truth and nature

Timeline:
- Jefferson Presidency from 1801-1809 (VP - James Madison)
- The revolution of 1800 (election of 1800) - peaceful transfer between 2 parties
- Market the end of the federalist decade (John Adams is gone)
- Jeffersonian Democracy
- Republican simplicity
- wives and frugal government, cut budget, fire tax collectors, reduce
army and navy, eliminate tax on whiskey
- Wanted America to become an agrarian republic
 - Idolize yeoman farmers, independence from corruption influences
- Louisiana Purchase (1803): Napoleon (French) offered to sell Louisiana territory and New
Orleans for $15 million
- Lewis and Clark expedition into Louisiana territory - went to Oregon
- Marbury vs Madison
- Chief Justice John Marshall established judicial review (gave the supreme court
to declare something unconstitutional)
- Embargo of 1807:
- Jefferson continued Washington’s policy of neutrality
- Stopping all exports of american goods to Europe because there was an ongoing
conflict between Britain and France
- Very unpopular with New England shippers
- The War of 1812
- Great britain took american seamen and forced them into the royal navy, so congress
took them to war o defend american honor
- Wanted to drive Britain from Canada
- Restored american pride and reaffirmed independence, new spirit of nationalism
- Insured Canada’s independence
- Natives lost their allies (Brits)
- Jackson began well known general
- Hartford Convention- bye bye federalists
- James Munroe - Era of Good feelings
- The american system (Henry’s plan)
- Favored federal government
- Promoting commerce and economic growth
- Started to opposed state’s rights and love federal government
- The munroe doctrine 1823
- Foregin policy towards latin america
- US would not tolerate European colonies in Western hemisphere - wanted them
to stay out of american affairs
- If Europe stayed out of us affairs, US would not mess with any established
European colonies in Western hemisphere
- The Missouri Compromise (turning point)
- Debate over slavery in the Louisiana teritory
- North had more representatives because it was more densely populated
- “A sacred pact” (1819): Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state
- In respone, the North passed the Tallmadge Ammendment prohibiting slave
states - rejected by the senate - shattered harmony of era of good feelings
- Henry Clay compromised that Missouri would enter as a slave state and Maine
entered as a free state
- Missouri compromise prohibited slavery in the remaing territory of the Louisiana
purchase
- End of the era of good feelings
- Election of 1824 - John Quincy Adams won (disappointing)
- Rise of Jackson
- Common man, born not wealthy, representative in Tennessee, military hero
- Election of 1828
- Jackson won because he stood for the common man
- Jacksonian democracy
- Common sense, common man
- Expansion of white male suffrage
- Hated elites, gov protect everyone
- Tariff of Abominations & Nullification Crisis
- Tariff of Abominations
- Raising revenue to protect American industry from forign good
- Tariff on imported
- Southern states hated it, thought it was negative for them
- North industrialization flourished
- Doctrine of Nullification
- John Calhoun responded to so the Tariffs with the “South Carolina Exposition
and Protests”
- Explained states rights
- Jackson and Force Bill
- Nullification was bad = Disunion, split up states
- Jackson and Native Americans
- Indian Removal Act 1830
- White settlers surrounded Native land
- Exchange Indian lands for government land, ultimately pushing Natives off their
land
- Worcester vs. Georgia (Supreme Court)
- Supreme Court decided that it was legal for Natives to keep their land
- Trail of Tears: jackson ignored ruling and removed tribes from west of Mississippi
- Troops forcibly evacuated Cherokee, deaths
- All trails to oklahoma
- Bank War (1832)
- Second National Bank was bad in Jackson’s eyes
- Bank charter to expire soon, Jackson would not renew it
- New party replacing federalists, The Whigs appeared for the first time because they
wanted the bank
- No national bank anymore
- State banks began to flourish, printed lots of paper money
- Rise of the Whigs
- People who despised Jackson joined together to form Whigs
- “King Andrew the First” (jackson arbitrary ruler)
 - Election of 1836: Van Buren won
- Impact of Hard Times
- Economic boom from Jackson
- Drop in cotton prices=panic, fail of wheat crop =double panic
- As a result: canceled transportation projects, new banks failed
- Panic become depression, wages fell + unemployment
- Log Cabin Campaign (1840): Whigs blamed Van Buren for depression
- William Henry Harrison, Whig candidate wins
- First modern election because both parties campaigned
- Whigs & Democrats
- Whigs: strong federal gov, loose construction of constitution, 2nd national bank, Clay’s
American system
- Hate jackson, spoils system, Indian removal, western expansion
- Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, support from small businessmen, professionals,
manufacturers, some planters
- Democrats: states rights, strict construction of constitution, Indian removal, western
expansion
- Hate 2nd bank, american system
- Andrew Jackson, Van buren were key leaders
- Irish immigrants, poor farmers in north/mid, small planters, common man
- Cotton Kingdom
- Cotton gin: Technological development in textile industry in great britain to turn cotton
fibers into cloth
- Because of it, demands for raw cotton (what S produces) went up
- Southern farmers coudn’t meet the demands fast enough, so cotton gin was
created since it allowed slaves to clean octton 50x faster (revolutianized
southern econonmy)
- King cotton
- Became most valuable cash crop
- Planters looked for new fertile land for cotton (bc all the tobacco made land
infertile) - found the black belt (GA to LO) with rich, black soil
- Impact of COtton on Economy
- People became more dependant on slavery
- More slaves, less immigrants becuse jobs were taken
- Slowed urban growth in the S bc people lived on farms
- South all about cotton - North was industrializing (big difference)
- White Society in Old South
- Planters owned a lot of slaves - harvested cotton and tobacco - powerful
- Wealthy elite planters dominated S econ and social life
- Most families were independent yeoman farmers (owned a few or no slaves)
- Poor whites were unskilled laborers - no land, no salves
- Slaves’ Lifes in Old South
 - African Slave trade mamde illegal in 1808
- Tobacco planters sold their slaves to cotton planters - called the domestic slave trade
- African Americans formed their own culture - religion large part of identity
- Slave revolts - tried to escape
- By 1860s there were a significant amount of free african americans in South
- Discriminated against with laws
- Denied property rights
- Not allowed certain jobs
- Revolutionary Changes in Agriculture
- Another wave of settlers in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region
- Technological advancements
- In Ohio, INdiana, and Illinois there was fertile soil
- Used steel-tip plows
- hand- operated sickles to harvest wheat faster
- Mechanical reaper
- Changes in Transportation
- Roads: finance construction of the national road in 1811-37
- It was still difficult to travel
- Impact of the Erie Canal: farmers took their product down the mississippi river to get to
new orleans ports
- In 1870 they wanted to connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie (Buffalo)
- Cut travel time from 20 days to 6 and made it cheaper (so good for econ)
- Farmers could send their wheat (once isolated, now connected to the North)
- Transformed NYC to America’s most commercial center
- Steamboats: the ride home for farmers was rough, so steamboat created in 1807 so it
was easy to travel back and forth
- Allowed people to go up and down the mississippi river
- Railroads: in 1820s became popular in Britain, came to US in 30s, especially in North
- Allowed people to travel from city to city
- Changes in Communication
- News and communication improved with new transportation
- The telegraph: 1840s it was invented
- Instant communication unlike ever before
- Changes in Commerce
- Market Revolution
- Network of roads, canals, and railroads (consumers/producers being able to
buy/move product)
- Creation of national economy that linked regions and people who were
previously unable to reach such a large market
- Impact of Market Revolution
- Northeast
 - Accelerated the rate of industrial growth (beginning with the textile
mills)
- Created close trading between NE and Midwest
- Created wealthy class of urban capitalists
- Midwest
- Migration and settlers
- Chicago became an important city
- Increased production of cash crop
- South
- Extended plantation system
- Slowed urbanization and industrialization
- Created economy dominated by wealthy planters
- Revolutionary changes in the industry
- Factory system
- Rise of the factory system in New England
- Textile mills were popular
- Industrialization and urbanization
- The factory system changed from just textiles to shoes and guns
- Commerce and industry spurred the growth of cities and population went up
- Changes in Immigration patterns
- Between 1820-60 many people immigrated from England, Scandinavia, Ireland, and
Germany
- Irish and German Immigrants
- Irish: settled in Northeastern cities, worked lowest paying and unskilled jobs,
supported the democrats because they were the “common man” (really below),
major role in the growth of the Catholic church
- Germans: rule areas in the midwest, protestant (some jews)
- Sparked nativism and anti-foreign reaction (thought that they were stealing their jobs,
schools, would never really be americans, tried getting them kicked out)
- 2nd Great awakening: new wave of intense religious feelings during the 1800s
- Moral free agents
- Each individual was a moral free agent who could chart own spiritual course of
life - freed protestants
- Perfectionism: a faith in the human ability to build a perfect society
- Important
- Christian movement that altered the religious landscape of america
- Birth of a distinctive black church
- Inspired converts to address social problems and believe in improving own life
- Had an obligation to improve society
- Reform Movements
- Higher pay for teachers
- Larger public school system
 - Advocating for women’s education
- Hospitals + mental asylums for mentally ill
- Temperance movement: use less alcohol
- Reform movements to get rid of sin in american society
- Crusade against slavery
- American colonization society (ACS)
- Advocated for the freedom of slaves - wanted them to go back to Africa
- William Lloyd Garrison
- Founded American anti-slavery society’
- Fredrick Douglass
- Helped with the anti-slavery society
- Wrote about horrors of slavery (biographies)
- Helped show evils of slavery to public
- Booker T. Washington
- Malcolm X
- MLK
- Women reform
- Women couldn't vote, hold office, or serve in duties - denied property rights and legal
control of children
- Cult of domesticity: idealized women for their roles as wives and mothers (applied
mainly to upper and middle class families because poor were expected to work)
- Seneca Falls convention
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded a group of feminists - called for a convention in
1844
- Wrote a declaration of sentiments and resolutions
- Wrote “all men and women are created equal” of what should have been in the
declaration of independence
- Beginning of the womens’ rights movement - started ave of feminism

Unit 5

Key Terms:
- Manifest Destiny: belief that the US was destined to spread liberty and democracy from the
Atlantic to the Pacific
- The Wilmot Proviso (1846): proposal to ban slavery in territory aquired in Mexican War (created
dispute between N and S)
- Rejected in the Senate
- Slave power: disproportionatet power that northerens believed slave owners held over politics
- Popular sovereignty: princliple of saying that the settlers of a given territory have the right to
decide whether slavery should be permitted there or not
- Example: Kansas
 - Black codes: laws passed in the south after the civil war denying ex-slaves rights that whites had
- they also had stricted rules
- Sharecropping: labor system after the civil war in the South where tenants worked on the land in
return for housing and crops instead of paying rent
- Created a similar system to slavey
- Carpetbaggers and scallywags
- Carpetbagger: Northerners who moved to the south during reconstruction
- Scallywags: supported republican reconstruction

Timeline:
- The lone star republic
- Texas revolution: Texas owned by Mexico and they opened it to US settlers
- Anglo-Americans owned slaves but Mexicans said no slaves and that they
weren’t converting to catholisim
- Mexican government benend slaves in mexico in 1830 and later banned
americans
- Texans rebelled and declared independence in 1836 (rebellion lasted 2mo)
- Annexation issue: texas wanted to join US but whigs didn’t want another slave state
- Texas was independent for a while (during Andrew Jackson’s presidency)
- Territorial expansion: people started moving west of the Mississippi river (manifest
destiny because america’s right to expand)
- Polk: 1844 issues with expansion because Texas was independent, California still
belonged to Mexico, and Great Britain owned some of Oregon
- James Polk shared Jackson’s belief that america was guariad of freedom
- Promised to turn ideas of manifest destiny into reality
- Texas and Oregon
- Polk became president and Texas became the 28th state in 1845
- Polk compromised with britain to split the oregon territory
- The Mexican War
- Outbreak
- Mexico mad that america took Texas - had argument about where the border of
texas was
- Mexico ambushed US on a river in Texas and US declared war on Mexico in 1846
- Opposition to war
- Whigs and aboitionists didn’t want to go to war - thought that point of new
territories was to expand slavery
- America won by capturing Mexico City
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- Mexico had to give New Mexico and California to US after losing War
- New Mexico: present day Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado
and Wyoming
- Wilmot Proviso
 - He said neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exsist in any territory gained
from Mexico
- Wanted white men to be able to work without competing with slave owners
(degraded free labor)
- “Free soil” would guarantee free competition and free mobility without having
to compete with large plantation slave owners (workers rights to rise)
- Was not passed by senate
- Consequences
- Debate was not between two parties, it was between N and S (start to divide)
- Thought it was the beginning of an attack on slavery so S was very mad
- Raised issues in slaves and free labor in constitution
- Because it was not passed, the N was angry - thought the S had too much power
- Compromise of 1850
- California gold rush
- 1848 they spotted gold in cali, people migrated there, then they asked to be
admitted as a state
- Transforms San Francisco into a booming city and port (goods from East coast
and Asia)
- When they tried to enter as a state, it sparked debate on slavery again
- The North held House of Representatives, but S had veto power in the senate
- Clay’s compromise
- California was admitted as a free state but the rest of the Mexican territories
would have no restrictions
- When there was a boundary dispute, gave part of Texas to New Mexico (TX got
$10 mil)
- Abolished slave trade but not slavery in district of columbia
- S got a fugitive slave law (return runaway slaves)
- Would restore harmony
- Brought a delay to civil war (settled debate of slavery) so the N gained industrial
strenghth, growth, and leadership
- Fugitive slave act
- Territorial legislatiors in Utah and Mexico legalize slavery
- Slaves escaped, Undergroud Railroad
- Uncle Tom's Cabin: Harriet Beecher Stowe
- Kansas Nebraska Act:
- To build the transcontinental railroad they had to organize the Nebraska territory and
give it to the North
- 1854: proposed a bill that Kansas and Nebraska were North of the Missouri Compromise
- In order to gain Southerners they repealed the Missouri Compromise
- Included popular sovereignty which said Kansas and Nebraska were allowed if they
wanted slaves
- Passed
 - Started popular sovereignty
- Led to the downfall of the Whig party so republican party rose in 1854 (Whigs,
anti-slavery democrats, nd free-soilers joined the republican party)
- Dred Scott case (1857): Scatt (slave) was moved from S to N (where slavery was not allowed) and
tried to become a free man
- Decision: ruled that neither slaves nor black poeple were not citizens
- “Slaves were chattle prperty, they have no rights which the white man is bound
to respect”
- Slaves could be taken into any state or territory, declaring Missori compromise
uncostitutional
- Consequences:
- Invalidated the Missouri Compromise
- Fueled Northern anti-slavery people
- Republicans were so mad that they put all of their efforts into winning the
presidency to reverse decision
- The Union in peril
- Harpers Ferry (1859): John Brown raided Harpers Ferry and slave owners were scared
because slave uprisinngs rumored
- Rise of fire-eaters (radical Southern democrats)
- John Brown was executed - became Northern martyr which angered South
- Election of 1860: democrats were divided because some didn’t like slavery - republicans
had upper hand
- Nominated Abraham Lincoln (won)
- Republican party thought stavely could continue where it already was - no
expansion to other states
- Secession Crisis
- Confederate states of america
- Led by SC - 7 Southern states succeeded
- Thought lincoln was enemy of the South
- Founded confederate states of america and adopted constitution - elected
Jefferson Davis as president
- Fort Sumter
- Fort stationed in Charleston harbor (union soldiers)
- Lincoln told SC that he was going to re-supply union with food, but before ships
arrived, the confederate guns opened fire
- A day later, Lincoln asked for people to join militia
- After fort Sumpter, Virginia, Arkansas, NC, and Tennessee joined confederacy
(who preached states rights)
- Border states
- Delawware, Kentucky, Missouri: slave holding, but in union
- The balance of forces
- The North
 - Advantages:
- Population (22 mil, whereas S had 9 mil)
- Industrialization - produced 90% of goods, so had more horses, ships,
railroads, technology
- Lincoln was president and commander in chief
- Produced more wheat than the south (most important crop)
- Disadvantage:
- Weren’t able to group military commanders
- No goal - just trying to save America, abolishionists thought it was to
end slavery
- The South
- Advantages:
- Enjoyed fighting a defensive war
- Strong military
- Thought that cotton was an advantage (threaten to not send cotton to
Europe if they weren’t recognized as free - were wrong bc no allies)
- Disadvantages:
- Less population
- Less industrialization and railroad
- Jefferson Davis was bad president
- Perched states rights so no united government
- Antietam: a civil war battle where union won (big) which convinced England and Europe
to not be with the South
- Emancipation Proclamation:
- Contrabands
- Civil war disrupted plantations, slaves ran to the union, they were contraband
property that could be seized due to international law
- COnfiscation act (1861): Union could take cofederate proepety (including slaves)
- Emancipation
- EP signed 1863
- Only frred slaves in confederate states
- 13t amendment (1865): slaver completely abolished
- Importance
- EP strangethend Union moral cause - direct goal to stop slavery totally
- Britain and France began to support union, cut off confederacy
- Blacks in blue: allowed to join federal army, paid less than white soldiers, urging to fight,
more personal battle
- Republican economic agenda
- Republican Congress
- Southern Congressmen blocked tariffs, railroad, banking, land policies that
helped the North, when they succeeded, Republicans dominate congress
 - Homestead Act (1862): settlers could get land after settled for 5 years, agreed to farm
the land
- Pacific Railroad Act (1862): transcontinental railroad tat would run north central route
- National Banking Act (1863): so much money spent on war, need banking, established
national currency
- Consequences of Civil War
- Ended state sovereignty, could not succeed or nullify federal law
- Made federal power stronger, ex: 13th amendment
- South
- Southern planters use to have big power, civil war ended this
- Lots of confederate deaths
- Economic losses
- Reduction in political influence
- North
- Solidified alliance of northern business with western farmers within republican
party
- Enhanced economic and political influence of rising northern class
- Women
- New responsibilities, with husbands at war, manage plantations, in north took
paying jobs and government jobs, served as nurses
- Did not remove barriers of sexism, but broadend women purpose
- Freed Slaves
- Emancipated 4 mil slaves
- Still denied equality and right to vote
- Presidential reconstruction
- Lincioln’s 10% Plan
- Restore union, integrate confederacy back
- Offered full pardant of southerners who pledge loyalty to union
- If 10% of people in each state did this and accepted emancipation, then
they could reenter the union
- Lincoln assassinated
- 13th amendment (1865): Formally abolished slavery and involuntary servitude
- Johnson’s plan (Andrew Johnson, vp, took over)
- Offered pardon to confederates who took oath of loyalty to union
- State could renter union when its convention repealed succession laws,
repudiated confederate debas, ratify 13th amendment
- Johnson no like racial justice
- Let south regain political power
- Radical Reconstruction
- Black Codes: Southern legislators out these to limit civil right
- Could not carry weapons, marry whites, no jury, etc.
 - Civil Rights Act 1866: Republicans want to protect basic rights of blacks, declared blacks
as citizens with same rights as white
- Johnson vetoed bill, it was overrode
- 14th Amendment (1866): passed so Johnson would enforce civil rights act, define
national citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the us)
- Guarantee equal rights
- Prohibited states from depriving property, life, liberty, etc
- Reconstruction Act of 1867:
- republicans had majority in both houses of congress, removed Johnson plan
- To be readmitted into union, states had to adopt 14th amendment
- Trying to impeach Johnson, because he racist, bad president
- 15th Amendment (1870): forbade government from denying citizens to vote on basis of
race, color, or servitude
- 13, 14, 15 amendment all helped newly freed blacks
- short term/long term: more rights for African Americans, participate in congress, les
racism in south
- Reconstruction in South
- Radical Republican Governments
- Republicans rule south and north
- Blacks in politics due to 15ht amendment
- Changed voting patterns
- Ulysses S. Grant elected in 1868
- Launched reform programs for blacks in schools, hospitals, courts, etc
- Criticism of reconstruction
- Saying gov misused public funds, calling them corrupt
- Carpetbaggers moved to south from north to seek profits
- Scalawags south “traitos” bc they support republicans
- End of reconstruction
- Slavery is not actually dead claim because southernens still wanted them
- Racism still big
- Ku Klux Klan: white supremacist group
- Group like this made blacks scared to vote which weakened the
republican party a little
- Erosion of northern support: republicans started to focus on western expansion,
indian wars, railroads, etc.
- Grant did not really care about reconstruction
- Panic of 1873 (financial crisi), led to depression, took away from efforts
for blacks
- Compromise of 1877: Democrats agreed to support Hayes in return Hayes and
the Republicans had to withdraw all federal troops from south, appoint
southerner to cabinet, grant funds to south for internal improvements
 - Marked end of reconstruction because south returned to white
supremacy
- New South
- Industrial South: cheap labor, low taxes, cotton farms, wanted to create textile industry
- American Tobacco Company was success
- Southern Agriculture
- Dependence upon cotton: most important cash crop, vulnerable to fluctuation fo global
price of cotton, kept fluctuating
- Sharecropping: blacks exchange labor for used of tools, land, and seeds
- No economic independence, basically debt and poverty
- Led to formation of farmer alliances
- Beginning of black migration out of south
- Restoration of White Supremacy
- Redeemers: Democrats that get rid og republican practices, reestablish white supremacy
- Disenfranchisement of Black Voters: literacy test and poll taxes to evade the 15th
amendment, number of blakc voters plummeted
- Separate but equal
- Civil right act of 1875: full and equal enjoyment of public facilities
- Enacting jim crow laws and mandating segregation
- Supreme Court ruled that 14th amendment only applied to public, not to private
organizations
- Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896): separate but equal railroad facilities were according
to the constitution
- Allowed jim crow laws to spread around south
- Few years later, completely segregated
- Booker T Washington
- Wanted blacks to be economically successful because he believed this would lead to
equal rights
- Believed that wite racism was consequence of slavery
- W.E.B. Dubois
- Believed that white racism was cause of slavery
- Wanted legal action to oppose jim crow laws
- Founded naacp
- Voting most important thing
- WHAT EVENTS SUPPORT THIS

Unit 6

Key Concepts:
- Vertical integration: business model in which corporation controls all aspects of production from
raw materials to package products, ex: Andrew Carnaegie
 - horizontal integration: business model when one company gains control of all the other
companies of the same product, ex: Rockefeller
- Social darwinism: belief that survival of the fittest, business leaders use it to justify success
- Gospel of Wealth: Carnegie, wealthy could fund institution like parks, libraries, colleges
- Social Gospel: Chrsitians have responsibility to solve world issues like poverty, social change
stemmed from religion
- New immigrants: wave of immigrants who came from Europe in 1890-1924

Timeline:
- Diversity in the West
- Western Tribes: Indians on Great Plains
- Fort Laramie Treaty (1851): guaranteed safe passage for settlers on Oregon Trail
- Allowed construction of roads and forts
- In exchange natives received land
- Chinese: gold rush demanded chinese workers mass migration to California to build
railroads
- Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): suspended immigration of all Chinese laborers
- Transcontinental Railroads
- Last rail is laid
- Pacific Railroad Act signed by lincoln
- Completion of first transcontinental railroad marked beginning of building boom
in the West
- Impact:
- Cut down travel time
- Symbol of national union
- Vastly integrated national marked of materials and goods
- Led to creation of four time zones
- Buffalo of Indians killed or basically=bad
- Transformation of West
- Miners frontier
- Booming of new cities as mining towns
- Lots of integrated race in mining
- Wild wild west
- Miners hoped to get rich and get out
- Cowboys Frontier: Cattle, drove herds, roamed great plains
- Farmers Frontier:
- Homestead Act and completion of railroads opened West to farming but Great
plains has lots of environmental issues
- New technology to overcome these issues
- Population increase in great plains
- Defeat of Indians
- Indians Last stand
 - Slaughter of buffalo, spread of diseases, warfare threatened autonomy of
indians
- Ignore Fort Layerim promise made, put them onto reserves
- Dawes Act of 1887: Indian culture was burden, tried to civilize natives by turning them
into independent farmers, dissolved tribes legal entities, divided lands into single
entities, ignored indian culture
- Second Industrial Revolution
- Following the civil war
- Causes:
- natural resources of coal, iron, petroleum, timber
- Basing economy on coal because it burned longer
- Human resources of inexpensive labor (women, child, immigrants)
- Population concentrated in cities
- Government support, wanted private property and limited regulation of
business activity
- Golden Age of Railroads, stimulated industrial growth with communication
- New inventions: typewriter, cash register, adding machine all accelerate business
transactions
- Key entrepreneurs
- Carnegie and steel
- Steel more durable than iron and inexpensive
- Largest steel company in the world
- Vertical integration where he controlled entire process
- Bought mines, ships, railroads that carried his product
- Rockefeller and oil
- Oil used in lots of stuff
- Horizontal integration, got rid of rivals by buying them
- Monopolies took away from smaller companies
- Unequal distribution of Wealth
- Social darwinism: used to explain wealth, reward for hardwork and talent, poverty
punishment for laziness
- Government should not regulate economic activities with wage increase of
welfare programs
- GOspel of Wealth: wealth had great responsibility to use wealth to help benefit the
community
- Socialist critique: responding to social darwinists saing the wealthy were greedy and
exploited workers
- Close link between big business and gov enabled lower wages, bad working
conditions
- Labor Unions
- Owners have big profits while workers earn very little
- Long day, hard conditions
 - Knights of Labor (1869)
- Wanted to unify working men and women into national union
- Cooperative commonwealth
- Combine wages to collectively purchase…
- Organized strikes
- Newspapers accused them of causing Haymarket square riot cause them to lose
popularity
- Died after panic of 1893
- American Federation of Labor (1886)
- Alliance of skilled workers in craft unions
- Did not welcome unskilled workers, women, racial minorities
- Opposed political activity, used strikes for better conditions
- Industrial Workers of the World
- One big union
- Included skilled and unskilled workers
- Advocating socialist economic system
- Government owned basic industries and national resources
- Pretty small group
- Faded in mist of ww1
- Knights and iww tried to do one union, knights stove for cooperative society, iww
embraced class conflict, afl only skilled workers, fought for higher wages
- Labor Strikes and Unrest
- Great Railroad Strike (1877)
- Walked off their jobs because of wage cut
- Really big because paralyzed rial service
- Brought in militia
- Beginning of period of strikes and violent confrontation
- Disrupt american economy
- Homestead Strike (1892)
- Tried to replace workers with machinery, cut workers
- Strike occurred, some deaths
- Pullman Strike (1894)
- After panic, wages cut
- Joined american railroad union
- Urban growth
- Factorie started using steam and electrical power
- Built next to industrial cities
- Skyscrapers built
- Electric street cars
- Suburbs, segregated urban residence by class and race
- New Immigrants
- New wave
 - Southern and easten europe immigrants
- Hard new life
- Most settled in northeast/midwest, few in south
- Lived in tenements
- Bad working conditions
- Segregated in suburb/ethnic neighborhoods
- Immigrants and political machines
- Bosses bribe them for votes
- Strong nativist reaction
- Urban reformers
- Settlement house movement
- Hull House for women, etc.
- Popular Culture
- Department stores
- Macys
- Revolutionized urban shopping experience
- Spectator sports
- Newspapers
- Revamping with headlines, scandals, cartoons, etc.
- Romanticism, realism
- Industrialization + urbanization creating a harsh social reality

Unit 7

Key Terms:
- Populism: movement supporting silver, railroad regulation, favored working class
- Progressivism: used government to help create a just society against trusts, bad food, corruption,
etc
- Muckrakers: journalists who exposed illegal businesses, social injustices, corrupt bosses
- Red Scare: fear of communism after ww1
- Great Migration: black leaving south to go to north, start in 1910
- Harlem Renaissance: African American culture through art, writing in 1920s
- Isolationism: foreign policy calling for americans to avoid entangling political alliances,
Neutrality Acts

Timeline:
- Rise/Fall of Populist Party
- Causes of Populist Revolt:
- More produce produced, prices drop more for farmers
- Farmers blamed railroad bc of monopolies charge unfair rates
 - Farmers had to borrow money to build homes, buy equipment, had to double
loan due to deflation
- Farmers thought gold standard reduced money in circulation, limiting economic
activity
- Thought silver would help
- Birth of populist party
- Wave of agrarian discontent
- Want rich to be taxed more
- Election of 1896: William Mckinley (republican) won
- Led to collapse of populsit party
- Gold strikes across world reversed deflation, cause high money supply
- Crop failure in Europe meant increase in American grain exports
- Progressive Spirit
- Populism to progressivism: after populist collapse, reform shifted to cities
- Progressive
- Government active role
- Reject laissez faire
- Hate social darwinism
- Create society to help social and political issues
- Muckrakers: Against monopolies, enabled spirit of progrssive reform
- Women in Progressive Reform
- New woman
- Cult of domesticity:women in homes, men running businesses
- Now women became activists
- clubs/settlement houses
- Embraced maternalism: desire to improve communities
- Women clubs pressed local governments ex: build playgrounds
- Settlement houses to house poor, build careers
- Temperance movement
- Women big part
- Moral duty, alcohol abuse ruins families
- 18th amendment in 1981 banned alcohol
- Women's suffrage
- Organized marches, petitions
- 1919: 19th amendment passed giving women right to vote
- Roosevelt and Square Deal
- Dynamic new president :Mckinley assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt now president
- Anthracite Coal Strike: mineworkers struck coal mines, Roosevelt threatened to seize
mines from working (he's on workers side)
- Trusts
- trust is large business combination
 - Sherman Antitrust Act (1890): forabe unreasonable combinations in restraint of
trade or commerce
- Backfired to break up unions
- Roosevelt trust buster
- Consumer protection: Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act
- Roosevelt and the Environment: added 5 national parks, 4 national game preserves, 51
federal bird reserves, 18 national monuments
- Wilson and Progressive Reform
- Taft followed Roosevelt, alienated Roosevelt Progressive supporters, Taft renominated,
Roosevelt formed his new Progressive Party
- This split up Republicans and allowed for democrat elect, Woodrow Wilson to
win election
- Triple Wall of Privilege
- LandMark Federal Reserve Act (1913): established system of 12 banks, federal
reserve board controlled it
- Clayton Antitrust Act: strengthened Sherman, prohibited prce discrimination,
interlocking directortous between large compranies, exempted unions from
antitryst prosecution
- Racial discrimination
- Wilson racist, glorified KKK
- Roots of American Imperialism
- Quest for markets and raw materials
- Producing more than they could buy, other countries=markets
- Ideology of expansion
- Social darwinism applied to nations
- US should be aggressive in world affairs
- Manifest Destiny applied: both led to territory expansion, new resources, new
markets, military conflict, imperialism more racist
- Spanish American War
- Cuba wanted freedom from Spain
- Navy arrived to Havana Harbor, Spanish bombed US navy, war starts
- Consequences
- End of spain new world empire
- Emergence of US as world power
- Treaty of Paris: gave Puerto Rico and Guam to US
- bought Philippines for 20 million
- Teller Amendment: guaranteed US would respect Cuban sovereignty
- Platt Amendment: prohibited Cuba from making foreign treaties that
could impair independence or cause debt, gave US right to maintain
naval station at Guantanamo Bay
- American Involvement in Philippines
- Debate over Philippines
 - Aroused anti-imperialist movements and league
- Inconsistent because libertae Cuba, annex Philippines
- Went against “human freedom”
- Mckinley wanted to Christianize and civilize Philippines
- Philippine Insurrection
- Philippines resisted American
- Fought 3 years for independence, America war
- Jones Act: granted Philippines independence in 1916
- Not full until 1946
- Emerging Influence in power
- Open Door in China
- Wanted China markets for economic growth
- Open Door Policy: protect American commercial interests in China
- Panama Canal: Panama became independent from Columbia, gave US the canal for
helping fight in war
- Made security of Caribbean American interest
- Roosevelt Corollary: extended Monroe Doctrine, states US could act as international
police power to intervene in Western Hemisphere, no Europe
- Road WW1
- Assassinated ArchDuke (austrian) after arms race between Germany and Great Britain
which formed rival alliances 1914-18
- US tried to remain neutral
- Could still trade with nations involved if neutral
- 1915 Germany sank a British submarine with Americans on it
- US mad Wilson said if they did it again they’d go to war- Germany promised not
to do it again
- Germany took it back in 1917 and US entered war
- Wilson said that they entered the war to keep democracy
- The homefront
- WIlson created a committee of Public Information that used films, posters, and an army
to convince public that US was fighting war for democracy
- Espionage and Sedition Acts outlawed criticism of government leaders and war policies
- The Great MIgration
- Labor shortage
- 4 million american men left for the army
- African Americans migrated to Northern cities for new opportunities
while the other were gone
- Triumph and Disillusionment
- By 1918 there were troops in Europe
- Part of the ally powers (not axis powers)
- By november of 1918, war was over
- 1919 - Treaty of Versailles
 - Wilson thought he could go into the meeting and get 14 points (league of
nations, ensure a lasting peace, etc.)
- Germany forced to pay $33 bil
- League of nations created but people thought US entering it would undermine
government and foeign affairs
- US never joined it (Wilson stroke)
- The Red Scare
- Vladamir Ledddin seized power in Russia and created a communist dictatorship
- America started to believe that there were communist sympathizers and radicals
that wanted to attack the government
- Big wave of strikes because of this
- Conspiracies against government, accused people
- Palmer raids: arrested 5,000 suspects of communism - violated civil liberties -
deported 500 of those people with no trial - ended red scare
- Republicans dominate FDR
- Automobile
- Henry Ford created assembly line that allowed for faster manufacturing
- Decreased production time
- Created new economy based off mass production
- Affordable refrigerators, washing machines, irons, etc
- Created jobs that eliminated craftsmanship
- Impact on daily life
- Automobile symbol of new industry
- Increase in car production came with increase in companies that created steel,
glass, rubber, tires, etc
- Federal Highway of 1916: pave roads across country
- Transformed america from isolated towns to interconnected cities and suburbs -
gas stations, traffic lights, road signs, etc
- The roaring 20s
- Radio: radio manic swept across country for news, weather, advertisement
- Movie stars: Hollywood became center of film industry (5th largest industry)
- Silent films, cartoons tv shows
- Flappers
- rebellious young adults, post war women who are young well-educated,
different lifestyles, more freedom, medicine, law, science
- Flappers challenged norms of being femminine, short skirts, short hair, drank,
danced, etc
- Lost generation writers
- Novelists that criticized America's new culture - upset with war, new american
values (ex. Great Gatsby)
- Harlem Renaissance: promote African American culture through art, literature, etc
- Intolerance and nativism
 - Causes
- Flappers, untraditional writers, immigrants, and radicals part of new culture
- Classic americans hated these people because they took away from simple,
traditional values
- Wanted to restore anglo-saxon and anglo american culture
- The scopes trial: banned the teaching of evolution in public schools in TN
- Christians thought it challenged the Bible
- Scopes tried to prove it was unconstitutional and he was guilty because he
taught evolution
- Immigrgation restriction
- Post-war wave of S and E Europe immigrants sparked nation-wide movement to
limit immigrants
- Passed National Origins Act of 1924 which limited annual immigration to
2% of population
- KKK
- Originated in post Civil War
- Revived after WW1 but towards, immigrants, Catholic, Jews, and immigrants
- 1920s rose to 4 million people
- Republican Ascendency
- Return to normalcy after WW1 under Warren G Harding
- Went back to traditional partnership between government and business
- Reduced taxes to wealthy
- Raised tariffs
- Ignore antitrust acts
- Let corruption occur again (Gilded age-esque)
- Calvin Coolidge elected in 1924 (people liked him)
- Herbert Hoover won 1928 election: good times
- Causes of the Great Depression (1929+)
- Stock market
- Reached its peak in 1929
- Black thursday - waves of panic selling
- Stocks lost ⅓ of their value so investors and banks hurt
- Overproduction and underconsumption
- Americ’s factories produced nearly half the goods of the world’s industrial goods
in 1929
- Wealth unevenly distributed, rising profits (because of assembly line)
- Unsold goods piled up so stores had to reduce workers and factories had to cut
down production - economic spiral
- Flight of the farmer
- Scientific farming methods combined with better trucks and tractors enabled
farmers to increase yields, but faced competition from new grain growers in
Australia and Argentina
 - Too many crops being produced so prices of crops go down
- Many farmers couldn't pay mortgages so they lost everything
- Hard times
- Economic collapse, businesses closed, banks gone bankrupt, high unemployment, lots of
poverty
- The dust bowl: severe drought that hit Great plains
- That along with the hot summer turned soil into dust in Kansas, Texas Oklahoma,
and Colorado
- Agriculture disappeared
- People had to migrate (lots to CA)
- Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression
- Hoover's philosophy on government: believed everything will be over, argued that
federal belief would challenge the constitution and go against individualism
- Reconstruction for finance corporations
- He wouldn't help poor, but helped banks with federal aid
- Created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to give loans to banks,
businesses, and railroads
- Helped limit the number of bankruptcies
- People criticized it because he only helped rich
- Bonus army: WW1 veterans tried to convince congress to give them the payment that
they were promised, bill was rejected, they marched and ordered army to remove
veterans (made his popularity go down)
- Election of 1932: FDR won (democrat)
- The hundred days
- Banking crisis
- Passed Emergency Bank rRelief Act to reopen the nation’s largest and strongest
banks
- Gave loans and later opened the smaller banks
- Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - helped protect deposits
- Restored public confidence
- Relief measures
- During first 100 days congress approved 15 legislations (social and economic)
- Civilian conservation corps created jobs opportunities for young men that
worked on conservation projects
- Public works administration constructed hospitals, health facilities, and
educational buildings
- Recovery Measures
- Proposed the Agricultural Adjustment Acts- increased farmer income - paid
them to leave land clear (solves overproduction)
- Crop prices rose
- National Recovery Act - helped business draw rules for minimum wages and
worker hours
 - Tennessee Valley Authority authorized construction of system of dams and
hydroelectric plants to provide cheap electricity and flood control
- New Deal under attack
- Radical critics
- People argued that it didn't do enough for certain groups of people
- Second New Deal
- Haters of the New Deal drew support from desperate americans who wanted more
changes
- FDR enacted new series of more dramatic programs
- Work project administration: funded 5 bil to crate highways, create bridges,
create public parks, national parks, and recreational facilities
- Hired construction workers, artists skills used for projects
- Social Security Act: gave pension for retired people over 65
- Payroll tax paid by other workers and employers financed the funds
- More social welfare programs
- Excluded laborers, domestic servants, those who are self-employed
- National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
- Protected right of workers to join unions and bargain with management
- Board created to oversee elections (unfair treatment by employers)
- Reignited Gilded Age unions
- Supreme Court v New Deal
- Began to overturn New Deal programs because gave federal government too much
economic power
- FDR asked congress to appoint new supreme court justice for every member older than
70 (6 new people) - Supreme court understood new deal
- Consequences of the New Deal
- New Deal and African americans
- Didn’t confront racial injustice
- FDR appointed black officials under his administration
- New Deal and US Politics
- Sparked new democratic wave of support - ended republican dominance
- Included different groups of people, who started to support democratic party
- New Deal and Women
- Invisible during great depression
- Eleanor Rooselvelt promoted equal treatment
- New Deal and National Economy
- Unemployment rates down
- Because economy was better, FDR cut funding for New Deal programs which
caused Roosevelt Recession from 1937-38
- Helped US recover from Great Depression
- New Deal and Role of Federal Government
- Continued progressive era ideas of expanding role of federal government
 - Takes on importance of welfare of citizens and health of economy
- Expanded on role of president
- America’s role of the world 1921-33
- Fought WW1 to spread democracy
- Not in the league of nations
- After WW1 emerged as riches and most powerful nation
- Washington Naval Conference 1921
- Japan growing threat to american interests in Asia so Harding invited them and
some European nations to discuss problems in Asia
- Limited battleship and aircraft carrier production because issue was expensive
naval arms race
- Dawes Plan
- Germany’s new democratic government had hyper-inflation (after war)
- Us had economic resources to help Germany so led international committee of
financial experts - devised a plan to help it from collapsing
- 200 million dollar loan from US banks to stabilize German currency
- US gave it $3 bil more, soon went back to pre war self
- Kellogg Briand Act: symbolized world’s hope for period of peace - renounced war
- The retreat from responsibility (1933-39)
- Great depression started in US but affected rest of world - democratic governments
turned fascist (Germany, Italy, Japan) to revive economic growth + national pride
- Fascists aggressive to rebuild empires
- American neutrality
- Isolationists thought that US should stay out of European affairs
- Passed three neutrality acts between 1935 and 1937 banning loans and selling
weapons to countries at war + avoid sailing in ships of countries at war
- Roosevelt's Quarantine speech 1937: said US should expand in global affair to fight in
WW2 to oppose violations of treaties - no escape through neutrality
- Road to Pearl Harbor 1939-41
- WW2 starts in 1939 Germany v Poland, France, and England
- Congress increases defense budget and approved a draft
- Lend Lease Act
- Great Britain running out of supplies and money to fight Nazi’s
- Allows FDR to send war supplies to any country whose defense he considered
vital to US
- Congress passed it even though most people wanted him to stay out of war
- Pearl Harbor
- Japan joined Germany and Italy
- Japan reliant on US for oil and iron, but they stopped trade after they entered
war as axis power
- Decided to do surprise attack in pearl harbor and seize rich oil fields in dutch
east indies - 2,500 americans died
 - FDR declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy declared war on us
- Executive order 9066
- Military evacuate all Japanese-Aemricans off West coast - had to report to
assembly centers in 48 hrs (get rid of businesses + property)
- Korematsu v. US
- Korematsu said that this order deprives Japanese-Americans of life, liberty, and
property without trial (lost case)
- In 1988 government apologized
- Victory in Europe
- Thought hitler posed larger threat to US long term security that Japan or Italy to agreed
to defeat him first
- Big 3 diplomacy
- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Joseph Stallin met up to discuss invading France known
as D-day (all allies invaded France, liberated Paris from axis powers)
- Held final meeting at Yalta (Yalta Conference) - agreed to temporarily divide
Germany, Stallin said he would help fight Japan
- Production miracle
- American industry helped win war (mass produce weapons bombs, and tanks)
- Homefront women
- Women in the warfront
- Women served in war
- Formed Women Army Corps
- Performed non-combat jobs (repaired planes, nurses, spies, etc)
- WW2 created new jobs (women entered labor force while men off at work)
- Rosie the Riveter
- Homefront African Americans
- Were not allowed to be aircraft workers or mechanics because of racial prejudice
- Executive order 8802: Provided for a full participation of all workers in defense industries
with no discrimination - crated the Fair Employment Practices comittee
- Double V Campaign: black people fighting against fascism there, they could beat
discrimination at home
- Decsiscion to use atomic bomb
- FDR died in the middle of the war
- Manhattan project - american scientist tested atomic weapon
- For using atomic bomb
- Avoid costly invasion of Japan that would cause deaths on both sides
- Cause the Japanese to immediately surrender
- Prevent soviet union from gaining influence with japan after war
- Demonstrate US power
- Agaisnt atomic bomb:
- Destroy Japanese cities and cause human suffering
- Unnecessary because Japan was close to surrendering
 - US already showed power (deterrence)
- Trigger arms race with soviet union
- Triumph and tradgedy: Used two atomic bombs: iroshima and Nagasaki - Japan
surrendered

Unit 8
Key Terms:

Timeline:
- Beginning of Cold War
- Soviet Union heavy loses during WW2 due to Nazi invasions
- After the war, Soviet Union was damaged so they tried to build up empire to protect
themselves from future invasion
- Iron curtain
- The Red Army installed pro-Russian governments across Europe
- Communist officials imprisoned opponents, controlled newspaper and radio,
guards prevented escapees at borders
- Containment
- 2 former allies - US rivals with Soviet Union
- Adopting a strategic policy of blocking the expansion of Soviet influence
- Truman Doctrine
- Truman said that new foregn policy saying US supports those who resist
attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure
- Consequences of Truman Doctrine:
- US helped Greece and Turkey stay away from communisms
- Marked beginning of Cold War
- Containment in Europe
- The Marshall plan: money to help rebuild Western European countries that way they
would be powerful enough to stay away from communism
- NATO alliance: US, Canada, European nations formed it
- An attack on one member is an attack on all
- Stalin retaliated by forming the Warsaw Pact: an alliance linking Soviet Union
and several Eastern European countries
- Berlin Airlift
- Divided Germany into four occupation zones
- Berlin was also divided into 4
- US, Great Britain, and France merged their into Great German Republic but
Stallin cut off access to his part and blockaded in Berlin
- Truman had to fight back (or else he’d be going against containment)
 - Stalin re=opened access to Britain because Truman ordered a massive airlift to
supply food and fuel to Berlinners
- Consequences: showed Berlin US power
- Stallin created German Democratic Republic
- Containment in Asia: Japan and China
- A new Japan
- Truman made sure Japan adopted new constitution that created a democratic
government and helped it rebuild factories + implement programs of land
reform (sorta allies now)
- Fall of China
- Communists led by Mao Zedong spread (people's Republic of China formed)
- Friends with Soviets so lost US as ally
- Containment in Asia: the Korean War
- Divided peninsulas
- After WW2, US and Soviets divided Korea (Soviets made communist in North, US
made democratic government in the South)
- Invasion to stalemate
- NK part attacked SK with tanks
- Truman convinces UN to aid SK (international assistance)
- Truman -MacArthur Controversy
- UN got all ok SK back but wanted all of Koread
- China attacked them when they went into NK so gave up on unifying Korea
- Consequences of Korean-War
- Expanded American involvement in Asia
- Transform containment into global struggle
- 1st time that Truman sent US troops without congress approval - set precedent
for Vietnam War
- Fueled a massive rearmament program (upped defense budget)
- Boosted economic growth in US (more budget, more demand, more supply)
- Ordered US racial sde-egregation in 1938 so Korean War marked first time
de-segragated units fought in war
- 2nd Red Scare
- Loyalty program: Truman harsh on communism, investigated federal employees for
communism but allegations ruined people’s careers
- House Un-american Activities Committee
- Investigated foregin subversives - turned its influence towards Hollywood
(Hollywood 10 - refused to testify against communism but weren’t communist-
screenwriters and directors fired because of their rumored political beliefs)
- Stated investigating people in the state-department
- The rise of Macarthiesm
- Joseph MacArthy told people that there was much influence in state department
- had a list of people involved but he never proved a single communist
 - Accusations of communism in government wit no evidence known as
Macarthiesm
- Joke because it was made up with no evidence
- First and second red scares
- First Red Scare
- After WW1 when soldier returned from Europe
- Unemployment and racial tensions in US
- Creation of communist dictatorship in Soviet Union posed a threat to American
Society
- Palmer raids -raided homes, meeting places of people associated with
communism
- Aliens deported
- After red-scare, america was prosperous in roaring 20s
- Second Red Scare
- Late 1940s to early 1950s
- Response to Cold War tensions and threat to nuclear war
- evidence of communist spies in state department
- Formed House of Unamerican Activities
- Investigated Hollywood + state department
- MaCarthiesm
- Returned to time of prosperity with suburbs, shopping centers, and cars
- causes of the economic boom
- 1950s there was economic growth - within one generation - from great depression to
highest living standard
- cold war defense spending
- military budget was a stimulus for economic expansion
- more defense spednigng which spurred economic growth in S and W
- baby boom
- during thriving economy, there were jobs and faith was restored, jobs, married,
post-war surge of birth rate
- industries profited from this because more spending
- consumer spending
- use of credit cards
- shopping centers created - shopping for leisure
- suburban home owners had kitchens, tv, radios (high demand for all products)
- poverty ignored
- suburbia
- applied assembly line to building homes on land - made them affordable
- GI Bill - gave WW2 veterans ability to buy homes with low interest rates, went to college
and entered workforce as workers
- in the coastal states in sunbelt
- interstate highways
 - federal Highway Act of 1956: multilane highways allowed people to commute
from home to cities - easier transportation to suburbs
- more production of cars, trucks, fast food, motels
- Cult of domesticity revival
- 1950s most women were married, high birth rates so encouraged to take care of
children at home
- media depicted stay at home moms
- Critics and Rebels (Eisenhower Era)
- corporations were becoming big businesses again (scared would be like the Gilded age
(corporate culture)
- the beat generation
- culturally influential group that hated american suburbanism (carefree
consumption)
- young writers and poets, impulsive (foreshadows hippies)
- artistic writers
- modern artists pursue radical freedom of expression
- express private concerns and personal experiences
- rock and roll
- counter culture (hated american comfort)
- listening to rock - ELvis Presley
- rebellious new teenage culture
- Brown v Board of Education
- Plessy v Ferguson: separate but equal doctrine
- Brown wanted his daughter to go to an all white school (ruled in his favor)
- little rock nine - black children went all white school and no one liked it
- signed southern manifesto where they said supreme court was abusing power
- Civil Rights Movement 1956-60
- Montgomery Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks refused, ended up in jail so people boycotted
busses - busses needed the income so supreme court ruled it unconstitutional
- MLK
- Southern Christian Leadership conference
- sit-in movement
- would sit in white-only sections even if nobody served them so restaurants lost
money because seats were taken
- March on Washington
- Cold War
- everyone was happy in the 1950s - appeared calm but everyone was scared of
communism
- massive retaliation and brinkmanship
- Eisenhover said US would no longer be involved in wars, instead them would use
nuclear weapons to stop soviet aggression
- Vietnam
 - france attempted to gain control over colonies in China, but france was in a war
with communist forces (vietnamese)
- french defeated
- Reached agreement - Geneva Accords - were there would divide Vietnam
- Vietnam ruled North, France owned South
- said by 1956 Vietnam would have free elections under one government
but they didn’t happen
- US sponsored the South VIetnamese government but South communist
tried to overthrow the government
- Sputnik
- Russian shot into orbit in 1957 - Americans felt uncomfy because it had
surpassed US in science and technology
- National Space ADministration competed with soviet space program -
more funding more science and math
- Comparisons between 1920s and 1950s
- JFK Proclaims New Frontier
- JFK won in 1960
- The new frontier
- plans to fight poverty, support civil rights for blacks, aid education, and provide
health insurance
- put in innovative programs like the Peace Corps, Alliance for Progress
- wanted to put first man on the moon
- JFK and the Cold War
- Berlin
- summit meeting in Vienna in 1961
- soviets threatened to isolate west berlin by given it to East Germany
- Kenendy refused to surrender West Berlin
- soviets ordered east german troops to start building Berlin wall which cut off the
flow of refugees
- Bay of Pigs
- Fidel Castro wanted to overthrow Cuban government to become communist
- CIA planned to send army of cuban exiles to invade to overthrow Castro
- Catrso already knew so they lost
- Cuban missile crisis
- soviets wanted to start building missiles in Cuba
- US plane discovered missile sites, thought it was a threat so naval blockade Cuba
and demanded removal of the missiles - Soviets agreed to do so if US pledged to
not invade Cuba
- Consequences
- enhanced JFK’s popularity
- Khruschev power weakened
- tried to improve relations and prevent concentration
 - hotline of direct communication between US and Moscow
- Partial Test Ban Treaty 1963- banned nuclear tests in atmosphere

Unit 9
Key Terms:

Timeline:
- Raegan
- 1980 presidential election
- Sunbelt conservatives, evangelical christians, and blue-collar Raegan democrats elected
Raegan
- Sunbelt began to grow because of the big suburban population
- New right: conservative movement (states rights, limited federal government, and
free-market economic policies
- Goldwater didn't like the New Deal
- Personal
- First governor of CA
- Very conservative
- Beginning of a new national renewal
- Economic Plan
- There was a lot of inflation - worst since depression
- Didn't like the new deal
- “Govt is not solution to problems, it is the problem”
- Reaganomics
- Reduced government funding of social welfare programs
- Thought that they would help combat inflation by cutting federal spending
- Tried to enable a large tax rate cut
- Thought cuts would stimulate the economy because fallen tax rates would lead to
people buying more goods, which would lead to people hiring more workers
- Consequences:
- Did not produce immediate results
- Caused recession and more unemployment (in short term)
- From 1982-1988 he created many many jobs and inflation went down
- Federal spending went up as defense budgets soared to counter the soviet union
- National debt tripled
- Raegan and the Cold War
- Context
- Became president in the middle of the cold war
- Refused to believe that the Soviet Union was indestructible
- Deep hate for communism
- The evil empire
 - Reagan doctrine: after the soviets annexed afghanistan and poland, US thought
that they should be more aggressive, so Reagan doctrine was formed to protect
the US by supporting anti-communist movements
- led to a mass military buildup
- US budget for military up
- Proposed a strategic defense initiative
- Wanted to create a space-based missile defense system
- New thinking
- US and soviet Union were in an arms race
- In 1987, Gorbachev and Reagan signed the Intermediate Nuclear forces treaty
banning nuclear missiles with long ranges
- Bush and the cold war
- Bush took office in 1989
- The wall is gone
- East German leader opened the Berlin Wall
- Berlinners slammed hammers into wall, smashing ti because the wall was a
symbol of communiust oppression
- Germany was reunited following this
- The Collapse of the Soviet Union
- Gorbachev authority weakened
- Resigned position as leader in 1991
- 15 independent republics replaced soviet union
- New World Order
- Bush hailed the collapse of Soviet Union
- Used ideas from WW1
- “World in which freedom and respect find a home among all nations”
- Bill Clinton (democrat)
- Allied with conservative policy making because seemed to work
- Created homelessness and poverty but economy war growing
- 2nd Gilded Age continued through Clinton