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10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Forelæsere:
Tomas Bohr, DTU Fysik (efterår), Rasmus Bjørk, DTU Energy (forår)
Kursuskoordinator:
Carsten Knudsen, DTU Fysik
Hjælpelærere:
Cæcilie Jagd Ottosen, Lucas Pedersen, Marcus Fruelund Schmidt
Praktiske oplysninger
• Forelæsninger: onsdag kl. 8:00-10:00 i 306, aud. 35

• Grupperegning: onsdag kl. 10:00-12:00. Grupperegning er i
302/0NØ, 302/0NV, 302/0SØ (i stueetagen, 10-12). Opgaverne til
grupperegningen findes på DTU Learn.
• Eksperimenter Eksperimenter er i rum 31 og 36 i bygning 306.
• Kursusplan: se den ugentlige undervisningsplan for efteråret på
DTU Learn
• Eksamen: 4 timer skriftlig multiple-choice eksamen d. 13. maj
2023. Nærmere info følger senere i kurset.
• Læringsmål: kurser.dtu.dk/course/10024
Følg os på Learn
Eksperimenter i Fysik 1
• 4 obligatoriske eksperimenter i efteråret
• Beskrivelse af eksperimentet vil være tilgængelig på DTU Learn ugen
før eksperimentet skal udføres.
• Kort journal skal afleveres efter endt eksperiment (i PDF format).
• Eksperimenter udføres i grupper á 3 personer.
• Bliver afholdt uden for normal skemagruppe.
•Journaler indgår i den endelige bedømmelse med en vægt på 20%.
Helhedsvurdering.
DTU Learn
http://learn.inside.dtu.dk
Se Course Content/Content/ Table of Contents/2022/August
Husk Starttest
Forelæsningsslides uploades efter forelæsningn
Opgaveløsninger uploades efter øvelsesregning (ca. 11:30)
Læringsmål
Anvende de kinematiske begreber position, hastighed og acceleration, og genkende vigtige typer af bevægelse
som det skrå kast og cirkelbevægelse.
Identificere kræfter og skitsere kraftdiagrammer for simple mekaniske systemer bestående af partikler og stive
legemer.
Anvende Newtons love, massemidtpunktssætningen og impulsmomentsætningen på simple mekaniske

systemer bestående af partikler og stive legemer.
Beregne en krafts arbejde og impuls og anvende arbejdssætningen på simple mekaniske systemer.
Formulere principperne om bevarelse af impuls, impulsmoment og mekanisk energi og anvende

impulsbevarelse, impulsmomentbevarelse og energibevarelse på simple mekaniske systemer.
Anvende kontinuitetsligningen og Bernoullis ligning på simple stationære strømninger.
Beregne termiske udvidelser og foretage kalorimetriske udregninger.
Anvende idealgasligningen til at foretage beregninger af tryk, temperatur, volumen og stofmængde, samt
udføre simple beregninger af mikroskopiske egenskaber af molekyler.
I
Forklare termodynamikkens første og anden hovedsætning.
Genkende simple termodynamiske processer (isochore, isobare, isoterme og adiabatiske processer) og

beregne udført arbejde og varmetilførsel under processer (herunder kredsprocesser) sammensat af disse.
É
Anvende de teoretiske begreber til at teste hypoteser ved hjælp af eksperimenter indenfor mekanik og
termodynamik.
Vurdere usikkerheder og anvende fejlophobningsloven samt visualisere og analyse af eksperimentelle data.

9
Størrelsesorden – Fermi problemer
Volumen af Amager Strandpark kan regnes som en
kasse med dimensionerne:
• Længde = 1.2 km
• Bredde = 150 m
• Dybde = 3 m
150 m
Et sandkorn har en radius på 0.5 mm, og vi antager at
dets form er en perfekt kugle. Volumen af et sandkorn er
"
derfor givet ved formlen 𝑉! = 𝜋𝑅 # . 1.2 km
#
Hvor mange sandkorn N er der på Amager Strandpark?
A. 𝑁 = 1. ×10#
B. 𝑁 = 1. ×10$
C. 𝑁 = 1. ×10%&
D. 𝑁 = 1. ×10%'
6
Sandkorn
Svar: D. 1015
- ret mange...
Skalarprodukt
Skalarproduktet af to vektorer A og B er :
<latexit sha1_base64="JtW5RzWRLJLNUDEqoBNzJh9rGXc=">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</latexit>
A · B = Ax B x + Ay B y + Az B z
Når vi roterer koordinatsystemet med vinklen ændres vektorerne A og B til
Ax0 = Ax cos + Ay sin
Ay 0 = Ax sin + Ay cos
Az 0 = Az
Bx0 = Bx cos + By sin
By 0 = Bx sin + By cos
Bz 0 = Bz
Skalaproduktet med de nye akser er
Ax 0 B x 0 + Ay 0 B y 0 + Az 0 B z 0
= (Ax cos + Ay sin )(Bx cos + By sin ) + ( Ax sin + Ay cos )( Bx sin + By cos ) + Az Bz
= (Ax Bx + Ay By )(cos2 + sin2 ) + Az Bz = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
- altså præcis det samme som skalarproduktet med de gamle akser.
Skalarproduktet er derfor en skalar
opgave 1.74: methan
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Bevægelse i 1 dimension
Forelæsere:
Tomas Bohr, DTU Fysik (efterår), Rasmus Bjørk, DTU Energy (forår)
Kursuskoordinator:
Carsten Knudsen, DTU Fysik
Hjælpelærere:
Cæcilie Jagd Ottosen, Lucas Pedersen, Marcus Fruelund Schmidt
DTU Learn
Se Course Content/Content/ Table of Contents/2022/September
Husk Starttest
Forelæsningsslides uploades efter forelæsning
HUSK TILMELDING TIL EKSPERIMENTER
Quiz
Grafen viser positionen x af en

partikel som funktion af tiden t.
Ved hvilke af de fire punkter er
farten størst?
A. Punkt P.
B. Punkt Q.
C. Punkt R.
D. Punkt S.
3
Quiz
Samme graf som tidligere. Ved

hvilke af de fire punkter er
accelerationen størst?
A. Punkt P.
B. Punkt Q.
C. Punkt R.
D. Punkt S.
4
Quiz
+
Du kaster en bold op i luften (op ad regnes som positiv retning).

Bolden er kun påvirket at tyngdekraften.
Hvilken af følgende udsagn er korrekt, når bolden når sit højeste
punkt?
A. Hastigheden er nul og accelerationen er nul.

B. Hastigheden er nul og accelerationen er positiv.
C. Hastigheden er nul og accelerationen er negativ.
D. Hastigheden er positiv og accelerationen er nul.
E. Hastigheden er negativ og accelerationen er nul.
5
Husk regnereglerne for di↵erentiation, f. eks. potensreglen
<latexit sha1_base64="WoME3McdGNyC/kmmdM/xTU4KsMg=">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</latexit>
n 0 dv
v = A t ) v (t) = = A n tn 1
dt
som også gælder når n er negativ eller en brøk, samt kædereglen:
x(t) = y(z(t)) ) x0 (t) = y 0 (z(t)) z 0 (t)
Hastighed via integration af ikke-konstant acceleration
a(t) – integrér direkte mht. tiden:

"
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑎 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣! + ( 𝑎 𝑡′ 𝑑𝑡′
𝑑𝑡 !
a(v) – separation (ombytning) af de variable:

#
𝑑𝑣 1
=𝑎 𝑣 ⇒ ( 𝑑𝑣′ = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 #! 𝑎(𝑣′)
a(x) – omskriv og foretag separation:
%
𝑑𝑣 $ $
= 𝑎 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑣! + 2 ( 𝑎(𝑥′)𝑑𝑥′
𝑑𝑡 %!
I dette tilfælde er der en bevarelseslov, nemlig, at

<latexit sha1_base64="RNPOa8CyFvXh5QKhiLKPkTs+PAY=">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</latexit>
1 2
v + F (x) = 0, hvor F 0 (x) = a(x)
2
Vi skal se senere, at disse to led er kinetisk og potentiel energi (pr. masse)
7
Eksempel 1:
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v 0 (t) = av ) Ceat
hvor konstanten C bestemmes af begyndelsebetingelsen: C = v(0)
dvs. exponentiel vækst, som utæmmet COVID
Eksempel 2:
Z v
dv 0
v 0 (t) = v 2 , v(0) = 1 ) t0 (v) = v 2
)t= 02
=1 v 1
1 v
1
) v(t) = som divergerer når t ! 1
1 t
dvs. vækst, der er endnu hurtigere end exponentiel og går mod uendelig på endelig tid
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Usikkerhedsvurdering
DTU Learn
Se Course Content/Content/ Table of Contents/2022/September
Husk Starttest
Forelæsningsslides uploades efter forelæsning
HUSK TILMELDING TIL EKSPERIMENTER
Husk regnereglerne for di↵erentiation, f. eks. potensreglen
<latexit sha1_base64="WoME3McdGNyC/kmmdM/xTU4KsMg=">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</latexit>
n 0 dv
v = A t ) v (t) = = A n tn 1
dt
som også gælder når n er negativ eller en brøk, samt kædereglen:
x(t) = y(z(t)) ) x0 (t) = y 0 (z(t)) z 0 (t)
Eksempel 1:
<latexit sha1_base64="NSN/WyE1bJOVlWLzFeu0FgQnNYk=">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</latexit>
v 0 (t) = av ) Ceat
hvor konstanten C bestemmes af begyndelsebetingelsen: C = v(0)
dvs. exponentiel vækst, som utæmmet COVID
Eksempel 2:
Z v
0 2 0 2 dv 0 1
v (t) = v , v(0) = 1 ) t (v) = v )t= =1 v
1 v 02
1
som divergerer når t ! 1 ) v(t) =
1 t
dvs. vækst, der er endnu hurtigere end exponentiel og går mod uendelig på endelig tid

"
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑎 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣! + ( 𝑎 𝑡′ 𝑑𝑡′
𝑑𝑡 !

#
𝑑𝑣 1
=𝑎 𝑣 ⇒ ( 𝑑𝑣′ = 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 #! 𝑎(𝑣′)
%
𝑑𝑣 $ $
= 𝑎 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑣! + 2 ( 𝑎(𝑥′)𝑑𝑥′
𝑑𝑡 %!

<latexit sha1_base64="abHDp9FwsqFcqd2KWVRjEkp0ZeI=">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</latexit>
1 2
v + F (x) = konst, hvor F 0 (x) = a(x)
2
Vi skal se senere, at disse to led er kinetisk og potential energi (pr. masse)
5
Vi mangler så, at løse ligningen
<latexit sha1_base64="oKpe1rMbGVpUykWAsy52qZHeD9A=">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</latexit>
Z x
v 2 = v02 + 2 a(x0 )dx0 = v02 + 2(F (x0 ) F (x))
x0
dt 1 1
) = = ±p 2
dx v v0 + 2(F (x0 ) F (x))
som kan løses ved integration
Den harmoniske ligning:
<latexit sha1_base64="+RHwyPemN5OmuJLEM34plm6U6hs=">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</latexit>
2
ẍ = a x ) x = A sin a t + B cos a t
Dagens indhold
• Lidt repetition
• Usikkerhedsvurdering
• Notation
• Nøjagtighed vs. Præcision
• Afrunding
• Fejlophobningsloven og regneregler for usikkerhed
• Lineær regression
• Systematiske fejl og vægtning af målinger
• Normalfordelingen
Hvad gennemgås ikke?

• Alle Maple kommandoerne
• Kvadratisk regression
8
Kædereglen, partielle afledede
Random walks. De store tals lov.
• Middelværdi og standard afvigelse. Binomialfordelingen. Gaussisk
fordeling
1 (x µ)2
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Normalfordeling: f (x) = p e 2 2
2⇡
Z x2
P (x1 < x < x2 ) = P (x)dx
x1
x µ
Normalisering: z =
1 z2
f (z) = p e 2
2⇡
Z z2
P (z1 < z < z2 ) = P (z)dz
z1
P ( 1 < z < 1) = 0.6827
P ( 2 < z < 2) = 0.9545
P ( 3 < z < 3) = 0.9973
P ( 4 < z < 4) = 0.9999
Nøjagtighed vs præcision
Præcision
Nøjagtighed
Notation for usikkerhed
𝑥 bedste bud på størrelse
𝛿𝑥 usikkerhed, positiv størrelse
𝑥 ± 𝛿𝑥 absolut usikkerhed
/0
relativ usikkerhed
0
Antallet af cifre i bedste bud og usikkerhed

skal stemme overens.
𝐿 = 10.0 ± 0.3 m
𝐴 = 24.43 ± 0.13 m1
𝐿 = 10.0 m ± 1%
Afrunding af resultat og usikkerhed
Normalt afrundes usikkerheden til
ét betydende ciffer. Hvis dette
ciffer er 1 eller 2 medtages et
ekstra ciffer for at undgå for stor
afrundingsfejl.
𝛿𝑥 = 0.34566 → 𝛿𝑥 = 0.3
𝛿𝑥 = 0.14327 → 𝛿𝑥 = 0.14
Afrunding af resultat og usikkerhed
Afrunding til ét ciffer
0.10 -> 0.1 (ingen fejl)
0.11 -> 0.1 (10% fejl)
0.14 -> 0.1 (40% fejl)
0.22 -> 0.2 (10% fejl)
0.24 -> 0.2 (20% fejl)
Derfor afrunder vi til to cifre når

mest betydende ciffer er 1 eller 2.
Statistisk analyse af måleserie
𝑥2 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥3 , ⋯ , 𝑥4 måleserie
∑)
&'( "&
𝑥̅ = #
middelværdi
$
𝑠" = ∑# 𝑥& − 𝑥̅ ( standardafvigelse
#%$ &'$
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑠" usikkerhed på den enkelte måling

**
𝛿𝑥̅ = 𝑠"̅ = #
usikkerhed på middelværdi
Fejlophobningsloven
z = f ( x, y )
¶f ¶f
dz = dx + dy
¶x ¶y
¶f ¶f
dz = dx+ dy Afhængige fejl
¶x ¶y
2 2
æ ¶f ö æ ¶f ö
d z = ç d x÷ +ç d y÷ Uafhængige fejl
è ¶x ø è ¶y ø
Eksempel: Længdemåling
A B
Længderne af A og A+B måles uafhængigt med samme
usikkerhed δx.
Hvad er usikkerheden på længden af B hvis denne beregnes?
Quiz: Areal af bord
Hvad er mest rigtigt?

1. 𝐴 = 2652 ± 260 cm!
2. 𝐴 = 2700 ± 300 cm!
3. 𝐴 = 2652 ± 6 cm!
4. 𝐴 = 2650 ± 367 cm!
𝑏 = 51 ± 1cm
5. 𝐴 = 2650 ± 260 cm! 𝑑 = 52 ± 5cm
𝐴=𝑏𝑑
Regneregler med usikkerheder
Addition og subtraktion
𝑧 = 𝑥! + 𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝑥# − 𝑦! − 𝑦" − ⋯ − 𝑦$
𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥! + 𝛿𝑥" + ⋯ + 𝛿𝑥# + 𝛿𝑦! + 𝛿𝑦" + ⋯ + 𝛿𝑦$ Afhængige fejl
𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥!" + 𝛿𝑥"" + ⋯ + 𝛿𝑥#" + 𝛿𝑦!" + 𝛿𝑦"" + ⋯ + 𝛿𝑦$

" Uafhængige fejl
Multiplikation og division
𝑥+ 6 𝑥$ 6 ⋯ 6 𝑥,
𝑧=
𝑦+ 6 𝑦$ 6 ⋯ 6 𝑦-
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥+ 𝛿𝑥$ 𝛿𝑥, 𝛿𝑦+ 𝛿𝑦$ 𝛿𝑦-
= + + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+ Afhængige fejl
𝑧 𝑥+ 𝑥$ 𝑥, 𝑦+ 𝑦$ 𝑦-
$ $ $ $ $ $
𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑥+ 𝛿𝑥$ 𝛿𝑥, 𝛿𝑦+ 𝛿𝑦$ 𝛿𝑦-
= + + ⋯+ + + + ⋯+
𝑧 𝑥+ 𝑥$ 𝑥, 𝑦+ 𝑦$ 𝑦-
Uafhængige fejl
Lineær regression:
Mindste kvadraters metode
Givet måledata (𝑥! , 𝑦! ), (𝑥" , 𝑦" ),…, (𝑥% , 𝑦% ).
Hvordan findes parametre så 𝑦 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥,
beskriver data “bedst” muligt.
Vælg parametrene så kvadratafvigelsen

%
RSS = . 𝑦& − 𝐴 − 𝐵𝑥& "
&'!
minimeres.
Usikkerhed på målinger
Når A og B kendes kan
usikkerheden på y regnes
ud, hvis disse antages at
være ens
RSS
𝛿𝑦 =
𝑁−2
<latexit sha1_base64="pClf5jOxzX97mDoLedVAFfwFbE0=">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</latexit>
Fit: f (x) = A + Bx
A = 3.5
B = 1.4
The end
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Bevægelse i 2 eller 3
dimensioner
Fra sidst: Fejlophobningsloven
z = f ( x, y )
¶f ¶f
dz = dx + dy
¶x ¶y
¶f ¶f Afhængige fejl
dz = dx+ dy - øvre grænse
¶x ¶y
2 2
æ ¶f ö æ ¶f ö
d z = ç d x÷ +ç d y÷ Uafhængige fejl
è ¶x ø è ¶y ø
Eksempel: Længdemåling
A B
Længderne af A og A+B måles uafhængigt med samme
usikkerhed δx.
Hvad er usikkerheden på længden af B hvis denne beregnes?
Figure 3.16
Quiz
Et legeme bevæger sig langs en ovalformet bane med konstant fart (i urets retning).
Ovalens centrum er i punktet O. Hvilken retning peger legemets acceleration i punktet
P?
#2
#1 #3
P A. #1 (væk fra O)
#4 B. #2 (vinkelret på bane)
#5 C. #3 (langs bevægelsesretningen)
O D. #4 (ind mod O)
E. #5 (vinkelret på bane)
Oval bane
5
Projektilbevægelse
6
Nogle af
Jupiters
måner
Cirkulær bevægelse med konstant fart
◆
<latexit sha1_base64="fMK5JzK8YJaYJ34NWEBwAOMxrF8=">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</latexit>
✓
cos !t
r(t) = R
sin !t
✓ ◆
sin !t
v(t) = ṙ(t) = !R
cos !t
✓ ◆
2 cos !t
a(t) = r̈(t) = ! R = ! 2 r(t)
sin !t
v = !R
v2 2
a=! R=
R
2⇡
T =
!
2⇡R
v=
T
2⇡v 4⇡ 2 R
a= =
T T2
8
Relativ hastighed
9
Figure 3.35 A = Air
E = Earth
P = Plane
<latexit sha1_base64="J5y4zWUDGybxIBYT5GsGpn3nIZ0=">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</latexit>
vP/E = 260 km/h

↵ = 23
Figure 3.36 A = Air
E = Earth
P = Plane
<latexit sha1_base64="o8Pi/wX7kt5KuWIvhHZOqIwyQrM=">AAACGHicbVBNS8NAEN34bfyqevSyWCye2qRY9FIoiuCxglWhqWGznbRLNx/sTsQS8jO8+Fe8eFDEqzf/jWntQVsfDDzem2FmnhdLodGyvoy5+YXFpeWVVXNtfWNzq7C9c62jRHFo8UhG6tZjGqQIoYUCJdzGCljgSbjxBmcj/+YelBZReIXDGDoB64XCF5xhLrmFSuneTZuV86xetU+og/CAKR0ElX7mOGbJ8QBZvVq7Sx0uFM9M0y0UrbI1Bp0l9oQUyQRNt/DpdCOeBBAil0zrtm3F2EmZQsElZKaTaIgZH7AetHMasgB0Jx0/ltGDXOlSP1J5hUjH6u+JlAVaDwMv7wwY9vW0NxL/89oJ+iedVIRxghDyn0V+IilGdJQS7QoFHOUwJ4wrkd9KeZ8pxjHPchSCPf3yLLmulu1a2bo8KjZOJ3GskD2yTw6JTY5Jg1yQJmkRTh7JM3klb8aT8WK8Gx8/rXPGZGaX/IHx+Q3XiJ3H</latexit>
vP/E = 218 km/h

= 25
Slut
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Newtons love
T
Newtons fire love
1. Inertiens Lov
2. F = m a
3. Aktion = Reaktion
4. Tyngdeloven
Idealisering og inspiration fra solsystemet
T
Newtons 2. lov
Masse: additiv størrelse
Impuls: hvor svært er det at stoppe et objekt?
Bevægelsesmængde, momentum, impuls.
Superposition af kræfter. Vektoraddition.
Find alle kræfter (nettokraften) på et givet objekt.
p = m v = m ṙ
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dp
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= ṗ = F
dt
<latexit sha1_base64="KPDPgzvmnmJX2JnYa+Ob2qQT00U=">AAACI3icbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNsAgtSJkRRRGEoiAuK9gHtKVkMpk2NPMguSOUYf7Fjb/ixoVS3LjwX8y0BWvrgcDJuefe5B4nElyBZX0ZS8srq2vruY385tb2zq65t19XYSwpq9FQhLLpEMUED1gNOAjWjCQjviNYwxncZvXGE5OKh8EjDCPW8Ukv4B6nBLTUNa983D7BbdcNIWk7HpZpEUr4Go8vd2nxV8xcs6ZS1yxYZWsMvEjsKSmgKapdc6Qn0NhnAVBBlGrZVgSdhEjgVLA0344ViwgdkB5raRoQn6lOMt4xxcdacbEXSn0CwGN1tiMhvlJD39FOn0Bfzdcy8b9aKwbvspPwIIqBBXTykBcLDCHOAsMul4yCGGpCqOT6r5j2iSQUdKx5HYI9v/IiqZ+W7fOy9XBWqNxM48ihQ3SEishGF6iC7lEV1RBFz+gVvaMP48V4M0bG58S6ZEx7DtAfGN8/ljyhxw==</latexit>
m r̈(t) = F(r(t), ṙ(t))

Sammensætning/dekomposition af kræfter
Kraftmåler
Kraftenhed:
Newton (N)
N = kg m/s2
T
Hvilke kræfter findes der? FEM = q(E + v ⇥ B)
<latexit sha1_base64="QdRHNXPLyHVwkjeTX2RtJ3btDqU=">AAACHXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3g0WpCCWRim6EUqm4ESrYBzShTKaTdujk4cykUEJ+xI2/4saFIi7ciH/jNM1CqwcGzj3nXu7c44SMCmkYX1puYXFpeSW/Wlhb39jc0rd3WiKIOCZNHLCAdxwkCKM+aUoqGemEnCDPYaTtjC6nfntMuKCBfycnIbE9NPCpSzGSSurplcPYclx4lfTi+k0CL+A9LKVKPYHHMGXjBFqSekTMylpy1NOLRtlIAf8SMyNFkKHR0z+sfoAjj/gSMyRE1zRCaceIS4oZSQpWJEiI8AgNSFdRH6ltdpxel8ADpfShG3D1fAlT9edEjDwhJp6jOj0kh2Lem4r/ed1Iuud2TP0wksTHs0VuxKAM4DQq2KecYMkmiiDMqforxEPEEZYq0IIKwZw/+S9pnZTN07JxWylWa1kcebAH9kEJmOAMVME1aIAmwOABPIEX8Ko9as/am/Y+a81p2cwu+AXt8xsskp+B</latexit>
Tyngdekraft,
Elektrisk kraft
Magnetisk kraft
Kernekræfter
“svage” kræfter (forbundet med elektromegnetiske kræfter)
Kernekræfter (forbundet med kræfterne mellem kvarker)
“Normalkraft” (man kan ikke trykke hånden gennem bordet),
materialestyrke, fjederkraft - kombination af elektriske kræfter
og kvantemekanik
Friktion
Eksempel:
Frit fald på jorden.
Den ene hånd ved
ikke, hvad den
anden laver.
T
Mm
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Afstandskvadratloven F(r) = r 2
r̂
m
r i
Test-masse r i
/ladning r 1
Kilde-masser
/ladninger m1 - m6
r´
O
Newton i brev 1692
"That one body may act upon another at a distance

through a vacuum without the mediation of anything else,
by and through which their action and force may be
conveyed from one another, is to me so great an absurdity
that, I believe, no man who has in philosophic matters a
competent faculty of thinking could ever fall into it."
Tyngdekraft og elektrostatisk kaft har samme form.
Forhold mellem tyngde og elektrostatisk tiltrækning mellem elektron og
proton i et brintatom
• Tyngdekraft FT = G
me m p
rH2
• Elektrisk kraft FE =
e2
4 pe 0 rH2
• Forhold:
FT me m p
= 4 pe 0 G 2
FE e
6.7 ´10 -11 9 ´10 -31 ´1.7 ´10 -27
= » 4.4 ´10 -40
9 ´10 9 (1.6 ´10 -19 ) 2

Hvilke kræfter bestemmer galaxernes
bevægelse?
T
Inertialsystemer
Roterende lod –
centrifugalkraft
Newtons 3. lov
(Hvem virker kræfterne på?)
Baron von
Münchhausen
hiver sig op ved
håret
Impulsbevarelse
Mulighed for at beskrive sammensatte legemers bevægelse
Snorespænding
DART mission: beskyttelse mod meteorer
Dimorphos: måne til Didymos 170 m i diameter 10.000-100.000 kg af materiale menes at blive udstødt fra overfladen
11 mio km væk fra jorden af Dimorphos. NASA estimerer en fartændring på ca. 0.4 mm/s og
vægt: 5x109 kg forkortning af dens omløbstid om Didymos (11.9 h) med ca. 10 min.
<latexit sha1_base64="mnbcZexmywxpRXr/iGH7RHYzts8=">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</latexit>
mv
vef ter ⇡ = 0.7 mm/s = 2.5 m/h = 60 m/døgn = 1 diameter/3 døgn
M
Rumsonden DART: 570 kg, v= 6.300 m/s = 22.000 km/h i forhold til Didymos
Newton kunne forklare Keplers love
1. Planeterne bevæger sig i ellipsebaner rundt om solen
med solen i det ene brændpunkt
2. På lige store tide “afskærer” planetbanerne

lige store arealer
R3
<latexit sha1_base64="oBN1+J3bp1zYETvcIqYQ3M1PuP0=">AAACEHicbVC7SgNBFJ31GeMramkzGEQLCbuJoo0QtLGMkhfkxexkNhkyO7vM3BXDsp9g46/YWChia2nn3zh5FJp4LhcO59zLzD1uKLgG2/62FhaXlldWU2vp9Y3Nre3Mzm5VB5GirEIDEai6SzQTXLIKcBCsHipGfFewmju4Hvm1e6Y0D2QZhiFr+aQnuccpASN1MkeFHG6ejMtThMZ37UISl9v5BF/iJrAHiAeB1JB0Mlk7Z4+B54kzJVk0RamT+Wp2Axr5TAIVROuGY4fQiokCTgVL0s1Is5DQAemxhqGS+Ey34vFBCT40Shd7gTItAY/V3xsx8bUe+q6Z9An09aw3Ev/zGhF4F62YyzACJunkIS8SGAI8Sgd3uWIUxNAQQhU3f8W0T0wwYDJMmxCc2ZPnSTWfc85y9u1ptng1jSOF9tEBOkYOOkdFdINKqIIoekTP6BW9WU/Wi/VufUxGF6zpzh76A+vzB54gm8I=</latexit>
3. 2 = konst
T
Keplers 3. lov for cirkelbane
2
<latexit sha1_base64="/qM10uFhBE/YTRgYs8hz/H2zMsY=">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</latexit>
2 4⇡ R GM
a=! R= 2
= 2
T R
R3 GM
) 2 = 2
= konst
T 4⇡
Hvad med tre himmellegemer: Jord, Sol, Jupiter
Det “begrænsede” trelegeme problem: to store masser (M1 og M2) bevæger sig i en cirkel rundt
om hinanden, uafhængigt af en lille masse (m) som bevæger sig i deres tyngefelt.
M1 M2
Lille “test”masse
A simulation of the
Det begrænsede trelegeme problem
restricted three body
problem in a rotating
reference frame. The
yellow dots are large
massive bodies, and the
blue path shows the
chaotic trajectory of an
object with negligible
mass. The reference
frame rotates at a rate
of 9 rotations/minute to
keep the large masses at
a fixed distance apart.
The small mass is
actually five different
masses that start very
close together (with a
separation of about one
millionth of the
distance between the
large masses), but
whose paths diverge
completely after 3
minutes or so,
illustrating the sensitive
dependence on initial
conditions.
Jim Belk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jarcgP1rRWs
Typisk bane
Dobbeltpendulet
Undvigelseshastighed: hvor meget fart (v0) skal man give en
partikel ved jordoverfladen for at den kan komme væk fra
jordnes tyngdefelt? x er afstanden fra jordens centrum.
<latexit sha1_base64="OpFW78WdfyHTuB2qcrnzGH1zENw=">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</latexit>
M er jordens masse.
R er jorden radius.
d2 x GM m
Newtons 2. lov: m 2 = 2
✓ ◆dt x
<latexit sha1_base64="A/XNwQ4QCpN/Ga0jNNfr7y1sw8M=">AAACF3icbVA9SwNBEN3zM8avqKXNYlBiE+5E0UYQbSwjJCokIext5pIle3vH7pwYjvwLG/+KjYUittr5b9xLrlDjK4bHezPMzPNjKQy67pczMzs3v7BYWCour6yurZc2Nq9NlGgODR7JSN/6zIAUChooUMJtrIGFvoQbf3CR+Td3oI2IVB2HMbRD1lMiEJyhlTql6l4L4R5TWhfSZz2gKCTV0FNgC0gaRJqOKKOnlFXu94udUtmtumPQaeLlpExy1Dqlz1Y34kkICrlkxjQ9N8Z2yjQKLmFUbCUGYsYHdnXTUsVCMO10/NeI7lqlOz4hiBTSsfpzImWhMcPQt50hw77562Xif14zweCknQoVJwiKTxYFiaQY0Swk2hUaOMqhJYxrYW+lvM8042ijzELw/r48Ta4Pqt5R1b06LJ+d53EUyDbZIRXikWNyRi5JjTQIJw/kibyQV+fReXbenPdJ64yTz2yRX3A+vgEcdJ30</latexit>
d 1 2 GM
Tilbage til regneregel for a = a(x) ) v =0
dt 2 x
1 GM 1 GM
) v2 = konst = vu2
2 x 2 R
Præcis ved undvigelseshastigheden er højre side 0, dvs
r
2GM p
vu = = 2gR ⇡ 11.000 m/s = 40.000 km/h
R

"
!"
= % # ⇒ " # = "! + ( % #′ !#′
!# !

#
!" 1
=% " ⇒ ( !"′ = #
!# #! %("′)
%
!"
= % - ⇒ " $ = "!$ + 2 ( %(-′)!-′
!# %!

<latexit sha1_base64="abHDp9FwsqFcqd2KWVRjEkp0ZeI=">AAADo3icbVJNbxMxEJ1m+SjhK8CRi0VUaAVE2QoEF6QKpArEgYCatFISKq/Xm1jxeldrJyJa5U9y48CV38FbZ2nTFkseP8+beTMeOcq1sq7b/bXVCK5dv3Fz+1bz9p279+63Hjwc2GxeCNkXmc6Kk4hbqZWRfaeclid5IXkaaXkczT5U/PFCFlZl5sgtczlO+cSoRAnu4Mpav+kpjciRpB+wJX0iRjFuzvsYrCJNCf2Bjb1HUlHHFP5mYEtoSEqBIpwL4uAkMiysxZnBt6IX4I2P01Cd+DtHhRWyR9T0nSTI5CQopH2wC/ruz+fYh7SLHveA3mFv9jyDvkEd52tsMoym0Mh8pyuv8eyCykvUWt/POzjPHqBLBt0ZorRHsrbGv16evaCahwJj65llsBo4PpvXDLzxc1VekSFmApvjdF6xYtZ1/ulPfP1dxBTUAUrBr2vs4TXN01a72+n6xa6CsAZtqlfvtPVzFGdinkrjhObWDsNu7sYlL5wSWq6ao7mVORczPpFDQMNTacel/2MrtgNPzJKswDaOee9mRslTa5dphMiUu6m9zFXO/3HDuUvejktl8rmTRqwLJXPNXMaqD8tiVUjh9BKAi0KhVyamvODC4VtXQwgvP/kqGOx3wted7tdX7YP39Ti26TE9wXBDekMH9JF61CfRYI3DxpdGL9gJPgffgqN1aGOrznlEF1Yw/gt3d9ea</latexit>
1 2
v + F (x) = konst, hvor F 0 (x) = a(x)
2
Vi skal se senere, at disse to led er kinetisk og potential energi (pr. masse)
5
Slut
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Anvendelser af Newtons love

T
Newtons fire love
1. Inertiens Lov
2. F = m a
4. Tyngdeloven
T
Newtons 2. lov
Masse: additiv størrelse
Impuls: hvor svært er det at stoppe et objekt?
Bevægelsesmængde, momentum, impuls.
Superposition af kræfter. Vektoraddition.
Find alle kræfter (nettokraften) på et givet objekt.
p = m v = m ṙ
<latexit sha1_base64="f4AbVBfOxZLfOmt3Q29fJYdPutU=">AAACDnicbVDNS8MwHE39nPOr6tFLcAw8yGhF0ctg6MXjBPcB6xhplm5hSVqSdDBK/wIv/itePCji1bM3/xvTrgfdfBB4ee/3SH7PjxhV2nG+rZXVtfWNzdJWeXtnd2/fPjhsqzCWmLRwyELZ9ZEijArS0lQz0o0kQdxnpONPbjO/MyVS0VA86FlE+hyNBA0oRtpIA7uaeH4Ao7TOvTOY82kK6zC7ecNQ54pMB3bFqTk54DJxC1IBBZoD+8ukccyJ0JghpXquE+l+gqSmmJG07MWKRAhP0Ij0DBWIE9VP8nVSWDXKEAahNEdomKu/EwniSs24byY50mO16GXif14v1sF1P6EiijUReP5QEDOoQ5h1A4dUEqzZzBCEJTV/hXiMJMLaNFg2JbiLKy+T9nnNvaw59xeVxk1RRwkcgxNwClxwBRrgDjRBC2DwCJ7BK3iznqwX6936mI+uWEXmCPyB9fkD0giatA==</latexit>
dp
= ṗ = F
dt
<latexit sha1_base64="KPDPgzvmnmJX2JnYa+Ob2qQT00U=">AAACI3icbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16tJNsAgtSJkRRRGEoiAuK9gHtKVkMpk2NPMguSOUYf7Fjb/ixoVS3LjwX8y0BWvrgcDJuefe5B4nElyBZX0ZS8srq2vruY385tb2zq65t19XYSwpq9FQhLLpEMUED1gNOAjWjCQjviNYwxncZvXGE5OKh8EjDCPW8Ukv4B6nBLTUNa983D7BbdcNIWk7HpZpEUr4Go8vd2nxV8xcs6ZS1yxYZWsMvEjsKSmgKapdc6Qn0NhnAVBBlGrZVgSdhEjgVLA0344ViwgdkB5raRoQn6lOMt4xxcdacbEXSn0CwGN1tiMhvlJD39FOn0Bfzdcy8b9aKwbvspPwIIqBBXTykBcLDCHOAsMul4yCGGpCqOT6r5j2iSQUdKx5HYI9v/IiqZ+W7fOy9XBWqNxM48ihQ3SEishGF6iC7lEV1RBFz+gVvaMP48V4M0bG58S6ZEx7DtAfGN8/ljyhxw==</latexit>
m r̈(t) = F(r(t), ṙ(t))

Sammensætning/dekomposition af kræfter
Kraftmåler
Kraftenhed:
Newton (N)
N = kg m/s2
T
Hvilke kræfter findes der? FEM = q(E + v ⇥ B)
<latexit sha1_base64="QdRHNXPLyHVwkjeTX2RtJ3btDqU=">AAACHXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3g0WpCCWRim6EUqm4ESrYBzShTKaTdujk4cykUEJ+xI2/4saFIi7ciH/jNM1CqwcGzj3nXu7c44SMCmkYX1puYXFpeSW/Wlhb39jc0rd3WiKIOCZNHLCAdxwkCKM+aUoqGemEnCDPYaTtjC6nfntMuKCBfycnIbE9NPCpSzGSSurplcPYclx4lfTi+k0CL+A9LKVKPYHHMGXjBFqSekTMylpy1NOLRtlIAf8SMyNFkKHR0z+sfoAjj/gSMyRE1zRCaceIS4oZSQpWJEiI8AgNSFdRH6ltdpxel8ADpfShG3D1fAlT9edEjDwhJp6jOj0kh2Lem4r/ed1Iuud2TP0wksTHs0VuxKAM4DQq2KecYMkmiiDMqforxEPEEZYq0IIKwZw/+S9pnZTN07JxWylWa1kcebAH9kEJmOAMVME1aIAmwOABPIEX8Ko9as/am/Y+a81p2cwu+AXt8xsskp+B</latexit>
Tyngdekraft,
Elektrisk kraft
Magnetisk kraft
Kernekræfter
“svage” kræfter (forbundet med elektromegnetiske kræfter)
Kernekræfter (forbundet med kræfterne mellem kvarker)
“Normalkraft” (man kan ikke trykke hånden gennem bordet),
materialestyrke, fjederkraft - kombination af elektriske kræfter
og kvantemekanik
Friktion
Eksempel:
Frit fald på jorden.
Den ene hånd ved
ikke, hvad den
anden laver.
Newtons 3. lov
(Hvem virker kræfterne på?)
Baron von
Münchhausen
hiver sig op ved
håret
Impulsbevarelse
Mulighed for at beskrive sammensatte legemers bevægelse
Snorespænding
Undvigelseshastighed: hvor meget fart (v0) skal man give en
partikel ved jordoverfladen for at den kan komme væk fra
jordnes tyngdefelt?
x er afstanden fra jordens centrum.
<latexit sha1_base64="OpFW78WdfyHTuB2qcrnzGH1zENw=">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</latexit>
M er jordens masse.
R er jorden radius.
d2 x GM m
Newtons 2. lov: m 2 =
✓ ◆dt x2
d 1 2 GM
) v =0
dt 2 x
1 GM 1 GM
) v2 = konst = vu2
2 x 2 R
Præcis ved undvigelseshastigheden er højre side 0, dvs
r
2GM p
vu = = 2gR ⇡ 11.000 m/s = 40.000 km/h
R
Atwood’s machine
Gnidningskraft
11
Gnidningskraft
Kinematisk gnidning Statisk gnidning
𝑓" = 𝜇" 𝑛 𝑓! ≤ 𝜇! 𝑛
Bagudrettet i forhold til bevægelsen Kan være både bagudrettet og

fremadrettet i forhold til bevægelsen (fx
gang eller løb)
12
Statisk og dynamisk gnidningskoefficient
𝑓 < 𝜇! 𝑛 𝑓 = 𝜇" 𝑛
Statisk gnidning Dynamisk (kinematisk) gnidning

13
Table 5.1
Eksempel: Lod på skråt plan
Hvor stor skal vinklen θ før loddet begynder at Loddet står stille
glide ned af det skrå plan?
15
Kugle skydes ind i sandsæk
1. Lineær friktion:
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dv t
= v ) v(t) = v0 e
dt
) v(t) ! 0 når t ! 1
v0
x(t) = x0 + 1 e t
v0
så kuglen nar kun stykket ind i sandsækken,
selvom det tager uendelig lang tid før kuglen går i stå
2. Kvadratisk friktion:
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dv 2 2 dv dv 1
= v )v = =
dt dt dt
v0
)v 1
(t) v0 1 = t ) v(t) =
1 + v0 t
v(t) ! 0 når t ! 1
Z t
1
x(t) = x0 + v(t0 )dt0 = log(1 + v0 t)
0
så x(t) ! 1 når t ! 1 og kuglen når helt igennem sækken!
- nok urealistisk model når v ! 0 og rammer de enkelte sandkorn
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Anvendelser af Newtons love

II
T
Newtons fire love
1. Inertiens Lov
2. F = m a
4. Tyngdeloven
Atwood’s machine
m1 m2
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a= g
m1 + m2
m1 m2
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T = 2g
m1 + m2
Statisk og dynamisk gnidningskoefficient
𝑓 < 𝜇! 𝑛 𝑓 = 𝜇" 𝑛
Statisk gnidning Dynamisk (kinematisk) gnidning

5
Table 5.1
Newton’s 3. lov
Massemidtpunkt for punktpartikler
m x + m2 x2 + m3 x3 + ... åm x i i Eksempel H2O

X= 1 1
𝑥!" = i
m1 + m2 + m3 + ... åm i
i
m y + m2 y2 + m3 y3 + ... åm y i i
𝑦!"
Y= 1 1 = i
m1 + m2 + m3 + ... åm i
i
m z + m2 z 2 + m3 z3 + ... åm z i i
𝑧!"
Z= 1 1 = i
m1 + m2 + m3 + ... åm i
i
!
! ! !
m1r1 + m2 r2 + m3 r3 + ... åm r i i
𝑟⃑!" = = i
m1 + m2 + m3 + ... åm i
i
8
Newtons 2. lov for massemidtpunktet
Differentiation af massemidtpunktsformlen giver hastigheden for massemidtpunktet:
(
𝑑 𝑑 1 1 𝑑 1
𝑣⃑#$ = 𝑟⃑#$ = - 𝑚% 𝑟% = - 𝑚% 𝑟% = - 𝑚% 𝑣%
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑀 𝑀 𝑑𝑡 𝑀
%&' % %
Vi differentierer endnu én gang for at finde accelerationen af massemidtpunktet:

𝑑 1
𝑎⃑ #$ = 𝑣⃑#$ = - 𝑚% 𝑎%
𝑑𝑡 𝑀
%
Fra Newtons anden lov ved vi at:
- 𝑚% 𝑎% = - 𝐹% = - 𝐹%,*+,-. + - 𝐹%,/,-. = - 𝐹%,/,-.

% % % % %
Newtons 2. lov for massemidtpunktet er:
𝑀𝑎⃗!" = % 𝐹#$%&
9
Massemidtpunktssætningen (MMS)
𝑀𝑎⃗!" = % 𝐹#$%&
10
◆
✓
cos !t
r(t) = R
sin !t
✓ ◆
sin !t
v(t) = ṙ(t) = !R
cos !t
✓ ◆
cos !t
a(t) = r̈(t) = ! 2 R = ! 2 r(t)
sin !t
v = !R
v2 2
a=! R=
R
2⇡
T =
!
2⇡R
v=
T
2⇡v 4⇡ 2 R
a= =
T T2
11
Cirkulær bevægelse med ujævn fart
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✓ ◆
cos ✓
r(t) = R
sin ✓
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
˙ sin ✓ sin ✓
v(t) = ṙ(t) = ✓R = !(t)R
cos ✓ cos ✓
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
cos ✓ sin ✓
a(t) = r̈(t) = !2 R + !R
˙
sin ✓ cos ✓
v = !R
v2 2
ac = ! R =
R
at = !R
˙
12
Vægtstangsreglen
Archimedes:
Giv mig et fast punkt, så kan jeg flytte jorden
I ligevægt er kræfterne ikke ens
Vægtstangsreglen men kraft x vej dvs. K x r er ens
Kraftmoment: ⌧ = r ⇥ K
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Summen af kraftmomenterne er 0 i ligevægt
m2
✓
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y1
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y2
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m1
Epot = m1 gy1 + m2 gy2

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Bevægelse i konstant tyngefelt:

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mÿ = mg ) mẏ ÿ = ẏ( mg) Epot = m1 g y1 + m2 g y2

1 y1 = r1 ✓, y2 = r2 ✓
) m(ẏ)2 + mgy = konst = E
2 Epot = 0 ) m1 r1 = m2 r2
= Ekin + Epot = K + Ugrav
r2, F2
r1, F1
Fast akse
Mand på en stige: massemidtpunkt og kraftmoment
N
mand:
M = 80 kg
væg (glat)
stige:
m=20 kg,
L=5m
G
✓
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gulv (ru) 1.5 m

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Gy = (M + m)g
1
N L sin ✓ = g(M L cos ✓ + mL cos ✓)
2
1 2M + m
N= g
2 tan ✓
Gx  µ s Gy
Ligevægt: Gx = N ) N  µs Gy
1 2M + m
) g  µs (M + m)g
2 tan ✓
1 2M + m
) µs
2 (M + m) tan ✓
s✓ ◆2
5
tan ✓ = 1 ⇡ 3.18
1.5
✓ = 1.27 ( 72.5 )
µs 0.28
En bristende sæbefilm
Et hul breder sig i en sæbefilm. Sekvensen varer 7.6 ms (John Bush)

Newtons 2. lov for “randen”
<latexit sha1_base64="ECcp2sKROdjsP935eOsYKNdQwV0=">AAACF3icbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3g0WoICURRTeFohuXFewDmlIm00k7dPJg5qZQQv7Cjb/ixoUibnXn3zhNs9DWCwPnnnMPd+5xI8EVWNa3UVhZXVvfKG6WtrZ3dvfM/YOWCmNJWZOGIpQdlygmeMCawEGwTiQZ8V3B2u74dqa3J0wqHgYPMI1YzyfDgHucEtBU36wmjuvhKK35FTh1znDWTlLd4BrOOWcQQsbLtG+WraqVFV4Gdg7KKK9G3/zSbhr7LAAqiFJd24qglxAJnAqWlpxYsYjQMRmyroYB8ZnqJdldKT7RzAB7odQvAJyxvx0J8ZWa+q6e9AmM1KI2I//TujF4172EB1EMLKDzRV4sMIR4FhIecMkoiKkGhEqu/4rpiEhCQUdZ0iHYiycvg9Z51b6sWvcX5fpNHkcRHaFjVEE2ukJ1dIcaqIkoekTP6BW9GU/Gi/FufMxHC0buOUR/yvj8AQ5OnV0=</latexit>
p = m(t) v(t) = m(t) ṙ
dp
= ṗ = F
dt
Taylor-Culick hastigheden
M (t) = ⇡R(t)2 h⇢
<latexit sha1_base64="65TLomnEz0Q0RSIFO+DM7QN8YHA=">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</latexit>
V = Ṙ
d(M (t)V (t))
= F = 2⇡R(t) ⇥ 2↵
dt
d ⇣ 2 ⌘ 4↵
) R Ṙ = R
dt h⇢
2 2 4↵
) 2R(Ṙ) + R R̈ = R
h⇢
r
2↵
R̈ = 0 ) V = Ṙ ! = Vc
h⇢
3
For vand: ↵ = 0.07 N/m, h ⇡ 10 µm, ⇢ = 1000 kg/m
Vc ⇡ 3.7 m/s
Fjederkraft
Ligevægt (ingen kraft)
Hooke’s lov for fjederkraften:
𝐹234546 = −𝑘 % (𝑥 − 𝑥7 )
𝑥0 : Ligevægtsposition [m]
Udstrækning
𝑘: Fjederkonstant [N/m]
(kraft mod ligevægtsposition)
Vigtige pointer:
• Fjederkraften peger altid langs fjederen

Sammentrækning
• Fjederkraftens størrelse er proportional (kraft mod ligevægtsposition)
med fjederens afvigelse fra
ligevægtsposition
22
Harmoniske svingninger og Resonans
Harmonisk Oscillator:
<latexit sha1_base64="iqoA9hRetGo/KRU0ZIF9hLuEy48=">AAAJanicvVbdbtMwFD7bgLWFwTYkENqNYYCGto50AoGQkLaBEDeI8bOt0lIm13W7qPkjdkanKu/GM3DHAwA3PACXnLhJkzRp2RAikVPn/H7nO7abpmsaQmra16npmXPnL8yWypWLl+YuX5lfWNwTju8xvssc0/HqTSq4adh8VxrS5HXX49Rqmny/2X0W6vePuScMx34vT1zesGjHNtoGoxJFzsLMZ7gLOkjg0MNnH14CBQ8scMAGAwR0gcBr/GX4ZuJN0cpBiycQoJ8OFfS30EaHFt4OaglGIvAURxVHN3rX4S1G6MARWoQZPLT9NMFPR5mFqDpofQgafIANZRHnTKy3lDVDe1HgR1TkVRzbSisQhV1oFUfuwQpK7kXRe5F+kGlNxVgbDgLHGWs9VUtafpyKsl2AMs6d7sRz5IijJ1fx/qYvZ+V2wNOLsXymWUojfQU+Igi7S/D3F/rZiuVOBk3IiBwyMr5rYZY8z1sRv22skaJfH3EG+CyuZbTKUBoUYn8X8UYQnY9SGxnjUTU3FVqKUVwlkWgRaglafVM+QQ67jk8X73B9907d6e8qx//sdBV1HVWbFeFO/OOo9VSvOPr2EUG+V8GE3V3NdSHGNqlvaVyjGZP9P4o/5KZo/48/ec7SN5LierKfgI/4JseuzdVhVVn8WdsgYqoYSZKjNibe/YKISQX/hpGVKHuyK2uqwtOgSU7M0ainiVj8L/CnNZqtZ5JP/J8QDC2qOUzZCuMcya4erOZWZm8LPM8HJ2N8QgaH88vauqYukp/UoskyRNfO4fwXveUw3+K2ZCYV4qCmubLRp540mMmDiu4L7lLWpR1+gFObWlw0+upTISB3UNIibcfDYUuipGmPPrWEOLGaaGlReSRGdaGwSHfgy/bjRt+wXV9ymw0StX2TSIeE3x2kZXicSfMEJ5R5BmIl7Ih6lEn8OqkgCbXRkvOTvY312sN17c2D5c3tiI4SLMEttRAfwSYenTuwC2z2R2mudK10vfSzvFi+UV4amE5PRT5XIXOVb/8GE5bKkQ==</latexit>
mẍ = kx ) ẍ = !02 x
x = A cos !0 t + B sin !0 t
x(0) = x0 = A, v(0) = ẋ(0) = v0 = B!0
Drevet Harmonisk Oscillator:
ẍ = !02 x + F cos !t
Mulig løsning:
F
x(t) = A cos !t, A =
!02 !2
Stor (uendelig!) amplitude når ! ⇡ !0
Dæmpet Harmonisk Oscillator:
ẍ = !02 x ẋ
X = Aei!t ) !2 = !02 i!
⌧ !0 ) ! ⇡ !0
q p
! ⇡ !02 + i !0 = !0 1 + i /!0
1 1
) ! ⇡ !0 (1 + i /!0 ) = !0 + i
2 2
1
i!t i!0 t t
x = Ae ⇡ Ae e 2 - dæmpet svingning
Slut
Kapitel 6
Arbejde og kinetisk energi
26 October 2022 DTU Energy 1
Forventningsafstemning
• Jeg forventer at I læser det pågældende kapitel i bogen
inden forelæsningen!
• Jeg gennemgår hvad jeg finder relevant i det pågældende

kapitel – men pensum er hele kapitlet.
• Forelæsningen er min måde at sætte ord på bogens tekst

– hvilket er nyttigt for jer når I allerede har læst i bogen
inden forelæsningen.
• Quizzerne er min feedback til jer!

Work?
VS

Definition of work

James Prescott Joule
• Født: 24. december 1818, Salford, Manchester
• Død: 11. oktober 1889

Work?

Sign of the work performed

Opgave 6.7
Bemærk at bogen har en fejl i distancen som blokkene flytter sig – der star hhv 0.75 m og 0.72 m

Kinetic energy

Work-energy theorem (Arbejdssætningen)

Opgave 6.19

Opgave 6.24

Definition of power

James Watt
• Født: 19 January 1736, Greenock, Scotland
• Død: 25 August 1819

Opgave 6.50

Opgave 6.81
0.600
7.00

10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Potentiel Energi og
Energibevarelse
Energibevarelse
I et konservativt kraftfelt afhænger arbejdsintegralet kun af endepunkterne,
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men ikke af vejen man vælger, dvs. integralet

Z B
W = F · dr giver mening uden at specificere andet end A og B
A
Derfor kan vi introducere den potentielle energi U ved
Z B
W = F · dr = U (A) U (B)
A
Z B
Da vi samtidig har arbejdsligningen W = F · dr = K(B) K(A),
A
1
mv 2 , får vi bevarelsen af mekanisk energi
hvor den kinetiske energi er K =
2
E(A) = K(A) + U (A) = K(B) + U (B)
Eksempler:
<latexit sha1_base64="2asE/tnBRcoo00iLx/G95mENPYU=">AAAE+HicnVRNaxNBGH7TRK3xK9Wjl8GgKNSwWxRFEIoF0VtF0xaaWGYnk2Sa/WJntjQue/ZHePGgiFd/ijd/gP0dPjvZpEmakwvv5Mn7+cwzs+vFvtLGcf5U1qq1S5evrF+tX7t+4+atxsbtPR2liZBtEflRcuBxLX0VyrZRxpcHcSJ54Ply3xvtFPH9E5loFYUfzDiW3YAPQtVXghu4oo3KZ3pAHTIk6RRrRm+JARusI4ooJA3M8Vt4DI2BBtRDRh/mW6+kBGsOa9NDZDwCegkLYAPYGP07VF+a8xrdE1sdYu3TMVCv7LXY8XTWsYO8BGwEubRlGTJEPwKvmvAeqOg1wh4k2MSWMaNn1EK9C6RgPp2hpyQPfAYzNlNuxu4jsswW+2yC36qpQzopq6e7yRCXVg2FHiPg3M5QmFXk6JkKMSqNxQbRCdviX9FnAM8Lq0rRz0M9g4a51WfTql4otGMVKZQaQqeCz3n2MbJXc34DzsrymHL+H3bn57bIcHJ2jy2rEKw8VHJ7tqu5pPbOMct/wmj1dL8833kGI1SHMyae5W+s+sb2+Ivo2dy9W77j+VGj6bQc+7CLwC1Bk8pn96jxu9OLRBrI0Aifa33oOrHpZjwxSvgyr3dSLWMuRnwgDwFDHkjdzeyLm7P78PRYP0pgoWHWO1+R8UDrceAhM+BmqJdjhXNV7DA1/efdTIVxamQoJoP6qc9MxIqvAOupRArjjwG4SBS4MjHkCRcG34o6RHCXt3wR7G213Kct592T5varUo51ukv3cCVdvGTbOMpdHLKoptUv1W/V77VPta+1H7Wfk9S1Sllzhxae2q9/GEIYZQ==</latexit>
I et konstant tyngdefelt er U (y) = mgy

1 2
For en fjeder er U (x) = kx
2
Se eksempel 7.11 i lærebogen for et modeksempel,
hvor der ikke findes en potentiel energi: F(x, y) = Cxĵ
Hvis der findes en potentiel energi er F = rU
Hust at den potentielle energi kun er bestemt pånær en konstant
Potentiel Energi i tyngdefelt og elektrostatisk felt
Potentiel energi i tyngdefelt fra en punktmasse:
<latexit sha1_base64="ihgJvqwpmTaqG+xEx4FJ+WjD0Q8=">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</latexit>
m1 m2
Ugrav = G
r
Potentiel energi mellem to statiske punktladninger:
q1 q2
Uel = G
r
Rutherfords eksperiment
I Rutherfords eksperiment sendes en ↵ partikel ind imod en guld-atomkerne.

<latexit sha1_base64="4XjmVQzcJEiLLXqBg9me4Wvnj04=">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</latexit>
Vi ønsker at finde minimumsafstanden mellem ↵ partiklen og kernen.

Vi bruger energisætningen: summen af kinetisk og potentiel energi
må være uændret fra start: K↵ = 4MeV = K0 , U = 0
q↵ qguld
til slut: K↵ = 0, U = G
rmin
q↵ qguld
Dette giver: rmin = G
K0
Rutherford scattering (1911)
Tågekammerbillede
27
<latexit sha1_base64="a4Z4uSz/6e2DrE3h9BJ/dNFn3bo=">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</latexit>
m↵ = 6.6 ⇥ 10 kg
Tal til 13
K↵ = 4 MeV = 4 ⇥ 1.6 ⇥ 10 J
Rutherford,
u↵ = 1.4 ⇥ 107 m/s
Geiger og q↵ qgold
Marsdens U↵ = G
r
eksperiment q↵ = 2 e = 2 ⇥ 1.6 ⇥ 10 19
C
(1909-11) qgold = 79 e = 79 ⇥ 1.6 ⇥ 10 19
C
2
G = 9 ⇥ 109 Jm/C
q↵ qgold
rmin = G ⇡ 56 ⇥ 10 15 m = 56 fm
K↵
rBohr ⇡ 0.5 Å = 0.5 ⇥ 10 10 Å
rgold ⇡ 7.3 fm
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Impulsbevarelse og
stødprocesser
Tennis-serv
Hastigheden af bolden fra et tennis-serv
kan være op mod 200 km/h
En tennisbold vejer cal. 60 g
Hvad er kraften fra ketcheren?

Kollisionstid med ketcher: Δ𝑡 = 0.01 s
1. 38 N
2. 250 N
3. 330 N
4. 750 N
5. 1040 N
2
200 ⇥ 0.06
<latexit sha1_base64="OYVngnzvyhdSeHX86gNIwX+xlik=">AAACKHicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEs3g0VwFZJGqzuLgriSCvYBTSiT6aQdOnkwMxFLyOe48VfciCjSrV/itA2irQcGDuecy517vJhRIU1zrBWWlldW14rrpY3Nre0dfXevKaKEY9LAEYt420OCMBqShqSSkXbMCQo8Rlre8Gritx4IFzQK7+UoJm6A+iH1KUZSSV394ho6KI559AgdnyOcVkwTOpIGREDTMKtZahvVX4KV/eRt24a3Xb2s1CngIrFyUgY56l39zelFOAlIKDFDQnQsM5ZuirikmJGs5CSCxAgPUZ90FA2RWuym00MzeKSUHvQjrl4o4VT9PZGiQIhR4KlkgORAzHsT8T+vk0j/3E1pGCeShHi2yE8YlBGctAZ7lBMs2UgRhDlVf4V4gFRfUnVbUiVY8ycvkmbFsE4N8+6kXLvM6yiCA3AIjoEFzkAN3IA6aAAMnsALeAcf2rP2qn1q41m0oOUz++APtK9vKV6i7g==</latexit>
F ⇡ ⇡ 333N
3.6 ⇥ 0.01
Sproglig afklaring dansk/engelsk:
Dansk Engelsk Fysisk størrelse
Impuls/Bevægelsesmængde Momentum 𝒑 = 𝑚𝒗
Kraftens impuls (impulsændring) Impulse !"

𝑱⃗ = Δ𝒑 = - 𝑭(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
!!
Notationsmæssig afklaring:
Impuls før Impuls efter Partikel- Eksempel
betegnelser
𝑝" = 𝑚𝑣" 𝑝# = 𝑚𝑣# 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, … 𝑝$# = 𝑚$ 𝑣$#
4
Newtons 3. lov og impulsbevarelse
Impulsbevarelse
𝑝⃗9: + 𝑝⃗;: = 𝑝⃗9< + 𝑝⃗;<

Systemets samlede impuls er
bevaret, hvis der ingen samlet
ydre kraft er på systemet.
N
<latexit sha1_base64="t0RKPWxdHq0KEQR5davpS4ZnygA=">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</latexit>
dP X
P = pi ) = Fext
i=1
dt 5
Eksempel: Riffelskud
Bestem rekylhastigheden vR af riflen samt riflens og projektilets kinetiske energi.
6
mB vB = mR vR
<latexit sha1_base64="772GVtrQjiu420uqM+aRdr+yl6E=">AAACT3icbZE7T8MwFIWd8i6vAiOLRQViKg5QwVIJwcIIFQWkpooc12mt2klk3wBVlH/IAht/g4UBhHAgA68rWfp07rGvfRwkUhgg5MmpTExOTc/MzlXnFxaXlmsrq5cmTjXjHRbLWF8H1HApIt4BAZJfJ5pTFUh+FYxOiv7VDddGxNEFjBPeU3QQiVAwClbya+GW8o/xjV0trPy2pbbnVbe8thgMgWod3xZSyws1ZVlpzS208xb+EkmDkKYHQnGD9wjJs73cnkUaTewBv4MMqx2T+7V64SsK/wW3hDoq68yvPXr9mKWKR8AkNabrkgR6GdUgmOR51UsNTygb0QHvWoyoHd/LPvPI8aZV+jiMtV0R4E/1+46MKmPGKrBORWFofvcK8b9eN4XwsJeJKEmBR+xrUJhKDDEuwsV9oTkDObZAmRb2rpgNqU0J7BdUbQju7yf/hcvdhttskPP9+tFxGccsWkcbaBu56AAdoVN0hjqIoXv0jF7Rm/PgvDjvldJacUpYQz+qMvcB2hiwSg==</latexit>
mB v B 0.005 ⇥ 300
) vR = = = 0.5 m/s
mR 3
Kollisioner (stødprocesser)
Vi skelner mellem 3 forskellige typer af kollisioner:
Elastisk kollision
- Impulsbevarelse
- Bevarelse af kinetisk energi
Uelastisk kollision
- Impulsbevarelse
Fuldstændig uelastisk kollision

- Impulsbevarelse
- De to legemer har fælles hastighed
før eller efter stødet.
8
Fuldstændig uelastisk kollision
velcro
<latexit sha1_base64="fWIw06hpYqdk9Mwe+toS5qKi0JM=">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</latexit>
mA vA1 + mB vB1 = (mA + mB )v2

I een dimension med vB1 = 0 :
mA
v2 = vA1
mA + mB
K2 mA
=
K1 mA + mB
9
Eksempel: Ballistisk pendul
mB + mW p
<latexit sha1_base64="3vmulrOnUxaSnyz40rxk93ttD4U=">AAACEHicbZDLSsNAFIYnXmu9RV26GSyiIJSkKLoRSt24rGAv0JQwmU7aoTNJnJkUQsgjuPFV3LhQxK1Ld76NkzYLbf1h4OM/53Dm/F7EqFSW9W0sLa+srq2XNsqbW9s7u+befluGscCkhUMWiq6HJGE0IC1FFSPdSBDEPUY63vgmr3cmREgaBvcqiUifo2FAfYqR0pZrnkxcG15DxxcIp9xtwDPI3U6WY+bIB6HSGhzCJHPNilW1poKLYBdQAYWarvnlDEIccxIozJCUPduKVD9FQlHMSFZ2YkkihMdoSHoaA8SJ7KfTgzJ4rJ0B9EOhX6Dg1P09kSIuZcI93cmRGsn5Wm7+V+vFyr/qpzSIYkUCPFvkxwyqEObpwAEVBCuWaEBYUP1XiEdIZ6N0hmUdgj1/8iK0a1X7omrdnVfqjSKOEjgER+AU2OAS1MEtaIIWwOARPINX8GY8GS/Gu/Exa10yipkD8EfG5w+hJ5u6</latexit>
v1 = 2gy
mB
10
Elastisk 1D-kollision: bordtennisbold mod bowlingkugle
(1) Impulsbevarelsen:
m Av A1 + mB vB1 = m Av A 2 + mB vB 2
(2) Energibevarelsen, som elegant

kan skrives som:
vB 2 - v A 2 = -(vB1 - v A1 )
Når v1B = 0 :
<latexit sha1_base64="3qWWzqT2kyGheWi3xBQuPvUynLo=">AAAC8XiclVLLbtNAFD02rxIeDbBkMyICgYDIjlq1QkJqwoYVKhJpK8VRNJ6M21HHD82Mq0ZWdnwCGxYgxJa/YccH8B9cp64oaTZc6Vpnzj33Hnuu40Ir64Lgl+dfuXrt+o21m61bt+/cXW/fu79n89IIORS5zs1BzK3UKpNDp5yWB4WRPI213I+P39T1/RNprMqzD25WyHHKDzOVKMEdUXn7I54ggoPEKT0rvMNvGDDMKU8wISbEgE6vEeAVKSO0qOMpttFFDxt4RsyLRZ7r+8TX+ggJTeIQxKVU6eMlaWpUzzvnGJ5fYP969um07La5wm2wwq3XTOz/j8+k3Qm6wSLYZRA2oIMmdiftn9E0F2UqMyc0t3YUBoUbV9w4JbSct6LSyoKLY34oRwQznko7rhYbm7PHxExZkhvKzLEFe7Gj4qm1szQmZcrdkV2u1eSq2qh0yfa4UllROpmJM6Ok1MzlrF4/myojhdMzAlwYRe/KxBE3XDj6SepLCJc/+TLY63XDzW7wfqOzM2iuYw0P8YgWFWILO3iLXQwhvMz75H3xvvrW/+x/87+fSX2v6XmAf8L/8Qfkbrco</latexit>
mA mB
(8.24) vA2 = v1A
mA + mB
2mA
(8.25) vB2 = v1A
mA + mB
11
Stødprocesser i en reaktor
Den første kritiske

reaktor (“pile”)
november 1942
i Chicago.
Neutronerne blev
“modereret” fra ca.
2 MeV ned til en
brøkdel af en eV
ved hjælp af grafit.
m0 m
Raketligningen
<latexit sha1_base64="iOaRBrwvu+9U8GjuOHngxhAz4OA=">AAACNnicbVDNSgMxGMz6W+vfqkcvwSIoaslKxV4KRS9eBAXbCt2yZNNsG5rsLkm2WJZ9Ki8+h7dePCji1UcwW3tQ60BgmJmPL9/4MWdKIzS25uYXFpeWCyvF1bX1jU17a7upokQS2iARj+S9jxXlLKQNzTSn97GkWPictvzBZe63hlQqFoV3ehTTjsC9kAWMYG0kz74+qJYr6NA9do/hsDb0EDyCQy+lD5nLox50A4lJKjyUpSKDNZgHTv4JZJNM0bNLqIwmgLPEmZISmOLGs5/dbkQSQUNNOFaq7aBYd1IsNSOcZkU3UTTGZIB7tG1oiAVVnXRydgb3jdKFQSTNCzWcqD8nUiyUGgnfJAXWffXXy8X/vHaig2onZWGcaBqS70VBwqGOYN4h7DJJieYjQzCRzPwVkj42RWjTdF6C8/fkWdI8LTtnZXRbKdUvpnUUwC7YAwfAAeegDq7ADWgAAh7BGLyCN+vJerHerY/v6Jw1ndkBv2B9fgGA3amK</latexit>
(8.40) v = v0 + vex log = v0 vex log

m m0
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022
Repetition, eksempler og
opgaveløsningsteknink
Elastisk 1D-kollision: bordtennisbold mod bowlingkugle
(1) Impulsbevarelsen:
Rep. m Av A1 + mB vB1 = m Av A 2 + mB vB 2
(2) Energibevarelsen, som elegant

kan skrives som:
vB 2 - v A 2 = -(vB1 - v A1 )
Når v1B = 0 :
<latexit sha1_base64="3qWWzqT2kyGheWi3xBQuPvUynLo=">AAAC8XiclVLLbtNAFD02rxIeDbBkMyICgYDIjlq1QkJqwoYVKhJpK8VRNJ6M21HHD82Mq0ZWdnwCGxYgxJa/YccH8B9cp64oaTZc6Vpnzj33Hnuu40Ir64Lgl+dfuXrt+o21m61bt+/cXW/fu79n89IIORS5zs1BzK3UKpNDp5yWB4WRPI213I+P39T1/RNprMqzD25WyHHKDzOVKMEdUXn7I54ggoPEKT0rvMNvGDDMKU8wISbEgE6vEeAVKSO0qOMpttFFDxt4RsyLRZ7r+8TX+ggJTeIQxKVU6eMlaWpUzzvnGJ5fYP969um07La5wm2wwq3XTOz/j8+k3Qm6wSLYZRA2oIMmdiftn9E0F2UqMyc0t3YUBoUbV9w4JbSct6LSyoKLY34oRwQznko7rhYbm7PHxExZkhvKzLEFe7Gj4qm1szQmZcrdkV2u1eSq2qh0yfa4UllROpmJM6Ok1MzlrF4/myojhdMzAlwYRe/KxBE3XDj6SepLCJc/+TLY63XDzW7wfqOzM2iuYw0P8YgWFWILO3iLXQwhvMz75H3xvvrW/+x/87+fSX2v6XmAf8L/8Qfkbrco</latexit>
mA mB
(8.24) vA2 = v1A
mA + mB
2mA
(8.25) vB2 = v1A
mA + mB
2
m0 m
Raketligningen
<latexit sha1_base64="iOaRBrwvu+9U8GjuOHngxhAz4OA=">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</latexit>
(8.40) v = v0 + vex log = v0 vex log

m m0
QUIZ
Et rektangulært svømmebassin med voluminet V skal males og det
kræver 12 liter maling. Hvor meget maling skal der til at male et
svømmebassin med samme form, som har det halve volumen (V/2)?
A. 5.4 liter
B. 6.0 liter
C. 7.6 liter
D. 9.5 liter
✓ ◆2/3
<latexit sha1_base64="7V33V1/LkCQirwIOavtEIPGCri4=">AAACF3icbVDJSgNBEO2JW4zbqEcvjUGIl3EmGqIHIejFYwSzQCaGnk5P0qRnobtGCEP+wou/4sWDIl715t/YWQ6a+KDg8V4VVfW8WHAFtv1tZJaWV1bXsuu5jc2t7R1zd6+uokRSVqORiGTTI4oJHrIacBCsGUtGAk+whje4HvuNByYVj8I7GMasHZBeyH1OCWipY1rYFcyHgutLQp2iK3mvD8f3afHkdIRd4AFT2CniS1y2SqWLUsfM25Y9AV4kzozk0QzVjvnldiOaBCwEKohSLceOoZ0SCZwKNsq5iWIxoQPSYy1NQ6IXttPJXyN8pJUu9iOpKwQ8UX9PpCRQahh4ujMg0Ffz3lj8z2sl4J+3Ux7GCbCQThf5icAQ4XFIuMsloyCGmhAqub4V0z7RCYGOMqdDcOZfXiT1ouWULPv2LF+5msWRRQfoEBWQg8qogm5QFdUQRY/oGb2iN+PJeDHejY9pa8aYzeyjPzA+fwDfe5yN</latexit>
1
⇥ 12 = 7.5595
2
Overordnet løsningsstrategi
1. Analyse 2. Planlægning
• Hvad er kendt? • Beslutning om løsningsmetode
• Hvad skal findes? • Newtons love, geometriske bånd,
• Antagelser? arbejdssætningen,
• God, stor tegning bevarelsessætninger
• Opdel i delsystemer • Antal ligninger skal stemme med
• ”Tegnefilm”: Position 1 – position 2 antal ubekendte
3. Udførelse 4. Kontrol
• Undgå talregninger undervejs – • Giver jeres resultat mening?
regn med symboler! • Enhedskontrol
• Indsæt evt. talværdier til allersidst i • Grænsekontrol.
symbolfacit • Fornuftskontrol
• Husk antal betydende cifre
• Omregn til SI enheder inden
indsætning!
6
Tips til systematisk problemløsning
• Læs opgaven grundigt
• Indfør symboler for alle kendte og ukendte størrelser
• Oversæt information til ligninger
• Sørg for at der er lige mange ligninger og ukendte størrelser
• Løs og simplificer alle ligninger symbolsk!
• Undersøg grænsetilfælde og enheder/dimensioner
• Indsæt tal til sidst
• Afrund som det allersidste
Standardmetoden
1. Tegn problemstillingen og definer koordinatsystem(er) og
omløbsretning
2. Tegn et kraftdiagram for alle dellegemer og indfør symboler for alle
kræfter
3. Opskriv massemidtpunktssætningen (N2) for alle dellegemer
4. Opskriv eventuelle geometriske bånd og kinematiske relationer
5. Løs de fremkomne ligninger
6. Undersøg løsningen i fht. dimensioner og grænsetilfælde
Mekanikkens basis anvendt
Skab overblik over begreber og metoder, der er i spil
Tænk før du skriver:
rgi
Når en formel er skrevet ned,
Ene
kan den være svær at slette. ti k
K in e m a
e
Newtons lov
Rotation
Stød
Mekanikkens basis anvendt
Man kan ofte bruge det, der spørges efter, til at udvælge relevante
begreber:
1. Hvad hvis vi leder efter en tid?

2. Hvad hvis vi leder efter en strækning?
rgi
3. Hvad hvis vi leder efter en hastighed?
Ene
ti k
4. Hvad hvis vi leder efter en acceleration? K in e m a
5. Hvad hvis vi leder efter en kraft? e
Newtons lov
Rotation
Stød
En bil på 1 t (1000 kg) kører med 60 km/h ind i
bagenden på en lastbil på 5 t på vej i samme retning
med 30 km/h, således at kofangerne sætter sig
sammen og bilerne fortsætter sammen. Hvor hurtigt
bevæger de sig efter sammenstødet?
6 ⇥ v = (1 ⇥ 60 + 5 ⇥ 30) ) v = 35km/h
<latexit sha1_base64="26yLEB0lhdW5wJBLWUBzx2WpJ4Q=">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</latexit>
Sigte mod en mur
Formler for
projektilbevægelse
(2D bevægelse)
x = x0 + (v0 cos a 0 )t Bruges, når bevægelsen er retlinet,

1 med konstant acceleration, og der
y = y0 + (v0 sin a 0 )t - gt 2 kan ses bort fra luftmodstand.
2
vx = v0 cos a 0 Check altid en ekstra gang om der
v y = v0 sin a 0 - gt nu er konstant acceleration,
fx svinger et pendul ikke med
v y 2 = (v0 sin a 0 ) 2 - 2 g ( y - y0 )
konstant acceleration.
v 2 = v0 2 - 2 g ( y - y0 )
Husk, at formlerne som de står kun
g
y ( x) = y0 + tan(a 0 ) x - 2 x2 gælder for et skråt kast, der tager
2v0 cos (a 0 )
2
udgangspunkt i origo, med y-aksen
v02 sin 2↵0 opad. Hvis y-aksen i stedet peger
<latexit sha1_base64="Zj9GOvnZlFmL8VJGsECxKm/bW0M=">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</latexit>
“Range”: x= nedad, skal der i alle formlerne

g
skiftes fortegn på g.
14
h1
<latexit sha1_base64="GX3ccouh+D7vYPGqr9RcPVL+9UA=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0nEoseiF48V7Qe0oWy2k3bpZhN2N0IJ/QlePCji1V/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekAiujet+O4W19Y3NreJ2aWd3b/+gfHjU0nGqGDZZLGLVCahGwSU2DTcCO4lCGgUC28H4dua3n1BpHstHM0nQj+hQ8pAzaqz0MOp7/XLFrbpzkFXi5aQCORr98ldvELM0QmmYoFp3PTcxfkaV4UzgtNRLNSaUjekQu5ZKGqH2s/mpU3JmlQEJY2VLGjJXf09kNNJ6EgW2M6JmpJe9mfif101NeO1nXCapQckWi8JUEBOT2d9kwBUyIyaWUKa4vZWwEVWUGZtOyYbgLb+8SloXVa9Wde8vK/WbPI4inMApnIMHV1CHO2hAExgM4Rle4c0Rzovz7nwsWgtOPnMMf+B8/gD0k42U</latexit>
h = h1 h0
<latexit sha1_base64="Fql1Db45ozLCaReXt14uG4UVMTE=">AAAB8XicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSJ4sSSi6EUoevFYwX5gG8Jmu2mW7m7C7kYoof/CiwdFvPpvvPlv3LY5aOuDgcd7M8zMC1POtHHdb2dpeWV1bb20Ud7c2t7Zreztt3SSKUKbJOGJ6oRYU84kbRpmOO2kimIRctoOh7cTv/1ElWaJfDCjlPoCDySLGMHGSo/xNYoD7zQO3KBSdWvuFGiReAWpQoFGUPnq9ROSCSoN4Vjrruemxs+xMoxwOi73Mk1TTIZ4QLuWSiyo9vPpxWN0bJU+ihJlSxo0VX9P5FhoPRKh7RTYxHrem4j/ed3MRFd+zmSaGSrJbFGUcWQSNHkf9ZmixPCRJZgoZm9FJMYKE2NDKtsQvPmXF0nrrOZd1Nz782r9poijBIdwBCfgwSXU4Q4a0AQCEp7hFd4c7bw4787HrHXJKWYO4A+czx/oe4/D</latexit>
h0
<latexit sha1_base64="v9+pMlJEQrLGb5dfILDAehnaPsI=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0nEoseiF48V7Qe0oWy2m3bpZhN2J0IJ/QlePCji1V/kzX/jts1BWx8MPN6bYWZekEhh0HW/ncLa+sbmVnG7tLO7t39QPjxqmTjVjDdZLGPdCajhUijeRIGSdxLNaRRI3g7GtzO//cS1EbF6xEnC/YgOlQgFo2ilh1Hf7ZcrbtWdg6wSLycVyNHol796g5ilEVfIJDWm67kJ+hnVKJjk01IvNTyhbEyHvGupohE3fjY/dUrOrDIgYaxtKSRz9fdERiNjJlFgOyOKI7PszcT/vG6K4bWfCZWkyBVbLApTSTAms7/JQGjOUE4soUwLeythI6opQ5tOyYbgLb+8SloXVa9Wde8vK/WbPI4inMApnIMHV1CHO2hAExgM4Rle4c2Rzovz7nwsWgtOPnMMf+B8/gDzD42T</latexit>
D
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h gD 1 gD
<latexit sha1_base64="Zk70mUzae3dK1N8Z47lFLsJsnqw=">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</latexit>
2
= tan ↵0 2 2
= tan ↵0 2 (1 + tan ↵0 )
D 2v0 cos ↵0 2v0
2. gradsligning for tan ↵0
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2 løsninger
FL47CH19-Clanet ARI 18 November 2014 13:26
Projektilbevægelse med luftmodstand (badminton fjerbold)

b
y
1
a 2
U0 3
U∞
θ0
Access provided by Technical Information Center & Library of Denmark on 04/07/16. For personal use only.
0 x0 x
Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2015.47:455-478. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org
9m
Figure 5
(a) Chronophotography of a shuttlecock’s path obtained with the values θ0 = 52◦ and U 0 = 59 m/s and a time step between images of
"t = 50 ms. With the first two tracks, the image shows 40 m/s, but the shuttlecock has already decelerated. Panel a adapted with
permission from Darbois-Texier et al. (2014). (b) Schematic illustration of the asymptotic regimes of a Tartaglia curve. (c) Illustration of
a bullet path from the treatise Nova Scientia. Panel c reproduced from Tartaglia (1537).
trajectory presented in Figure 5a, we get x0 ≈ 8.5 m, which is compatible with the observed
Afstanden
range. Forvokser
comparison,kun logaritmisk
the parabolic med
range in this case is U u 2
sin(2θ )/g ≈ 244 m.
0 0 0
From Equation 7, the optimal angle, θ max , that maximizes the range and the corresponding
maximum range xmax = x0 (U max , θmax ) can be calculated as
! " # $
1 U max 2
xmax = L cos θmax ln 1 + 4 sin θmax , (8)
2 U∞
with
%
(U max /U ∞ )2
θmax = arctan . (9)
[1 + (U max /U ∞ )2 ] ln[1 + (U max /U ∞ )2 ]
2
In the limit U max /U ∞ # 1, Equation 8 reduces to xmax = 2U max /g sin θmax cos θmax , whereas
Equation 9 leads to θmax = arctan(1). We thus recover the parabolic regime in which the range
Hvor stort et arbejde skal udføres for at løfte et 750 kg pengeskab op i en
højde af 35 m ?
Lige inden den når op tabes den. Med hvor stor fart rammer den jorden?
5
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mgh = 750 ⇥ 10 ⇥ 35 = 262.500 J ⇡ 2.6 ⇥ 10 J

1 2
p p p
mv = mgh ) v = 2gh ⇡ 700 = 10 ⇥ 7 = 26 m/s
2
Tyngdepunkt
George Gamow and John Cleveland:

Den Store Fysikbog
✓ ◆
Tyngepunkt for bogstabel
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1
(N + 1)XN +1 = N XN + XN +
2
1
) XN +1 = XN +
2(N + 1)
1 3 11 25
X1 = , X2 = , X3 = , X4 = >1
2 4 12 24
Fra Gamow & Cleveland: Den store fysikbog

Simuleringer
af fysiske systemer
23 November 2022 DTU Energy 1
Modeling physical systems

Why is this important?
Fundamental
scientific insight
Shorter path to key
developments

An actual scientific example
A bed filled with hot rock, for storage heat
Experiment: Model:

P2X technology

Abacus
Softwares
Newton
Comsol

Code-your-own

What we could do today
• Harmonisk oscillator – fjeder
• Satellitbevægelse
• Frit fald med luftmodstand
• Det skrå kast
• Gammel eksamensopgave

What we will do today
• Harmonisk oscillator – fjeder
• Satellitbevægelse
• Frit fald med luftmodstand
• Det skrå kast
• Gammel eksamensopgave

Forudsætninger
• I kender til programmering
– I ved hvad en løkke er
– I har prøvet at bruge Maple
– I ved hvordan man opskriver en

ordinær differentialligning

Topic 1 – free fall

The simple stuff

What if we add air resistance

The equation – ODE from Newtons 2nd law
2
𝑑 𝑥 2
𝑚 2 = −𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣
𝑑𝑡

Solving an ODE in Maple
• We need to reformulate the equation as two ODEs
𝑑𝑣(𝑡) 2
𝑚 = −𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥(𝑡)
= 𝑣(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
ode := m*diff(v(t), t) = -m*g - k*v(t)^2, diff(y(t), t) = v(t);

2
Quiz 𝑑 𝑥
𝑚 2 = −𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣 2
What sign should the constant k have in
the equation for air resistance if we throw
𝑑𝑡
a ball directly upwards and have x positive
upwards?
The sign of k should be
A. positive, +k
B. negative, -k
C. depends on the direction of movement, ±k
D. it does not matter what sign k has

2
Quiz 𝑑 𝑥
𝑚 2 = −𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣 2
What sign should the constant k have in
the equation for air resistance if we throw
𝑑𝑡
a ball directly upwards and have x positive
upwards?
The sign of k should be
A. positive, +k
B. negative, -k
C. depends on the direction of movement, ±k
D. it does not matter what sign k has

Frit fald med luftmodstand
For at få luftmodstanden til at pege den rigtige vej ganges der med en piecewise funktion. Hvis
hastigheden er negativ er funktionen 1 ellers er den -1.
Vores differentialligning er:

ode := m*diff(v(t), t) = -m*g - k*piecewise(0 < v(t), 1, -1)*v(t)^2, diff(y(t), t) = v(t);
Startbetingelser:
init := y(0) = 20, v(0) = 0.;
m := 0.2;
g := 9.82;
sol := dsolve({init, ode}, numeric, output = listprocedure, parameters = [k]);
y := eval(y(t), sol);
v := eval(v(t), sol);

En bold tabes fra 20 meters højde og rammer jorden 2.5 s senere.
Hvad er luftmodstandskofficienten, 𝑘, hvis modstandskraften er
𝑘𝑣 2 ?
Vi undersøger hvad der sker hvis der ikke er luftmodstand.

k := 0.;
sol(parameters = [k]);
plot(y(t), t = 0 .. 3);

Nu tilføjer vi luftmodstand ved at sætte 𝑘 = 0.1.
k := 0.1;
plot(y(t), t = 0 .. 3);
Når partiklen terminalhastighed?
Det var for meget luftmodstand så vi reducerer 𝑘.

k := 0.02;
plot(y(t), t = 0 .. 3);
Der er stadig for meget luftmodstand så vi reducerer 𝑘.
k := 0.01;
plot(y(t), t = 0 .. 3);
Det er lidt for meget men nu kender vi et interval hvor 𝑘 ligger.

Vi undersøger værdier i intervallet fra 0.01 til 0.02.
for k from 0.01 by 0.001 to 0.02 do
T := fsolve(y(t) = 0, t = 2.5);
print(k, T);
end do
Vi indsnævrer til intervallet fra 0.013 og 0.014.

for k from 0.013 by 0.0001 to 0.0140 do
T := fsolve(y(t) = 0, t = 2.5);
print(k, T);
end do

Vi prøver midtpunktet.
k := 0.01385;
plot(y(t), t = 0 .. 3);
Det passer meget godt.
Vi beregner højden efter de 2.5 sekunder.
y(2.5);
0.00691214787053501

Another approach
While-loop and interpolation
1. Pick a small value of k
2. Solve the ODE and calculate y(2.5)
3. Pick a large value of k
4. Solve the ODE and calculate y(2.5)
5. Use the bisection method to find the

value of k for which y(2.5) = 0.

Det skrå kast

Det skrå kast
23 November 2022 DTU Energy

Skråt kast – visualisering
• Lets start with the equations we know Plot af x og y positionerne som
funktion af tiden
x(t)
restart;
with(plots);
v0 := 10.5;
theta := 30.0*Pi/180; y(t)
g := 9.81;
plot([v0*cos(theta)*t, v0*sin(theta)*t - 1/2*g*t^2],
t = 0 .. 1.1, gridlines = true);

A more well-known visualilzation
restart;
with(plots);
v0 := 10.5;
theta := 30.0*Pi/180;
g := 9.81;
plot([v0*cos(theta)*t, v0*sin(theta)*t - 1/2*g*t^2,
t = 0 .. 1.1], 0 .. 10, 0 .. 1.5, gridlines = true); y(t)
Vi benytter et parametriseret plot af typen

[x(t),y(t),t=0..1.1] der viser kasteparablen.
x(t)

Playing with the angle parameter
restart;
with(plots);
L := {};
v0 := 19.5;
g := 9.82;
for theta from 1.0 by 2.0 to 45.0 do
L := {op(L), plot([v0*cos(theta*Pi/180)*t,
v0*sin(theta*Pi/180)*t - 1/2*g*t^2, t = 0 .. 4],
x = 0 .. 40, y = 0 .. 10)};
end do;
display(L);

Playing with the v0 parameter
restart;
with(plots);
L := {};
theta := 32;
g := 9.82;
for v0 from 1.0 by 2.0 to 30.0 do
L := {op(L), plot([v0*cos(theta*Pi/180)*t,
v0*sin(theta*Pi/180)*t - 1/2*g*t^2, t = 0 .. 4],
x = 0 .. 80, y = 0 .. 12)};
end do;
display(L);

Adding air resistance
OBS: Husk IKKE at benytte “D”,
1 som drag koefficient i Maple –
𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝐷𝑣 2 , 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 𝐷 = 𝜌𝐴𝑐
2 da “D” er den differentiale
operator i Maple
𝐴 er tværsnitsarealet
𝜌 er densiteten af luften
𝑐 en form faktor (drag coefficient)
Our four equations:

𝑑𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 = −𝐷𝑣𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑚 = −𝑚𝑔 − 𝐷𝑣𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Standard values
restart;
with(plots);
g := 9.82;
v := 15.0;
m := 0.25;
t0 := 0;

ode := m*diff(vx(t), t) = -c*vx(t)*sqrt(vx(t)^2 + vy(t)^2), m*diff(vy(t), t) = -m*g - c*vy(t)*sqrt(vx(t)^2 + vy(t)^2), Our four equations:
diff(x(t), t) = vx(t), diff(y(t), t) = vy(t);
𝑑𝑣𝑥
init := x(0) = 0., y(0) = 0., vx(0) = v*cos(theta), vy(0) = v*sin(theta); 𝑚 = −𝐷𝑣𝑣𝑥
sol := dsolve({init, ode}, numeric, output = listprocedure, parameters = [c, theta]); 𝑑𝑡
x := eval(x(t), sol); 𝑑𝑣𝑦
𝑚 = −𝑚𝑔 − 𝐷𝑣𝑣𝑦
𝑑𝑡
c := 0.;
P := {}; 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣1
for theta from 1.0 by 3.0 to 45.0 do 𝑑𝑡
sol(parameters = [c, theta*Pi/180.0]);
P := {op(P), plot([x(t), y(t), t = 0 .. 3.6], x = -5 .. 25, y = 0 .. 6)};
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑣2
end do; 𝑑𝑡
display(P);
NULL;
c := 0.01;
P := {};
for theta from 1.0 by 3.0 to 45.0 do
sol(parameters = [c, theta*Pi/180.0]);
P := {op(P), plot([x(t), y(t), t = 0 .. 3.6], x = -5 .. 25, y = 0 .. 6)};
end do;
display(P);

c=0 c = 0.01

Varying the air resistance
ode := m*diff(vx(t), t) = -c*vx(t)*sqrt(vx(t)^2 + vy(t)^2),
m*diff(vy(t), t) = -m*g - c*vy(t)*sqrt(vx(t)^2 + vy(t)^2), diff(x(t), t)
= vx(t), diff(y(t), t) = vy(t);
init := x(0) = 0., y(0) = 0., vx(0) = v*cos(theta), vy(0) =
v*sin(theta);
sol := dsolve({init, ode}, numeric, output = listprocedure, parameters
= [c]);
x := eval(x(t), sol);
P := {};
for c from 0. by 0.005 to 0.1 do
sol(parameters = [c]);
P := {op(P), plot([x(t), y(t), t = 0 .. 1.6], x = 0 .. 20, y = 0 .. 3)};
end do;
display(P);

Gammel eksamensopgave

Implement the ODE
Maple
restart;
with(plots);
ode := m*diff(x(t), t, t) + gamma__0*diff(x(t), t) + k__1*x(t) + k__2*x(t)^3 = 0;

Initial conditions
Maple
init := x(0) = 0.10, D(x)(0) = 0.;
m := 0.200;
gamma__0 := 0.100;
k__1 := 20.0;
k__2 := 10.0;

Solving the ODE
sol := dsolve({init, ode}, numeric, output =

listprocedure);
v := eval(diff(x(t), t), sol);
plot(v(t), t = 0 .. 1.0, labels = [typeset('t', " (s)"),
typeset('v', " (m/s)")], labelfont = ["ROMAN", 15]);

Trying a new time interval


Trying again…


Eye-balling the interval
display(plot(v(t), t = 8.5 .. 9.5), plot(0.1, 8.5 .. 9.5,

linestyle = dash), plot(-0.1, 8.5 .. 9.5, linestyle = dash),
labels = [typeset('t', " (s)"), typeset('v', " (m/s)")],
labelfont = ["ROMAN", 15]);

The solution
T := fsolve(v(t) = -0.1, t = 9.0);

v(T);
T := 8.986121772
v(T);
-0.0999999998494076
display(plot(v(t), t = 8.5 .. 9.5), plot(0.1, 8.5 ..

9.5, linestyle = dash), plot(-0.1, 8.5 .. 9.5,
linestyle = dash), plot([[T, -0.1], [T, 0.1]]), labels
= [typeset('t', " (s)"), typeset('v', " (m/s)")],
labelfont = ["ROMAN", 15]);

The whole thing
restart;
with(plots);
ode := m*diff(x(t), t, t) + gamma__0*diff(x(t), t) + k__1*x(t) + k__2*x(t)^3 = 0;
init := x(0) = 0.10, D(x)(0) = 0.;
m := 0.200;
gamma__0 := 0.100;
k__1 := 20.0;
k__2 := 10.0;
sol := dsolve({init, ode}, numeric, output = listprocedure);
v := eval(diff(x(t), t), sol);
plot(v(t), t = 0 .. 1.0, labels = [typeset('t', " (s)"), typeset('v', " (m/s)")], labelfont = ["ROMAN", 15]);
display(plot(v(t), t = 8.5 .. 9.5), plot(0.1, 8.5 .. 9.5, linestyle = dash), plot(-0.1, 8.5 .. 9.5, linestyle = dash), labels = [typeset('t', " (s)"),
T := fsolve(v(t) = -0.1, t = 9.0);
v(T);
display(plot(v(t), t = 8.5 .. 9.5), plot(0.1, 8.5 .. 9.5, linestyle = dash), plot(-0.1, 8.5 .. 9.5, linestyle = dash), plot([[T, -0.1], [T, 0.1]]), labels =
[typeset('t', " (s)"), typeset('v', " (m/s)")], labelfont = ["ROMAN", 15]);

Tak for i dag
Nu er der regneøvelser

Kapitel 9
Rotation
1 February 2023 DTU Energy 1
Alting roterer

Rotationsretning

Sammenligning af linær og roterende bevægelse

Hastighed for roterende legemer

Acceleration i roterende legemer

Energi i rotation

Inertimoment illustration

Inertimomenter

Opg 9.45
Flywheel / Svinghjul

Forskning

Opg 9.47
10.0
3.30
Note that my masses are slightly different from those in the book
Opg 9.78

Betydningen af inertimomentet

Parallel-akse teoremet

Kapitel 10-1
Rotation og dynamik
Kræfter på et roterende objekt

Kraftmoment

Opgave 10.3
24.0 15.8
15.5

N2 for rotation
Impulsmomentsætningen

Python implementation
𝑑2 𝜃 1
2
− ෍𝜏 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝐼
• The strategy to solve a second-order differential equation using odeint() is to write the
equation as a system of two first-order equations.
𝑑𝑥[1] 1 𝑑𝜃
= ෍𝜏 = 𝑥[1]
𝑑𝑡 𝐼 𝑑𝑡
def theta_derivatives(x, t):

return [x[1], (1/I)*(tau)]
position, velocity = odeint(theta_derivatives, [x0, v0], time).T

Opgave 10.16
2.10
0.560

Kinetisk energi

Hastighed under rotation

Opgave 10.29
4.80
6.44

Opgave 10.30

Arbejde under rotation

10024 - Fysik 1 - 2023
Impulsmoment
Rotende legemer har en særlig stivhed og
reagerer forbavsende på ydre kræfter
Kraft vs. kraftmoment
• Which of the three equal-magnitude forces in the figure is
most likely to loosen the bolt?
Archimedes:
Giv mig et fast punkt, så kan jeg flytte jorden
Kraft
moment
Angular Momentum (1 of 3)
• To find the total angular
momentum of a rigid body
rotating with angular speed
ω, first consider a thin slice
of the object.
• Each particle in the slice
with mass mi has angular
momentum:
Li = mi ri 2w
Krydsprodukter,
A=B⇥C:
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Ax = B y C z Bz C y
Ay = B z C x
Az = B x C y
Bx C z
By C x
hastigheder og
For en “partikel” i et stift legeme er v = ! ⇥ r impulsmomenter for et
hvor ! er en vektor, der peger langs aksen
Hvis denne akse er z aksen har vi
stift legeme, der roterer
0
0
1
! = @ 0 A og r = @
0
x
1 0
!y
y A så v = @ !x A
1
om en akse.
! z 0
og partiklen drejer rundt i xy-planen, som den skal. Impulsmomentet er
0 1 0 1
zx zx
L = mr ⇥ v = m! @ zy A = m! @ zy A ,
x2 + y 2 2
r?
hvor r? er afstanden ind til aksen.
Her har impulsmomentet komponenter i alle tre retninger, men hvis legemet er axialsymmetrisk
er der også et punkt, hvor x ! x, y ! y med samme masse, så når impulsmomenterne
for sådanne to punkter lægges sammen, forsvinder komponenterne i xy-planen og
X
2
L = I!, hvor I = mi r ? hvor ! og L peger i samme retning og I er inertimomentet.
i
• For a rigid body rotating around an axis of symmetry, the
angular momentum is:
• For any system of particles, the rate of change of the total

angular momentum equals the sum of the torques of all
forces acting on all the particles:
• The angular momentum of a rigid body rotating about a
symmetry axis is parallel to the angular velocity and is
given by L! = I!w.
Why Only External Torques Affect a Rigid Body's
Rotation
• Any two particles in the object exert equal and opposite
forces on each other.
Den tidslige ændring af impulsmomentet for et roterende
legeme kommer fra de ydre kraftmomenter lige som
ændringen i impuls kommer fra de ydre kræfter.
dL
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y
=⌧
dt
Et roterende legeme uden ydre
kraftmomenter har konstant impulsmoment
Impulsmomentbevarelse
har katte lært at leve med!
• A falling cat twists different parts of its body in different
directions so that it lands feet first. At all times during this
process the angular momentum of the cat as a whole remains
zero.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGusK69XVlk
Nok ikke helt et eksempel på et stift legeme...
En stærk person til at sidde i en stol
Impulsmoment-bevarelse VORES spørgsmål: Hvad sker der når personen trækker armene ind?
Eksamen, Fysik 1 10916, 2019:
Hvad bliver den nye rotationshastighed?

Hvad er den kinetiske energi før og efter?
Analyser:
Ingen ydre kræfter virker => impulsmomentet er bevaret, Lfør = Lefter
Vi ved at L = I , og vi kender 1 (2 rad/s) og kan beregne Ifør og Iefter
28
Roterende stol
L = I1 !1 = I2 !2
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I1 = Istol + Iperson + 2Mlod R2

I2 = Istol + Iperson + 2Mlod r2
hvor R > r og
I1
! 2 = ! 1 > !1
I2
bemærk at den kinetiske energi også vokser:
(1) 1
Ek = I1 !12
2
(2) 1
Ek = I2 !22
2
(2)
E I1
så k(1) = >1
E I 2
k
Rulning ned ad et skråplan: de samlede
bevægelsesligninger
y m ẍCM = m a = m g sin ✓
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Ff
m ÿCM = 0 = m g cos ✓ N
mR!˙ = mR↵ = Ff R
R (kraftmomentligning med positiv omløbsretning med uret)
vCM = R! ! a = R!˙ = R↵ (ruller uden at glide)
Hvis vi skriver I = c m R2 får vi
g sin ✓
x a =
1+c
så rulning er langsommere end hvis den gled ned uden
friktion, og den med det mindste c kommer først
✓
Det viste vores konkurrence også!

At rulle uden at glide
• The motion of a rolling wheel is the sum of the translational
motion of the center of mass plus the rotational motion of the
wheel around the center of mass.
• The condition for rolling without slipping is
v cm = Rw.
Kraftmoment-eksempel: En YoYo Quizz F
En Yo-Yo placeres på en horisontal
flade som vist. Der er tilstrækkelig
gnidning til at sikre at Yo-Yo’en
ruller uden at glide. Hvis snoren
trækkes med en kraft F opad vil:
A. Yo-Yo’en ruller til højre.
ü B. Yo-Yo’en ruller til venstre.
C. Yo-Yo’en glider på overfladen
D. Svaret afhænger af, hvor stor trækkraften F er i forhold til

gnidningskraften.
E. Ved Ikke
19
Kraftmoment-eksempel: En YoYo Quizz
En Yo-Yo placeres på en horisontal
flade som vist. Der er tilstrækkelig
gnidning til at sikre at Yo-Yo’en ruller F
uden at glide. Hvis snoren trækkes
med en kraft F mod højre vil:
ü A. Yo-Yo’en ruller til højre.

B. Yo-Yo’en ruller til venstre.
C. Yo-Yo’en glider på overfladen
gnidningskraften.
E. Ved ikke
20
Kraftmoment-eksempel: En YoYo Quizz
F
En Yo-Yo placeres på en horisontal flade
som vist. Der er tilstrækkelig gnidning til
at sikre at Yo-Yo’en ruller uden at glide.
Hvis snoren trækkes med en kraft F ~45
grader opad mod højre vil:
A. Yo-Yo’en ruller til højre.

B. Yo-Yo’en ruller til venstre.
ü C. Yo-Yo’en glider på overfladen

gnidningskraften.
E. Ved ikke
21
Yo-Yo Quizz
Find kraftmoment omkring berøringspunktet O på underlaget:
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✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
0 cos ✓ r cos ✓
OP = +r =
R sin ✓ R r sin ✓
✓ ◆
sin ✓
F=F
cos ✓
✓ r
r cos ✓ sin ✓
⌧O = (OP ⇥ F)z = F
R r sin ✓ cos ✓
P = r(cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓) R sin ✓ = r R sin ✓
R r
Så med ✓0 = sin 1 får vi :
R
✓ > ✓0 giver negativt kraftmoment og rotation med uret
O
✓ < ✓0 giver positivt kraftmoment and rotation mod uret
Tilbage til Atwoods maskine
Regne-eksempel, the Atwood Machine revisited
Planlægning og Udførelse:
−T1 + m1g = m1a
Opskriv Newton’s 2. lov for delsystemerne:
T2 − m2 g = m2 ga
Opskriv det resulterende kraftmoment for trissen (Engelsk: ”pulley”)

τ = τ1 − τ 2 = RT1 − RT2 = R(T1 −T2 )
Geometrisk bånd mellem rebets bevægelse of trissens rotation: a = a/R

⎛1 ⎞⎛ ⎞ 1
2 ⎟⎜ a ⎟
For trissens vinkelacceleration gælder dermed ⎜
τ = Iα = ⎜ mp R ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎟ = mp aR
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠⎜⎝ R ⎟⎠ 2
1 1
Denne kan kombineres med udtrykket for kraftmoment ovenfor: R(T1 −T2 ) = mp aR ⇒ T1 −T2 = mp a
2 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
m1g − m2 g = ⎜⎜ m1 + m2 + mp ⎟⎟⎟ a ⇒
⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
Resultatet fra Newton’s 2. lov indsættes: m1 − m2
a= g Kontrol: ?
1
m1 + m2 + mp 24
2
Cykelhjul og gyroskop: hvorfor vælter cyklen ikke når
man kører ?
Et gyroskop, der står stille
Et roterende gyroskop
Næste gang: Ligevægt og Gravitation!
10024 - Fysik 1 - 2023
Ligevægt - Gravitation
Betingelser for ligevægt
Først, hvad kalder vi for ligevægt?
Ligevægt er når et legeme ikke har nogen acceleration eller vinkel-acceleration i forhold til et givent koordinatsystem
Første betingelse for ligevægt:

Summen af alle kræfter er nul, SF = 0
SFx = 0 SFy = 0 SFz = 0
Anden betingelse for ligevægt:

Summen af alle kraftmomenter om ethvert punkt er lig nul
St = 0
2
Betingelser for ligevægt
Første betingelse for ligevægt:

Summen af alle kræfter er nul, SF = 0
SFx = 0 SFy = 0 SFz = 0
Anden betingelse for ligevægt:

Summen af alle kraftmomenter om ethvert punkt er lig nul
St = 0
3
Quiz-time!
Daniel and Jonathan are playing on the seesaw in the park. The 6-m
long uniform board is hinged at its midpoint. If Daniel and Jonathan
weigh 30 and 20 kg and sit at distances of 2 and 3 m, respectively,
from the fulcrum, calculate where their mother (mass = 60 kg) has to
sit on the other side of the fulcrum for static equilibrium.
Fulcrum = omdrejningspunkt
A. 2.5 m
B. 1.5 m
C. 1.0 m
D. 2.0 m St = 0
E. None of the above
! 𝜏! = 𝐹" 𝑟" + 𝐹# 𝑟# + …
!
Quiz-time!
Daniel and Jonathan are playing on the seesaw in the park. The 6-m
long uniform board is hinged at its midpoint. If Daniel and Jonathan
weigh 30 and 20 kg and sit at distances of 2 and 3 m, respectively,
from the fulcrum, calculate where their mother (mass = 60 kg) has to
sit on the other side of the fulcrum for static equilibrium.
A. 2.5 m
B. 1.5 m
C. 1.0 m
D. 2.0 m
St = 0
E. None of the above
! 𝜏! = 𝑚" 𝑟" + 𝑚# 𝑟# + …
!
Center of Gravity
Et nødvendigt spørgsmål: I hvilket punkt angriber tyngdekraften?
-Dette punkt kalder vi “Centre of Gravity”, cg
For at finde ud af det , bruger vi det “sædvanlige” trick med at

dele legemet op i bittesmå stumper og så tage en sum:
𝜏⃗! = $ 𝑟⃗" ×𝐹⃗ = $ 𝑟⃗" ×𝑚" 𝑔⃗

" "
∑" 𝑚" 𝑟⃗"

𝜏⃗! = ×𝑀 𝑔⃗
𝑀
∑# 𝑚# 𝑟⃗# ∑ 𝑚# 𝑟⃗#
Det første led kan vi nu genkende som massemidtpunktet, rCM! 𝑟⃗!" = = #
∑# 𝑚# 𝑀
Dermed kan vi skrive det samlede kraftmoment fra tyngdekraften som 𝜏⃗! = 𝑟⃗"# ×𝑀𝑔⃗ = 𝑟⃗"# ×𝑀𝑔⃗
Det samlede kraftmoment fra tyngdekraften på et legeme kan altså beregnes
som hvis hele legemets masse var koncentreret i massemidtpunktet
6
CoG og “Area of Support”
Det samlede kraftmoment fra tyngdekraften på et legeme kan altså beregnes
som hvis hele legemets masse var koncentreret i massemidtpunktet
𝜏⃗! = 𝑟⃗"# ×𝑀𝑔⃗ = 𝑟⃗"# ×𝑀𝑔⃗
Lærebogen beskriver, at hvis CoG er indenfor ”støttefladen”, så vælter et givent legeme ikke
MEN, hvorfor er det sådan?

7
CoG og “Area of Support”
Hvorfor vælter objekter ikke, hvis
CoG er indenfor støttefladen?
r
r
t=r×F t=r×F
Fg
Fg
8
Den tidslige ændring af impulsmomentet for et roterende
legeme kommer fra de ydre kraftmomenter lige som
ændringen i impuls kommer fra de ydre kræfter.
dL
<latexit sha1_base64="73Nu2ZT05H3i2aDBGa9S6rTdwkM=">AAACBnicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqEsRBovgqiSi6EYounHhooJ9QBPLZDJph04ezNwIJWTlxl9x40IRt36DO//GaZuFth64cDjnXu69x0sEV2BZ30ZpYXFpeaW8Wllb39jcMrd3WipOJWVNGotYdjyimOARawIHwTqJZCT0BGt7w6ux335gUvE4uoNRwtyQ9CMecEpASz1z3wkkoZmPM8cL8E2eZz7k+AI7QNL7Uc+sWjVrAjxP7IJUUYFGz/xy/JimIYuACqJU17YScDMigVPB8oqTKpYQOiR91tU0IiFTbjZ5I8eHWvFxEEtdEeCJ+nsiI6FSo9DTnSGBgZr1xuJ/XjeF4NzNeJSkwCI6XRSkAkOMx5lgn0tGQYw0IVRyfSumA6JzAZ1cRYdgz748T1rHNfu0Zt2eVOuXRRxltIcO0BGy0Rmqo2vUQE1E0SN6Rq/ozXgyXox342PaWjKKmV30B8bnD6PhmJc=</latexit>
y
=⌧
dt
Et roterende legeme uden ydre
kraftmomenter har konstant impulsmoment
Stjerne, der falder sammen
1
1
<latexit sha1_base64="n6zSWL+JeCtUC8LJOWooC6oU71E=">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</latexit>
2
R 2 = R1
2
M2 = M1
! 2 = A !1
A =?
Stjerne, der falder sammen
L = I! er konstant
<latexit sha1_base64="7ztJpXxOg4SqCGtvMDdpoKJIJ0U=">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</latexit>
2
I⇠R
1
I2 = I1 ) !2 = 4!1
4
Impulsmomentbevarelse i 969 år
Stjernetågen Krabben (Crab Nebula) er en glødende gassky,
der er ca. 10 lysår i diameter, ca. 6500 lysår fra Jorden skabt
ved en supernova eksposion i 1054 observeret af Kinesiske
astronomer.
Lyset menes at komme fra en roterende neutronstjerne inde

i midten.
Den lille neutronstjerne er kun ca. 20 km i diameter, men

vejer ca. 1.4 solmasser og roterer ca. 30 omgange i
sekundet. På grund af dens stærke magnetfelt udsender den
ca. 100.000 gange solens udstråling ved at
rotationsfrekvensen ganske langsomt falder (se op. 9.86) –
fra ca. 50 omgange i sekundet i 1054.
Neutronstjerne: tyngdekraften er stærk!
e
He atom
10−10 m
p
n
10−15 m
Protoner og elektroner trykkes sammen til neutroner

Newton's Law of Gravitation
• Law of gravitation: Every particle of matter attracts every other
particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product
of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them:
• The gravitational constant G is a fundamental physical constant that has the same value for any two
particles.
•
G = 6.67 ´ 10 -11N × m2 /kg2 .

Afstandskvadratloven er noget særligt! – her for
ladninger
• Feltlinier fra punktmasse

udstråler fra den
• Antallet er det samme
uanset hvilken
regnskabsflade vi vælger
(her kugleflader)
Gravitation and Spherically Symmetric Objects
• The gravitational effect outside any
spherically symmetric mass
distribution is the same as though all
of the mass were concentrated at its
center.
• The force Fg attracting m1 and m2 on
the left is equal to the force Fg
attracting the two point particles m1
and m2 on the right, which have the
same masses and whose centers are
separated by the same distance.
Det viser vi senere...

Gravitational Attraction
• Our solar system is part of a
spiral galaxy like this one, which
contains roughly 1011
stars as well as gas, dust, and
other matter.
• The entire assemblage is held
together by the mutual
gravitational attraction of all the
matter in the galaxy.
Weight
• The weight of an object is the total gravitational force
exerted on it by all other objects in the universe.
• At the surface of the earth, we can neglect all other
gravitational forces, so an object’s weight is:
• The acceleration due to gravity at the earth’s surface is:

Gravitationel Potentiel Energi (Potential)
GmME
<latexit sha1_base64="zWvSBrBoUmI+K2Y0RQFm0cYT4Sc=">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</latexit>
U (r) = (potentiel energi)

r
Ved bevægelse omkring jorden er den totale energi
1 2
E = mv + U (r) konstant
2
The Motion of Satellites
• The trajectory of a
projectile fired from a
great height (ignoring air
resistance) depends on its
initial speed.
<latexit sha1_base64="Y+ure5XOy7gOu2KkcrAxb+29RLc=">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</latexit>
r
mv 2 mME GME
= G 2 ) vorbit =
r r r
1 2 mME 1 mME
Eorbit = mv G = G
2 r 2 r
Tyngdekraft på andre planeter
1 M
<latexit sha1_base64="mAIy0e334Mo407IZwxt6RYjcd7A=">AAACCnicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdelmtAiuSlIU3RSKgroRqtgHtDFMppN06GQSZiZCCVm78VfcuFDErV/gzr9x2mahrQcuHM65l3vv8WJGpbKsb2NufmFxabmwUlxdW9/YNLe2mzJKBCYNHLFItD0kCaOcNBRVjLRjQVDoMdLyBucjv/VAhKQRv1PDmDghCjj1KUZKS665F1S7vkA4tbM0zC7cAFbh5US5ztLb+0rmmiWrbI0BZ4mdkxLIUXfNr24vwklIuMIMSdmxrVg5KRKKYkayYjeRJEZ4gALS0ZSjkEgnHb+SwQOt9KAfCV1cwbH6eyJFoZTD0NOdIVJ9Oe2NxP+8TqL8UyelPE4U4XiyyE8YVBEc5QJ7VBCs2FAThAXVt0LcRzoHpdMr6hDs6ZdnSbNSto/L1s1RqXaWx1EAu2AfHAIbnIAauAJ10AAYPIJn8ArejCfjxXg3Piatc0Y+swP+wPj8AVhJmgo=</latexit>
g = Fg = G 2
m R
Quiz-time!
Suppose a planet exists that has half the mass of earth and half its
radius. On the surface of that planet, the acceleration due to
gravity is
A. twice that on Earth.

B. the same as that on Earth.
C. half that on Earth.
D. one-fourth that on Earth.
E. none of these.
11
Quiz-time!
Suppose a planet exists that has half the mass of earth and half its
radius. On the surface of that planet, the acceleration due to
gravity is
A. twice that on Earth.

B. the same as that on Earth.
C. half that on Earth.
D. one-fourth that on Earth.
E. none of these.
11
Distance from the Sun to planets in astronomical units (au):
Planet Distance from Sun (au)
Mercury 0.39
Venus 0.72
Earth 1
Mars 1.52
Jupiter 5.2
Distances, sizes and

Saturn 9.54
masses in the solar system

Uranus 19.2
Neptune 30.06
Diameter of planets and their distance from the Sun in kilometers (km):
Planet Diameter (km) Distance from Sun (km)
Sun 1,391,400 -
Mercury 4,879 57,900,000
Venus 12,104 108,200,000
Earth 12,756 149,600,000

Rank Name Mass (kg)
Mars 6,792 227,900,000
1 Sun 1.9891 x 1030
Jupiter 142,984 778,600,000
2 Jupiter 1.8986 x 1027
Saturn 120,536 1,433,500,000
3 Saturn 5.6846 x 1026
Uranus 51,118 2,872,500,000
4 Neptune 10.243 x 1025
Neptune 49,528 4,495,100,000
5 Uranus 8.6810 x 1025
6 Earth 5.9736 x 1024
7 Venus 4.8685 x 1024
8 Mars 6.4185 x 1023
2 3
<latexit sha1_base64="p8ygGLD3oVbR+CBcRohVrhSJdXs=">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</latexit>
11 N m m
Reference Guide | Solar System Sizes and Distances 9 Mercury 3.3022 x 1023
11
G = 6.67 ⇥ 10 2 = 6.67 ⇥ 10 10 Moon 7.349 x 1022
kg s2 kg 11 Pluto 1.25 x 1022
Source: NASA
Keplers love
1. Planeterne bevæger sig i ellipsebaner rundt om solen
med solen i det ene brændpunkt
2. På lige store tide “afskærer” planetbanerne

lige store arealer
R3
<latexit sha1_base64="oBN1+J3bp1zYETvcIqYQ3M1PuP0=">AAACEHicbVC7SgNBFJ31GeMramkzGEQLCbuJoo0QtLGMkhfkxexkNhkyO7vM3BXDsp9g46/YWChia2nn3zh5FJp4LhcO59zLzD1uKLgG2/62FhaXlldWU2vp9Y3Nre3Mzm5VB5GirEIDEai6SzQTXLIKcBCsHipGfFewmju4Hvm1e6Y0D2QZhiFr+aQnuccpASN1MkeFHG6ejMtThMZ37UISl9v5BF/iJrAHiAeB1JB0Mlk7Z4+B54kzJVk0RamT+Wp2Axr5TAIVROuGY4fQiokCTgVL0s1Is5DQAemxhqGS+Ey34vFBCT40Shd7gTItAY/V3xsx8bUe+q6Z9An09aw3Ev/zGhF4F62YyzACJunkIS8SGAI8Sgd3uWIUxNAQQhU3f8W0T0wwYDJMmxCc2ZPnSTWfc85y9u1ptng1jSOF9tEBOkYOOkdFdINKqIIoekTP6BW9WU/Wi/VufUxGF6zpzh76A+vzB54gm8I=</latexit>
3. 2 = konst
T
Keplers Første Lov
Keplers Anden Lov
<latexit sha1_base64="P8i5xi3DTjH8jGo9Au5yirqkPh0=">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</latexit>
✓ ◆
cos ✓(t)
r(t) = r(t)
sin ✓(t)
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
cos ✓(t) sin ✓(t)
v(t) = ṙ(t) = ṙ(t) + r(t)✓˙
sin ✓(t) cos ✓(t)
1 1 1
Ȧ = r(t)2 ✓˙ = |r ⇥ v| = |L|
2 2 2m
◆
✓
cos !t
r(t) = R
sin !t
✓ ◆
sin !t
v(t) = ṙ(t) = !R
cos !t
✓ ◆
cos !t
a(t) = r̈(t) = ! 2 R = ! 2 r(t)
sin !t
v = !R
v2 2
a=! R=
R
2⇡
T =
!
2⇡R
v=
T
2⇡v 4⇡ 2 R
a= =
T T2
28
Keplers 3. lov for cirkelbane
2
<latexit sha1_base64="/qM10uFhBE/YTRgYs8hz/H2zMsY=">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</latexit>
2 4⇡ R GM
a=! R= 2
= 2
T R
R3 GM
) 2 = 2
= konst
T 4⇡
Kepler's Third Law
• The periods of the planets are proportional to the three-halves
powers of the major axis lengths of their orbits.
2p a3 2
T = (elliptical orbit around the sun)
GmS
• Note that the period does not depend on the eccentricity e.
• An asteroid in an elongated elliptical orbit with semi-major axis
a will have the same orbital period as a planet in a circular orbit
of radius a.
Q13.12
A planet (P) is moving around the sun (S) in an

elliptical orbit. As the planet moves from aphelion
to perihelion, the planet’s angular momentum
A. increases at all times.

B. decreases at all times.
C. decreases during part of the motion and
increases during the other part.
D. increases, decreases, or remains the same during various parts of the motion.
E. remains the same at all points between aphelion and perihelion.
A13.12
A planet (P) is moving around the sun (S) in an

elliptical orbit. As the planet moves from aphelion
to perihelion, the planet’s angular momentum
A. increases at all times.

B. decreases at all times.
C. decreases during part of the motion and
increases during the other part.
D. increases, decreases, or remains the same during various parts of the motion.
E. remains the same at all points between aphelion and perihelion.
Planetary Motions and the Center of Mass
• We have assumed that
as a planet or comet
orbits the sun, the sun
remains absolutely
stationary.
• In fact, both the sun and
the planet orbit around
their common center of
mass.
Potential og kraft fra en homogen kugleskal
Mm
<latexit sha1_base64="5YQYAc03d3g5xho+FFASR5Z5Xns=">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</latexit>
U (r) = G for r > R

r
Mm
U (r) = G = konst. for r  R
R
Mm
<latexit sha1_base64="GoYAoWprhHiu+Qac++TslzapHc8=">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</latexit>
Fg (r) = G 2 r̂ for r > R

r R cos
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Fg (r) = 0 = konst. for r  R

Sorte Huller: undslippelsehastigheden når
lyshastigheden
• If a spherical nonrotating object has radius less than the
Schwarzschild radius, nothing can escape from it. r
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2GM
• Such an object is a black hole. ve =
R
• The surface of the sphere with radius RS surrounding a

black hole is called the event horizon.
• Since light can’t escape from within that sphere, we can’t
see events occurring inside.
Sorte Huller og Schwartzschild radius
Sorte huller
kan dannes
ved at to
neutronstjer
ner
kolliderer
Wikipedia
Næste gang: Fluids
Temadag om rotation
1 Marts 2023 DTU Energy 1

Opgave 1

Opgave 2
En person med massen 𝑚 springer fra en
forhøjning med vandret starthastighed, 𝑣0 .
Når personen (der i opgaven regnes for en
partikel) er faldet højden 𝐻 griber personen
fat i det nederste punkt på en tynd,
homogen, lodret hængende stang.
Efterfølgende er personen fastholdt for
enden af stangen.
Den lodrette stang har massen 𝑀 og

længden 𝑙. Stangen er fastgjort til en vandret
rotationsakse. Stangen kan rotere
friktionsløst omkring aksen. I figuren
nedenfor er vist både start- og slutsituation

Opgave 2

Kapitel 12
Fluids
States of matter
• Gas Compressible Fills container
Fluids
• Liquid Non-compressible Does not fills container
• Solid Can deform
• (Plasma)
And all the “exotic” states:

Glass Foams
Gel Granular matter
Pressure

Hydraulic

Archimedes' principle

Opgave 12.28
45.0

Opgave 12.19
91.0

Opgave 12.62

Types of flow
Laminart flow Turbulent flow

Continuity equation
Incompressible fluid
A1 v1 = A2 v2
Compressible fluid
1 A1 v1 =  2 A2 v2
08 Marts 2023 DTU Energy
Bernoullis equation

Wing of an airplane

Opgave 12.80
1.95
2.27

Kapitel 14
Oscillations
Mass on a spring

Force associated with spring

Illustrating the equation of motion
A spray can on a spring

Harmonic motion

Equations for simple harmonic motion

Motion, speed and acceleration

Vertical spring

Eksempel

Opg 14.66

Energy of a harmonic oscillator

Opg 14.32

Simple (mathematical) pendulum

Small angle approximation

Physical pendulum

Damped oscillations

Bungie jumping

A real world example

Bungie jumping

Chapter 17
Temperature, Heat, Calorimetry and Heat transfer

Temperature and thermal equilibrium
The temperature T is a quantity that can be measured, and it expresses the objects
ability to exchange heat with its surroundings,
0. law of thermodynamics
Temperatur and heat
• Temperature is a measure of the internal energy of a system
• Heat is transport of energy due to a temperature difference

Gasthermometers

Definition of the Kelvin scale
The triple point of water

It occurs at a temperature of 0.01 C and a water-vapor pressure of 610 Pa (about 0.006 atm).

Temperature Scales
• The formulas for converting between the various temperature scales are:

Temperature of various systems

Thermal expansion

Conceptual explanation

Example

Area and volume expansion
Δ𝐴 = 2𝛼𝐴0 Δ𝑇
Δ𝑉 = 3𝛼𝑉0 Δ𝑇 = 𝛽𝑉0 Δ𝑇

Water, a curious case

Exercises
Exercise
A rod of steel with a length of 𝐿0 = 1,0000 m and a cross-sectional area of
𝐴 = 5,00 × 10−4 m2 is fixated between two endpoints at a temperature of
0,00∘ C. The rod is now heated to 40,0∘ C. What is the stress in the rod?
Exercise
A lump of steel is heated by one degree, but is fixed so that it cant
expand. What pressure is necessary to keep the steel from expanding?

Heat
wherever mechanical force is expended, an exact

equivalent of heat is always obtained
— J.P. Joule, August, 1843
Heat capacity
The amount of heat that must

be added to change
temperature of a material

Exercise 17.39

Phase change and latent heat
When changing phase, heat must be added (or removed) to the system
without this causing a change in temperature.
This is called the latent heat, and is defined as:

𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿fusion
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐿vaporization

The latent heat of water
0.5 kg of water

Exercise 17.49

Conduction (Fourier's law)
𝑄 𝑇h − 𝑇c 𝐴
𝑃cond = = 𝑘𝐴 = 𝑇h − 𝑇c
𝑡 𝐿 𝑅
Thermal resistance:

Convection
• Transport of heat through movement of a fluid

Radiation Stefan-Boltzmanns law:
W
𝑃rad = 𝜎𝜖𝐴(𝑇∞4 −𝑇 4 ), −8
𝜎 = 5,67 × 10
m 2 K4

Exercise 17.57

Chapter 18
Thermal Properties of Matter

Ideal gas law

pV-diagrams and ideal gasses

Why are pV diagrams so complex?

Exercise 18.2
2.05
0.135 37.0

Kinetic theory of gasses
• Small molecules, all with mass m
• No interactions, point particles, elastic collisions with walls


1 2
K ave = mvrms
2
N
1
vrms =
N
 v
i =1
2
i

Exercise



Mean free path:
k BT
=
(
2 4r p2
)
Specific heat

Equipartition of energy

Exercise 18.58

Chapter 19
First law of thermodynamics
12 April 2023 DTU Energy 1

Gas doing work

Heat to work

Also heat to work or work to heat/cold

Work

Work in a pV-diagram

Work in different situations

Positive and negative work

A thermodynamic system and surroundings

The first law of thermodynamics
Δ𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
1. law of thermodynamics
Important concepts
The first law of thermodynamics only applies for a closed system!
Definition of a system:
• Open system: mass and energy can freely flow in and out
• Closed system: mass is conserved, but energy can freely flow in and out
• Isolated system: mass and energy cannot leave the system
Other important thermodynamic concepts

• Reservoir: A system that is so large that transferring heat to or from it does not change its
temperature

Thermodynamic processes
Description Name 1. law

Isolated system Adiabatic ΔU = −𝑊
Constant volume Isochoric ΔU = 𝑄
Constant pressure Isobaric ΔU = 𝑄 − 𝑝Δ𝑉
Constant temperature Isothermal Ideal gas -> ΔU = 0
Closed process ΔU = 0 ⇒ 𝑄 = 𝑊
Free expansion of gas ΔU = 0 (𝑊 = 𝑄 = 0)

Ideal gas law
Internal energy
Δ𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 Δ𝑇
Exercise 19.23
920
240

Adiabatic processes

Adiabatic process

Adiabatic process

Exercise 19.38

Chapter 20
Second law of thermodynamics

Exercise 19.38

Reversible processes

Non-reversibel (irreversibel) processes
A processes is irreversibel when:
• Heat is conducted from a hot to a cold body
• Heat is produced through friction
• Heat is transferred by radiation

Real engines

Heat engines

Another schematic representation
19 April 2023 DTU Energy

Another type of heat engine…?

Refrigerators

Efficiency a heat engine

Exercise 20.44
37

Real engines

p-V diagram for the gasoline engine

p-V diagram for the diesel engine

The Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle
pV-diagrams for Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines.

The efficiency depends on the compression ratio r.

“Refrigerator” cycle

The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Kelvin–Planck statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
It is impossible for a system to undergo a process in which it absorbs
heat from a thermal reservoir at a given temperature and converts
that heat completely to mechanical work without rejecting heat to a
thermal reservoir at a lower temperature.
No 100% efficient heat engine
Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

It is impossible for any process to transfer thermal energy from a
cooler thermal reservoir to a warmer thermal reservoir without any
work having been done to accomplish the transfer
Heat flows from hot to cold

Exam question - Spring 2016
Question 14.
A two-atomic ideal gas has in the initial state (state 1): Pressure 𝑝1 =
1.5 atm and volume 𝑉1 = 5.0 L. The gas contains 𝑛 = 0.33 mol.
The temperature of the gas in state 1 is:
A) −4℃
B) 23 K
C) 273 K
D) 277 K
E) Does not know

Question 15. (Continuation of the previous question)
The gas expands adiabatically to a state (state 2), where the pressure of
the gas is half of that in state 1. What is the volume and temperature of
the gas in state 2?
1 1−γ
A) V2 = V1 2 og T2 = T1 2
γ γ
B) V2 = 2V1 og T2 = T1
1
C) V2 = V1 og T2 = 2 T1
D) V2 = V1 2γ og T2 = T1 2 1−γ γ
E) V2 = 2V1 og T2 = 2T1
F) Does not know

The gas is now taken from state 2 to state 3 by an isochor process. In state
3 the pressure of the gas is the same as in state 1. Finally, the gas is taken
from state 3 back to state 1 by an isobaric process.
Heat is supplied to the gas and work done by the gas is taken as being
positive. What is the sign for the supplied heat to the gas and the work
done by the gas in the three processes (1 → 2, 2 → 3 and 3 → 1) ?
A) Q12 > 0, W12 > 0, Q23 > 0, W23 > 0, Q31 < 0, W31 < 0
B) Q12 < 0, W12 > 0, Q23 > 0, W23 = 0, Q31 > 0, W31 < 0
C) Q12 = 0, W12 > 0, Q23 > 0, W23 = 0, Q31 = 0, W31 < 0
D) Q12 = 0, W12 > 0, Q23 > 0, W23 = 0, Q31 < 0, W31 < 0
E) Does not know

Summary of today
Reversible process
Direction can be reversed to return the system to its original state by inducing
infinitesimal changes to the surroundings
Second law of thermodynamics


Chapter 20
Second law of thermodynamics and entropy

Evaluation
https://evaluering.dtu.dk

Work in a pV-diagram

The first law of thermodynamics
Δ𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

Ideal gas law
Internal energy
Δ𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 Δ𝑇
pV-diagrams and processes

Reversible processes
A processes is irreversibel when:
• Heat is conducted from a hot to a cold body
• Heat is produced through friction
• Heat is transferred by radiation

Heat engines

Efficiency a heat engine

April 21, 2023
The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kelvin–Planck statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
It is impossible for a system to undergo a process in which it absorbs
heat from a thermal reservoir at a given temperature and converts
that heat completely to mechanical work without rejecting heat to a
thermal reservoir at a lower temperature.
Clausius statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

It is impossible for any process to transfer thermal energy from a
cooler thermal reservoir to a warmer thermal reservoir without any
work having been done to accomplish the transfer

Carnot engine and p-V diagram

Carnot engine and p-V diagram

Carnot engine

A more efficient machine than Carnot?

2. Law – Entropy statement
Sunivers = S system + S environments  0

”comes time, comes mess”

Example
What is the change in entropy of boiling water?

Question 14.
A two-atomic ideal gas has in the initial state (state 1): Pressure 𝑝1 =
1.5 atm and volume 𝑉1 = 5.0 L. The gas contains 𝑛 = 0.33 mol.
The temperature of the gas in state 1 is:
A) −4℃
B) 23 K
C) 273 K
D) 277 K
E) Does not know

The gas expands adiabatically to a state (state 2), where the pressure of
the gas is half of that in state 1. What is the volume and temperature of
the gas in state 2?
𝟏 𝟏−𝛄
A) 𝐕𝟐 = 𝐕𝟏 𝟐 og 𝐓𝟐 = 𝐓𝟏 𝟐
𝛄 𝛄
B) V2 = 2V1 og T2 = T1
1
C) V2 = V1 og T2 = 2 T1
D) V2 = V1 2γ og T2 = T1 2 1−γ γ
E) V2 = 2V1 og T2 = 2T1
F) Does not know

The gas is now taken from state 2 to state 3 by an isochor process. In state
3 the pressure of the gas is the same as in state 1. Finally, the gas is taken
from state 3 back to state 1 by an isobaric process.
Heat is supplied to the gas and work done by the gas is taken as being
positive. What is the sign for the supplied heat to the gas and the work
done by the gas in the three processes (1 → 2, 2 → 3 and 3 → 1) ?
A) Q12 > 0, W12 > 0, Q23 > 0, W23 > 0, Q31 < 0, W31 < 0
B) Q12 < 0, W12 > 0, Q23 > 0, W23 = 0, Q31 > 0, W31 < 0
C) Q12 = 0, W12 > 0, Q23 > 0, W23 = 0, Q31 = 0, W31 < 0
D) 𝐐𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝐖𝟏𝟐 > 𝟎, 𝐐𝟐𝟑 > 𝟎, 𝐖𝟐𝟑 = 𝟎, 𝐐𝟑𝟏 < 𝟎, 𝐖𝟑𝟏 < 𝟎
E) Does not know

What is the change of the entropy of the gas, when it is taken from state 3
to state 1?
A) Δ𝑆31 = 𝑄31 /𝑇1
1
B) Δ𝑆31 = − 𝑛𝑐𝑝 ln2
𝛾
C) Δ𝑆31 = 𝑛𝑐𝑝 (1 − 2𝛾 )
D) Δ𝑆31 = −𝛾𝑛𝑐𝑝 ln2
E) Δ𝑆31=0
F) Does not know

Microscopic entropy
Number of microstates per macrostate

Fun with the 2. law
How much can we heat something with a lens?

Fun with the 2. law
• A lens does not concentrate light down to a point (unless the source itself is a point). It
concentrates the light down to an area.
• You cannot heat something to a temperature that is hotter than the surface of the source
of light!
But what if we have a ”smart” lens?

What about this?

Fun with the 2. law
Maxwells demon

So what if the demon stops early?
nce/2021/03/new-gambling-version-of-
So what if the demon stops early?

Fun with the 2. law
Brownian machine or Feynman-Smoluchowski machine

The ”easy” way to remember the laws of
thermodynamics
The American poet Allen Ginsberg:
• 0. There are rules to play by.
• 1. You can't win.
• 2. You can't break even.
• 3. You can't get out of the game.

Evaluation
https://evaluering.dtu.dk

Course review
2. Semester (mostly rotations)
3 May 2023 DTU Energy 1
Rotation

Definition of angle, angular velocity etc.

Comparison with linear and rotational movement

Remember!
𝜃 in degree
𝜃 in radians

Geometrical bounds

Moment of inertia - illustration

Moment of inertia

The importance of the moment of inertia

Kinetic energy

Torque + N2 for rotation

Old exam question, May 2018

Work during rotation

Angular moment

Angular momentum and torque

Old exam question (May 2019)

Fluids

Pressure

Continuity equation and Bernoullis equation
Incompressible fluid
A1 v1 = A2 v2
Bernoullis equation
3 May 2023 DTU Energy

Old exam question (May 2019)

Oscillations

Equations for simple harmonic motion

Energy of a harmonic oscillator

Simple and physical pendulum
3 May 2023 DTU Energy

Old exam question (August 2019)

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10024 - Fysik 1 - 2022

• Forelæsninger: onsdag kl. 8:00-10:00 i 306, aud. 35

Se Course Content/Content/ Table of Contents/2022/August

Anvende Newtons love, massemidtpunktssætningen og impulsmomentsætningen på simple mekaniske

Beregne en krafts arbejde og impuls og anvende arbejdssætningen på simple mekaniske systemer.

Formulere principperne om bevarelse af impuls, impulsmoment og mekanisk energi og anvende

Anvende kontinuitetsligningen og Bernoullis ligning på simple stationære strømninger.

Beregne termiske udvidelser og foretage kalorimetriske udregninger.

Genkende simple termodynamiske processer (isochore, isobare, isoterme og adiabatiske processer) og

Vurdere usikkerheder og anvende fejlophobningsloven samt visualisere og analyse af eksperimentelle data.

Hvor mange sandkorn N er der på Amager Strandpark?

Se Course Content/Content/ Table of Contents/2022/September

Grafen viser positionen x af en

Samme graf som tidligere. Ved

Du kaster en bold op i luften (op ad regnes som positiv retning).

A. Hastigheden er nul og accelerationen er nul.

a(t) – integrér direkte mht. tiden:

a(v) – separation (ombytning) af de variable:

a(x) – omskriv og foretag separation:

I dette tilfælde er der en bevarelseslov, nemlig, at

Se Course Content/Content/ Table of Contents/2022/September

a(t) – integrér direkte mht. tiden:

a(v) – separation (ombytning) af de variable:

a(x) – omskriv og foretag separation:

I dette tilfælde er der en bevarelseslov, nemlig, at

Hvad gennemgås ikke?

Antallet af cifre i bedste bud og usikkerhed

Derfor afrunder vi til to cifre når

𝛿𝑥 = 𝑠" usikkerhed på den enkelte måling

Hvad er mest rigtigt?

𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥!" + 𝛿𝑥"" + ⋯ + 𝛿𝑥#" + 𝛿𝑦!" + 𝛿𝑦"" + ⋯ + 𝛿𝑦$

Vælg parametrene så kvadratafvigelsen

RSS = . 𝑦& − 𝐴 − 𝐵𝑥& "

vP/E = 260 km/h

vP/E = 218 km/h

m r̈(t) = F(r(t), ṙ(t))

"That one body may act upon another at a distance

9 ´10 9 (1.6 ´10 -19 ) 2

Mulighed for at beskrive sammensatte legemers bevægelse

2. På lige store tide “afskærer” planetbanerne

a(t) – integrér direkte mht. tiden:

a(v) – separation (ombytning) af de variable:

a(x) – omskriv og foretag separation:

I dette tilfælde er der en bevarelseslov, nemlig, at

Anvendelser af Newtons love

m r̈(t) = F(r(t), ṙ(t))

Mulighed for at beskrive sammensatte legemers bevægelse

Bagudrettet i forhold til bevægelsen Kan være både bagudrettet og

Statisk gnidning Dynamisk (kinematisk) gnidning

Anvendelser af Newtons love

Statisk gnidning Dynamisk (kinematisk) gnidning

m x + m2 x2 + m3 x3 + ... åm x i i Eksempel H2O

Vi differentierer endnu én gang for at finde accelerationen af massemidtpunktet:

Fra Newtons anden lov ved vi at:

- 𝑚% 𝑎% = - 𝐹% = - 𝐹%,*+,-. + - 𝐹%,/,-. = - 𝐹%,/,-.

Newtons 2. lov for massemidtpunktet er:

Summen af kraftmomenterne er 0 i ligevægt

Epot = m1 gy1 + m2 gy2

Bevægelse i konstant tyngefelt:

mÿ = mg ) mẏ ÿ = ẏ( mg) Epot = m1 g y1 + m2 g y2

gulv (ru) 1.5 m

Et hul breder sig i en sæbefilm. Sekvensen varer 7.6 ms (John Bush)

p = m(t) v(t) = m(t) ṙ

• Fjederkraften peger altid langs fjederen

ode := mdiff(v(t), t) = -mg - k*v(t)^2, diff(y(t), t) = v(t);