chapter 3 BEAMS GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 3.1 Working-stress Design and Ultimate. evident from the diseussion in Art, 2.4 that th ~strength Design It is” e design of reinforeed-cot | f two alternative methods.jerimposed at some time duri : elise ae es of Fig. 2.2, itis seen that, wanna ete flexural member, the str Jar, varying from zero at 88 variation in the conerete will be tri- : f the neutral axi Mast ‘extreme compression fiber (see Fig. 2.85), Warking woe de sight A 1 lesign is based ‘on just such a stress distribution, on t) ~ gre not exceeded at working ae” e ronda tht Sie st Ultimate-strength methods, members on conditions just before | Mee ae hand, base the design of BPS fallstreneth of the coses section ie just elise opine CME ea as applied. ‘The ultimate load is ee ve when the ultimate Meeriegd and the anticipated live load bys multiplying ie era greater than unity. The concrete concave teen ee Eaiaer 5138 stress distribution just before failure is quite different from the triangular distribution dessfibed above. At high stress levels, the nonlinearity of the upper part of the con- crete stress-strain curve assumes great importance and results in @ com- pressive-stress distribution in the beam such as that shown in Fig. 2.9. [itimate-strength design is based on the nonlinear compressive-stress variation which is obtained before a member fails Tt may be evident, on further consideration, that working sist design Inethods can give no information regarding the actual factor of safety against failure of a reinforced member. The two safety factors often fnferred, i.e., (yield stress) /(working stress) in the steel, if steel controls, and (cylinder strength)/(working str ) in the conerete, if conerete com trols, are not correct, because 1p the inelastic range stresses and loads are Gof proportional. However, elastic anslysis does give a realistic represen~ fetion cf conditions in a member at Working Joad and therefore is useful in-predicting éervice-load behavior characteristics such as deflection and crack width. Ultimate-strength methods, on the other hand, ra me accurate appraisal of the strength capacities of members and 0 Po evaluation of the actual factor of safety against failure, Thies gente the matter of greatest concern 0 the structural engines +P! ACT Code specifies somewhat more liberally that pase = 0.75p6 +1 (P — P')msx = 0.75 pe Whether or not the compression steel will have yielded at f ‘be determined as follows: Referring to Fig. 3.3b, and taking as theli case €, = ¢,, one obtains, from geometry, ae Ue ae = _ With the neutral axis’ so established, summing forees i in the hor direction (see Pig. 3.3c) gives: Phd = 0.85k: Sibe + p'fybd @~ H) = 086,75 iol = 08865 tots Taking «, = 0.003 as usual and ¢ = f,/E,, with B, = 20 one obtains the minimum value of @- PB) which +Doubly reinforced recuangulsnbeasla ; : =) is less than this limiting value, the compression steel ss ‘stress at ailure is less than the yield stress, and e ng ancl actual stress in the compressive Geet es eae aeeount If compression bars are used in a flex “pe taken to ensure thet these bars will Mh bate ee a fg off the outer concrete. The ACI Code raquiras fa eli BE picred by ties or stirrups, which thall pot eee Gat paced not farther apart than 16 bar diameters or 48 ti diameters Ab Jeast one tie at each spacing should extend completely srotmnd all longi tudinal bars, and such stirrups or ties should be used thronghout the distarice in which the compression reinforcement is required. Compression-reinforced beam, example 1: ultimate-moment capacity of a given section A rectangular beam has a width of 12 in. and an effective depth to the centroid of the tension reinforcement of 18 in. Thettonsion reinforee= ment consists of six No. 10 bars in two rows. Compression reinforcement eon isting of two No. 9 bars is placed 21¢ in. from the compression face of the beams Tf f, — 50,000 psi and f’ = 5000 psi, what is the ultimate-monfent eapsetty of \ the beam to be used in design? | 5 87 5 X 0.80 — a = 0.0432 628 X02) 0 iat : Pasx = 0:75 X 0.0432 = 0.0324 vred as doubly Since’ p = 0.0352 is larger than Paw the beam must be analyzed reinforced. Checking limits on (p — P's 0.75p» = 0.0324 (p= Pi) max , (P= PY) me 1 As an alternativ’ “be neglected in the analy gelru sua int! A, = 444 + 1.54 = 5.98 int . a that in design eases sued a5 this, mo sheok of (p this quanti equal tothe maximum yalue of 0.75 pu. gran Beams: 12 in, in width and has an ef nid ol Compression steel, consisting in. from the compression face of the beam. If 60,000 psi, what is the ultimate moment eapacity of the B Code, for the following alternat it “areas: 4 No. 10 bars, (@) 4. = 6 No. : e ‘certain rectangular beam of 16 f "limited in “tion to a width of 8 in. and a total depth OF 16 ims ) depth = 12in.). 1b must carry 2 totul-working live load of 1.40 kips per! total dead load (in wig own weight) of 1.10 kips per ft. H ment is required? 2. For are With the strength Design most always 7 9 T Beams: Ultimat 3 rete floors are al st systems, reinforced-co! soffit nd the entire floor i: to the top of the alab (see Fig: 7 vs extend up into the slab. It is ovid 1 upper part of the | gross zection eam to resis is Twid question to be resolved is that of effective width of 6a it is evident that, if the flange is but little wider than th the entire flange can be considered effective in resisting co For the floor system shown in Fig. 3.5), however, it may be equi obvious that elements of the flange midway between the beam stems are “Tess highly stressed in longitudinal compression than those elements directly over the stem. This is so because of shearing deformation of the flange, which relieves the more remote elements of some compressive While the actual longitudinal compression varies because of this effect, it is convenient in design to make use of an effective flange width w _ may be smaller than the actual flange width, but which is considered to _ be uniformly stressed. This effective width has been found to depend Primarily on the beam span and on the relative thickness of the slab. The recommendations for effective width given in the ACI Code are as follows: , 1, The effective width b shall not exceed one-fourth the span length of the beam. 2. The overhanging width (b — b’)/2 on either side of the beam web shall not exceed 8 times the thickness of the slab nor one-half the clear distance to the next beam. : a For beams having a flange on one side only, it is recommended that the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed one-twelfth the span length of the beam, nor 6 times the slab thickness, nor one-half the clear distance to the next beam. f, ‘The neutral axis of a T beam may be either in the i or 4 the w i e proportions of the cross section, the amount o der’ aie ae of the materials. If the ealeulated depth to t ae js is less than or equal to the slab thickness ¢, the beam can be ed as if it were a rectangular beam of width equal to b, the effective | analyzed * Phe reason for this is illustrated in Fig. 3.6a, which shows flange width. tral axis in the flange. The ¢ T beam with neulit at the fi If the addi ded portion of © by the shal and hy areas 1 ant . neutral ax!strength would have been added, bec ly in the tension zone, and tension concrete in flexural strength, and rectangular beam 3 :pplies. rs ¥ __ _When the neutral axis is in the web, as in Fig. 3.65, the yr the actual T-shaped compressive zone. Figure 3.7 shows a reinforced-conerete T beam with « width b, web width b’, effective depth to the steel cent _ thickness t. The first step is to locate the neutral axis. purposes that it will fall in the flange, Ad, _ Phi - oe pe *~ 08h where p = Abd. Then thickness equal to or less than the flange peti beam of width band depth d. If ¢ m analysis is required. —— ZILLA ff lia7 : nsile-steel ratio is p, + he : : Py, where py js |. Consistent with the trealalehe sh Id have P. < 0.75(p, + p,), 4 ; on oe 7). According the code provision does not really i 6 PS reall d ductility in heavily reinforced eases. x example 1: ultimate-moment capacity of a given supported a web width of 10 in,, an effective in, The tensile reinforcement consists e of 60,000 psi and f{ = 4000 psi, what is the each beam? : anot exeeed al to 42 in. For six No. i i fore taken equi fo % e width is there! 2 a xs onthe a8 2 Firstichecking the location of # ngular-beam formulas may be applied, ae ae 0113 wax °" ; 0.0113 X 60X18 _ 4 75in. DBBkf, 0.85 X 0.85 ds the flange thickness, 0 # T-beamoc a os 7a: 0.90 x 5.44 X 60 X 14.50 = 4260 in.- 2.15 X 60 ; fy : Hee 280 ink 085 x4 x 10 ees fy is exceeded by the actual steel ratio (pe — 74). A check of deflections is) ore, required by each of these criteria. In designing T beams, as contrasted to reviewing the capacity of given section, normally the slab dimensions and beam spacing will hav been established by transverse flexural requirements, Consequently, only additional section proportions that must be determined from flexui ‘considerations are the width and depth of the web and the tensile-st area. a "If the stem dimensions were selected, as for rectangular beams, on the "basis of concrete stress capacity in compression, they would be very” small because of the large compression flange width furnished by the presence of the slab, Such a design would not: represent the optimum sol tion because of the large tensile-steel requirement, resulting from th small effective depth, because of the excessive web reinforcement would be required for shear, and because of large defections a with such a shallow member. It is better practice to select the pre of the web (1) s0 as to keep an arbitrarily low web steal ratio or (2) 80.08 web shear stress at desirably low bee tinuous T : s where the effective n, examplePics cle 3000 psi determining the effective flange width, es ekvelexatit = 59 in, /4 = 24 X 134 = 72 in. “ Ceniter-line beam spacing = 47 in. ‘The center-line T-beam spacing controls in this ease f ; crete dimensions 5’ and d are known to be digas neared ze elected for the larger negative support moment applied to’ the effestive Fee: tangular section’ ¥/d, The tensile steel at midspan is most conveniently found by trial. Assuming the stress-block depth equal to the flange thickness of 3 in, “ d— 5-2-1 - 18,50 in. Trial: A= oe _6400___ = §.40 in ofdd ep 60 x Tas 7 84m os Ba CoO ar bd 7 = X a pe net ‘i Pha ; . | ‘Since c is greater than t, » T-beam analysis is indicated. es a OORG= H 088 EIEN - ane My = bute (4-5) = 0.90 X 4.58 X 60 X 18.50 = 4570 in-kips ) Mz = Mu — My = 6400 — 4570 = 1830 in -kips A, Assume @ = 4.00 in. 1830 = 1.88 in# ie Ba 2 ie AS (A. — Au) = Seg = 9/2) ~ 0.90 X 60 X 18.00 Check: a= AMy 1.88 X 60 : = = 4.02 in. a= ones ~ 085 x3X

py, the crete will reach its allowable stress first, and Eq. (2.17) will eor The relation between beam behavior predicted by W.S.D. the that predicted by U.S.D. theory is illustrated by Graph 3.1, which resisting moment vs. steel ratio for a singly reinforced beam for 40,000 psi and f, = 3000 psi. Values of M. predi 600 Poros | J wish) ae M/ba® Sur Soe, 8 ted by U.S.D. have becite __ Sindy reinforced rectangulr divided by a safety factor of 2 lest ams WS. results. in order to permit direst co It is evident from the graph that U.9,.D de oicon i nificantly from elastic theory for values of pee een oot ot dif sige elastic theory assumes the resisting moments of atop tema al— equal. The bending moment corresponding to p. ean, ss tae tee inereased by the addition of teris eee ; Pee AiGtEA) since the aleenen eet it this i indicated to bala ; h essed below its allowable value, Any amount of steel in excess of p., by elastic theory, provides hell ag - much ot less additional strength as does the same amount of steel added to an underreinforced beam with p less than p, US.D. theory, confirmed by tests, shows that predictions of flexural capacity by W.S.D. for steel ratios larger than p, are incorrect. Thelactial behavior is depicted by the upper curve of Graph 3.1. It shows that addi- tional steel increases the strength of the beam at a practically constant. rate until the much larger critical steel ratio pp is reached, (The maximum steel ratio to be used, according to the ACI Code, is pmax, which is also” shown on the graph) The indication of W.S.D. theory that compression reinforcement is: required in order to obtain.economically moments larger than that cor - responding to p- is incorrect. It is at least partly in order to minimize this feature of W.S.D. that the ACI Code permits the use of compressive steel A stress equal to twice the elastic value, thereby reducing the amount of compressive steel required. te Jowable moment capacity of # given BA secanen h of 12 in. and an effective depth to section A rectangular beam has « widt a e the controid of the reinforcing stee! of 17.5 in. Iti reinforced with ioe bars in one row. If 60,000-psi steel is used ata maxima is me 24,000 psi, and 4000-psi concrete is used at an allowable sess © 9 °° 1800 psi, what is the maximum working moment that ean te fee) 5 (cog The steel ratio is p= A,/bd = 2.95/02 x 178) = 00 Table 8.1), pn = 0.0896, and ample a aE = 0.348 k = 2pm + (pn)? — pn = V01792 + FnOBO — 0.0806 = 0.34! 0.848 6 hg tm 3 If steel stress controls, then from Eq. (2.15), -kips M = Adfjd = 2.35 x 24 X 0.886 X 17.5 = 875 inp: If conerete stress controls, then from, Ba. (2:17), =F rjbar = *5 0,943 x 0.886 x 12 1 : = so= kin aM 2X 1180 | a= Fj = 135 X 0.878 X ORTA ~ 5200 ins ~The relative proportions of } and d may be by considerations of clearance. In this eases d auth ea etal fastoe or 4 Will be selected equal to 20 in. Then B= 2280f9 = 13.2 in, 1180 39 X 0.874 X 20 = 3.38 int This area will be provided using two No. 10 bars and one No. 9 bar, allin oue row. Concrete dimensions will be rounded off to b = 13.5 tn. andd = 20 in., with a total depth of 22.5 in. Av a check, the actual beam dead load is (13.5 X 225/144) 150 = 316 pif, which is sufficiently close to the estimated dead load of 300 pif that no revision of moments is necessary. itis apparent that, had a larger or smaller steel ratio been selected, different concrete dimensions would have resulted. The heam could also have been de- signed by selecting a steel ratio, finding k and j from Eqs. (3.22) and (2.19) respeetively (or from Table 6, Appendix B), and then proceeding as above. Frequently, in designing continuous beams, it will be required to find the stecl area when the concrete dimensions are given and are known tobe sdequate, since they have been selected for @ larger applied moment elsewhere in the span. For this situation, @ trial-and-error approach, illustrated by the following example, is quickest. fectangular beam, example 3: determination of steel area for a a ‘moment, Using the conerete dimensione of the preceding example (b = pas! and @ = 20 in.), find the steel area required to resist « working monent ol in.-kips. Ae a first trial, aseume that / will take : found from Eq. (3.23). Then " the wale for balanced-etress desiem KOs fad = 74 x BO nate of cctant with this ett ‘s Pho values of & snd j will now be revised to be consistent =~The difference between the original and revised values of A, is seen This example shows that a sufficiently accurate calculatio could be obtained simply by using the balanced-stress value ‘variation of j with changing steel ratio is not great. In fact, it is li the difference between the required steel area and that actually will be larger, due to the necessity for using standard bar sizes, ' refinements in calculated values of A,. In addition, the balance value of j will always give a conservative estimate of A, for bea steel ratios less than the balanced-stress value p.. " PROBLEMS W.S.D.: Singly reinforced rectangular beams: % A simply supported rectangular beam has a total cross section of 16 in. and a length of 20 ft. It is reinforced with four No. 5 bars in one row. distance from the centers of the bars to the lower surface of the beam is 2)4 i With 2500-psi conerete and an allowable stress of 20,000 psi in the steel, wha the resisting moment of the beam? , A. Ti-a concentrated load of 3500 Ib were placed on the beam of Prob. J distance of 7 ft from the support, what would be the maximum unit stress im concrete and the maximum unit stress in thé steel? &. Asimply supported rectangular beam with a span of 18 ft sup form live load of 975 pif and a concentrated load of 3000 Ib at the span. With f, = 3000 psi and f, = 20,000 psi, determine the required tion and steel area. & _A: A simply supported rectangular beam with-a span of 17 ft Joad which varies uniformly in amount from zero at the left at the right support. A 2500-psi ‘concrete and s are. to be used. Design the beam. - “g, A rectangular beam, simply supported, has a tive depth of 26 in. If n = 9, and if the allowable 20,000 psi for ‘the concrete and steel, respecan noe a consisted of four No. 7b Toment of the-beam bars? and strains in the concrete are proportional only at relati at higher strains, the stresses no longer increase rps i | the strains in the compression steel and the adisdent cateeelee ; equal, this means that at higher strain levels the unit stress in the steel, 1 é : being proportional to the strain, will be larger than it would be if a eS erete behaved elastically. This increase in the steel stress ove ete & puted by assuming elastic behavior is accentuated by the fact that com a crete, to a certain extent, compresses under constant load or stress (ow ” = or creep). In contrast, steel, if stressed below the yield point, maintains + its length essentially unchanged under constant stress. As a result, ina beam reinforced for compression, in the course of time the concrete, by minute flow, transfers part of its compression stress to the steel; the actual "stress in the steel becomes higher than that computed on the basis of . elastic behavior. To approximate the effects of the nonlinear conereie stress-strain | curve and of plastic flow of the conerete, the ACI Code specifies that the ) x stress in compression reinforcement in beams and eccentric columns be The taken as twice the value indicated by the straight-line relation between in. stress and strain and the appropriate modular ratio, but not of greater ut is value than the allowable stress in tension. This provision is an attempt to - compensate in part for the underestimate of the flexural ¢ Ee Baw. strength inherent in working-stress design, as diseussed Pee s the In Fig, 3.8a, a rectangular-beam cross section is shown : (0) Fig. 3.8 Doubly reinforced Je aed. The stres: re te Te is a ign moment into two parts. If Ag is the tal 1= moment that can be crete without compr: steel area A,, developed by given ‘ession reinforeerment, working withap * to balance . concrete compression Wz = moment in excess of 1, loped by tompression reint ment, atting with additional texsilo-steel area Ag Then M = 41, + 4M, and) 4, = de The moment Stresses and is M1, depends on the conerete dimensions and allowable peli ea ie kiba? (3.25) © where & and j are computed from Eqs. ( | tensile steel required for balanced-stres: beam having a resisting moment M, i8 Z a, (3.26) ad ) and (2.19). The area of design of a singly reinforced Bai A moment M; is provided by compressive steel and the remaining tensile steel 4,2 = A, — Aus, acting with an internal lever arm (d — a’): My = Aafia — a!) = Alfa — a’) ee The additional moment Af may be governed by either the oa Boe pressive steel, depencling on the stresees in each and their cla From the geometry of Fig. 3.86, an pe the ACI Code ré ar a5 WOS indicated, oa eas> moment contribution My can then easily be fo The above enslysis is approximate in thet it dees not » shift in the neutral axis as the compression steel A! and ‘ae are added. The error introduced is so small that jt is safely » Seimpression-reinforced beam, example 1: allow: for a ¢ Beton A rectangular beam has aswidth Of 1d fon i arene the centroid of the tensile reinforcement of 18 in. The tension reinfor sists of four No. 10 bars. Compressive reinforcement is provided by three bare, the centroid of which is 214 in. from the compression face of the beam. If 60,000-psi yicld steel is used at a working stress f, = 24,000 pst, and f, = 1800 psi (4000-psi concrete), what is the allowable working moment that the beam can” resist? R For the balanced-stress beam of 12 in, width and 18 in, effective depth, The moment which could be resisted by the beam if singly reinforced with: P= pis 1.80 6 375 3 0.875 X 12 18* = 1150 inkips fe M, = kid and the corresponding steel area is = 2,01 in.2. The stress in the comt Shen Ay = A, = A,; = 5:08 — 3.08, i201 ine: The eee aa Iselin (o be taker a0 twice the modular value, bub mol ‘steel stress, Thus, em i 25/18 sie =did 4 pales $o= PELE a 2 x 1.0 pats 2 “this value is less than f, = 24.0, the compressive Bac) kel, Then = 48.2 kips tS hae as Bie+ 660 = 1810 in-kips sion-reinforced beam, example 2: determination of atetliag t a known moment A rectangular beam is limited by arehiteot iderations to a width of 13 in. and a total depth of 24 in. It must working moment of 2530 in.-kips. If f, = 20,000 psi and fi, = 4000 psi, nent is required for flexural design? ti Under the assumption that two layers of tensile steel will be required, 4 in, ‘be allowed from the bottom beam face to the tensile-steel centroid, Compre sive steel, if required, will be located 3 in. from the compression beam face, P =p, the maximum allowable resisting moment of the singly reinforced section _ Isdetermined: with f, = 4000 psi, according to the ACI Code, j, = 1800:psi and n= 8. Then, a= Lapa = =p 0-418 x 0.861 X 13 x 20% = 1690 in.-kips This is substantially loss than the design moment of 2530 in--kips, indicating the necessity for compression steel. With J, = 1690, My 1690 "~ fd ~ 2000x0861 x 20 ~ +90 in. Af — Mf, = 2530 — 1690 = 840 in.-kips Ms 840 Id = a) ~ 00X17 1+ An = 4.90 X 2,47 A ‘The stress in the compressive steel is then found: =f a/) fmm. T-k but; is not to exoeed the stress in the tensile steel, In this case, fj = 18.4 ksi, ees eo “Gd = 0) BAX uired tensile-steel area of 7.37 in.* will be provided by six Aas two layers, The compressive steel requirement is met b two No. 9 bars in one row. epee = 2.68 int &ss Bessise to an overall cross section of 10 18 in, f. = 24,000 psi, f. = 1800 psi, and n = 87 A LEMS f WS.D.: Doubly reinforced beams: ~ }, A beam of 15 ft simple span carries concentrated load of 15,000 Ib located 5 ft trom tre tent 00 Bl nd mn ip 0 Keni hate nee It is limited in ment must be used if Bee in'bne row, and that the distance foi the cater of aoe na surface of the beam is 2.5 in. each row to the nearest 2, A simply supported rectangular beam with a span of 20 f cross section of 8 X 23 in: It is reinforced for crsproaion wits Meda Ea aiie row, the center of which is 2.5 in. from the upper surface of the Beam, and for tension with four No. 7 bars in two rows, 2 in, center to center, the center of the Jower row being 2.5 in. above the lower surface of the beam. What is the resisting moment of the beam if f. = 1125 psi and f, = 20,000 psi, with n = 102 3. If the beam in Prob. 2 supports a single concentrated load at the midspan, what is the maximum safe value of this load? '4, Asimply supported beam 10 x 22.5 in. in cross section has » span of 19 ft and is reinforced for tension with six No. 6 bars in two rows, 2 in. center to center, the center of the lower row being 2.5 in, above the lower surface of the beam. The eam also has compression reinforcement consisting of two No. 5 bars with their eo in, from the upper aurface of the beam. If 7, — 18/000 pal asia B00 pa, with n 15, what uniform live load per foot can the beam susiand emen' BAS T Beains: Working-stress Design The general diseussion of Art. 3.9, with respect to effective width of flange and position neutral axis, applies to T beams designed by working tres ie oie well as those designed by ultimate-strength methods. W! a : sig pil Working-stress methods, however, it is necessary to account for the are able concrete stress in,the compression concrete zone. Fave ae a ‘T-beam cross section. ‘Lhe compressive force in the woe -d by the area grst, is usually small in comparison vath th ne fs neglected in the derivation of equations for Pi a [On the basis of the geometry of the Sr sae Bat pérfect elasticity of both materials, Fa (8.23), ol NeutralBei oe ae d+ t/a)? + ya ‘ ; 6-3 mm ‘resisting moments of the steel and concrete are ecu: to. the lever arm jd of the internal g the: : tres total tensi mmpression, respectively; hence mS AON : M = Aja t soe ey. (1 — any fe ( Ea) Pd (3.380) *: a . Approximate equations for resisting moments can be developed as ~ follows: Since the center of gravity of the compression-stress trapezoid is. above the middle of the slab, the lever arm jd of the resisting couple is never less than d — {/2. The average unit compressive stress a) is never as small as f./2, except when the neutral axis is at or above the bottom of the slab, in which ‘case rectanguler-beam equations apply. Equations (3.33) can be approximated by substituting these limiting values for jd and f.(1 — ¢/2kd). Then, M -4s.( 4-5) or ke t ={n(«-5) The wee of qe. (9:34) in design is justified for all ur _ They, must not be ised in review problems. ¥ le-moment copsaltta sf 4 slab 4 in. thick is supported by ralplaroes ae , ; which, together with the slab, act as 7 OAT fand their span is 19 ft. The crom section & » reinforcement vonsists of six No. 8 lly, the center of the lower 70 4 2500-psi concrete and an, , maximum allowable wo! pp T beam, example 1: allowabl.0.0403 + 0.5 X 0.195" _ 4 a9 +.0.5(0/d)? _ ~~ 0.0403 + 0.195 — ray? ing the location of the neutral axis, = 0.252 X 20.5 = 5.16 in. > 4.0 in. = B= Bt/d + 2(t/d)* + (6/d)*(1/2pn) 6 = 3i/d B 6 — 6 X 0.195 x 2 x 0.195% + 0.195'/(2 x 0.0403) e ft 6-3 0195 ee ¥e If the allowable moment is governed by the steel stress, then M =Ajf.jd = 4.71 X 20 X 0.923 X 20.5 = 1780 in.-kips __ ‘hecking the concrete extreme fiber stress at that moment, ¥ Mu he T= Raga A 1,780,000 i t V2 X 0252 X 20.5)]57 XIX 0.8 X B08 ~ FORM As this is well below the allowable c. oncrete stress of 1125 psi, the: worl capacity of the ieee cohttrolled by the steel as assumed, and the T beau, example 1 Aeterminstion of atdel area for a floor system consists of & 3-in, concrete slab supported by continuous 24-ft span, 47 in. on genters, Web dimensions, as determined by ne Fequirements at the supports, are 4” = 11 in, and q «20 il area is required at midspan to resist a, rorking moment of 2600 in 20,000 psi and f, = 3000 psi? tial bo nanaa cee ee for known values of the parameters pn and t/d,p= 1/2) ~ 20020 = 1.50) = 6:78 ins refinement is considered necessary, kand j can be f hi i il steel urea, and the steel area refine “inet ae rd ag indicated: a 6 wd a7 x20 = 0.0072 pn = 0.0072 X 9 = 0.0048 ‘Then, with t/d = 0.15, ftom Eqs. (3.29) and (3.32), or from Graph 12, # = 0.858 and j = 0.932. The revised vaiue of A, is found from Eq, (3.334) Mw 2500 Ae = Fa = 20 x 0.932 x 20 = 6.72 in? ‘The agreement between trial A, and exact A, will not always be as close as this, it the trial value will almost always be sufficiently accurate for design purposes. The maximum concrete stress should be checked from Eq. (3.33) =_— = 1210 psi (1 —3/@x0: which is less than the allowed 1350 psi. In order to provide the required A, of 6.72 in.t, three No. 10 and three No. 9 bars will be used, in two layers. PROBLEMS WS.D.: T beams: € @ A fioor slab 4 in, thick is supported by reinforced-eonorete beams, 8 ; center to center, which, together with the slab, act as T beam: Toad of 150 pst, simply supported, and their span is 19 ft. The slab supports 3 | ‘ho seinfaea he eross section of each beam below the slab is 10 X20 imi 1-0 __ Ponsists of six No.7 bars in two rows, 2 in. center to center Vor ‘of the lower row being 2.5 in. above the lower surface of 8 Wie”‘iiechanism of failure was described in Art, with cross sections sufficiently large that # the diagonal tension. Howeyer, a more econoi ni lly result if a smaller cross section is employed, with ent peices to carry the excess shear greater than that e longitudinal steel may be longer needed to resist flexural tension, as shown fr @ the ACI Code requires only that the inclined part of fe an angle of at least 30° with the longitudinal part, ‘are bent at a 45° angle, Only the center three of ee 4 bar is to be consider‘Shear and diagonal tension ‘Alternatively, separate web steel may be: These sepatate bars, called stirrups, are oie eae 2 na the axis of the beam, although they may somer nn tg perpendicular to inolined stirrups are used, the code requires that thee nee: Where at Teast 45° with the longitudinal reinforcement and tare on euale ot ee a t and that they be seourely Beeause of the relatively short jen; r pression zone ofa beam, bond eet é conten oF the use of special anchorage, obtained by hocking the end of thestinenn, Various forms of sticrups are shown in Fig, 3.10. The 180° and 90° hooks shown in the first two sketches are most common, The closed stisra Shown in the third sketch is convenient when separate straight bars are used for negative flexural reinforcement, These bars ean be wired directly to the upper part of the stirrups for temporary support while conerete is poured Longit dinal ba: continuous beam are often bent up to provide tensile reinforcement at the top of the beam over the sup- ports. The inclined porticns of such bars can be used to provide some oF all of the required diagonal tension reinforcement, as previously described However, because the requirements for longitudinal reinforcement oftet conflict with those for diagona is usually small, many designers prefer to include separate stirrups to carry all the excess shear, counting on the bent part of the longitudinal bars only to increase the overall safety against diagonal tension failure undesirable to space them éloser should be chosen so as to avoid a suited over a comparatively ice to space them uniformly over the entire istance, the spacing being calculated for the point of greatest shear (minimum spacing). If the web reinforcement is required over a long dis- tance, and if the shear varies materially throughout this distance, ve more economical to coyppute the spacings required at several sections to place the stirrups accordingly, in groups of varying specie ened Where web reinforcement is needed, the code requires ied extend 0 that every 45° line, representing a potential diagonal cra, “ansion bars; ing from the middepth d/2 of the member to the longitudin’t 1¢ se is erossed by at least one line of wob reinforcement. When 0% 42; gina Hide shear stress y exceeds 3 +/7/ (or when the total a east two Hines vy exceeds 6p »/f'), every such line must be ¢ ossed by ig. B11 for both of web reinforcement. ‘These limitations are shown I (1 ye unitssheat vertical stirrups and inclined bars, for situations 18 To , the di stress does not exceed the stated limits. For higher €Y 4) shear tances 5 are one-half those shown. The maxima? at the bottom o tension, and because the saving in steel Where verti than about 4 in. ; the size of the stirrups loser spacing. When vertical stirrups a] stirrups are used, it re re short distance, it is good practRecora Max 5 for Mox s for inclined bars vectical sticeups Fig. 3.11 allowed by the ACT Code are a working value of 5 ¥/7! and an value of 109 V/7. y jc rhe Code further requires that, where web reinforcement is nee its area should not be less than 0.0015bs, where b is the width of the and s is the stirrup spacing, Adis oes 00015) The maximum shear force V, and therefore the maximum caleul shear stress v, generally occur immediately adjacent toa support, Num ous tests have shown, however, that the first diagonal crack occurs pil directly at the support, but at some distance from it, of the order of th depth of the beams. This is so because at and adjacent to the supports additional local stresses caused by reactions counteract crack formation | Gee Art, 1.9 for strength of concrete under combined stress). For this reason the ACT Code specifies that the maximum shear stress to be considered is that at a section a distance d from the face of the support, where dts the affective depth of the bean, In order that each potential diagonal tensio rack originating in the zone of excess shear be contained by web rei forcement, it is required that web reinforcement be provided fora distang d beyond that point at whieh it is mo longer theoretically needed. 5 je included in the Code for cases in whieh lon re superimposed. cee i ar stress resulting from transverse loads, shear § Se ge Design for this type of results from torsion ic treated in Appendix C. sé th Design for Diagonal Tension Ultinn ae or reinfarepmnert Beate which ate tob a) tension must be designed s0 that s ical portion of the en i 3.14 Beams with m ~ only for ee "throughout 1 diagonal tensionBie ey i ‘ Arts S14) Ultimate-strength desian for diagonal tension 153 in Art, 2.58, the shear stress causing di ae with the expression @ diagonal cracking can be estimated Oe abby PVE an aah ue ( M an VIS BAAS. (say where p = longitudinal tensile-steel ratio @ = effective beam depth V = external shear force at section under consideration Af = external bending moment at section un less than Vd) With V, d, and Af in self-consistent units, and s/f’ in pai given in psi units. Vor reasons of safety, the useful shear capa unreinforced beam web, vee = Vie/bd, is taken as ¢ ti ss causing cracking. With a slight rearr (2.53), nsideration (not es the, shear ngement of terms, one obtains, (3.35 fas e( 9Vi + 2500244) <356V The understrength factor ¢ is taken equal to 0.85 for diagonal-tension calculations. As an alternative to Eq, (3.35), the Code permits the use of the simpler, more conservative, but less accurate expressi Re Une tee “ba Vii (3.36) ut web reinforcement A rectangular beam is to be nate shear force of 40,000 Ib. No web reinforcement is to ross section if controlled Example 1: beam with designed to carry an wl $1.15 4000 psi. What is the minimauta bear be used by shear? If no w dimensions be selected so that the ultimate V/bd is the value permitted on the unreinforeed web. Adapting Eq. (3-36), necessary that the cross-sectional ed is no larger than p reinforcement is to be used, it is stress Vu tue = 26 VF. = 2 x 085 -V/4000 = 107 psi and t= Eo 5 in, will be satisfactory. [Note that A beam section with b = 16 in. and d = 23. as given F this type becatse Mae Eq. (8.35) may not be used directly in problems of this yee ta “rh alo by that expression depends upon the sertion chosen ant! 20 pq, (3.89) OF Advantage could be taken of the higher permitted value & 4 series of successive trials, however. When the unit ; od Region in which web reinforcement 15 ae region of a beam shearing stress », = V./bd anywhere in the cnt ;nforeed heam web, ei exceeds that value which ean be resisted by the uni79.0 tips — 64.5 hips — 32.7 kips — 79.0 kips — 64.5 kips— 57.4 kips— BME i csce tho valle ot shear siress cuusi (3.35) or (3.36). The portion of any span nt is required can be found by drawing the shear d superimposing a plot of the value Vy. = rygbd. 2=1.83)) IN Hy LTD b= Smox If the more e shear force, and span, and ¢Art, 3.14) Ultimate-strength design for diagonal tensio: mn eample 2: limits of web reinforcement A si Beare bears 19 in. wide, having an effective dept of eee elaaatlar Aitimate load of 7.9 kips per foot on a 20-ft clear span. It ie reinhrney sen 986 in.? of tensile steel, which continues uninterrupted into the geen f, = 8000 psi, through what part of the beam is web Niches the supports. If Tho maximum external shear force ooeurs at the end of thn cee, Yue 79 X 295 ~ 70.0 Kips. At the critical section for shear, eae front the aupport, V. = 79.0'— 7.9 X 1.83 = 64.5 kipe, (The shear forse navies Yinearly to zero at midspan, as shown in Fig, 3,12a. Adopting the si Torey of Eq. (8.36) ing the simpier criterion 155, 26 Vf, = 2 X 0.85 6/3000 = 93 psi the Va. = rudd = 93 X18 X 22 = 32,700 Ib This value is superimposed on the shear diagram, and, from geometey, the point at which web reinforcement theoretically is no longer required is z=10 Jance with the Code, web reinforeement is carried ‘t, and the total distance in which stirrups are pro- from the support face. In acec a distance d beyond this poi vided is 5.86 + 1.83 = 7.69 ft If the more complicated but more accurate Eq. (3.35) is used, the steel ratio, shear force, and bending mom be known at several points along the gpan, and the curves of Vue = vd and V, superimposed to determine the Ean ot web reinforcement. For the given beam, p = 9.86/(16 x 22) = 0078. The d Vaeis best done in tabular form as fo calculation of 0. Distance from | 3 Vn support, ft | ft-kips | Kips 1 Joma 162 ae 2 63,2 Age 418 3 55.3 | 18 38.0 4 | “74 | 108 cee 5 | 30.5 | ae | 348 6 31.6 oe | a4 7 23.7 85: ie 8 379. 15.8 aS 32.0 9 gor | 7.9 | a 31.0 10 395 | 0 _* eee ee kien as f the concrete Ve jred whereve® vired a is found ‘The ultimate Vy and the shear capacity o : tions of the span in Fig. 3.12). Stirraps are rey point at which stirrups are no longer theoretically requiBieiieiiat angie a: > Ve V. = ultimate shear force V.. = shear force causing cracking of concrete web _ Ay = cross-sectional area of web reinforcement Sy = yield stress of weh steel d = effective beam depth < @ = angle of inclination of web Z beam axis 8 = spacing of web reinforcement For design purposes, the predicted strength must be redueet understrength factor ¢. With this modification, and with a Bos. (2.36) and (2.37) are solved for the Tequired spacing s: reinforcement meas For vertical stirrups: = Por bars inclined at angle a It may be convenient in som: of the unit shear cases to express these rela er than the total shear fore = Cu = rye)bd stress rath the last two expressions ean he written alternatively as " Kor vertical stirrups: y — Ah @. ~ ejb : ined at angle a: = Avhd(sin a + cos a) Om = Inch Vor bare inc Example 3: design a web feinforcement Using vertical U. = 40,000 psi, design the Web reinforcement for the’ meen ay 7 ‘The solution will be based on the shear aj, : sat part in Fig. must be designed to resist that part of eeemaximum Ws = OA S00/(18 X 22) ~ 188 bei, which brent 1 in. Also, ‘riteria ure fist applied, For nn 69 V7, the spacing must not exceed d/2e= 225 mj is less th ‘The second criterion controls in adopted. From the suppor ‘e) = 31.8 kips this case, and a maximy t to a distanei s. In this region, ti 0.22 x spacing of 9 ia d from the wupport, the exeems chase he required spacing ic A 5X 22. We = 52%, This is neither so small that placement problems woul : : id result, nor so Tan maximum spacing criteria would con oe trol, and the choice of No. 8 stirrups firmed. Solving Eq. (3.37) for the excess shear at whi can be used, (WY = V2 = Aefede _ 0.22 x 40 x 0.85 x 22 n= Vie oS con ich the maximum spacing 3.3 kips With reference to Fig. 3.12a, this is attained at distance x, from the point of Zero excess shear, where r, 586 X 18.3.(79.0 — = 231 ft This i 5.86 — 2.31 = 3.55 ft from the support face. With this information, a satisfac tory spacing pattern can b voted. The first stirrup is usually placed af distance a 3/2 from the support. The following spacing pattern is satisfactory Ispace at 3 in. = 3 in 6 spaces at 5 in. = 30 in 7 2 spaces at 7 in. = 14 in ae 5 spaces at 9 in. = 45 in. 38) Total 2 in : i ci an alternative solution, itis possible to plot a curse showing requlel spas a funetion of distunce from the support. Once the required spacing at rms s reference section, say at the support is determine Advbd_ _ 0.22 x 40 x 0.85 X22 _ 3.55 in. Oe — Vue} «463 Bo = by a single setting of the it is easy to obtain the requires! spacing elsewhere by 8 SET apport 1 eae Mile. Tn Eq. (3.37), only (Vs — Vuo) changes ith distant tt peat aay 3) uniform load (V, = Vp) is «linear function of the dA Tg 3 zero excess shear, 5.86 ft from the support f , ? 380) a = 8.55 x 586/480 = 4.27 in. wa f= 3.55 X 5.86/3.86 = 5.39 in. ; with 45 = 3.55 X 5.86/2.86 = 7.27 si ay = 3.55 X 5,86/1.86 = 11.18 in = 3.55 X 5.86/0.86 = 24.20 in,Working-stress design for diagonal tensio nt Nero te stern by ingonal teoson hs th and effective depth (a) for a bea i een 4 tne eo vl ere oe “B.A beam of 12 in. width and effective depth 22 Gea eee Uniformly: distributed toa of 60 kkips perf, including ts ae en imate 4000 psi, through what, ae 7 and. Nit y, = requirements, pan. Tt is vel he supports, web reinforcement requ MOV Fi + 2500p d/ Mo < 3.56 Vf; 3. In Prob. 2a, w right su) fed? e web reinforcem: effect would a clockwise moment of 100 f ort have on the placement of shear ips (niti= reinforcement) pre- Dean of Bi tirmups with f, = 40,000 psi and (6) No. 3 sticrups with f, non ee the total we a ltandard hooks (see Fig. 3.15) at the upper ends of the stierupe, Want recommendation for the final design? At of web reinforcement for these jernative dk 3.15. Working-stress Design for Diagonal Pension Beams which are to be reinforced only for flexural tension must be designed so thatthe shearing str un are below the allowable shearing uni s through the critieal portions of the stress is given by Pa ang BY ’ =(v 2+ 13007 Equation (3.39) will be recognized as being Eq. @.35) divi ative to Bq. (3.39), the Code per appropriate safety factor. As an alters ‘te e, but less acct mits use of the simpler, more conse (3.40) wae 2.1 \/f Bee he uc aan region of «eat that value which is allowed on the uw at BN 39) or (3.40), web reinforcement must be providll) | Tag esistance of the concreté beam web is taken equal t9 Vie = vebeh B Teinforcemtent is provided for the excess above that YAI87 ialaaaiaae Working. irups-spacing for ae from a development ore in the criti inforeed bition of web rei nent in resisting tion of similal yisimate- Which is analogous to that used in the derivation strength formulns and are Gab For vertical stirrups F008) (349) For bars inclined at angle « 159Aja i _ 0.22 x a) 20 X 28 4.69 in, This is acceptable, and the choice of No, 3 stirr No, 3stirrup is confirmed. Solving Eq. (3.43) for the excess shear at which the maximum spacing can be used, oe fy) - ot ).22 X 20 92 = 10.5 kips This is attained at.a distance of 2.05 ft from the point of zero excess shear, or B81 ft from the support, With the frst stirrup at distance 3/2 from the support face, the following stirrups pattern is selected Ispace at 2 in in. B spaces at 4! 3 spaces at 6 es at 9 Total 92 in BOND AND ANCHORAGE $16 General Considerations It intensity of the nominal flexural bond tensile reinforcement and conerete in a shown in Art. 2.6 that the stress u on the interface between flexural member is v i ., ; = wojd u 3,jd or \ udoj Where V = external shear force Bo = sum of perimeters of all Jd = lever arm of the internal tens “Gd is usually taken as obtained from elastic analy b) To provide for structural safety syhe eee th methods, the capacity redaction {aety gn shear capacity of a beam, if control I bars resisting moment cd often ningA bars coiiforming to ASTAE Agog. _ ‘Top bars” | Palbothor bars eter tat ension bars conforming to ASTM Ados:t ion. ‘Top bars* hae j All other bar's z to and t om sign. f the Ssive capaci 1b) + These provisions apply to the special large bars No, 148 and No. 18S, Bondi tes of such bars are as yot inconclusive but indicate t substantially lower hond-stres capacity can be cxpected for such bars than for bars of smallér diameten Emr cases special ancho: is required by the bond stress acting on the st ‘ the bar in the length dz, and dT = wrD de. Equating the nigh cues 3 these two expressions, ‘able )is the re one : df, D and uate “a dxf ty con ‘The intensit, ess js seen to be directly propo ly ¢ y of bond stress ¢) gradient, and the diameter for a given stress (or momen! ‘stress will be at the surface of the largest bar. < If mixed bur sizes are used, the bond stress on et lated using Bq. (3.46). If, for example, two S288 ® re V in that equation can be divided into See8 ng to the bars of diameter Ds and Ds, ovidedAn = area provided diameter D, area provided by dismelar Bea ake o (2) Stirrups and tes Fig. 3.15 Standaré tandard hooks: If Yoo is the total perimeter ¢ nee larger bars, then the bond st hee: ised 3 1 Lod (4,/Ae)Eonid But (A,/A.«)2u is the perimeter that would be obtained if all the area a were provided by bars of the larger diameter Ds. Consequently, the b Fon those bars can be found by Eq. (3.45) using au equivalent a the actual total perimeter. ‘that the desired stress in a bat capne” be de to provide mechanical anchorage att 0° bend or a 180° hook, been standardized by # rather thar In the even! it is necessary yt a che bar. Us ly by means © ae bend 1 for hooks have a s aRes” 3. For stirrup and tio anchorage only, eth Mesign for bond 165 ‘an extension of at least six bar diameters, bu ooo a eters, but or 135° turn plus f the bar * , but not legs ths © mer rebar ‘ than 2% in, at the _ Table 3.4 ; ‘ sg N ee Minimum radius a4 or 5 21g bar diameters 8 Re a 3 bar diaineters , 10, or 4 bar diny 148 or 18S sama 5 bar diameters The minimum radius of bend medsured on the inside of the bar for standard hooks must not be less than the values of Table 3.4, except that, for sizes No. 6 through No. 11 inclusive in structural and intermediate grades of bars only, the minimum radius shall be 234 bar diameters. Such standard hooks in tension may be considered as developing, in the ba® 10,000 psi working stress or 19,000 psi ultimate stress, or may be con- sidered as simple extensions of the bars at the appropriate bond stresses. Hooks are not to be considered effective in adding to the compressive resistance of bars f for bond A continuous beam 3.17 Example: ultimate-strength desi : néd to carry a total uniformly dise with bar details as shown in Fig. 3.16a is d Point of inflection ‘0s. mom, loading0 m the support fac critical points in the beam, and ‘compare | 1e maximum bond stress at the surface of a tension bar Breatest and the bar perimeter is least. For simply suppo the face of supports, For continuous beams, maximum shear ar do not ordinarily oceur at the same lovation, and it is neve locations which may be critical. With reference to Fig. 3.160, forn y this will ordinarily be at the face of supports, where the shear is m ‘at locations where tensile bars are bent downward. In the latter e: ‘the shear is not so large as at th ACI Code specifies that tensile , 80, if bars are bent al 4/8 beyond the’ actual bend peint. TI the point of inflection, For the given eritical location is a distance location for positive bars is at aa At@: SCORE = 216 psi At(): 286 psi At): w= = 440 psi Aceording to ACI specifications, for the top bars, ~8IV i, _ 6.7-/3000 aes rd ty psi and for the bottom bars, = 25VK _ 9.5 -V/3000 D La Us, = 410 psi It is evident that the top bars at locations a and b are stressed below the sy maximum values, while the bond stress for the bottom bars at location ¢ is what above the maximum. According to the Code, however, flexural bond which locally exceed maximum values need not be a concern, pro\ development bond stress is not more than 80 per eent of the specified value. For the given beam, to develop the full yield-strength capac it. would not be necessary to develop the full vie ‘ eae pe es if the bars were not bent at the maximt oa pecs the support, but Were'car-id eloecr to the euqpor betare : ee ad straight bars would be streased below fy. In| the weary only to develop the force Auf M/s. aiee this is well below 0.80 x 410 = 398 ul ; ite of the locally high bond stress, and the beam is s Fem PROBLEM U.S.D.: Bond and anchorage: A continuous beam of 24-ft clear span has an effeetit and negative bars of 24 in. and is 12 in. wide. All bars ae a i tam ‘beam face. The beam is reinforced for positive bending with three No, ‘two of which are bent up at 45° 5 ft from the support faces to becom with negative reinforcement. Additional negative reinforcement 60 No. 10 bars which are terminated § ft from thes & working live load of 4.0 hips per ft and a calculated dead load, including it own weight, of 2.0 kips per ft. When loaded for maximum positive moment, the working moments at the face of support are fq = 60 ft-kips and My = ie kkips. Determine the bond stresses on tension bars et all critical locations for this ~ beam, and compare with the maximum values reeommended by ACI Code, Con- crete strength is f’ 4000 psi, and the steel has a yield stress of fy = 60,000 Pah” The design of the quacy in bond at a worki and an allowable we 3.18 Example: working-stress design for bons in the preceding example will now be checked for ade load of 2.84 kips per ft. Material strengths are as ve ing stress of 20,000 psi in the tensile steel is assumed. i The shear diagram under working load is shown in ee 3.160, The Tbestions for bond stress are at (a); (8), and (c) 8s before: Thea 2 18 35,500 __ = 108 pst AL): w= 54 = 190 K 0875 X39 23,700 = 144 psi < 8.0 X 0.875 X 23.5 900 a7 221 psi At (b> u=0 20,000. 5B X12 DESIGN DETAILS 3.19 Selection of Bars and Bar Spacing The standard bar sizes and types available to the designer were described in Art. J Common bars range in size from No. 2 to No. 11, with the bar numbe corresponding approximately to the number of eighth inches of bar diam ter. The larger sizes, No. 148 (134-in. diameter) and No. 188 (244 diameter), are available on special order and are used primarily for eolt reinforcement. Table 1 of Appendix B gi areas, perimeters, and ¥ of standard bars; Tables 2 and 3 give mformation for groups of bai tis often desirable to mix bar sizes in order to meet steel-area req ments more closely. In general, mixed bars should be of comparable size for example, it would be bad practice to use No. 11 bars in conjuneti¢ with No. 3 bars, while mixing No. 10 bai h No. 8 bars would perfectly acceptable. There is some practical advantage to minimizing number of different bar sizes used for a given structur 7 Normally it is necessary to maintain a certain minimum distan between adjacent bars in order to ensure proper placement of conere around them. Air pockets below the steel are to be avoided, and fi surface contact between the bars and the concrete is desirable to opti bond strength. The ACI Code specifies that the mjnimum clear i between adjacent bars shall not be less than the nominal diameter i bars,or 1} times the maximum size of the coarse aggregate, or Lin: reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, the clear distance layers must not be less than 1 in., and the bars in the upper la} be placed directly above those in the bottom layer. i In order to provide the steel with adequate concrete against fire and corrosion, the designer must maintain ac thickness of Gonerete cover outside -the outermost steel. “Tn some cases bars are plated in direst contact with op in order to gave space, In Sieh tases epee i imeter for bond stress; ‘ ‘with stirrups oF ts: oe oe