CA 1 (SESSION 23-24 ODD)

NAME : SOUVIK MONDAL

UNIV. ROLL NO. : 13030822065
SEMESTER : 3RD SEM
TOPIC : LINEAR ALGEBRA(BS)
SUBJECT CODE : BSC-AIML-301
 QUESTION 1

QUESTION 2
 Inner Products and Norms
Let V be a vector space over F. An inner product on V is a function that assigns, to every ordered pair of vectors
x and y in V, a scalar in F, denoted x, y, such that for all x, y, and z in V and all c in F, the following hold:
(a) <x + z, y> = <x, y> + <z, y>
(b) <cx, y> = c <x, y>
(c) <x, y> = <y, x> where the bar denotes complex conjugation.
(d) <x, x> > 0 if x = 0 .

Let A ∈ Mm×n(F). We define the conjugate transpose or adjoint of A to be the n× m matrix A∗ such that (A∗)ij =
Aji for all i, j.
The inner product on Mm×n(F) is called the Frobenius inner product.
<A, B> = tr(B* A) for A, B ∈ Mm×n(F) , [ Where, tr(B* A)= Trace of the matrix B* A ]

Let V be an inner product space. For x ∈ V, we define the norm or length of x by ||x|| =  <x, x>.

Let V be an inner product space. Vectors x and y in V are orthogonal (perpendicular) if < x, y> = 0. A subset
S of V is orthogonal if any two distinct vectors in S are orthogonal.
A vector x in V is a unit vector if|| x|| = 1. Finally, a subset S of V is orthonormal if S is orthogonal and
consists entirely of unit vectors.
 ANSWER- 1
Pauli Spin matrices are defined as :
1 0 0 1 0 −𝑖 1 0
I = , x = , y = , z =
0 1 1 0 𝑖 0 0 −1
a) Frobenius inner product is defined as A,B=tr(B*A), B*= adjoint of B ,hence Frobenius norm is defined as
||A|| =   A,A  = tr (A*A)
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
(i) = , I*= , I*I= =
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
tr(I*I)=2 so, ||I || =2
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
(ii) x = , x *= , x* x = =
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
tr(x * x )=2 so, ||x|| =2
0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖 0 −𝑖 1 0
(iii)y = , y *= , y* y = =
𝑖 0 𝑖 0 𝑖 0 𝑖 0 0 1
tr(y * y )=2 so, ||y|| =2
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
(iv)z = , z *= , z* z = =
0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 0 −1 0 1
tr(z * z )=2 so, ||z||=2

 None of the norms are unit vectors.

b) The Pauli spin matrices belong to the inner product space of complex matrices.
c) Non zero Vectors x and y in an inner product are orthogonal (perpendicular) if <x, y> = 0
0 1 1 0 0 1
 I , x  = tr(x* I) = 0 [ x* I = = ]
1 0 0 1 1 0
0 −𝑖 1 0 0 −𝑖
 I , y  = tr(y* I) = 0 [ y* I = = ]
𝑖 0 0 1 𝑖 0
 1 0 1 0 1 0
.  I , z  = tr(z* I) = 0 [ z* I =
0 −1 0 1
=
0 −1
]
I is orthogonal to all other spin matrices .
0 −𝑖 0 1 −𝑖 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
Now, y*x= = and z* x= =
𝑖 0 1 0 0 𝑖 0 −1 1 0 −1 0

so,  x , y  =tr(y* x) = 0 and x , z  =tr(z*x) = 0

 x is orthogonal to all other spin matrices .
1 0 0 −𝑖 0 𝑖
Again, z*y= =
0 −1 𝑖 0 −𝑖 0
so,  y , z  =tr(z* y) = 0
 z and y are orthogonal to all other spin matrices .
Thus the vectors are orthogonal to each other .
d) No the set containing the Pauli spin vectors is not an orthogonal set as these vectors are not unit vectors .
ANSWER- 2
The Sobel matrices defined as :
−1 0 1 1 2 1
S1= −2 0 2 , 𝑆2 = 0 0 0
−1 0 −1 −1 −2 −1

a) Frobenius of norm of s1 is ||S1|| = S1,S1 = tr(S1*S1)

−1 −2 −1 −1 0 1 6 0 −6
Now, S1*S1= 0 0 0 −2 0 2 = 0 0 0
1 2 1 −1 0 1 6 0 6
so, tr(S1* S1)=12
Hence, Frobenius norm of S1 =||S1|| = 12
Frobenius norm of S2 ||S2|| = S2,S2 = tr(S2*S2)
1 0 −1 1 2 1 2 4 2
Now, S2*S2= 2 0 −2 0 0 0 = 4 8 4
1 0 −1 −1 −2 −1 2 4 2
so, tr(S2*S2) = 12
Hence, Frobenius norm of S2 =||S2|| = 12

So, As the norm values are not 1 so The Sobel Matrices are not unit vectors.

b) The Sobel matrices belong to the inner product space of real matrices.

c) S1 and S2 will be orthogonal only if <S1,S2> = 0 in the inner product.

we know, S1,S2 = tr(S2*S1)

1 0 −1 −1 0 1 0 0 0
Now, S2*S1 = 2 0 −2 −2 0 2 = 0 0 0
1 0 −1 −1 0 1 0 0 0

As, tr(S2*S1) = 0 so, <S2,S1> = 0

Sobel Vectors are orthogonal .

d) Since the Sobel matrices are orthogonal to each other and their Frobenius Norm is not 1, the set containing these Sobel
vectors is not an orthonormal set.