Internship Manual Updated March 2016

Management Internship Manual
Management Internship
Manual
ZIAUDDIN Ph.D
Rights: All rights reserved with the author.
Date Posted: March 2016
Edition: 3rd
About The Author
Ziauddin is currently the Professor of Business Administration at

the Iqra National University, Peshawar. He also worked as
Associate Professor at the University of Peshawar. He has done
his Ph.D from Quaid Azam University, Islamabad, MBA from the
Ashland University, Ohio, USA and B.SC. Engineering from the
University of Peshawar. He has completed more than 40 reports
for International donors such as USAID, the World Bank, ILO,
UNICEF, Dutch, and German Projects. Ziauddin is also author of
a book “Development without Empowerment-The Pakistan Case”
He writes for English and Urdu National Newspapers.
i
PREFACE
This is the third edition of this manual with some amendments.

Internship is an integral part of all management courses. The scheme
requires students to spend a specific time period in an organization, in
order to get first-hand knowledge of real life situation. This scheme also
requires an internee to apply his / her background knowledge of
management, analyze working of the organization, and provide concrete
solutions to the problems thus encountered, in the form of report. In this
sense, internship is a multipurpose scheme of learning.
This is the third edition which is a proof that Management Internship

Manual has helped students handle this significant activity in a more
organized, disciplined, and meaningful way. The manual is written
mainly for students of administrative sciences, students of other
disciplines can also use it. The manual aims to:
 Provide maximum guidance to students doing internship.

 Develop analytical capabilities of students and to train them to
be able to suggest comprehensive and implementable
recommendations.
 Select a standard referencing and bibliographic system for the
students to follow in their course/research assignments.
 Help students write their course assignments in a more
meaningful way.
 Help students write summaries and critical reviews of books and
other written material in a more skillful manner. This will
develop their reading, analytical, and writing capabilities, and
 Help students doing descriptive research in management.
ii
Management Internship Manual is only a supporting document and

cannot be a substitute for a course such as "Business Research Methods"
or "Business Communication". This manual can only be used as an
additional supporting document for these courses.
The preparation of this manual has really been a learning exercise for
me. Many colleagues and friends have been helpful in this effort.
Especially I must mention late Dr. Mumtaz Ali Bangash. Ex. Director,
IMS. For his support of the idea of developing this manual. Prof.
Saadatullah Khan Kakakhel, Prof. Abdul Wahid, Prof. Iftikhar-ul-Amin,
Col.(Rtd) Iftikharuddin, Mukhtar Ahmad, Dr. Tanweer Abdullah and Dr.
Hidayatullah Khan (late), helped me with their valuable suggestions. Dr.
Anwar Hussain, IDS, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, a very
dear friend of mine, critically reviewed several drafts of this document.
His extremely valuable input has brought some order, meaning, clarity,
and consistency to this document. His passion for excellence, quality,
and endless quest for perfection led, to several drafts.
Lastly, I must thank Mr. Maqbali Khan, of Word Zone, NWFP

Agricultural University, Peshawar for typing / composing help, and
Muhammad Tahir, Lecturer, Iqra National University, Peshawar for
making corrections, retyping, and setting the 3rd edition. Mr. Zakir
Rahim, Lectuer, Iqra National University, Peshawar helped in
developing online system for this manual.
March 2016 Ziauddin

Peshawar
alishahzadpk4@yahoo.com
iii
Table of Contents
Page
About the Author...............................................................................i
Preface...............................................................................................ii
1. Introduction.................................................................................1
1.1 Internship.............................................................................1
1.2 Selection of an Organization for Internship.........................1
1.3 Working in an Organization as an internee..........................1
1.4 Focus of Work.....................................................................2
1.5 Pre-Internship Readings.......................................................3
1.6 Work Plan............................................................................3
1.7 Proposal Submission............................................................4
1.8 Volume of Report................................................................4
2. Main Body of Report...................................................................5

Part-1 Introduction of the Report...............................................5
Part-2 Review............................................................................6
Part-3 Analysis..........................................................................7
Part-4 Findings and Recommendations.....................................7
Part-5 Action / Implementation Plan.........................................8
3. Framework for writing Internship Report....................................9

3.1 Sequence..............................................................................9
3.2 Referencing of published and un-published material...........10
3.3 Referencing and quotation in the literature..........................13
3.4 Page numbering, headings and font sizes.............................16
3.5 General Observations...........................................................16
3.6 Evaluation Procedure...........................................................17
4. Annexures....................................................................................19
5. Bibliography................................................................................52
iv
1. Introduction
1.1 Internship
Internship is a scheme of arrangements, requiring a student to work in an
organization for a specific period of time after completing most of
his/her course work. Internship has certain specific objectives such as to;
 work in a real life situations,
 apply management knowledge to practice,
 improve personal skills i.e. human relations, working with
people, and the art of interviewing people etc.
 develop analytical skills i.e. organizational analysis,
financial analysis, marketing analysis etc,
 improve report writing skills,
 help develop concrete plans, including long and short-term
action plans, along with financial details.
1.2 Selection of an Organization for Internship

A student is advised to select an organization for internship pertaining to
the field of his/her specialization or general management. A student can
focus his/her study on the field of specialization such as finance,
marketing, and general management, etc. if possible. Student working in
a small organization or an Non-Government Organization (NGO) can do
an overall management/, organizational review. Internee should try to
select organizations which will be emerging in the future such as
companies listed under stock exchange, brokerage houses, small
entrepreneur organizations, high tech organizations such as computer
related hardware, software, training companies, NGOs, service industries
such as hotels, local government institutions, private schools, colleges,
and professional institutions etc.
1.3 Working in an Organization as an Internee

An internee will spend 8 weeks in an organization. The organization
provides its support to a student free of cost. Internee should
acknowledge the fact that the staff of an organization helps a student as a
courtesy besides doing their routine work. For an internee, it will be an
exercise as how best he/she can utilize this opportunity. This will be a
test of an internee to get maximum support from staff through his/her
human relations skills.
1
It is better not to interfere in the regular work of staff of the organization

or to find faults with them. An internee is there to observe and not to
offend people. He/she can get some background material such as reports
pertaining to that organization by following proper procedure of
permission from concerned persons. People in an organization generally
get offended when an outsider tries to get hold of some documents
without permission. An internee can sometime help staff in their work
but not on a regular basis. He/she must be very diplomatic in handling
situation, if asked to work for the staff in the organization.
The Internee should be well organized while working in an organization.

He/she should have two lists one each for persons interviewed and
documents consulted (see annexure la & Ib for details).Whenever an
internee interviews an informed person of any organization, he/she
should record it in the table of persons consulted. Whenever an internee
reviews a document it should be recorded in the list of "Documents
Consulted". Some of the required information may be of confidential
nature, and the organization will not be willing to part with it. Therefore,
internee should not insist on obtaining such documents. At the end of
internship, students will have to enclose these two tables as annexure to
their reports. An internee is supposed to be in office during working
hours unless there is an emergency. He/she can read course books or
other relevant material, if not otherwise busy.
1.4 Focus of Work

Work must be focused and well directed to the subject he/she has
selected. One will be expected to give more emphasis on analysis and
recommendations. Therefore, an internee should select a section or unit
of a big organization only. In case of a large organization, one can select
only a section on finance or marketing for work. An internee should do
extensive work on this section and prepare concrete recommendations
for its improvement. One is expected to give concrete and implementable
recommendations along with implementational and financial plans. In
short, internship report must give all necessary information to a person
who is interested to implement recommendations of the report. In case of
a small sized organization, it should be reviewed as a whole. Focus of
work should be on a small unit of a large organization with more
emphasis on analysis and recommendations.
2
1.5 Pre-internship Readings

The Library of every Business department contains reports on different
organizations. The internee is required to read relevant and recent reports
concerning his/her organization of internship. For example, if a student
intends to do internship in a branch of a bank then before proceeding for
internship, he/she must read relevant reports so that he/she has an
understanding of the functioning of that branch. This is a compulsory
pre-requisite and advisor will make sure that this exercise has been
completed.
1.6 Work Plan
An internee is required to follow the work plan given below.
INTERNSHIP WORK PLAN (8 WEEKS)
Time Activities
Week one: i) Introduction to staff

ii) Getting an orientation of the overall organization
iii) Visiting different sections/units
iv) Collecting all relevant written material on
organization.
Week two: i) Starting work in a specific section, for example
Finance Section, for the remaining 7 weeks.
ii) Getting all relevant written materials on that section
and reading it.
iii) Studying each aspect of the assigned section.
iv) Doing practical assignments in that section such as
preparing balance sheets, etc;
Week three: i) Interviewing concerned people based on review of
written material collected so far.
ii) Taking notes of all interviews,
iii) Collecting any missing information.
Week four: i) Writing a draft chapter on existing situation in the
assigned section,
ii) Collecting and incorporating any missing
information.
3
Week five & Six: i) Analyzing by using SWOT, Financial rations or any
other analytical tool to analyze working of
section/system etc.
ii) Finding gaps, shortcomings etc based on academic
background.
iii) Recording all observations with a view to write
chapter on analysis.
Week seven & eight: i) Working on recommendations.
ii) Meeting informed people to get their viewpoint on
recommendations and their ideas about practicability of
recommendations.
iii) Taking down all notes with a view to write concrete
recommendations, alternate plan, time frame for
implementation, and financial costs etc.
NOTE: This work plan should be followed to the maximum possible
extent. The internee should submit his/her proposal based on this
work plan. However, students' advisor may suggest any changes
if deemed appropriate. For instance if internship period is more
than 8 weeks then that period can be divided among the same
activities. If an organization has its own work plan for internee,
yet internee's report must emphasis on analysis and concrete
recommendations.
1.7 Proposal Submission
An internee is required to initially prepare a two-page proposal of his/her
plan regarding internship activities and submit it to the advisor. This plan
does not have to be rigidly followed but it serves a useful guideline for
future work.
1.8 Volume of Report
Internship report should contain 60 pages as minimum and 100 pages as
maximum. A report is judged not by its thickness but by the quality of
work especially its analysis and recommendations. A good report is
supposed to be very comprehensive in terms of presentation of its
substance. (A colorful report is not a guarantee of securing top score).
Substance and organized presentation of report improves the quality of
report. There is no need to attach organizations' brochures and pamphlets
with internship report.
4
II. Main Body of Report

The main body of report can be divided into four parts, with each part
having appropriate number of chapters according to the requirement of
material. A general outline of these parts is as follows:
Part-1: Introduction of the report

Part I should include some basic information regarding the process of
preparation of report. This Part should have one chapter of 4-6 pages
with the following topics;
1.1 Background of Study

This part should give some basic information regarding topic of the study
in one or two paragraphs.
1.2 Purpose of Study
In a few lines, purpose of the study should be included in this subsection.
For example, purpose may be to study an organization from marketing
perspective or to study the strength and weaknesses of finance section of
an organization.
1.3 Scope of Work

As mentioned in the preceding chapter, an internee cannot cover every
aspect of an organization in the limited time available to him/her.
Therefore, one needs to limit to certain areas. Therefore, he/she should
mention main focus of work.
1.4 Methodology of Research
While collecting data and other relevant information, internees use
certain methods. These include reading some background material,
developing questionnaires, interviewing people, doing surveys,
collecting data, reviewing the answers from the questionnaires, and
presenting findings, and recommendations etc. One should write all these
steps in a sequence. This section should not be very lengthy. An internee
can describe it in a few lines step by step. An internee has to give
separate details of survey methodology if he/she has conducted a survey
in the study1.
1
. There is a distinction between methodology of an overall study/report and methodology
of a specific survey conducted during the course of that study.
5
1.5 Organization of Report

This sub-section should include the scheme of report such as: Chapter- 1
includes background, purpose, scope, methodology, and organization of
report; Chapter-2 includes review of literature; Chapter-3 includes
analysis and findings; and Chapter 4 includes recommendations and
action/implementation plan.
Part-2: Review
This part should describe the existing situation on ground regarding an
organization/system/approach under review. This information will be
collected through studying the background material, i.e., reports, books
and other relevant documents. An Internee should present his/her
findings in this part in an organized, logical, and consistent way. If an
internee has worked in an organization such as a branch of the Muslim
Commercial Bank (MCB), then review of material should give some
basic information in a brief form and in the following order:
 Overall banking sector in Pakistan
 Role of MCB in banking sector
 Overall Organization of MCB in Pakistan (Structure, staff).
 MCB in NWFP
And then link it to specific branch. If one can find all the required
information in any thesis or report then he/she should reproduce it from
that report by giving reference. Time thus saved should be utilized for
analysis of the organization.
Review of background material should be brief as regarding general

information but it should be detailed in the area of focus of study such as
branch of a bank etc. This whole material should be presented in a
cohesive manner by linking information with one another. Review of
background material only helps to improve understanding of the existing
situation of an organization in order to help improve analysis of that
organization. The review of background material should be sufficient to
help analyze working of that organization. Review of material is not in
itself a study but extensive reading will help analyze the situation more
comprehensively. Guidelines for writing summaries and critical reviews
are given in Annexure 3a & 3b. Course assignment in each course can
help in preparing for writing a good report Guidelines for writing course
assignments are given in Annexure 4. Review of material can be divided
6
into several chapters in an organized way according to topics. Some of

the pattern in which one can study an organization is given in Annexure-
5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d.
Part-3: Analysis
This part is very important. Work in section 2 will facilitate this section.
The analysis will be based on the area of interest such as organizational
analysis, marketing analysis, financial analysis or analysis of any similar
type. Internees who conduct field surveys as part of their internship
exercise would need to describe survey methodology in a separate
chapter. They would need to discuss the following points:
 Need for survey;
 Questionnaire formation;
 Pilot testing of questionnaire;
 Survey population;
 Survey method;
 Data collection;
 Data analysis;
Students involved in field survey should write the process of analysis of
their survey step by step in second chapter of part-Ill. Students who have
studied an organization / process / approach through organizational
/marketing / financial point of view, can describe their analysis in one or
two chapters in section-Ill. Annexure-5a, 5b, 5c & 5d can help students
in doing organizational, marketing, financial and computerization
analysis.
Part-4: Findings and Recommendations

This is the most important part of report. Most people would like to see
report's findings and recommendations. Therefore an internee should
concentrate heavily on the quality of recommendations.
Recommendations should not be vague, abstract, idealistic or ambitious.
Recommendations should be specific, concrete, to the point, practical,
relevant to that organization and implementable. An internee should
realize that if he/she is in position of authority to implement these
recommendations, then how he/she is going to do it. Recommendations
should be divided into short term, medium term, and long term time
period, and divided in phases. All recommendations should be in the
form of alternative plans. If an internee recommends changes in
7
organizational chart then he/she is supposed to give alternate

organizational chart. If duties of staff are to be changed then produce
new job descriptions. All recommendations should carry their financial
costs. If an internee suggests the organization to hire more people then
he/she will have to prepare job descriptions for proposed staff according
to organization's rules and regulations.
In case, an internee recommends purchase of computers then he/she will

have to give price of computers as well as annual costs of accessories
and supplies, i.e., papers, ribbon, diskettes and annual maintenance costs
of computers. In case of suggesting training for staff, one will have to
propose name of training institutions and training costs on trainees.
While formulating recommendations, internee should consult written
material and interview people to get maximum views on practicability of
recommendations.
Part-5: Action/Implementation Plan

Internee should be able to convert sound analysis and recommendations
into sound actions – actions that will produce sound results. An Internee
has to prepare a plan giving time frame as to how recommendations
should be implemented. If one recommends decentralization of an
organization then he/she should give steps to be taken in this process and
what will be the shape of the organization after decentralization. In case
of recommendations for community participation, internee should
mention steps to be taken to involve communities in an organized way.
8
III. Framework for Writing Internship Report
1. Sequence
Report should be prepared in the following sequence.
1.1 Title page1
1.2 Submission page 2
1.3 Signature page 3
1.4 Acknowledgments
There is no need to have a separate page for dedication. Student can give
their regards and appreciation for the concerned people, who have helped
them in the course of their work specific to internship.
1.5 List of contents
This list should contain all chapters' headings, sub headings, and list of
all annexure etc.
1.6 List of tables
All tables, which are part of the report, should be given in this list.
1. 7 List of figures
All graphs, charts, diagrams of the report should be listed here.
1.8 List of acronyms
All acronyms used in report should be listed here.
1.9 Executive Summary
Executive summary is a very important part of the report. This should be
between 2 to 4 pages written in separate paragraphs and properly
numbered. A sample copy is attached in annexure 7
Paragraph 1 should give background of the work;
Paragraph 2 should give purpose and methodology of research;
Paragraphs 3,4, 5.... Should give findings;
Remaining paragraphs should give recommendations;
21
See Annexure 6a for a sample title page
32
See Annexure 6b for a sample submission page
3
See Annexure 6c for a sample signature page
9
1.11 Part 1, Introduction of the Report

1.12 Part2. Review
1.13 Part 3. Analysis
1.14 Part 4. Findings & Recommendations
1.15 Part 5. Action/Implementation Plan
1.16 List of persons interviewed.
1.17 Bibliography
1.18 Annexures
2. Referencing of Published & Unpublished Material5 During the
course of work, different written material is used such as books,
magazines, reports, articles etc. In order to reproduce any section or part
of this material in report, a report should acknowledge the source of all
information contained in it by giving its reference at the end of chapter.
A reference should answer several questions about each source; what is

its full title? Who wrote or created it? Where and when was it published
and by which publisher? For articles in periodicals and for essays in
book, what page can it be found?
Moreover attention should be paid to spacing and punctuation in each
case. In general, however; period separates part of an entry tutor, year,
title and publishers. Each period is followed by two spaces. Year of
publication should be inside parentheses ( ). The fallowing specimen
format illustrates the standard way of referencing:
2.1 Book
A reference of book should include the following information in
this order:
Name of author (last name first, first name, initial), year of
publication. Title of the book (italic). City: Name of publisher
page number.
Examples:
5
A distinction has to be made between bibliography and references. A bibliography is the
listing of the work that is relevant to the main topic of research interest arranged in the
alphabetical order of the last names of the authors. A reference list is a subset of the
bibliography, which includes details of all the citations used in the literature survey and
elsewhere in the paper, arranged again, in the alphabetical order of the last names of the
authors. These citations have the goals of crediting the author and enabling the reader to
find the works
10
Haq, Mahbub ul. (1962). Strategy of Economic Planning.

Karachi: Oxford University Press. Andrus, J.R and A.F.
Mohammad, (1958). The Economy of Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford
University Press. Ziauddin (1999). Development without
Empowerment: The Pakistan Case. Peshawar: Iris Printers.
2.2 Journal
An internee can use periodical of a journal as reference as
follows:
Name of author (last name first, first name, initial) year of
publication. Title of article. Name of journal (in italic), page
number.
Examples:
Am jack Rashid (1972). "A Critique of the Green Revolution in
West Pakistan". Pakistan Economic and Social Review. June,
120-122.
Aldage, R. J., & Brief, A. P. (1975). Impact of individual
differences on employee affective responses to task
characteristics. Journal of Business Research. 3(4), 311-322.
2.3 Documents Published by Institutions
Students using different reports can give their references as
follows:
Name of Organization, Year of publication. Title of report
(italic), Name of city, page.
Examples:
Department of Agriculture Census, (1980). Pakistan Census of
Agriculture. Islamabad.
State Bank of Pakistan (1999). Annual Report. Karachi.
UN1CEF, (1996). The Progress of Nations. New York.
2.4 Technical Report
Hackman, J. R. & Oldham. G. R. (1974). The job diagnostic
survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and the
evaluation of job redesign projects (Tech. Rep. No.4). New
Haven, Conn: Yale University, Department of Administrative
Sciences.
2.5 Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation
11
Kidron, A. G. (1976). Individual differences, job characteristics

and commitment to the organizations. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Ohio State University.
2.6 Unpublished Manuscript

Peluchette, J.V. (1990). Correlates of career success and
satisfaction of professionals. Unpublished manuscript. Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale, Department of Management.
2.7 Magazines
Doudna, C. (1985). Competition between couples: The dark side
of success. Glamour, 83(3), 298, 299, 356-359, 363,365.
2.8 Newspapers
a) No Author
(1990, October 2). Will Government Survive. Dawn, p.3.
b) Author
Ziauddin (2000, June 13). Neither Secure Nor Developed,
The News International. Islamabad: p.4.
2.9 Paper Presented at Meeting

Jeanquart, S. (1990, April). Diversity in the work plan and
superior-subordinate relationships. Paper presented at the
meeting of Cultural Diversity, San Jose, CA.
2.10 Paper Published in Proceedings

Yeshwant, M. (1987). Indian philosophy and religion. In s.
Pennathur (Ed.) Proceedings of I he Fifth International
Conference on religion (pp. 90-99) Madras, India.
2.11 Article Published in Edited Book

Sarachek. B. (1990). Chinese administrative thought. In S. B.
Prasad (Ed.), Advances in International Comparative
Management; A research annual (5!h volume) (pp. 149-167).
Greenwich, Conn: In Press.
2.12 Anonymous
Anonymous (1990). Deeper than you think. Ninjanka, 2, p.5.
2.13 Film
12
Mass; J.B. (Producer) & Gluck, D.H. (Director). (1979). Deeper

into hypnosis (film). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2.14 Cassette Recording

Clark, K.B. (Speaker), (1976). Problems of freedom and
behavior modification (Cassette Recording No. 7612).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
2.15 Referencing Electronic Sources

Author, I. (1988). Technology and Immediacy of Information
(on-line) Available http://www.bnet.com.
3. Referencing and Quotation in the Literature Review Section 6

Cite all references in the body of the paper using the author-year method
of citation; that is, the surname of the author(s) and the year of
publication are given at the appropriate places. Examples of this are as
follows:
a) Todd( 1998) has shown....
b) In a recent study of dual-career families (Hunt, 1999; Osborn,
1998} it has been ....
c) In 1997, Kyle compared dual-career and dual-career families
and found that....
As can be seen from the above: if the name of the author appears as part
of the narrative as in the case of (a) the year of publication alone has to
be cited in parentheses. Note that in case (b). both the author and the year
are cited in parentheses, separated by a comma, if the year and the author
are a part of the textual discussion as in (c) above, the use of parentheses
is not warranted.
1. Within the same paragraph, you need not include the year after
the first citation so long as the study cannot be confused with other
studies cited in the article. An example of this is: Gutek (1985) published
her findings in the book titled Sex and the Workplace. Gutck indicated.....
6
This section has been adopted from Sekran, U. (1999). Research Methods for Business,
New York. John Willey & Sons, Inc. This section may not be relevant to internship report
writing however it is helpful in research papers and other type of research writings.
13
2. When a work is authored by two individuals, always cite both

names every time the reference occurs in the text.
3. When a work has more than two authors but fewer than six
authors, cite authors the first time the reference occurs and subsequently
include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al" as per the
example below:
Sekaran, U., Martin, T, Trafton, R., and Osborn, R.N. (1980) found
.... (first citation)
Sekraran et at. fl980) found ... (subsequent citations)
4. When a work is authored by six or more individuals, cite only
the surname of first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and
subsequent citations. Join the names in a multiple –author citation in
running text by the work and in parenthetical material, in tables, and in
the reference list, the names by an ampersand (&). Examples are given
below.
a. As Tucker and Snell (1989) pointed out...
b. As has been pointed out (Tucker & Snell, 1989),...
5. When a work has no author, cite in text the first two or three
words of the reference list entry. Use double quotation marks around the
title of the article. For example, while referring to the newspaper article
cited earlier, the text might read as follows:
While examining unions (With GM pact," 1990).
6. When a work's author is designated as "Anonymous," cite in
text, the word Anonymous followed by a comma and the date:
(Anonymous, 1979). In the reference list, an anonymous work is
alphabetized by the word Anonymous.
7. When the same author has several work published in the same
year, cite them in the same order as they occur in the reference list, with
the in-pre citations coining last. For example: Research on the mental
health of dual-career family members (Sekran 1985a, 1985b, 1985c
1999, in-press) indicates...
8. When more than one author has to be cited in the text, these
should be in the alphabetical order of the first author's surname, and the
citations should be separated by semicolons a per the illustration below:
In the job design literature (Aldag & Brief, 1976; Alderfer, 1972;Briely
1982; Jeanquart, 1998).....
14
Personal communication through letters, memos, telephone

conversation and the like, should be cited in the text only and not
included in the reference list since these are not retrievable data. In the
text, provide the initials as well as the surname of the communicator
together with the date, as in the following example: L. Peters (personal
communication, June 15, 1998) feels..... In this section we have seen
different modes of citation. We will next see how to include quotations
from others in the text.
Quotations in Text
Quotations should be given exactly as they appear in the source. The
original wording, punctuation, spelling, and italics must be preserved
even if they are erroneous. The citation of the source of a direct quotation
should always include the page number(s) as well as the reference.
Use double quotation marks for quotations in text. Use single quotation
marks to identify the material that was enclosed in double quotation
marks in the original source, if you want to emphasize certain words in a
quotation, underline them and immediately after the underlined words,
insert within brackets the words: italics added. Use three ellipsis points
(...) to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source.
See example that follows later.
If the quotation is of more than 40 words, set it in a freestanding style

starting on a new line and indenting the left margin an additional five
spaces. Type the entire quotation double spaced on the new margin,
indenting the first line of paragraphs five spaces from the new margin, as
shown below. In trying to differentiate dual-earner and dual-career
families Sekaran (1986) sates:
Various terms are used to refer to dual-earner families: dual-worker

families. Two-pay check families, dual-income families, two-job
families, and so o. Spouses in dual-earner families may both hold jobs, or
one of the partners may hold a job while the other pursues a career...
The distinction between dual-career an dual-earner families also gets
blurred when spouses currently holding jobs are preparing themselves
both educationally and technically to move up in their organization (p.4).
15
4. Page Numbering, Headings, and Font Sizes:

An internship report should use the following numbering system
and font size;
4.1 Roman Numbering i. ii. iii, should be used from submission page
till start of chapter 1. Page Numberings 1,2,3 should be used
starting from first chapter and continue till last page of the
report.
4.2 Proposed Layout for a page is as follows:
Paper Size: A4
Orientation: Portrait
Margins: L 1.75 inches
R 1.25
T 1.25
B 1.00
Text: Font: Time New Roman (Preferably).
Line Spacing: 1.5
Chapter No. Font Size: Point Size 16 BOLD (upper case) left
justified
Chapter Title: Font Size: 16 bold (upper case) Center justified
Section heading: 14 bold (upper case) left justified Sub-heading:
12 bold (sentence case) left justified
 Internee can give monogram of the organization of internship

only once, while introducing the organization.
 Report should be proof read by another person other than advisor
before the submission.
 Students and advisor should check the report against checklist
given in Annexure 7.
5. General Observations:
The report should have statements supported by latest data, for
example;
 Literacy rate in Pakistan is low. ×
 According to the 1998 Population Census, literacy rate in
Pakistan is 45%. √
 Rural to urban migration is high in KPK. ×
 According to the 1998 Population Census, annual urbanization
growth rate is 3 percent in KPK. √
16
5.1 All tables, figures, graphs, charts should contain numbers,

headings, and sources and should be listed in the list of tables
and figures.
5.2 There is no need to underline a word or sentence which is
already in bold or italic.
5.3 Hard Words
Examples of some hard words are as follows:
The equipment is......... (Not equipments)
The information is........ (Not informations)
The data are................ (Data is Plural, the datum is
singular)
On December 21, 1987, we went..... (US style) (Note commas.)
On 21 December 1987 we went........ (International style)
The staff is/are..... (Depending on meaning:
Whether one is talking about a
single unit or a Committee
collection of individuals).
5.4 Some of commonly observed mistakes made are as follows;
Correct Wrong
At the request of (Not on the request of)
Headquarters (Not Headquarter)
Such as (Not like)
In charge (Not incharge)
Lack of (Not non availability)
Costs (Not cost)
Details (Not detail)
6. Evaluation Procedure
The Internship work of a student will be judged through evaluation of
report as well as interview. Students will submit their reports to the
Department and it will make categories of reports based on subject
matter such as marketing, finance, management and computerization.
These reports will be sent to external advisors preferably specialized in
these areas. External advisors will evaluate reports on the basis of
external examiner's internship evaluation form given in annexure-9(a).
Students' advisors will also give their evaluation based on internal
advisor's internship evaluation form given in annexure-9(b). These two
17
forms are only for the office record and should not be part of the
internship report. Department will arrange interviews by inviting both
external and internal professors/practitioners preferably related to subject
matter of reports. Interviewers will ask an internee to explain her/her
work briefly mainly focusing on report's findings and recommendations
and later ask questions relating to the report. An internee should be able
to explain all substance matter of his/her report including terminologies,
definitions, tables, figures and other related explanations. Final
evaluation will be based on the combination of evaluation of report and
the result of interview.
18
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure No. Title Page

1(a) Persons Interviewed...................................................
1(b) Documents Consulted................................................
2 Guidelines For Proposal Writing Of BBA Project/
MBA/MS Research Dissertation
3(a) Guidelines for Summary Writing...............................
3(b) Guidelines for Writing of Critical..............................
Review of Articles & Books
4 Guidelines for writing course assignments.................
5(a) Management/Organizational Review ........................
5(b) Marketing Review .....................................................
5(c) Accounting & Financial Review................................
5(d) Computerization of Organization...............................
6(a) Sample Title Page .....................................................
6(b) Sample Submission Page ..........................................
6(c) Sample Signature Page...............................................
7 Sample Executive Summary......................................
8 Checklist for internship reports..................................
9(a) External Examiner's Internship .................................
Evaluation Form
9(b) Internal Advisor's Internship......................................
Evaluation Form
19
Persons Interviewed- Annexure 1 a
Name of Designation Name of Section Mobile Time & Remarks

Organization Person Number Date
Documents Consulted- Annexure 1 b
Title of Organization Name of Where Date Released

Document Author available
20
Annexure 2
GUIDELINES FOR PROPOSAL WRITING OF BBA PROJECT/
MBA/MS RESEARCH DISSERTATION
Introduction:
Research is a very important activity, which requires hard work, rigor,
creativity, and patience. Preparation of research project is a learning
process, which requires research skills; analytical skills, and
communication skills. Proposal writing is a planning exercise for the
research work. A good proposal preparation is almost half of the research
work done. Proposal writing is a direction setting task which needs
extreme care, insight, and consultation. Students, who cannot prepare
clear and well directed proposal, get stuck in this process and waste their
resources. A proposal provides the general direction and infrastructure
for the research project. Student can make changes in the proposal when
they further progress in their research work.
This document is focused to facilitate students and academia in
developing valid research proposal that may ensure the on time
completion of their complimentary research projects. This document has
2 major sections named as from section 1 to 2. Section 1 provides
guidelines for the formulation of research proposal. Section 2 provides
comprehensive insights into the referencing and citation process.
Standard and recommended styles fonts and formats are provided in
details for every type of reference material and general observations
about references.
A. Research Topic:
A very important first step in the process of research thesis
writing is the selection of research topic. The selection of
research topic can be done keeping in view the following
considerations:
i. Is research topic relevant to the student area of
specialization?
ii. Will the research contribute to student's career and
his/her knowledge?
iii. Can this research be completed within specified
financial resources and time?
iv. Is student really interested in the topic?
*Muhammad Ovais, Assistant Professor Iqra National University helped in developing these guidelines
21
After the selection of research topic, the student is required to prepare

research proposal explained in the next section.
Section1.
1.1 Research Proposal Format:
As mentioned earlier, a proposal is the key towards a good research
project. It is like an architectural blue print that guides the researcher
throughout the research process. It not only ensures effectiveness and
efficiency but also has the flexibility to adapt to adjust the modifications
and changes as the research progresses through different stages. A
research proposal can include some very basic headings and requires
information, under each heading, as follows:
1.1.1 Background of the study:
It can include one or two paragraphs on basic information on the
background of research topic.
1.1.2 Importance/Justification of Research
A research work should contribute in some way to existing
knowledge, should be informative and have utility for the student
or society at large. There can be explanation as to why this topic
has been selected and not other.
1.1.3 Problem Area:
A broader description of the area (in literature) or organization’s
problem (management dilemma) that needs to be further
investigated and addressed.
1.1.4 Main Objectives of Research
Research objectives start with ‘to’. Objectives should be specific
to research problem/question, measurable, achievable, realistic,
and timely.
1.1.5 Feasibility/ Practicability of Research Work
Student should be able to complete research work within limited
resources and time. He/She should be able to have access to
required data etc. Time-line for completing Research
project/dissertation be given, preferably with the help of a Time-
line or Gantt chart
1.1.6 Limitations/Scope of Research
Student should select a topic with a specific focus. For instance,
working on Islamic Banking is a vast topic but study of Islamic
22
Banking system in the Bank of Khyber is limited. Student should

be very specific, limited, and focused in the selection of topic.
While writing the project, students must explain how they
arrived to the specific topic of their choice.
1.2 Literature Review

The section may include critical review of literature relevant and
specific to topic that leads to the identification of the research
gap and refinement of the research question. Scholarly articles
addressing the major aspects and components of the research
area must be followed and summarized in the form of a dialogue
between the scholars. Literature review is a type of dialogue
between researchers that ultimately leads to the identification
and refinement of research question.
1.2.1 Research Question(s)

Research question(s) is the central theme of the whole research
work, around which research revolves. A student is supposed to
investigate the research question, not to approve or disprove the
research question. Research question starts with word, why, what
etc. Students should organize the flow of literature in major
sections and sub-sections that are properly numbered.
1.3 Methodology of Research

Methodology of research depends on the nature of study and the
research question and objective(s) of research. Historical/desk
studies depend on existing secondary data. But in field studies, a
student has to collect primary data through a field survey that are
empirical, descriptive, analytical etc. Following are the
fundamental portions of this section;
1.3.1 An introduction of the methods and techniques to be used
in this research in view of the research question.
1.3.2 Identification and justification of Variables: (Optional) In
majority of cases the variables of interest are identified and
justified in the literature review, however in many cases where
the variables are subjective, a further justification of the
23
variables is required to prove them as quantifiable and

measurable concepts.
1.3.3 Sample Size and Characteristics
1.3.4 Data nature and types (Primary, Secondary, both)
1.3.5 Tools for Data collection and analysis
1.3.6 Hypothesis development (Optional)
1.3.7 The conceptual frame work: a diagrammatic representation
of the connection/link between different variables that the
research is focused to investigate
1.3.8 An Example of Methodology:

Primary data through field survey should include steps as
follows.
 Objectives of field survey,
 Preparation of field survey plan as how to conduct field
survey,
 Target population/ target geographic area,
 Target sample (if required)
 Designing of questionnaire, (if required)
 Pre-testing of questionnaire,
 Questionnaire collection method,
 Data entry process,
 Editing and tabulation of data,
 Proposed Mathematical/Statistical/other tools to be used
for research (if required).
Referencing of published and unpublished material is given in section 2.
1.4 Organization of the Report:

This portion should provide a short view of the rest of the report
to readers including major aspects and portions of Literature
Review, and Methodology etc. Overall a complete research
report most often consists of following five major sections or
chapters;
Chapter 1: Introduction of Study
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
24
Annexure 3-a
Guidelines for Summary Writing*
Introduction
Students should be encouraged to write critical reviews as an assignment
for various courses in order to promote the habit of reading the latest
available literature/books and to properly record them. These guidelines
will help the students to write summaries and critical reviews of books,
essays, an article, or a group of articles (5-10) on assigned topics. The
students are to be encouraged to present it in the class as well, so that
others can also get benefit from these write-ups.
Purpose:
The purpose of a summary is to give the reader a clear idea of the most
important information in specific text or to report the essential
information in a text in the shortest form.
Rationale for Developing Summary Skills:

Some of the important reasons for developing summary writing skills are
as follows;
 It is a valuable study technique which helps in clear
understanding of the matter and helps in crystallizing and
organizing one's thoughts.
 Senior executives do not have time to read the entire text so they
require the staff to prepare summaries of the lengthy text for
them.
 It helps in studying for examination, by using summaries in
refreshing one's ideas rather than reading the whole text.
 Teachers usually require students to write summaries.
How to write a good summary:

In order to write a good summary, the following steps should be taken.
 In order to understand the text to be summarized, several
readings of the text are required. It will help in understanding the
o main idea of the text,
o purpose of the text,
*
This section has been adopted from Armendet, Martin L and Barett Mary Ellen (1984).
Approaches to Academic Reading and Writing. Engle wood cliff New Jersey Prentice
Hall.
25
o details of the text

 Dictionary should be used to understand unfamiliar
terminologies or difficult words.
 After reading, rereading, and understanding of the text, the
summary writer should decide on how much of the information
will go into summary. This information may include.
o Main thesis or idea of the text
o Major thought relationship used by author to provide support
o Any important definition of the key term o An indication of
author's attitude in whether he/she is supporting an idea or
criticizing it.
 In a very short summary, only main idea is given while in a
longer summary one can include main idea thought relationship
as well as some examples.
 Length of a summary can range from one sentence to one fourth
of the original text.
 Summary writer should write a summary in his/her own words
rather than copying it from the text. Rephrasing is essential in
summary writing but it should give the main information in a
summary.
 Summary should be completely objective. Summary writer
should not comment on. express an opinion about or add data.
Readers expect condensed form of the text and not summary of
writer's opinions or additions to it.
 In a formal summary, the first sentence gives name of title
 and author, and main idea of the text.
Example:
In discussing childhood in chapter 2 of Psychology. Charles C.
Morris says that language equitation is among the most dramatic
transformation a child undergoes.
 Subsequently, summary writer presents different ideas
given in the text in a systematic manner in his/her own words.
Steps for Summary Writing

Step taken for summary writing are as follows;
 Identify the main idea and the relationships among the
major supporting ideas.
26
 Decide which examples are necessary for a clear

understanding of the text.
 Write the summary in your own words.
 Write the first sentence which includes the source of
your summary and the main idea.
 Indicate whether the author is uncertain of the facts or is
expressing a personal opinion.
 Avoid making comments about or adding information to
the text.
 Make the summary approximately one-fourth of the
length of the original text.
27
A Sample Summary:
The Neuron Summary

The number of cells or neurons, that make up In Psychology
the nervous system has been estimated at 100 Charles G. Morris
to 200 billion. Although neurons come in many explains that the
different shapes and sizes, they are specialized nervous system
to receive and transmit information. In consists of cells
common with all other cells, a neuron has a called neurons
nucleus, a cell body where metabolism and whose purpose is to
respiration take place, and a cell membrane, convey
which encloses the whole cell. What make a information. In
neuron different from other cells are the tiny addition to the
fibers that extend out from the cell body. These elements the
extension are what enable the neuron to neuron shares with
perform its special job - to receive messages other cells (a
from surrounding cells, carry them a certain nucleus and cell
distance, and then pass them on to other cells. membrane), it also
The short fibers branching out around the cell has a group of
body are called dendrites. Their role is to pick fibers called
up the incoming messages from their dendrites and a
surroundings and carry them to the cell body. long single fiber
The single long fiber extending from the cell called an axon. The
body is called an axon. The axon fiber is very dendrites receive
thin and usually much longer than the messages and
dendrites. In adults the axons that run from the transmit them to
brain to the base of the spinal cord can the cell body, while
sometime be as long as 3 feet, but most axons the axon transmits
are only an inch or two in length. The axon's messages, either to
job is to vary outgoing messages -either to pass the dendrites in the
them on to the next neutron in a series or to next cell or directly
direct a muscle or gland to take action. When to a muscle or
we talk about a nerve, we are referring not to a gland which is then
single fiber but to a group of axons bundled activated.
together like parallel wires in an electrical
cable.
28
Annexure 3-b
Guidelines for Writing Critical Review of an Article
Critical review is an exercise in which a student gives his/her opinion on

a text, after a careful analysis. Critical review of an article requires:
 Ability to analyze a text,

 Comprehend the main idea or thesis of text,
 Organizational techniques,
 Proficiency at summarizing,
 Knowledge about the subject matter of the article.
Purpose of Critical Review
 To let the readers know enough about the contents of the article.
 To form one's own impressions as to the value of the article and
to present that subjective impression to readers clearly and
honestly.
Format of Critical Review
 The format of critical review should include the following:

 Introduction
 Summary
 Critique
 Conclusion
Introduction
The sequence of introduction may be as follows:
First sentence mentions the title of the article and the author (s) Few
sentences on focus subject matter and author's purpose in writing the
article. Few sentences on one's impression of the article whether one
agrees or disagrees with the author or has mixed feelings.
Summary
In second paragraph, one should give a summary of the article reviewed.
In case of long articles, one can give summary in 2.3 paragraphs.
29
Summary should contain main idea of article, main thought relationship,

and any example if needed
 Critique
The critique section is the most important section of a review. After
evaluating and analyzing the text, a reviewer is required to give his/her
personal views on the article. Therefore a critical review is subjective in
nature in contrast to pure summary which is objective. Commonly,
people use present tense while writing critical review. Opinion of a
person who is doing critical review may be positive, negative or mixed
(positive/negative). One can write several paragraphs in this section. The
critique can address;
 Importance of the subject matter
 Objectivity of author
 Interpretation of data
 Thoroughness of treatment of subject matter
 Practicality of suggestions
 Other experts opinions on author's work and reference to similar
work by other authors
In a short review, a few topics are discussed while in longer reviews,
more evaluation is done.
 Conclusion
Student may write concluding remarks, if he/she wishes to do so.
Conclusion contains a few words on the basic theme of the text and
conclusion drawn by the reviewer, on the basis of his/her
analysis/critique.
Guidelines for Writing Critical Review of a Book
The critical review of a book also applies the same techniques as used in
article. A critical review of a book will be longer due to:
 Length of the book
 Thoroughness of treatment of subject matter
 Effectiveness of the organization of ideas/style of presentation.
Are ideas in the book presented in an orderly and logical way or
not?
 Is vocabulary or sentences too technical or simple?
Steps for Writing the Critical Review

Steps taken for writing critical review are as follows;
30
 Establish a context for your discussion of the article (book) in

the introduction.
 Include your overall opinion about the article (book) in the
introduction in the form of a thesis.
 Summarize the article (book) briefly so that the reader will be
able to interpret the comments you will make about it in the
review.
 Make specific judgments about the article (book or parts of the
book) based on the suggested criteria.
 Use direct quotes and specific examples from the article (book)
to substantiate your judgments.
 Remember that your critique is the most important part of the
review and should therefore be the longest part.
 Use the same tense to report information from the article (book)
throughout your review.
 Conclude a book review by reinserting your thesis in terms of
the criticism you have made.
A Sample Critical Review

The subject of evolution has been Analysis
a matter of controversy among 1. Introduction
scientists for a long time. It is not A. Background
surprising, therefore, that a great Information (Use of
scientist like Carl Sagan deals present tense)
with this subject in his book The B. Title/Author
Dragons of Eden. In this book, he C. Author's purpose
seeks the source of human D. Importance of
intelligence in order to find out subject
more about the future evolution E. Qualification of
of the human brain. This matter is author
of great importance to us because F. Author 's certainly
we depend on our human about subject.
intelligence to help us solve G. Thesis of this review
future problems. Sagan seems to
have most of the qualifications
which are necessary to deal with
this subject. He is an astronomer,
astrophysicist, geneticist,
31
exobiologist, teacher, writer, and

humanist. In spite of all his
qualifications, Sagan presents his
ideas with some uncertainty
because he considers most of
them to be speculations which
have yet to be proven. Although I
have difficulty in reading the
book, I found it to be a very
fascinating one.
In the introduction to his book, II. Summary

Sagan talks about evolution and A. Background
the biological principle of Information
"natural selection". His main B. Example of subject
premise concerning the brain is matter
that brain structure has a lot to do C. Theoretical basis for
with its workings. He provides thesis of book.
data to support the idea of the
relationship between intelligence
and brain size and distinguishes
genetic and extra Genetic
information, comparing the
human brain with a modern
computer. The concept of the
"triune brain." which was
developed by MacLean, is
discussed at length, and a
description of the structure and
function of each of the three parts
as evolutionary additions is given.
The R-complex, which we seem
to share with other mammals and
with reptiles, controls aggressive
behavior and the establishment of
social hierarchies and rituals. The
limbic system's function seems to
be that of generating strong
32
emotions, and we share this

system with other mammals. The
neocortex controls the most
unique human characteristics - the
ability to reason and associate
abstractly.
Sagan is also concerned with the D. Detailed example of

functions of the left and right subject.
hemispheres of the brain and how (Use of direct quote)
the corpus callosum coordinates
these functions. According to
Sagan, "legal and ethical
system ,art and music .science
and technology were made
possible only through
collaborative work of the left and III. Critique (Negative)
right cerebral hemispheres" He A. Effectiveness of
claims that our only hope for language use.
solving future problems lies in the
corpus callosum.
The only aspect of this book
which keeps me from enjoying it
to the fullest is that it is filled
with many confusing technical
terms. Although Sagan states that
he has written the book for the
layman and has provided a B. Specific example to
glossary, I didn't find the book to support criticism.
be "smooth-sailing." The second (Use of direct quote).
chapter, for example, is difficult
to read because of so much
scientific terminology. An
example of this is the paragraph
that discusses mutations. "The
raw material of evolution are
mutations; inheritable changes in
the particular nucleotide
33
sequences Criaf made up C. Reemphasis of the

hereditary instructions in the importance of the
DNA molecule." I don't think the subject matter.
ordinary layman could grasp (Use of direct quote)
these technical terms easily, and
this would surely affect his
understanding of the main ideas
in the book.
Sagan's choice of subject for the
book seems to be very
appropriate. The theory of
evolution has raised many
questions in the last few years,
and laymen are in need of a book D. Author's
like The Dragons of Eden to give interpretation of data.
them a better understanding of
believes that the human brain is
capable of almost anything and
that the "rapid evolution of
human intelligence is not only the
cause of, but also the only
conceivable solution to the many
serious problems that beset us". E. Personal commentary
By comparing memory storage of
a modern computer to the
memory storage of the brain, he
makes us realize the actual
capacity of our brains.
Another positive aspect of Sagan
is that he is scientifically F. Interest Level
objective. In his opinion, such
things as the Bermuda Triangle
"mystical and occult doctrines"
which are "pervious to rational
discussion." I see his approach to
these topics to he very reasonable.
Such a scientific approach does
not make the book dry and
34
uninteresting, however. For

example, the experiments which
have been done on chimpanzees IV. Conclusion
and their language acquisition,
are very interesting to me. The A. Restatement of thesis of
thought of an animal being able to review
communicate with a human
seems strange, but then these B. Reemphasis of book's
experiments actually lead us to importance.
think that this might be possible.
Thus, in spite of the fact that the
book's language was rather
confusing, I have to say that it
was still worth reading. In my
opinion, The Dragons of Eden is
a stimulating book on an
extremely important topic.
35
Annexure 4
Guidelines for Writing Course Assignments
Course assignment is an essential part of every course. Main objectives

of course assignments are as follows:
 To relate material learnt in the class to practical life.
 To develop writing skills,
 To develop analytical skills,
 To develop capabilities of students to conduct a small research
Type of course assignment depends on the nature of course and
discretion of teacher. A few types of course assignments are as follows.
1. Research
Teacher can ask students to conduct a small research relating to a course.
This small research should be a comprehensive exercise and complete in
term of various parts of research report, i.e. proper documentation such
as reference, bibliography etc. Students can use "Management Internship
Manual" for guidance. Course Assignment should not be as detailed in
scope as internship report but all essential ingredients should be included
in a course assignment.
2. Critical Review of Documents

Students should be encouraged to write critical reviews of literature as an
assignment for various courses in order to promote the habit of reading
latest available literature and to properly record them. Guidelines for
writing summaries and critical review are given in Annexure 3a and 3b.
These guidelines will help students to write summaries and critical
reviews of books, essays, and article, or a group of articles (5-10) on
assigned topics. Students are to be encouraged to present them in the
class as well so that others can also get benefit from these write-ups.
36
Annexure 5-a
Management/Organizational Review
While doing internship in an organization, the following steps will help

in its organizational review. An internee is not expected to cover all
departments comprising an organization. He/she can concentrate on only
one aspect of it; for example, state of communication of a small
organization. One can add few more steps according to the requirement.
Part-I Existing situation of an organization

1. Background
1.1 Brief history of the organization
1.2 Prescribed functions or legal mandate of the organization.
1.3 Actual functions being performed.
1.4 Comparison of actual functions against prescribed
functions.
1.5 Review relationship of headquarters offices and field
offices or different departments within headquarters offices.
1.6 Review current staff in terms of:
1.6.1 Qualifications (academic)
1.6.2 Qualifications (professional)
1.6.3 Experience
1.6.4 Training received
1.6.5 Duties in terms of assessment of workload against
their job descriptions
1.6.6 Salary structure and benefits
1.6.7 Rate of staff turnover
1.6.8 Promotion prospects
1.6.9 Incentives
1.7 State of Communication: Review state of communication in
terms of:
1.7.1 The filing system
1.7.2 Correspondence
1 7.3 Data (how updated all these are and what is the
mechanism of updating).
1.7.4 Delays in correspondence
1.7.5 Writing skills of staff
37
1.7.6 How much of time is spent on written

communication, talking, meetings, and telephones
1.7.7 Equipment such as computers etc.
1.8 Organizational Climate/State of staff moral problems.
1.9 Physical Facilities: Review physical facilities in terms of:
1.9.1 Building/Office space
1.9.2 Rooms
1.9.3 Furniture
1.9.4 Equipment
1.10 Training Facilities Available
1.10.1 Training facilities (in country)
1.10.2 Training facilities (abroad)
1.11 Existing Output of Organization's Reports in terms of
quantity/quality.
1.12 Budget Reports Review:
1.12.1 Existing budget
1.12.2 Development budget
1.12.3 Recurrent budget
1.12.4 Main area of expenditure
Part-II Analysis, Findings and Recommendations
1. Improved input & output. This analysis will be based on

structure, staffing, and logistical support.
2. Recommendations should include
2.1 Organizational changes
2.2 Functional changes
2.3 Additional staff required if any along with job description
2.4 Staff training required
2.5 Improved incentives
2.6 Improved physical facilities
2.7 New equipment, computers, supplies
Costs
 Internee will provide all costs estimates of new
arrangement in terms of development and recurrent expenses and
how this can be met. Sources must be identified.
38
 Suppose student suggests adding more computers then

he/she should give its capital and yearly running costs in terms
of accessories and supplies (paper, ribbon).
 Suppose one suggests hiring of more staff then he/she
should give their salary structure (according to organizations
rules) and yearly costs.
 Suppose if one wants some of staff to be trained, then
suggests name of proposed institution and its training costs.
Plan
 If an internee wants his/her recommendations to be implemented
then he/she should list all recommendations in terms of long
term, mid term, and short-term recommendations with time
frame and steps as to how these can be implemented.
39
Annexure 5-(b)
Marketing Review
While doing Internship, student may opt to study an organization from
the marketing perspective. The following steps will help in this regard. In
a small enterprise, one may focus on the over all marketing process,
while in a large organization, he/she should concentrate on some specific
aspects of the company's marketing. For instance, student may focus on
the promotional strategies of the said organization or the channels of
distributions used by the company.
A macro marketing perspective includes reviewing the
organization by concentrating on its marketing strategy i.e.,
identifying target market, and studying the marketing mix (4-ps)
such as describing the following;
Target Market (core market others)
 Product line/mix strategies
 Pricing strategies
 Promotion strategies
 Place (distribution) strategies
If an organization is large enough then internee should
preferably focus on some aspects of marketing like.
 Product planning and management
 Sales force management
 Promotional strategies
 Channels and Logistics (Physical distribution management).
Comprehensive review on existing marketing planning and
strategies.
Your marketing section must include some basic information for
example:
 Total sales volume on monthly or quarterly or yearly basis
 Market share of the firm
 Domestic and international consumption
 Total expenditure on promotional activities (advertising,
personal selling and other sales promotion techniques etc) in
terms of total sale percentage.
40
Analysis
Internee should make a SWOT analysis of the existing marketing plans
and strategies by highlighting its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats.
Recommendations
An internee should give recommendations on the basis of analysis by
developing alternative marketing plans and strategies including:
 An Action Plan with its financial costs
 A time frame (shorts and long terms implementations strategies).
41
Annexure 5 (c)
Accounting & Financial Review
While looking at an organization from accounting and financial

perspective, following steps should be considered:
a) Accounting
1. Review accounting system followed.
2. Review internal accounting standard.
3. Review requirements of company's ordinance, banking ordinance,
and other legal requirements.
4. Review books and record maintained.
5. Review documents, bills, and vouchers.
6. Review closing and adjusting the record.
7. Review the financial statements prepared.
8. Examine depreciation method, inventory valuation method, and
other accounting policies followed.
b) Finance
1. Check and assess the financial position, specially the liquidity and
profitability.
2. Advise the company (organization).
3. Problems with receivables and inventory, if any.
4. Report on what the organization needs to know in doing business
with creditors.
5. Review current bank loans and other debt policies.
6. Analyze and calculate leverage.
7. Broadly suggest different measures to improve financial health of
organization.
42
Computerization of Organization Annexure 5(d)

While studying an organization, from computerization point of view, an
internee should study the following points:
Functions:
 Study the current functions being performed in an organization.
 List all functions which need to be computerized.
Hardware & Software:
 Number of computers needed to handle computerization of these
functions.
 Hardware specifications.
 Software needed
 Maintenance arrangements
Staffing:
 Number of computer staff needed to manage these computers
 Staff positions
 Qualifications
 Experience
 Salary
 Job descriptions of computer staff
Organization:
 Establishment of computer unit.
 Proposed location of computer centre in an organizational chart.
Training:
 Assess training needs of specialized computer staff. Assess
training needs of end users within organization i.e. accounts
staff/personal staff etc.
Costs:
 Assess costs of computer hardware.
 Assess costs of computer software.
 Assess costs of computer maintenance.
 Assess costs of computer accessories.
 Assess costs of computer training.
Plan:
 Develop detailed plan including
 Time phases in which computerization to be completed.
 Costs plan and source of funding.
 Implementation plan.
43
Annexure 6 (a)
INTERNSHIP REPORT ON THE NATIONAL BANK OF
PAKISTAN, UNIVERSITY CAMPUS BRANCH,
PESHAWAR
SHAHJEHAN
Institute of Management Studies

University of Peshawar
Session______________
44
Annexure 6(b)

PESHAWAR
Internship report submitted to the Institute of Management Studies,

University of Peshawar in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Business Administration
August 2015
45
Annexure 6 (c)


PESHAWAR
Supervisor:
Signature
Name
Designation
Organization
46
Annexure 7
Sample Executive Summary
1. Health services are one of the basic needs of human beings. An
important area of health service delivery is to filter patients at
different levels and to refer appropriate cases to specialists. The KPK
Government has established satellite hospitals for the same purpose.
KPK is the smallest province of Pakistan in term of size; with low
social sector indicators, especially in health sector but with
tremendous potential for development.
2. The purpose of this report is to review the existing practices and to
recommend a referral system. For this purpose, the Emergency
Satellite Hospital Complex (ESHC), Pabbi. has been studied as a
case. Based on the potentials and constraints of this case, a referral
system has been proposed.
Report findings are as follows;
1. One of the major problems in health sector is that patients bypass
primary health care facilities in favour of secondary and tertiary level
hospitals. In the light of experience of Basic Health Units (B.H.Us),
the government planned to improve casualties' centres and hospitals,
which were over crowded with patients from these areas. The
Government of KPK prepared a master plan called as "Peshawar
Health Package", which suggested to build some filtering
clinics/hospitals for patients coming to Peshawar.
2. ESHC Pabbi was established as a part of this master plan. This is a
60-bedded hospital, with 20 doctors appointed in different specialties
and routine duties. Some of the problems of ESHC Pabbi are as
follows:
a. Nurses are underpaid and overworked.
b. Paramedics are not given prophylactic injections against
Hepatitis, HIV/AIDS etc although they are directly involved
with the infected blood and serum.
c. Information system is inadequate without any feedback
mechanism
d. Out Patient Departments are overcrowded as people bypass
primary health facilities,
e. Administrative control is not effective,
47
f. Lack of education, poverty and high population growth in the

area has also deteriorated the situation further.
Report recommendations are as follows:
1. There is a strong need for a decentralised referral system to provide
focused service to patients.
2. Instead of having a large number of Basic Health Units (BHU) and
Rural Health Centers (RHC), small filter hospitals should be
established to refer deserving cases to secondary institutions.
3. Secondary hospitals such as ESHC and DHQH should filter
deserving cases to high hospitals in main cities.
4. In order to let the EHSC Pabbi function properly and to deliver
desired services, every family in the catchments area of Pabbi,
should be registered with a BHU/RHC.
5. It should be made obligatory upon registered patients to go to their
respective centres and if needed, referred to the ESHC Pabbi, by
their respective doctor incharge of the BHU.
6. Income of the ESHC should not be treated as government receipt.
The hospital purchase committee should be allowed to utilize the
revenue generated for the purchase of necessary items in the light of
its requirements.
48
Annexure 8
Checklist for Internship Reports
Advisors are requested to check if report full fills the following basic
requirements. Please mark( ) in front of each line. This checklist should
be submitted along with the report.
Sequence of Report
 Title
 Approval Sheet
 Certificate of internship by respective organization
 Acknowledgements
 List of contents
 List of tables
 List of figures
 List of acronyms
 Executive summary ( pattern given in Annexure 7)
Part I: Introduction of Study

 Chapter 1 (4 to 6 pages)
 Background of study
 Purpose of study
 Scope of study
 Methodology of study
 Organization of study
Part II:Review
 Chapters on review of organization etc
Part III: Analysis

 Chapter on analysis
Part IV: Findings and recommendations

 Chapter on findings & recommendations
Part V. Action/Implementation Plan

 Chapter on concrete action plan on study's recommendations,
can be combined with section IV
Bibliography and List of Annexures
49
Annexure 9 (a)

External Evaluation Internship Form

(Session__________)
Name of the student:
Total Marks: 100
Quality of Presentation
 Conciseness, correctness, completeness,
/15
 Grammar, spelling, language
 Tables, figures, references
/15
Quality of Substance Matter
 Executive summary
/10
 Review of background material
/15
 Analysis
/20
 Recommendations, Implementation plans

/25
50
Gross total Marks /100
Any other comment:
Signature of the Examiner
Nam e
Organization
Annexure 9(b)

Internal Advisor's Internship Evaluation Form
(Session ______)
Name of Student:
Total Marks: 100
Quality of Presentation
 Conciseness, correctness, completeness
/15
 Grammar, spelling, language
 Tables, figures, references
/10
Quality of Substance Matter

 Executive summary
/10
 Review of background material
/15
 Analysis
/20
51
 Recommendations, Implementation plans

/20
Consultation with Advisor

 Meetings, behavior, meeting deadlines
/10
Gross Total Marks /100
Any other comment:
Signature of the Examiner

Name
Organization
Bibliography
Arnaudet, Martin L. and Barreett Mary Ellen. (1984). Approaches to

Academic Reading & Writing. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
Sekran, U. (1999). Research Methods for Business, Third Edition. New

York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
52
53

Internship Manual Updated March 2016

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Internship Manual Updated March 2016

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Management Internship Manual

Rights: All rights reserved with the author.

Date Posted: March 2016

About The Author

Ziauddin is currently the Professor of Business Administration at

This is the third edition of this manual with some amendments.

This is the third edition which is a proof that Management Internship

 Provide maximum guidance to students doing internship.

Management Internship Manual is only a supporting document and

Lastly, I must thank Mr. Maqbali Khan, of Word Zone, NWFP

March 2016 Ziauddin

2. Main Body of Report...................................................................5

3. Framework for writing Internship Report....................................9

1.2 Selection of an Organization for Internship

1.3 Working in an Organization as an Internee

It is better not to interfere in the regular work of staff of the organization

The Internee should be well organized while working in an organization.

1.4 Focus of Work

1.5 Pre-internship Readings

Week one: i) Introduction to staff

II. Main Body of Report

Part-1: Introduction of the report

1.1 Background of Study

1.3 Scope of Work

1.5 Organization of Report

Review of background material should be brief as regarding general

into several chapters in an organized way according to topics. Some of

Part-4: Findings and Recommendations

organizational chart then he/she is supposed to give alternate

In case, an internee recommends purchase of computers then he/she will

Part-5: Action/Implementation Plan

III. Framework for Writing Internship Report

1.11 Part 1, Introduction of the Report

A reference should answer several questions about each source; what is

Haq, Mahbub ul. (1962). Strategy of Economic Planning.

Kidron, A. G. (1976). Individual differences, job characteristics

2.6 Unpublished Manuscript

2.9 Paper Presented at Meeting

2.10 Paper Published in Proceedings

2.11 Article Published in Edited Book

Mass; J.B. (Producer) & Gluck, D.H. (Director). (1979). Deeper

2.14 Cassette Recording

2.15 Referencing Electronic Sources

3. Referencing and Quotation in the Literature Review Section 6

2. When a work is authored by two individuals, always cite both

Personal communication through letters, memos, telephone

If the quotation is of more than 40 words, set it in a freestanding style

Various terms are used to refer to dual-earner families: dual-worker

4. Page Numbering, Headings, and Font Sizes:

 Internee can give monogram of the organization of internship

5.1 All tables, figures, graphs, charts should contain numbers,

Annexure No. Title Page

Persons Interviewed- Annexure 1 a

Name of Designation Name of Section Mobile Time & Remarks

Documents Consulted- Annexure 1 b

Title of Organization Name of Where Date Released

After the selection of research topic, the student is required to prepare

Banking system in the Bank of Khyber is limited. Student should

1.2 Literature Review

1.2.1 Research Question(s)

1.3 Methodology of Research

variables is required to prove them as quantifiable and

1.3.8 An Example of Methodology: