Define IQ

IQ stand for Intelligence quotient.

An Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a total source derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests

designed to access to human intelligence.

Introduction of child development

Child development is a continuous development from the early stage of birthuntil the maturity

stage. Everybody may have a different rate of development of life. Theaspects of development

can be classified into physical, emotion, cognitive and socialapproaches. The changes and the

development of physical can be seen on theirphysical appearance for instance, the increasing of

the children

’s

Teeth, height, weightand parts of their body will grow bigger. They will also be able to make a

physicalmovement such as walking, holding, or picking things. Furthermore, the development

oftheir cognitive can somehow be measure by the ways of their thinking. They will be ableto

memorizing, reasoning, counting and many other abilities. As for emotiondevelopment, children

will discover many emotions within themselves. They can be sad,happy, and angry according to

particular situation. They will also be able to deal withthose emotions. Lastly, the developmen

T of one’s social interaction can be clearly seen

On how the person interact and mix with other people as well as try to adapt with

theenvironment surrounding.Growth and development are related with each other. The growth

pattern can besimilar with everybody but it is different in rate. Ones rate of development is

influencedby two major factors which turned humans into various kinds of personality

andcharacteristics in terms of their cognitive, physical, emotion as well as their socialapp

Roaches. As a result, an inconsistencies and different stages of one’s development

Process occur. The two major factors are genetic (nature) and environment (nurture)factors and it

has been scientifically proven.Genetic can be referred as biological characteristic or genes of

parents which

Passed on to their child. These genes are stored in the parent’s chromosome and when

The fertilization process between sperm and ovum occur, the chromosomes willsomehow be

intertwined and affect the characteristic of an individual. One of thecharacteristic that possessed

by the children is their physical appearance for instancetheir skin colour, height, hair, face and

many others. Other than that, genetics do carry

Parent’s intellectuality

. It includes the potential, talent, ways of thinking and habits oftheir parents. When a father or a

mother is talented enough in any kind of sports.

Fector of child development

Factor that influence the

Children’s development

According to the situations given, we could clearly see the difference level ofdevelopment

between these two children. There many factors which influence the rate oftheir

development.First, we can see that their residential area did play a role in terms of

thedevelopment of their social skills. We aware that Rizal used to stay quietly at home andwatch

television without mix with other children who live surround the housing area. Healso does not

really close with his family because according to his mother, he rarelyspeaks at home. So we can

somehow conclude that Rizal becomes more active andtake the opportunity to interact with his
friends at school as much as he needs. He triesto widen his social range and managed to socialize

with everybody quite well.On the contrary, Farid who lives in flat used to play with friends

nearby hishouse. He feels comfortable and happy enough with them. As a result, he

becomespassive and refuses to mix around at school. He does not know how to socialize

withnew friends as he has his own friends. He only befriends with his friends who live nearbyhis

house during the recess and he could not make any friends with students from hisclass. He may

take plenty of time to make new friends and adapting the environment inclass.

Other than that, the family background also contributes to the children’s

Development. Looking through these two situations, we can clearly see that both of themlive in

different kind of status. Rizal comes from a middle class family who lives in afamily who are

able to provide him a comfortable living, they own a television for him towatch while Farid lives

in flat which cost not too much of money as the house does notreally big and conducive. Farid

does not have a father. He also forced to help his motherto do house chores as his mother has to

work hard to earn a living. Farid has to face thehardship of losing a father, while Rizal is vice

versa. That situations and hardshipshaped Farid to become a responsible and matured child but

he is low self-esteem. Herefuses to mix with other people and does not answers question unless

his teacher asks him to do.

Analyze the children’s development

Using developmental theories

According to both of Rizal’s and Farid’s situations, we could see that both of

Them are in the stage of making friends and socialize. Their residential area somehowgives the

opportunity for them to befriend with other children who lives around and areabout the same age
with them. While, in school, they also exposed to group work whichneeds cooperation between

each others. This will helps to develop their maturity andways of thinking as what is stated in

Vygotsky theory which explains that

Children’s

Thinking will be developed when they often had social interactions with other people.Vygotsky

believes in the importance of social influences, especially instruction, on

Children’s cognitive development is reflected in his concept of the zone of proximal

Development(John W. Santrock, 1987). Zone of Proximal development (ZPD) is atheoretical

term of Vygotsky theory which explains that the distance between the actualdevelopmental

stages with the individual development potential which are determined byhelp from an adult or

collaboration between colleagues who are capable. ZPDemphasizes on social interaction and

cognitive development can be constructed throughsocial interactions with people such as parents,

siblings, closet family; cousins, uncle,auntie as well as peers. We can see from the scenario that

Farid does not have muchsocial interaction with his classmates but he does socialize with his

family members andhis friends who live nearby his house, thus he becomes a diligent person

who loves toread books and play football. He is able to help his mother to do house chores

andcooks often because he is experienced in doing so. That experience probably helps

thedevelopment of Farid,

As one’s cognitive development depends on their social

Interaction with guidance from adults and as a result, Farid perform well in his academic.While

Rizal did interact with his classmates but he probably lack of communication. He

Refused to hear other’s opinion and often dominates the group work thus Rizal left

Behind in
His academic. Rizal’s way of interact does not really helps him in his academic

Performance as he lack of collaboration with his friends and used to dominates them.

Sense of Touch:

Newborns display reflex responses to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals and later on to

exploratory mouthing. Pleasurable touch releases endorphins in the brain.

The Infant is sensitive to pain. Pain can affect later behavior, i.e., long lasting pain can have

devastating effects on the growing infant and can have serious psychological and behavioral

consequences. Pain can be relieved with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding.

Taste and Smell:

Infants prefer sweet tastes at birth and quickly learn to like new tastes. Have preferences of odors

from birth,

And is affected by mother’s diet during pregnancy. Can locate odors and identify mother by

smell from birth

Sense of Hearing:
Infants can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth and even before birth, especially in the last

trimester. They prefer complex sounds to pure tones, and learn sound patterns within days.

Infants are sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language.

Developments in Hearing

4 -7 months: Sense of musical phrasing

6 – 8 months: “Screen out” sounds from non-native language, recognize familiar words, natural

phrasing in native language.

8 – 9 months: Detect syllables that often occur together in the same word.

Sense of Vision

Vision is the least developed of senses at birth. The infant is unable to see long distances, focus

clearly with limited binocular visual ability. With the presence of sounds the infant can scan

environment and try to track interesting objects. Color vision improves in first two months.

Improvements in Vision

Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision. At 2 months, focus and color vision

develops. At 6 months, acuity, scanning & tracking; and around that time (6–7 months) depth

perception becomes better.

Sense of Touch:
Newborns display reflex responses to touch on mouth, palms, soles, genitals and later on to

exploratory mouthing. Pleasurable touch releases endorphins in the brain.

The infant is sensitive to pain. Pain can affect later behavior, i.e., long lasting pain can have

devastating effects on the growing infant and can have serious psychological and behavioral

consequences. Pain can be relieved with anesthetics, sugar, gentle holding.

Taste and Smell:

Infants prefer sweet tastes at birth and quickly learn to like new tastes. Have preferences of odors

from birth,

And is affected by mother’s diet during pregnancy. Can locate odors and identify mother by

smell from birth

Sense of Hearing:

Infants can hear a wide variety of sounds at birth and even before birth, especially in the last

trimester. They prefer complex sounds to pure tones, and learn sound patterns within days.

Infants are sensitive to voices and biologically prepared to learn language.

Developments in Hearing

4 -7 months: Sense of musical phrasing

6 – 8 months: “Screen out” sounds from non-native language, recognize familiar words, natural

phrasing in native language.

8 – 9 months: Detect syllables that often occur together in the same word.

Sense of Vision

Vision is the least developed of senses at birth. The infant is unable to see long distances, focus

clearly with limited binocular visual ability. With the presence of sounds the infant can scan

environment and try to track interesting objects. Color vision improves in first two months.

Improvements in Vision

Brain development helps infants reach adult levels of vision. At 2 months, focus and color vision

develops. At 6 months, acuity, scanning & tracking; and around that time (6–7 months) depth

perception becomes better.

Probability Samples:
Random Sample: When each member in a population has an equal probability of being selected.

Systematic Sample: Sampling begins by randomly selecting one member, and then selecting

every nth member onwards.

Stratified Sample: When population composed of distinct categories, it leads to a sample based

on these categories and is called stratified sample.

Non-Probability Samples:

Quota Sample: In quota samples, population’s subgroups are proportionately sampled.

Convenience Sample: members of the population are chosen based on their relative ease of

access. Sampling friends, co-workers, or shoppers at a store are all examples of convenience or

accidental sample.

Sampling Errors:

Selection bias or sampling bias occurs when probabilities of selecting members into a sample

differ from true probabilities contained in a population. In many ways non-probability sampling

can suffer from such bias and can affect survey research.
Random sampling error: Or estimation error is an error that is caused by observing a sample

instead of the whole population.

Epidemiology:

This branch of medicine studies patterns of health (or disease) in a population. Children

epidemiological studies look at child diseases that focus on their causes of death (COD) or

mortality. Two kinds of mortality have been the center of attention for World Health

Organization (WHO).

Neonatal mortality (birth-28 days)

Child mortality (1-59 months)

Child Mortality:

WHO Statistics tells that [About] 7.6 million children under the age of five die every year,

according to 2010 figures. Leading causes of death are pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria and health

problems during the first month of life. Over one third of all child deaths are linked to

malnutrition according to statistics provided by WHO. Children in low-income countries are

nearly 18 times more likely to die before the age of five than children in high-income countries.