INTRODUCTION

A theory refers to a systematic statement of principles related to observed phenomena and

their relationship to each other. A theory of child development looks at the children's growth

and behaviour and interprets it. It suggests elements in the child's genetic makeup and the

environmental conditions that influence development and behaviour and how these elements

are related. Many developmental theories offer insights about how the performance of

individuals is stimulated, sustained, directed, and encouraged. Psychologists have established

several developmental theories. Many different competing theories exist, some dealing with

only limited domains of development, and are continuously revised. Each theory offers

interpretations on the meaning of children's development and behavior. Although the theories

are clustered collectively into schools of thought, they differ within each school. · Early

childhood education A long time ago, our predecessors built bridges before engineering

programs and knowledge of the laws of physics were present, while prehistoric primitive

healers identified cures before medical databases and information of the laws of natural

science were available. The evolution of these laws impacted on civilization. For instance,

“the laws of physics assisted in building the Golden Gate Bridge, while the laws of biology

aided in the elimination of smallpox. In a parallel way, theories have contributed to the

development of guidelines to improve human performance”. Theories and principles of

motivation (Graham & Weiner, 1996; Saracho, 2019, ).

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

Social development in early years of childhood is a crucial part of a person’s overall health,

well-being and happiness throughout his or her life which is very closely associated with

cognitive and emotional development. In this process, the child learns to interact with others
Around them and process their actions. Social development plays an important role when the

child enters the school.

Developing social skills can help your child to develop language skills, build self-confidence,

support learning skills, resolve conflicts and establish positive attitude. When a child begin

to socialise with other children, it will help them to practice and acquire speech and language

skills which would help the child better able to understand, behave and act to the people

around him according to the situations.

In the early years of a child's life, social development plays a crucial role in shaping their

personality and future relationships. As parents, it's important to understand the impact of

social development on your child's well-being and overall growth. From learning to share and

communicate, to building friendships and developing empathy, these early experiences can

significantly impact your child's future success.

Definition of Social Development in Early Childhood

Social development in early childhood refers to the gradual process by which a child learns to

interact with others, form relationships, and develop a sense of self in relation to others.

During this stage, children learn important skills such as communication, empathy,

cooperation, and conflict resolution. These skills help children understand their own emotions

and those of others, build meaningful relationships, and navigate the social world around

them. Social development in early childhood is crucial as it lays the foundation for future

social, emotional, and cognitive development (United Nations, 2022).

Benefits of Social Development In Early Childhood

Develop Language Skills

Social development plays a critical role in language development. Children who engage in

social interactions from an early age develop better language skills. They learn to

communicate effectively, understand language, and express themselves better. This helps

them build stronger relationships with others and develop better communication skills, which

are essential for success in life.

Improve Learning Abilities

Social development also helps improve a child's learning abilities. Children who have strong

social skills tend to be more engaged in the learning process and perform better in school.

They are also more confident and better able to work with others, which helps them achieve

their goals more effectively.

Boost Self-Esteem

Social development is also essential for building a child's self-esteem. Children who feel

comfortable interacting with others and forming positive relationships are more confident and

have higher self-esteem. This can have a positive impact on their mental health and overall

well-being.

Resolve Conflicts

Another important benefit of social development in early childhood is the ability to resolve

conflicts. Children who have strong social skills are better able to understand others
Perspectives, communicate effectively, and find solutions to conflicts. This helps them build

better relationships and develop conflict resolution skills that will benefit them throughout

their lives.

Develop a Positive Attitude

Finally, social development in early childhood helps children develop a positive attitude.

Children who engage in positive social interactions are more likely to have a positive outlook

on life and be more optimistic. This can have a significant impact on their mental health and

overall well-being.

How do you encourage social development in early childhood?

Social development in early childhood is a critical aspect of a child's growth and well-being.

It lays the foundation for future success in life and helps children build strong relationships,

communicate effectively, and navigate the social world around them. Here are five expert tips

for encouraging social development in early childhood.

Foster Positive Relationships One of the best ways to encourage social development in

early childhood is to foster positive relationships. This includes spending quality time with

your child, playing with them, and encouraging them to interact with others. You can also

help them build relationships by introducing them to new people and encouraging them to

engage in social activities.

Encourage Communication Encouraging communication is another important way to foster

social development in early childhood. This includes helping children learn to express

themselves, understand language, and communicate effectively. You can encourage

Communication by asking questions, encouraging them to tell stories, and helping them learn

new words.

Teach Empathy is an important social skill that helps children understand and relate to

others' emotions. You can encourage empathy in early childhood by modelling kindness and

compassion, talking about emotions, and encouraging children to consider others'

perspectives.

Promote Positive Interactions Positive interactions are essential for social development in

early childhood. You can encourage positive interactions by providing opportunities for

children to play and engage with others, helping them resolve conflicts, and teaching them

appropriate social behaviours.

Encourage Active Play Active play is another important way to encourage social

development in early childhood. This can include playing games, participating in sports, or

engaging in other physical activities, improving communication skills for kids.

Social development in early childhood is a critical aspect of a child's growth and well-being.

By fostering positive relationships, encouraging communication, teaching empathy,

promoting positive interactions, and encouraging active play, you can help your child develop

strong social skills that will benefit them for the rest of their lives which would help the child

better able to understand, behave and act to the people around him according to the situations

(United Nation, 2022)

MILESTONES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

At every age, there are some basic milestones to be developed.

0-2 YEARS

Several skills rapidly develop during the first 2 years of life. Social skills which develop in

children are as follows:

 They smile and react positively to parents and other familiar people

 They develop stranger anxiety—though it can be frustrating, this is a normal process

of development

 They develop an attachment to a comfort object such as a blanket or animal

 They begin to show anxiety around other children

 They try to imitate adults and children—just as a child develops in other ways, many

social skills are learned simply through copying what a parent or sibling does

 They get affected by emotions of parents and others around them

3-4 YEARS

At this time , a child’s sense of being confident begins to develop as he or she learns to do

more activities without assistance.

At this stage, most children usually begin to:

 Share toys and take turns

 Begin engaging in pretend play

 Follow simple rules in games

 Sometimes become bossy and defiant

 Show more independence

 Might show attachment to one friend

4-5 YEARS

At this time, children start to gain a greater awareness of their own individuality. A child’s

sense of being independent in these early stages can set a pattern for the rest of his or her life.

At this stage, most children usually begin to:

 Develop friendships with other kids

 Compare themselves to other children and adults

 Understand other people’s thoughts and feelings

 Initiate or play with other children and make up games

 Show an understanding of right and wrong

 Listen while others are conversing

  Parents play a major role to enhance the social skills. As parents can help their kids by

modelling how to interact with people around him.

SOME PARENTAL TIPS TO HELP THE KIDS TO DEVELOP AND SUPPORT

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:

- Respond to your kid’s needs promptly—your child is learning how to trust someone

-Make eye contact with your baby—sit face to face to their level and maintain eye contact

when you interact with them

-Babble and talk to your kid, always give a pause to allow them to respond

- Play copycat with words and actions

-Play “peeka boo”—this teaches your child that even if you “disappear” you will come back,

and which would help to reduce stranger anxiety

- Involve your kid in daily activities such as going out to by something or visiting friends—

this shows them how you interact with others in a respectful, positive way

-Begin to arrange play time on a regular basis so that your child can interact with peers

SIGNS OF POSSIBLE DYSFUNCTION IN SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY

CHILDHOOD

 Does not show any interest in playing with other children

 Not ready to share or take turns with other children

  Wants to be dependent on caregivers for everything

 Is extremely particular about routines and becomes upset when things change

 Has extreme difficulty to get separated from parents or caregivers

If your child exhibits some or all of these behaviors, you may want to have your child’s skills

assessed or seek advice from speech language pathologists or a psychologist to understand

the possible cause and initiate the intervention accordingly.

THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT (SOCIAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

0-5 YEARS)

Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and influential

theories of development. While his theory was impacted by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud's

work, Erikson's theory cantered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual

development.

The stages that make up his theory are as follows:

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months)

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years)

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five)

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11)

Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18)

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40)

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65)

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)

Overview of Erikson's Stages of Development

So what exactly did Erikson's theory of psychosocial development entail uch like Sigmund

Freud, Erikson believed that personality developed in a series of stages.

Unlike Freud's theory of psychosexual stages, however, Erikson's theory described the impact

of social experience across the whole lifespan. Erikson was interested in how social

interaction and relationships played a role in the development and growth of human beings.

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and 1

year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent,

developing trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers.

At this point in development, the child is utterly dependent upon adult caregivers for

everything they need to survive including food, love, warmth, safety, and nurturing. If a

caregiver fails to provide adequate care and love, the child will come to feel that they cannot

trust or depend upon the adults in their life.

Outcomes

If a child successfully develops trust, the child will feel safe and secure in the world.

Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings

of mistrust in the children under their care. Failure to develop trust will result in fear and a

belief that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.During the first stage of psychosocial

development, children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and

affection. A lack

of this will lead to mistrust.No child is going to develop a sense of 100% trust or 100% doubt.

Erikson believed that successful development was all about striking a balance between the

two opposing sides. When this happens, children acquire hope, which Erikson described as an

openness to experience tempered by some wariness that danger may be present.

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The second stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development takes place during early

childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control.

The Role of Independence

At this point in development, children are just starting to gain a little independence. They are

starting to perform basic actions on their own and making simple decisions about what they

prefer. By allowing kids to make choices and gain control, parents and caregivers can help

children develop a sense of autonomy.

Potty Training

The essential theme of this stage is that children need to develop a sense of personal control

over physical skills and a sense of independence. Potty training plays an important role in

helping children develop this sense of autonomy.

Like Freud, Erikson believed that toilet training was a vital part of this process. However,

Erikson's reasoning was quite different than that of Freud's. Erikson believed that learning to

control one's bodily functions leads to a feeling of control and a sense of independence. Other

important events include gaining more control over food choices, toy preferences, and

clothing selection.

Outcomes

Children who struggle and who are shamed for their accidents may be left without a sense of

personal control. Success during this stage of psychosocial development leads to feelings of

autonomy; failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

The third stage of psychosocial development takes place during the preschool years. At this

point in psychosocial development, children begin to assert their power and control over the

world through directing play and other social interactions.Children who are successful at this

stage feel capable and able to lead others. Those who fail to acquire these skills are left with a

sense of guilt, self-doubt, and lack of initiative.

Outcomes

The major theme of the third stage of psychosocial development is that children need to begin

asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of

purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a

sense of guilt (Kendra, 2022)

Attachment Theory
Attachment Theory in Babies, Infants, and Early Childhood Development

According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, attachments with the primary caregiver develop during

the first 18 months or so of the child’s life, starting with instinctual behaviors like crying and

clinging (Kennedy & Kennedy, 2004). These behaviors are quickly directed at one or a few

caregivers in particular, and by 7 or 8 months old, children usually start protesting against the

caregiver(s) leaving and grieve for their absence.Once children reach the toddler stage, they

begin forming an internal working model of their attachment relationships. This internal

working model provides the framework for the child’s beliefs about their own self-worth and

how much they can depend on others to meet their needs.In Bowlby and Ainsworth’s view,

the attachment styles that children form based on their early interactions with caregivers form

a continuum of emotion regulation, with anxious-avoidant attachment at one end and

anxious-resistant at the other. Secure attachment falls at the midpoint of this spectrum,

between overly organized strategies for controlling and minimizing emotions and the

uncontrolled, disorganized, and ineffectively managed emotions.

Secure Attachment: These children are generally more likely to see others as supportive and

helpful and themselves as competent and worthy of respect. They relate positively to others

and display resilience, engage in complex play and are more successful in the classroom and

in interactions with other children. They are better at taking the perspectives of others and

have more trust in others;

Anxious-Avoidant Attachment: Children with an anxious-avoidant attachment style are

generally less effective in managing stressful situations. They are likely to withdraw and

resist seeking help, which inhibits them from forming satisfying relationships with others.

They show more aggression and antisocial behaviour, like lying and bullying, and they tend

to distance themselves from others to reduce emotional stress;

Anxious-Resistant Attachment: These children are on the opposite end of the spectrum

from anxious-avoidant children. They likely lack self-confidence and stick close to their

primary caregivers. They may display exaggerated emotional reactions and keep their

distance from their peers, leading to social isolation.

Disorganized Attachment: Children with a disorganized attachment style usually fail to

develop an organized strategy for coping with separation distress, and tend to display

aggression, disruptive behaviours, and social isolation. They are more likely to see others as

threats than sources of support, and thus may switch between social withdrawal and

defensively aggressive behaviour (Kennedy & Kennedy, 2004).These behaviours make up

what Bowlby termed an “attachment behavioral system,” the system that guides us in our

patterns and habits of forming and maintaining relationships (Fraley, 2010).Research on

Bowlby’s theory of attachment showed that infants placed in an unfamiliar situation and

separated from their parents will generally react in one of these ways upon reunion with the

parents:

Secure attachment: These infants showed distress upon separation but sought comfort and

were easily comforted when the parents returned;

Anxious-resistant attachment: A smaller portion of infants experienced greater levels of

distress and, upon reuniting with the parents, seemed both to seek comfort and to attempt to

“punish” the parents for leaving.

Avoidant attachment: Infants in the third category showed no stress or minimal stress upon

separation from the parents and either ignored the parents upon reuniting or actively avoided

the parents (Fraley, 2010).

In later years, researchers added a fourth attachment style to this list: the disorganized-

disoriented attachment style, which refers to children who have no predictable pattern of

attachment behaviors (Kennedy & Kennedy, 2004).

It makes intuitive sense that a child’s attachment style is largely a function of the caregiving

the child receives in his or her early years. Those who received support and love from their

caregivers are likely to be secure, while those who experienced inconsistency or negligence

from their caregivers are likely to feel more anxiety surrounding their relationship with their

parents.However, attachment theory takes it one step further, applying what we know about

attachment in children to relationships we engage in as adults. These relationships

(particularly intimate and/or romantic relationships) are also directly related to our

attachment styles as children and the care we received from our primary caregivers

(Firestone, 2013).

The development of this theory gives us an interesting look into the study of child
development.
Comparing and contrasting theories

When comparing and contrasting these theories in the context of social growth and

development in early childhood (0-5 years), several key similarities and differences emerge:

1. Attachment Theory vs. Social Learning Theory:

Similarity: Both Attachment Theory (Bowlby) and Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

emphasize the importance of early relationships in shaping social development. They

highlight how interactions with caregivers and significant others play a critical role in

children's socialization.
Difference: Attachment Theory focuses on emotional bonds and secure attachments as the

foundation for healthy social development, while Social Learning Theory emphasizes

observational learning and imitation of social behaviors as key mechanisms for acquiring

social skills.

2. Social Learning Theory vs. Theory of Mind:

Similarity: Both Social Learning Theory (Bandura) and Theory of Mind (Sally-Anne Test)

underscore the role of cognitive processes in social development. They both involve

understanding and interpreting social cues and behaviors.

Difference: Social Learning Theory focuses on external influences (observation, modeling)

in acquiring social behaviors, while Theory of Mind centers on internal cognitive processes

related to understanding others' perspectives and beliefs.

3. Ecological Systems Theory vs. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:

Similarity: Both Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner) and Erikson's Psychosocial

Theory emphasize the influence of external factors (environment, relationships) on children's

social development. They both recognize the multifaceted nature of socialization.

Difference: Ecological Systems Theory examines the impact of various environmental

systems on development (microsystem, mesosystem, etc.), while Erikson's theory focuses on

psychosocial stages and the resolution of key social-emotional conflicts at different life

stages.
 Overall, these theories provide complementary perspectives on social growth and

development in early childhood. They highlight the complex interplay of internal and

external factors, cognitive processes, and social interactions that shape children's social skills,

emotional development, and identity formation during the critical years of 0-5. By integrating

these theories, researchers and practitioners can gain a more holistic understanding of how

children's social worlds evolve and how to support their healthy social development.

Highlight any complementary aspects between the theories

While these theories have distinct approaches to social development, there are some

complementary aspects between them that can provide a more comprehensive understanding

of how social development unfolds in early childhood:

1. Attachment Theory and Theory of Mind:

Both Attachment Theory (Bowlby) and Theory of Mind (Sally-Anne Test) highlight the

importance of forming secure emotional bonds and understanding others' perspectives in

social development. Secure attachments in early childhood can lay the foundation for

developing empathy, perspective-taking, and social cognition, as emphasized in Theory of

Mind.

2. Social Learning Theory and Attachment Theory:

Social Learning Theory (Bandura) and Attachment Theory (Bowlby) both underscore the

influence of social interactions and relationships on social development. While Social

Learning Theory focuses on observational learning and modeling from others, Attachment
Theory emphasizes the role of secure attachments with caregivers in shaping social behaviors

and relationships.

3. Ecological Systems Theory and Erikson's Psychosocial Theory:

Ecological Systems Theory (Bronfenbrenner) and Erikson's Psychosocial Theory both

recognize the multisystemic influences on social development. Ecological Systems Theory

emphasizes the impact of various environmental contexts on socialization, while Erikson's

stages of psychosocial development depict the interplay between internal psychological

conflicts and external social influences in shaping social development.

By considering the complementary aspects of these theories, researchers and practitioners can

adopt a more holistic and integrated approach to understanding the complexities of social

development in early childhood, incorporating multiple perspectives and mechanisms that

contribute to social growth.

Examples of how these theories can be applied in real-world settings (e.g., parenting

practices, early childhood education)

1. Attachment Theory in Parenting Practices:

Applying Attachment Theory in parenting involves promoting a secure attachment

relationship between parents and children. This can be achieved through responsive and

sensitive caregiving, consistent routines, and creating a safe and nurturing environment.

Parents can also support their child's social development by helping them regulate emotions,

build trust, and develop a strong sense of security.

2. Theory of Mind in Early Childhood Education:

In early childhood education settings, educators can promote Theory of Mind development

by incorporating activities that encourage perspective-taking, empathy, and understanding

others' emotions. Storytelling, role-playing, and discussions about feelings and intentions can

help children develop their Theory of Mind skills and enhance their social interactions with

peers.

3. Social Learning Theory in Parenting and Early Childhood Education:

Parents and educators can apply Social Learning Theory by modeling positive social

behaviors and providing opportunities for children to observe and imitate prosocial actions.

Encouraging cooperative play, teaching conflict resolution skills, and praising socially

appropriate behaviors can reinforce the importance of learning through observation and

reinforcement in social development.

4. Ecological Systems Theory in Community Programs:

Community programs designed to support social development in early childhood can benefit

from an ecological systems approach by considering the multiple environments that influence

children's socialization. Collaborating with families, schools, healthcare providers, and

community organizations can create a comprehensive support system that addresses the

diverse needs and influences on children's social development.

5. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory in Early Intervention Programs:

Early intervention programs can utilize Erikson's Psychosocial Theory stages to design

targeted interventions that address children's social and emotional needs at different

developmental stages. By understanding the unique challenges and tasks associated with each
psychosocial stage, practitioners can tailor interventions to support children's mastery of key

social skills and resolve developmental conflicts.

Cultural influences on social development

Cultural influences play a significant role in shaping children's social development during

early childhood. Cultural norms, beliefs, values, and practices can impact the way children

learn to interact with others, form relationships, and develop social skills. Here are some key

ways in which cultural influences can affect social development:

1. Parenting styles: Cultural norms and beliefs about parenting practices can influence how

parents interact with their children, discipline them, and foster social skills. For example,

some cultures may emphasize strict discipline, while others may focus on nurturing and

emotional support.

2. Socialization practices: Cultural traditions and rituals can play a role in socializing

children and teaching them social rules and norms. For example, some cultures may place a

strong emphasis on collectivism and community values, while others may prioritize

individualism and independence.

3. Social expectations: Cultural expectations regarding behavior, communication, and social

interactions can shape how children learn to interact with others. For example, some cultures

may value politeness and respect for authority, while others may promote assertiveness and

independence.
 4. Language and communication: Cultural differences in language and communication

styles can influence how children learn to express themselves, interpret social cues, and

engage in social interactions. For example, some cultures may value direct communication,

while others may prefer indirect or nonverbal communication.

Overall, cultural influences play a crucial role in shaping children's social development by

providing them with the context, tools, and skills needed to navigate the social world within

their cultural framework. Understanding and respecting cultural differences can help support

healthy social development in children from diverse backgrounds.

Limitations of these theories

While cultural influences play a significant role in shaping children's social development,

there are some limitations to consider when applying these theories?

1. Generalization: Cultural influences are complex and diverse, and it is essential to

recognize that not all individuals within a cultural group will conform to the same norms,

beliefs, and practices. Generalizing about a particular culture may overlook individual

differences and variations within that group.

2. Intersectionality: People belong to multiple cultural groups simultaneously, and their

social development is influenced by various intersecting factors such as race, ethnicity,

socioeconomic status, gender, and more. Focusing solely on cultural influences may overlook

other important aspects of an individual's social development.

3. Dynamic nature of culture: Cultures are not static; they evolve and change over time in

response to various factors such as globalization, migration, and socio-political

developments. Therefore, cultural influences on social development may vary across

generations and in different contexts.

4. Power dynamics: Cultural influences are not always positive or beneficial for every

individual within a culture. Some cultural norms and practices, such as gender roles, may

perpetuate inequality, discrimination, or harmful behaviors. It is essential to critically

examine cultural practices and their impact on social development.

5. Individual differences: While culture plays a significant role, individual characteristics,

experiences, and relationships also influence social development. Children may respond to

cultural influences in different ways based on their unique personalities, temperaments, and

social environments.

6. Influence of other factors: Social development is influenced by a wide range of factors

beyond culture, such as genetics, biological factors, cognitive development, and

environmental influences. It is important to consider these multiple influences when studying

social development in children.

Overall, while cultural influences are important in understanding social development, it is

essential to approach these theories with a critical and nuanced perspective that takes into

account the diverse and complex nature of human development.

Summary of importance of social development in the first five years

Social development in the first five years of a child's life is crucial as it forms the foundation

for their future relationships, emotional regulation, and overall well-being. During this

period, children learn important social skills such as communication, empathy, cooperation,

and conflict resolution, which are essential for building positive relationships with others.
Strong social development in early childhood has been linked to better academic

performance, emotional resilience, and overall mental health later in life. Additionally, early

social experiences shape a child's sense of self and identity, influencing how they interact

with others and navigate social situations in the future. Therefore, providing opportunities for

social interaction, modelling positive social behaviours, and fostering emotional intelligence

in the first five years can have long-lasting implications for a child's social development and

overall success in life.

CONCLUTION

Understanding and applying theories of social development in early childhood is crucial for

promoting healthy social development. By utilizing these theories, caregivers and educators

can gain insights into the developmental milestones and individual differences in social skills

and behaviours. This knowledge allows them to tailor interventions and support strategies

that are responsive to the unique needs of each child, fostering a nurturing and supportive

environment for social growth. Moreover, by recognizing the importance of early social

experiences and the long-term impacts of social development in the first five years,

caregivers and educators can prioritize social skill-building activities, positive role modelling,

and emotional intelligence training to promote positive social outcomes and overall well-

being in children. Ultimately, a strong foundation in social development sets the stage for

healthy relationships, emotional resilience, and positive social interactions throughout a

child's life.
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Retrieved from https://whatsyourgrief.com/bowlby-four-stages-of-grief What Is

Social Development in Early Childhood? ‐ Reflection …

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