RESEARCH

- Research is a stepping stone to scientific and technological advancement.

PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
A. Provide solutions to problems through new technological applications and development.
B. Validate a hypothesis or a theory to an increase in knowledge and to development.

INQUIRY

- Carried out systematically to bring about new ideas, concepts, technologies and products for practical
applications.
- An inquiry should be relevant, innovative, and novel.

INVESTIGATIONS

- To find out the facts about something in order to learn how it happened.

IMMERSION

- Instruction based on extensive exposure to surroundings or conditions that are native or pertinent to the
object of the study.

PROCESS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS

1. Formulating Research Question
 A scientific research problem has to be addressed. You may identify a research problem by going
over specific situations.
 A research question must be clear and specific.
 SMART – Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time - bound.
2. Review of Related Literature
 Related literature refers to studies, inquiries, investigations, and research works undertaken by
other researchers in line with your topic or research problem.
3. Formulate Hypothesis
 The hypothesis could be a possible solution to your research problem. However, a hypothesis has
to go through a series of investigation before it’s validated and accepted.
4. Processing of Data
 Processed data are solid evidence that could be used to draw conclusions. These present a more
profound and solid basis for explaining your result rather than relying on your own biases.
5. Communicating the Results
 You as a researcher, must assume the responsibility of conveying the outcome of your inquiry.

PURPOSES OF COMMUNICATING THE RESULT:

 Acknowledgement of support from funding institution.

 Documented contribution to knowledge and development in a given field of study.
 Eliciting prompt feedback, both negative and positive.

RESEARCH NORMS AND MISCONDUCTS

ETHICS

 Pertains to the moral principle that govern one’s behavior in relation to any activity.

NONCOMPLIANCE OF ETHICAL STANDARDS CLASSIFICATION:

1. Research Misconduct
2. Research Misbehavior – occurs when a researcher does not follow the right process

DEVIATION FROM GENERALLY ACCEPTED RESEARCH PRACTICES THAT ARE CONSIDERED

UNETHICAL

 Conflict of Interest
 Poorly maintained research records and laboratory notebook.
 Violation of animal welfare in handling laboratory test for animals.
 Sabotaging your colleague’s or someone’s work.
 Guest or ghost authorship even if a colleague has no significant contribution to the paper.
 Proceeding with presentation of your results to the public even without going through a peer-review
process.
 Enhancing your research using inappropriate statistical techniques.
 Improper waste disposal

RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
1. Fabrication
2. Falsification

RESEARCH MISCONDUCT

 Is a grave sin in the scientific community consequences.

Consequences:
 It affects primarily the integrity of the whole process of inquiry.
 It also means a retraction of your journal articles.
 It damages the reputation of the researcher.
 The very essence of inquiry is tarnished.
FABRICATION

 Is an act of composing data results and recording or reporting them.

FALSIFICATION

 Is an act of manipulating research materials, equipment or processes, or changing or omitting data or

results such as the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

PLAGIARISM --Research Misconduct

 According to Federal Policy, plagiarism is the appropriation of another person’s idea, processes, results,
or word without giving appropriate credit.
FORMS OF PLAGIARISM

 Cheating
 Presentation of commissioned work
 Presentation of work or ideas of another person.
 Presentation of collaborative work as an individual.
 Improper citations of sources.
  Non-acknowledgement of references
 Stealing a work done by another person.

BRIDGING THE GAP: LITERATURE SURVEY

“The best way to have a good idea is to have a lot of ideas.” -Linus Pauling

• Strengthening a research problem needs a comprehensive and intensive literature survey.

Literature Search Satisfies the functions of:

1. Establishing the knowledge that is available in the field.

2. Developing the next logical skill step to generate new facts.
 Developing an argument requires information, which is found in many forms of literature. An argument
may be classified as discovery or advocacy (McEvoy, 2009).

DISCOVERY
 Deals with realizing the concept already found by other researchers in the field.
 Involves searching for information and synthesizing what is relevant to a proposed study.

ADVOCACY
 Focuses on the limitations of past studies.
 Requires objective evaluation and constructive criticism in relation to whatever information is useful.

A RESEARCHERS TAKES RESPONSIBILITY FOR:

 Digging deeper into the extent of the knowledge that was reported.
 Checking the accuracy of that knowledge disseminated to the public
 Linking it to your proposed study.

FUNCTIONS OF AN EFFECTIVE LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. Updated reports and well-tracked chronological events shown in your review of related literature give the
impression that the researcher has a complete grasp of what is happening in that discipline.
2. An effective literature review avoids biases that may influence the outcome of the proposed study.
3. Comparing your thoughts with other research findings will fortify your assertions, otherwise, you need to
look for more data or information to validate and improve on your assumptions.

LITERATURE REVIEW

 A review of related literature will help see the relevance and objectives of a proposed study and decide
whether to award a research grant or not.
 An effective literature review provides a solid theoretical framework for your proposed study.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

1. Primary Sources
- Those containing firsthand information or those that have not been edited.
- (ex: transcript of interviews of experts about a certain topic, survey results including
questionnaires, observations derived from focused group discussions, and others.)
2. Secondary Sources
- Those that have been checked for accuracy and proofread by other parties. These sources may
integrate annotations from another party other than the interviewees.
- (ex: books, Websites, lectures and presentations, journal articles, newspaper articles, indexes,
databases, bibliographies, and abstracts.)

INTERVIEW

 can be done with an expert or any individual that may have direct knowledge of the subject matter.
SURVEY

 a more formal means of acquiring information. It enables the researcher to acquire both qualitative and
quantitative information – a far cry from an interview in which quantitative information is limited.

PEER REVIEWING

 Done by the editors of these publication groups or experts known in their field or discipline.

JOURNAL ARTICLES

 Contain an abstract or a section that summarizes the content of the paper including significant findings.

DATABASES

 Online repositories of various sources of information. Like an interview, a survey can be administered
online, in person, or over the telephone.

The abstract consists of condensed information -what the study is about, the research problem, the
methodologies used, and the results of the study. The abstract provides an overview of what you will be
expecting from

Critical thinking - to ensure better comprehension of key points raised in different materials as these will
be important in stating the theoretical background of your proposed study.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Once you have selected your materials, bibliographic entries must be made. A bibliography is a list of all
of the sources you have used in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should
include: the authors' names. the titles of the works.

The basis for designing a new research inquiry is an outcome of your comprehensive and intensive review.

EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:

 Observation
 Speeches
 Letter
 Translations
 Diaries
 Oral History

EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES:

 Newspaper
 Books
 Websites
 Bibliographies
 Lectures
 Abstract
 Database