-

Fin. .
Minerals
->

Metabolism
Nitrogen
->

Hydroponics
- -

Firstdemonstrated German BotanistJulius Sachs in 1860.

by
-> von

=>
growth of plants in a
defined media in complete absence of soil.
soilless culture.
->

Prevents algal
-

FIEXEMEno-
Dark
covering
-

contamination

an
tube Also
->

prevents
Ineltor roofs
reaction
of
-

water
adding
and nutrients
the
with
light.

*
Advantages
used to determine
essentialityof associated
mineral elements.
->

with mineral elements.

-> To detect
deficiency symptoms
micronutrients.
toxicity of
->

->
to
grow plants
in areas
having poor soilfertility, pH and pathogenic
microorganisms in soil.

production
Commercial
=>

of tomato, seedless cucumber and Lettuce.

·
Essential Mineral Elements (17)
for essentiality Arnon and
->
Criteria
-
stout -

1939

Element mustbe absolutely necessary for supporting normal

-
growth and reproduction, in absence of which plants cannot
complete their life cycle.
2) mustbe
Element specific and can't
be replaced by other elements.
-1
asification
t
Elements.
of Be
Essential

- On the basis
of quantity. wt

·
Macronutrients
amount.
pForganic inorganic)
+

large
->
present in planttissue in

10mmole
Kgof dry matter.
=>
>
v
ca.(9)
>MsC
P.K.Chon
Eg. PKC HON
Mg
S
->

·
Micronutrients (Trace elements)
presentin plantfissues in
->

small amount.
·
Lommole
Kg" of dry matter.
FO MoUNi (8)
Eg. CuMn B In
->

Non-mineral
2) On the basis
of source

M
↑

Mineral elements (14) P KCH0

NMg SC FeCu Mn B In
Mo
·

/
-

obtained soil.
from
->

· Non-mineral elements (3)

120 and cod
->
Notobtained from soil. (from
&x
3) On the basis
of function
of Protoplasm 2,H.0,N (Framework elements
Constituent
· -

Energy
related Mg-chlorophyll
P-ATP-Adenosine triphosphate
-

·
6ix

activators RUBisco, PEase Ribulose.15Phosphatecase

Enzyme Mg2+
-
·

rurate
-

2n- Alcohol dehydrogenase Phosphoenopy

Nitrate reductase carboxylase
Mo-
Nitrogenase. -
-

NO5
cu-cytochrome coxidase
Osmotic Pressure K+, c.
carboxylase
· -

on
is
basis of Mobility
the ->
cofixation
Mobile ① ~Oxygenateene
clement-N.PoK.Npart
·

to another
old parts.
Deficiency firstappears
->

in

posity,
element relatidylssmoking
·orite one
#ñumÉ
"

soil
commonly deficient
→ Elements in .

element
Eg t.N.P.TK# primary
→
. →

*
Beneficial elements ,

Jj jiréséiitipiovides benefits to plants

deficiencysymptoms-L-gj.si
.

If absent . plants do riotshow any

Se , co , Na

?◦Iium
,

Nitrate
""""
Am
*
Role of h-sse-nh.at Elements ←
"
a-
""""" "
"" "
" "
"
" """ "" w -

•
Required by all parts of plant .

" ""
" " " " """""
" """"" " "" " "

5. HSPQ,
2) Phosphorus Absorption
-• -
Ha PO5 or HPO

•
Constituent
acids and
of-cellmembrane.ee#ainpro-teinsJ
nucleotides (enzymes
.
all nucleic ,

Required for all phosphorylation

•
-
reactions .

Taddition of Pop group

- -

Potassium Absorption
A④⑨→A
Kt
3) • -

Required by all
parts of plant .

in cell
Maintains anion cation balance
• - .

Involved in protein synthesis

•
.

stomata
•

Opening
&
closing of .

•
Activation of enzyme .

> Calcium •
Absorption of ca ?

Required by meristemattic and

differentiating tissues

2H++2é+¥⑨
.

cart
•

? •

synthesis of
cell wall
OEI
d- µ,
oxygenIMM
• Formation
of spindle
Mitotic
Photolysis
.

cell membrane
Evolving •
Normal
functioning of .

57 Magnesium Absorption Mg
- u
.

•
Activation of enzymes of respiration , photosynthesis .

and RNA
Synthesis of DNA
.
•

• Content
of chlorophyll .

•AsonomdsUuni
For
vitamins
·
constituent of several coenzymes, thiamine, biotin, Coenzyme A)
(erredoxin,
7) Iron
-
-

Absorption -
Fest(Ferrision) Fel(Ferrous)
compared to other
&

amounts as
·
Required in
larger
of ETS)
micronutrients.
carriers
cytochromes. (electron
S

·
Ferredoxin and
F23 = fe2t
+

·
Activatorof ⑤
catalase.
·
Formation - of chlorophyll.
3) Manganese Absorption Mn+
· -

Activation of many enzymes of photosynthesis,

-

respiration, ↑rogen metabolism.

=
·

splitting of
water
(Oxygen Evolving complex)
9) 2incX - ·

Absorption -

*n*
↓
of enzymes Alcohol dehydrogenase, caroxylase
Activation
-

#yptophan
·
⑨

of auxinplant hormone
thesis
*

10) Copper - ·
Absorption cus*(Cuprisions)
-

- cut- cut
Enzymes of
·
reactions.
redox
55
X
11) Boron -
·
Absorption 10s or By0Z
-

·
Required for uptake a utilization of car
· Pollen
germination. w
~

·
cell
elongation, translocation. differentiationLRoduce
~
·
cell
·
5
Carbohydrate
·

formation
08

1) Molybdenum Absorption:MoO*(Molyodate ions) Nitrate reductase.

-

Activation of enzymes Nitrogenase,

· -

15) Chlorine
-
-
Absorption -
at
(chlorideions)
· Anion-cation balance.
uredmetabolism
-
-

Fi
* Critical concentration
·
The concentration of essential elements below which plantgrowth
is retarded.

· Elementis said to be deficient

if present below critical
it's conc

· Critical cone
of each element be differentin different plants.
can

*
Deficiency symptoms
·

Morphological changes that

appears in plantsdue deficiency of
to

essential elements are

Deficiency symptoms.
->
types
of chlorophyll causingyellowing of
leaves.
1) etorosis Loss
1
/
-

I Etiolationof
~

FRMAMang
MONEUK Yellowingone to
->

learsone of
- ·

2) Erosis -
Death of tissue, particularly leaffisse
see solight.
-

-- Mg
2a cu K

-3
division
3) itition of
-

MONs
MON ↑
is delayed flowering.
S.

of
Micronutrients D↑
*
Toxicity
Toxicity
/1
Micronutrients
of
-

High -
cone
-

i.Micronutrients are required in an

optimum cone only.
micrometrient)
thatreduces the
Toxicity Any
a
mineralionconc,
-
in tissues
. . . .
- -

considered toxic.
dry weightof
is
by 10%
as
tissues - .

difficultto identifyand
varies
plant to
Toxicity symptones
-> are

plant.
 \
"

Appearance of brown spots

surrounded chlorotic veins
→

by .

→
Competes with iron
and
magnesium for uptake
.

with
competes with
magnesium binding
for enzymes .
→

→
Inhibits calcium translocation in shootapex .

→ Excess of Manganese induces

deficiency of iron magnesium
,

and calcium .

""
""" "" """
• Initial
uptake →
Rapid
→
passive
→
Apoplastic .

ion channels
Occurs
through
-
→ .

Secondary uptake Slow

→
•

→
Active process .

symplastic
→
.

i
#mininism|us
Atmospheric Nz *

/ ↓ ↓ -
denitrification
2

Industrial Electrical
Biological Nefixation
......

(
Nefixation Ni fixation Pseudomonas

↓
-

↓
Thiobacillus
Nitrite -

in
-

osomonasrobacter Nitrate
+

- NOC
Amnionia NH.
&

-
↑

↑ Nitrification
↓
->
-

(oxidation)

Ammonification Uptake
en#
Baillus ramos
. -

biomass
↓
Plant Biomass
decaying
<-

& ·
Animal Biomass

Nification Norocous)
↓

Nitrite. (Nosomonas,
4 Conversion of Ammonia into

2N0 2H +2H20
+

2NH3 30c
+ - +

2) Conversion Nitrite to Nitrate. (Nobacter,

of arocystis)
-

2N02 +
0
->
2N05

Nitrifying
bacteria ->
1
⑭
moautotrophs.
--
Ei
Diazotrophs
SteterotrophicAutotrotrophic -

->
Bluegreen algae
Rostoc

Free-livingsymbiotic
->

Anabaena
-

55 & Oscillatoria
/-> pobium
-
->

Aerotic Anaerobic ·
Rod shaped, Gram (ve)
costridium ·
Roots of Legumes. (Fabaceae)
->Frankia-

Filamentous
·
#

⑧
·
Roots of non-legures

Nitrogenase
->
Genes for coding this enzyme is only present
in
prokaryotes. (nif gene)
->
causes reduction of N2 into WHz.

cofactors No, Fe.molecular

-

->

->

slightly
sensitive
oxygen.
to

NADP+NADPUL
Symbolic
ente
Nefico
*

repeate
adenine
-> Bacteria Rhitium
-

Nicotinamide
->
Enzyme Nitrogenase X
-

Flavin
↑
Mono Nucleotide
NADPH2, FMNUL
strong reducing agents
-> -

color)
Oxygen scavenger Leghaemoglobin (Pink
-> -
Fossi.
1
· chemicals secreted by roots of plant causes

·
Accumulation of bacteria near the roof hair
cell.

Bacteria which
· releases nod
factors causes

roofhair.
curling of

roofhair.
of
reach
Branching of infection
·
thread to

roof cortex.

· Bactoria released inside the cortexcells

in the
form of resides
by endocytosis.
·
Bacteria stops dividing and converts into
called Bacteroids.
irregular shapes
and are

and rootcells
·

Activity of bacteria care as

Auxin and cytokinin

release
of hormones -

induces division in roof cortex and

&888:#1000
which
is
responsible for nodule formation.
in Nodules
·
is
formed
Leghaemoglobinboth bacterial and rootcells
the
activityof Root nodule.
oxygen scavenger to protect
and acts as
A mature nodule is

Nitrogenase enzyme. complete with

tissues continuous with
vascular

those
of roofs.

#e-ton--NATO
SOONER 12P -
+
ADR +
F
N
Ill
N

24+
Enzy
to
me
Reduction
(Nitrogenase)
④ ④
2r+ ④1
ReductionOn
N
·
N
-

④ ·
a
n
⑰ N
-

I
⑧
H2
④gl 24+ ④

Fre nirogenases on
-> NOT
↑↳
NVz
-
NO;
-
↓
&

&
Nitrate Ailation
Nitrate
NOz
r
-

Absorbed
⑨

⑳ots

·Fat-of-AmmoniaU, TAmmoniumionservic -
D
S
R
I

NM
⑨

->
used for amino acid synthesis. -c-coon

↓
1) Reductive
amination
-
-

( 2004)
-

-
Don
Finan↓
of
a keto acid.
glutamic acid/glutamate
·
is the main amino acid
from which
amino acids
transfer of place and other formed.
are
NHL takes
/
⑧
coo ina
1
④Av ⑭

⑫en-200
/ 1

j dli ⑧
R
-

+
-
-
100 =
Transaminase !
Amino acceptor.
Aminodovor
Gustamate +
⑤
OAA(4C) - > A(5) partate +

①des [-ONMz]
high c
#

->

Asparagine Glutamine.
and

(structural partof protein)

->

Anrides are derived

from amino acids of
by addition
replaced by -NMz)
-

group (Stydroxylpartof
is
another amino -coon
-

Contains N than amino acids

transported to
->
so
more

other plantparts
through xytem. ①
-> Aninde

eidesi
①

Ureadenivalabequinnai
· see A

Aspartic acid Asparaging

acid quilamine.
qutamic

sline max

minion
-...in s e a
&
a

04

NHz