GASTROINTESTINAL system

function

digestion → the breakdown of large particles and insoluble molecules

barrier
• Immune → masons , pH and
digestive enzymes prevent
entry
for microorganism
Beneficial intestinal bacteria of pathogenic
prevent overgrowth ones .

units with
Catabolism →
breaking down large molecules into smaller energy .

( destructive -
.
biochemical reactions )

starch →
(monosaccharide) Fats →
Glycerol fatty acids
• •

sugars ,
.

•
protein → Amino acids -

Nucleic acid → Nucleotides

Digestion types
1) External digestion
2) Internal
Digestion
secreted
•

into
enzymes
the environment
surrounding ••
more efficient becuz less products
organism lost to environment

•
chemical environment can be more
enzymes breakdown
organic
•

controlled
efficiently .

material

"

ingest digestive soup

•
some "

via a tube or digest molecule

in a sac or vesicles,
Tissue structure in G1 Tract

All in G1 tract have the 4

organs same layers

•
mucosa

sub mucosa
•

•
muscular is externa
•

serosa

> Mucosa

r
the lumen
lines
gut
•

Function

secreate for
•
i.
enzymes
digestion , mucus and

hormones
2.
Absorb digestion products
•

3.

provide protection against

•

infectious disease

4 .

Mucosa -
Lamina
prooria
The mucosa's
'
own
'
of
layer
•

connective tissue

•
the lamina
propria is a

Areolar connective tissue

AREOLA CONNECTIVE TISSUE
→ a type of connective tissue ( binds tissues ) •
contains Mucosa -

associated

important function this of tissue it provide lymphoid tissue ( MALT)

→ of
type
nutrition to cells and also acts as a cushion to
the
protect the
organs from various external forces .
↳ especially prominent at

tonsils and the appendix

protein that allow tissue to be flexible
←
→ contains elastic (elastin) ,
reticular
type 111
collagen
↳ contains small
glands
meshwork) fibre (type 11
collagen)
collagenous ,

↳ glands could be endocrine

and matrix ( areolar connective tissue is made of cells
or

exocrine
and extracellular matrix (material outside the cell
)
Exocrine =
gland that makes substance
→ contains blood vessels , fibroblast ( type of cell that such as tears, milk , saliva , digestive
contributes to the formation of connective tissue) and Juices and release them tru a duct

empty spaces or
opening to a body surface ( not
blood stream)

→ Most abundant connective tissue humans

type in .
 Endocrine = secrete inside bloodstream

Glands be unicellular multicellular

may or

→
Goblet cells are unicellular epithelial
which secrete ( component of ) (provide lubrication for of food)
glands , mucin mucus
passage
found small and intestines
in
large
•

•
exocrine

Mucosa -
Muscularis mucosae

Thin muscle
smooth
layer
•

submucosa
•
composed of loose areolar connective tissue

contains elastin
especially stomach
•

much ,

supplies blood and

lymphatic vessels and of G1 tract
•

, nerves to the wall

• contain glands
•
support fragile mucosa

Muscularis Externa

•
composed of smooth muscle

•
longitudinal ( outer) and circular (inner
layers →
layer thickens to form sphincter
circular
key places
•
in

circular muscles that

serves as values
smooth Muscles
•

•
Spinale shaped
cells
arranged
cells

to
with

form sheets
central nuclei

.
#€# -
Function

•s substance or objects
along internal passage
way .

control
•

involuntary
Location
•

Mostly in the walls of hollow organ

peristalsis
" " """ "" " "☒

§
* "" """ " "" """ " & " "" " "" ""^

contraction of circular and longitudinal smooth muscles in coordination

involuntary activity
 SEGMENTATION
small intestine
occurs mainly in
•

{§§µ {§
of

¥§
•
consist of localized contractions circular muscle of
the muscular is Externa layer .

•
"⇐ " "" """ " " "e "" " """" " "e

intestine,
moving their content back and forth while
, subdividing weaning up
and +ne
continuous,
mixing
, ,

contents .

By moving food back and forth , segmentation mixes ¥7

food with digestive Juices and facilitates absorption .

Serosa
forms the visceral peritoneum
•

•
consists of areolar connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium

Types of epithelium

*
epithelium type named after cell type at surface

( either layers))
"

flattened
"

squamous =
simple or stratified ( arranged in

e.
g. mouth and
oesophagus

columnar =
cells form columns ( simple or
pseudo stratified (tissues formed by a
single layer
of cells that give of made
the appearance being

e.
g. digestive tract , Absorption ,
Mucus secretion ,
enzyme secretion
 MUCUS = form barrier between intestinal
epithelium and luminal
content to protect the intestine from invasion
pathogenic .

stomach secretes
gastric Juice
containing pepsinogen
•
-252 and HCL

pH from 1-2 (lumen) to 6-7 (above )

(
•

mucosa
ranges
>
for protein
•

high water concentration stops

an
enzyme
a substance that or

g) slow down growth

of digestion
contain Antiseptic enzymes microorganism
such
lysozyme
• .

as

•
protects G1 tract from digestive enzymes in the lumen

of mucus
The human body produces 1
litre on
average per
day

THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY the within the abdomen the space between
=
cavity ,
the

abdominal wall and the spine

_A_②f

The peritoneum thin membrane that lines and most abdominal viscera
the
cavity
is abdominal
↳ internal

Although ultimately one continuous sheet two ,

types of peritoneum are referenced :
organs

→ Parietal peritoneum is the portion that lines the abdominal cavities

→ visceral peritoneum covers the external surfaces of most abdominal organs

As seen in
diagram above , the intestines are suspended from the posterior
abdominal walls the
by Dorsal
Mesentery
.

→ back
Mesentry refers to the double
layer of parietal peritoneum ( when it double fold
)
 Most mesenteries are dorsal ventral
•

,
but some are

of and blood and vessels

lymphatic
•
Mesentries allow nerves
passage ,

•
It houses (fat cells )
adipocytes

in
secure place
•

organs

•
serous fluid 1- 50mL ) reduces friction between organs, and allow relative movement -
e.
g.
in
pregnancy
4.
.

serous fluid is a clear to pale yellow fluid that

in the spaces between and
watery which
the membranes line
is found in the
body especially
enclose them
organs or .

The
pancreas , duodenum parts of
large intestine retroperitoneal
•

and are

GI tract individual organs -

cells and tissue
type

OESOPHAGUS

I
Cell digestive accessory
and tissue types forming the organs

↳
chewing

tongue : houses taste receptors ,

mediate

participates in mastication
speech ,

and swallowing .

Salivary Glands : secrete saliva, which contains mucus ,

serous fluid and

enzymes .

↳ sublingual gland

Liver : produces bile , to emulsify fats

Gallbladder : stores bile

Pancreas : create endocrine and exocrine secretions

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