OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY ◉ Attend Online

Valenzuela. Quezon City. Antipolo. Pampanga. Cabanatuan. Laguna Lecture via Zoom
Meeting
Duration: 1 hour

Biologics and ◉ Read course and unit

outcomes.

Herbal Supplements ◉ Read study guide prior

to online attendance.
◉ Read required learning
Pharmacognosy and
Plant Chemistry resources
◉ Proactively participate
in online discussions
CHECKLIST ◉ Answer and submit
course unit tasks
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LEARNING OUTCOMES: UNIT OUTLINE:

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to: 1. Classes of Biologics
1. Categorize biologics
2. Sources and Uses of Biologics
2. Enumerate sources and uses of biologics
3. Describe the role of biotechnology in the production of 3.Biotechnology in Production of Biologics
biologics
4. Herbs and Supplements
4. Define herb and health foods
5. Differentiate herb or health foods from drugs

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BIOLOGICS
–Any product derived from a living plant • 2 General Categories
and animal source of Biologics
–The law refers to “any virus”, – Antibodies
therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin or – Antigen
analogous product.
• Antigen
– A material that provokes the immune response
– Usually a protein

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 • Pollen is an Antigen or an Antibody? • Antibodies
• Found predominantly in serum fraction of the blood

• 5 Subclasses
• IgA
• IgD
• IgE
■ ANSWER: Antigen, it provokes the immune • IgG
system • IgM

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• IMMUNITY

• 2 Major Types
– Natural Immunity
– Acquired Immunity

• Acquired Immunity

• Active Immunity
– Naturally Acquired Active
– Artificially Acquired Active
• Passive Immunity
– Naturally Acquired Passive
– Artificially Acquired Passive

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Active Immunity Active Immunity

• A specific immunity developed by an individual in
response to the introduction of antigenic substances
into the body
• Developed slowly but it is usually long lasting
• Naturally Acquired
– Example: Recovery from an infection such as measles and
scarlet fever (Acquired naturally)
• Artificially Acquired :
– The immunity may be produced as the response to a series
of injections( Typhoid or pertussis vaccine), thus
stimulating the body cells to make their own antibodies
and it is developed gradually and usually long lasting
Examples: Vaccines and toxoids

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 Passive Immunity Passive Immunity
• Developed by • Naturally acquired Passive Immunity
introduction of • Example: the immunity passed into the
preformed antibodies (
newborn infant through transmission of
not antigens) into the
body. antibodies from the blood of the mother
• In this type, the body – It is produced quickly but it is not long lasting
cells are not stimulated
to produce their own
antibodies.

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Passive Immunity Vaccines

• Artificially Acquired Passive • It is used as inoculations to stimulate the
Immunity production of antibodies.
• Example: Injection of
immunizing biologics containing
preformed antibodies in forms
such as diptheria antitoxin or
gamma globulin
– Produced quickly, not long lasting

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Origin of Herbal Medicine

• Primitive men and women treated
illnesses using plants, animal parts,
and minerals not part of a common
Herbal Supplements and diet.
Health • Physical evidence goes back 60,000
years to the burial site of a
Neanderthal man who was buried with
8 species of plants.
• Seven of these plants are still used in
medicine today.

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 Herbal Supplements Today Uses of Herbal Supplements
• A resurgence of interest in herbal medicine
originated in the 1970’s.
• Physical
• This movement began with people’s disillusionment
with modern medicine- its high cost and inability to – For the treatment of sickness and disease.
cure everything. – Athletic and Weight-loss purposes.
• The partisans of this resurgence were more • Mental
enthusiastic than knowledgeable. No laws were
made about labeling products and outrageous claims – For the treatment of memory loss, depression,
were made about the abilities of herbal sleep, and stress.
supplements.

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Treatment of Sickness and Disease Common Herbs

• All herbal medicines can be prepared as a tea.
• Drink a glass 3 times a day, use the dried • Aloe Vera
leaves of the plant, and usually use about half – Claims: “Cure all” tonic, for
an ounce of the herb. the treatment of acne, burns,
minor wounds
– Effective for the topical
treatment of wounds, burns,
and frostbite.

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Aloe Vera Karela

• Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae)-
• Effectiveness varies with Control of Diabetes
product.
– Advised not to use for
internal uses.
• Could lead to abdominal
cramping, diarrhea, loss of
potassium, discoloration of
urine.

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 What are the different Momordica St. John’s Wort
preparations present in the market?
• common name for Hypericum perforatum
(Hypericaceae)

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St. John’s Wort St. John’s Wort

St. John’s wort has been used to • Has been proven to be mildly helpful in very
• Prevent depression mild to moderate cases of depression. The
• Decrease Stress Levels more serious the case, the less that St. John’s
Wort helps. In the worst cases of depression,
• Help nervous conditions
it can actually hurt the situation.
• Decrease severity of bacterial infection

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St. John’s Wort

St. John’s Wort • treat mild to moderate
depression(current use)
Side effects
• anti-inflammatory agent (Greece)
• In cases of major
depression, it may • It can reduce plasma concentrations
worsen the case. of the protease inhibitor indinavir
• Blurred vision, – Hyperecins- anti depressant principle
constipation, urinary – Hyperforins also have this property
retention, and
excessive drowsiness.

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 Neem – Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae)

• St John’s wort is called the “Herb of • the seed oil (margosa oil) has been widely used
Happiness”, why? in Indian medicines.
• anti-inflammatory
• antibacterial
• Antipyretic
• hypoglycemic property
• antifertility agent
• ANSWER: it is able to treat mild to
moderate depression • effect similar to Reye’s syndrome

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Neem – Azadirachta indica

Garlic
• Characteristic odor of seed due to sulfur
containing compounds.
• Claims: Antibiotic, antiviral,
• leaf has antimalarial activity, against gastric ulcer general cure all, lowering of
has been demonstrated blood pressure, cholesterol,
and regulation of
• There is also a potential for the development of circulatory system.
insecticides: Azadirachtin - active agent

• with anti feedant property

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Garlic Ginger
• Well studied herb • Claims: Treatment of
– Shown to lower arthritis, heart tissue,
cholestreol by 9-12% motion sickness and
in 8-16 weeks of use. nausea.
– May also possess • Proven to be effective in
antibiotic activities. nausea, motion sickness,
and arthritis.
– Large doses may
cause heartburn. • It is possible that it treats
heart tissue but not likely.

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 Ginger
Peppermint

• However, there are many precautions for the use • Claims

of ginger. – Muscle Spasms
– The use of ginger may inhibit the chemicals involved in – Abdominal Pain
platelet aggression.
– Diarrhea
– This leads to increased and prolonged bleeding.
– Irritable Bowl Syndrome
– Chills and nausea
– Convulsions
– Headaches

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Peppermint Mental Supplements

• Has only been proved to decrease muscle
spasms.
• Overuse can lead to heartburn, esophageal
sphincter relaxations, irritation of mucous
membranes, and allergic reactions.
• There are several very popular mental supplements
designed to aid in memory, stress, depression, sleep,
and other mental related problems. Although there
are only a few of the herbal supplements they are
widely used and accepted by the public. There are
many claims regarding the effectiveness of these
supplements, and the only difficult problem is
discovering which claims are true and which are
false.

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Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgo Biloba

Claims and effects • Ginkgo balboa extract increases

• Improved memory blood flow to the brain by
• Reduce Alzheimer’s inhibiting blood platelet
effects aggregation and by regulating
• Helps hearing loss blood vessel elasticity. It has also
• Helps depression been shown to improve blood flow
• Helps calm asthma through major blood vessels and
capillaries.

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 Ginkgo Biloba Sleep Aids
There are many different herbal sleep aids that
Side Effects are considered safer than, and sometimes as
• Mild Gastrointestinal effective as prescription sleep aids. These
Upset herbs can help sleep by using aromas or teas.
• Mild Headaches

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Sleep Aids Sleep Aids

Some examples of herbal sleep aids are:
Claims and effects: • Chamomile
• Helps Insomnia • Hops
• Helps all chronic sleep • California Poppy
disorders. • Catnip
• Lemon Balm
• Helps with headaches • Lavender
and restlessness. • Passion Flower
• Skullcap
• Valerian Root

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Sleep Aids How many of you have seen this?

Herbal sleep aids do work, and actually with
little to no side effects. They are successful at • Magazines and tabloids
often carry ads for herbal
calming and relaxing the body and assisting in supplements, usually
the reduction of insomnia and other various accompanied by a man
sleep disorders. with a body like Brad Pitt
or a woman who looks
like she’s walked straight
out of “Baywatch”.

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 Exercise and Diet Supplements
Do They Really Work?
Common supplements:
• Despite these claims, ▪ Exercise:
some experts have ▪ Ginseng
serious doubts about ▪ Bell pollen
the efficacy of these ▪ Weight Loss:
herbal remedies as ▪ Ephedra
answers for weight
loss and energy.

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Ginseng Ginseng

• Most common form is • The root is the most

Asian ginseng widely used part
• A perennial herb of • Harvested in the fall
northern China, just before defoliation
Korea, Japan, and
Russia
• Must be grown for 5
years before
harvested

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Ginseng Does it Work?

• How it works? In a 9-week, double blind, placebo- controlled
– Not known…it is suggested that ginseng increases trial of 30 highly trained athletes, treatment
cerebrovascular flow with ginseng produced significant
• Dosage: improvements in aerobic capacity.
– Usual daily dose is 200mg
But…

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 Does it Work?
Bee Pollen
There were negative results in an 8 week,
double blind trial that followed 31 healthy • Referred to as
men in their twenties and another 8 week trial nature’s most
which showed that ginseng improved aerobic complete food
capacity in people who did not exercise, but • Praised in the Bible
gave no additional benefit to those who did. and ancient Chinese
texts

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What is Bee Pollen? Bee Pollen

• It is the male seed of a flower blossom which
has been gathered by the bees and to which
special elements from the bees has been
added. The honeybee collects pollen and
mixes it with its own digestive enzymes. One
pollen granule contains from one hundred
thousand to five million pollen spores, each
capable of reproducing its entire species.
• Bee pollen rejuvenates your body, stimulates
organs and glands, enhances vitality, and
brings about a longer life span. Bee pollen's
ability to consistently and noticeably increase
energy levels makes it a favorite substance
among many world class athletes and those
interested in sustaining and enhancing quality
performance.

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Bee Pollen Bee Pollen and Exercise

Bee Pollen contains: • Produces an accelerated rate of recovery-
-25% complete protein -14 beneficial fatty acids normal heart rate and breathing
-18 amino acids -11 carbohydrates • It provides energy, stamina, and strength, and
-12 vitamins -Basically everything enhances performance levels.
-28 minerals needed for human
• Improves second performances
-11 enzymes survival

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 Ephedra
Does it Work?
• Also known as “Ma Huang”
• Numerous studies • Popular diet supplement in the U.S.
have shown that
• Has been used in Chinese medicine for
taking Bee Pollen does
in fact increase your thousands of years
energy and stamina
during exercise and
repeated events

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How Does it Work? How Does it Work?

• Ephedrine alkaloids- • Stimulates fat

naturally occurring metabolism
compounds which act – Burns fat and sugar
as a mild stimulant more effectively
• Enhances energy • Reduces appetite
• Similar to caffeine – Mobilizes stored fat
and carbohydrate
reserves

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Does it Work? NATURAL ALLERGENS

• Numerous studies have shown that ephedra is
effective for losing weight
• It is most effective when used with caffeine
• Popular diet supplements containing ephedra
are Metabolife and MetaboMax
• A. Pollen – responsible for seasonal hay fever,
which may progress to chronic asthma
• Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) (Poaceae)

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• Timothy (Phleum pratensis) Poaceae Pollen of nettle
(Urtica dioca) Urticaceae

• Perennial rye Plantain (Plantago spp.)

(Lolium perenne) Poaceae from Plantaginaceae

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NATURAL ALLERGENS
• Mugwort • B. Spores
( Artemisia vulgaris) Asteraceae – a number of common molds produce spores
which cause rhinitis and asthma in some sensitive
individuals

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NATURAL ALLERGENS TERATOGENS

• C. Rhus (Toxicodendron spp) • MAJORITY CONTAINS
Anacardiaceae NITROGEN
– Rhus radicans (Poison ivy)
– produce severe dermatitis associated Leucaena leucocephala Fabaceae
with watery blisters which burst and
– lupins ( Lupinus sericeus)
quickly spread macros the skin.
– Allergens are contained in the plant
Fabaceae
sap
– The compounds are known as
URUSHIOLS and are belong to a class
of alkenyl polyphenol

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 PESTICIDES PESTICIDES
• INSECTICIDES • B. Derris ( Derris elliptica) Fabaceae and
lonchocarpus ( Lonchocarpus utilis)Fabcaceae
• A. Pyrethrum flowers ( Insect flowers, – - contain about 3-10 % rotenone (isoflavone
Dalmatian Insect flowers) derivative)
– from Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (
Compositae)

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PESTICIDES PESTICIDES
• C. Nicotinoids • D. Sabadilla or Cevadilla
– In 1763 nicotine, in the form of tea prepared from seed
tobacco recommended for the destruction of – contained veratrine
aphids – used as a dust or spray
– the insecticidal component is N-acylnornicotine to control thrips and
various true bugs which
attack vegetable

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PESTICIDES REFERENCES
• E. Ryania Evans, W. C. Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy. (16th ed) Edinburgh:
– Ryania speciosa W.B. Saunders. Latest edition
Salicaceae Galvez-Tan, J. Z., & Tan, M. R. Medicinal Fruits & Vegetables. Quezon
City, Philippines: The Natural Self. Latest edition.
– Ryanodine: principal alkaloid Farmer-Knowles, Helen. The Healing Plants Bible: The Definitive
– used to control lepidopterous larvae which attack Guide Herbs Trees, and Flowers. London: Octopus Pub. Latest edition.
fruits Wilson, C. O., Gisvold, O., & Beale, J. M. Wilson and Gisvolds
Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (12th
ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. Latest edition.
Shah, B. N., & Seth, A. K. Textbook of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry. New Delhi: Elsevier. Latest edition.

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 Thank you!
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username@fatima.edu.ph

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