BEEE304L

Power Systems
Engineering

Module – 04: Performance of Transmission Line

Lecture – 03: Long Transmission Line
Dr. ARUN S L
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, SELECT
VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, 632014
 Long Transmission Lines

❖ In case the lines are more than 160 km long, for accurate solutions the parameters must be taken as
distributed uniformly along the length as a result of which the voltages and currents will vary from point to
point on the line.

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 2
 Long Transmission Lines
❖ For analysis we shall take the receiving end as the
reference for measuring distances.
❖ Take an elemental length dx of the line at a distance of x
from the receiving end.
❖ Say the voltage and current at a distance x are V and I
and at a distance x + dx, V + ∆V and I + ∆I respectively.
Differentiating equation

Z c is known as characteristic impedance and

Equivalent of a differential length of a line
γ the propagation constant
Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 3
 Long Transmission Lines

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 4
 Long Transmission Lines
❖ The quantities Zc and γ are complex
❖ For a lossless line r = 0, g = 0
a pure resistance, and this is known as
surge impedance of the line.
Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT
❖ When dealing with high frequencies or surges normally the
losses are neglected and, therefore, the characteristic
impedance becomes the surge impedance.
❖ Surge impedance loading of a line is the power transmitted
when the line is terminated through a resistance equal to surge
impedance.
❖ The approximate value of surge impedance for overhead lines
is 400 ohms and that for cables is about 40 ohms.
❖ The phase angle of Zc for transmission lines is usually between
0° and –15°.
❖ A line terminated in its characteristic impedance is called a flat
line or an infinite line.
❖ The lower value of surge impedance in case of cables is due to
the relatively large capacitance and low inductance of the
cables.
BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 5
 Long Transmission Lines
❖ The propagation constant γ = α + jβ; the real part is
known as attenuation constant and the quadrature
component β the phase constant and is measured in
radians per unit length.
❖ The first term in the above expression is called the
incident voltage wave as its value increases as x is
increased.
❖ Since we are taking receiving end as the reference and
as x increases the value of voltage increases that
means a voltage wave decreases in magnitude as it
travels from the sending end towards the receiving end,
that is why this part of the voltage in the above
expression is called incident voltage.
❖ For similar reason the second part is called the
reflected voltage.
❖ At any point along the line, voltage is the sum of these
two components i.e., sums of incident and reflected
voltages.

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 6
 Long Transmission Lines

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 7
 Tutorial

A 220-kV, 60Hz three-phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15 ohm per km and
the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH per km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use the short line model to
find the voltage and power at the sending end and the voltage regulation and efficiency when the line is
supplying a three-phase load of (a) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV. (b) 381 MVA at 0.8 power
factor leading at 220 kV.

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 8
 Tutorial

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 9
 Tutorial

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 10
 Tutorial

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 11
 Tutorial

Determine the efficiency and regulation of a 3-phase, 100 km, 50 Hz transmission line delivering 20 MW at a p.f.
of 0.8 lagging and 66 kV to a balanced load. The conductors are of copper, each having resistance 0.1 ohm per
km, 1.5 cm outside dia, spaced equilaterally 2 metres between centres. Neglect leakance and use (i) nominal-T,
and (ii) nominal- π method.

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 12
 Tutorial

Dr. Arun S L, Asst. Prof., SELECT, VIT BEEE304L - Power Systems Engineering 13
 Tutorial

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