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ESRI White Paper Series

November 1996

ArcView GIS Extensions

ArcView Network Analyst
ArcView Spatial Analyst

ESRI White Paper

Copyright © 1996 Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
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J-7431

ArcView GIS Extensions

An ESRI White Paper

Contents Page

ArcView GIS Extensions: Easy-to-Add Capabilities 1

ArcView Network Analyst Extension 2

Using ArcView Network Analyst 2
Life and Style Furniture 2
Cool Boy Restaurant Supply 3
Key Features 4
Technical Specifications 5
ArcView Network Analyst and ARC NETWORK 6

ArcView Spatial Analyst Extension 6

Using ArcView Spatial Analyst 6
Jenkins Consulting 6
Greyback Mountain State Park 7
Key Features 8
Technical Specifications 10
ArcView Spatial Analyst and ARC GRID 11

ESRI White Paper i

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ArcView GIS Extensions

ArcView GIS ArcView® GIS software lets users see, explore, and analyze spatial data on
Extensions: their desktop. Its basic mapping functionality and advanced GIS
Easy-to-Add capabilities allow you to create maps showing your data and integrate and
Capabilities
see data in powerful new ways.

ArcView GIS enables you to present your work attractively. You'll find that
communicating geographically is a powerful way to inform and motivate others.
Working geographically enables you to understand relationships between the forces that
drive your business, so you'll make better decisions and get the power you need to solve
problems faster.

This paper focuses on ArcView GIS extensions. If you would like to know more about
ArcView GIS, please read the companion white paper, ArcView GIS Version 3.0—GIS
for Everyone.

ArcView GIS software's extensible design makes it easy to add new capabilities as and
when you need them. These extensions are plug-ins to ArcView GIS that you can load
and unload at any time as you work. ArcView GIS comes with a set of extensions.
Several optional extensions are available including the powerful analyst extensions
described below.

This diagram shows the

extensions that are
currently available. Note
that some extensions are
not available for all
platforms.

This white paper focuses

on these extensions.

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ArcView GIS gives you tools for visualizing, analyzing, and presenting your data. The
optionally available ArcView Network Analyst and ArcView Spatial Analyst extensions
to ArcView GIS provide additional analytic capability. These new capabilities can solve
problems you encounter every day, helping you make more informed decisions, saving
time and money.

To tap into this level of geographic analysis technology, users previously had to purchase
high-end, professional GIS software. Now, you can integrate it into the already proven
capabilities of ArcView GIS. You can perform complex analysis of geographic data from
your desktop all within the intuitive, easy-to-use ArcView GIS graphic user interface.

Let's take a closer look at ArcView Network Analyst and ArcView Spatial Analyst.

ArcView Network ArcView Network Analyst solves problems associated with any network. Users can
Analyst Extension
Access geographic network data based on ARC/INFO® coverages, ESRI shapefiles,
or CAD drawings.
Find the most direct route between two locations, or find the best way to visit several
locations.
Find the nearest facility.
Perform drive-time analyses.
Use Avenue scripting language to automate tasks, add new capabilities, and build
applications.

Using ArcView
Network Analyst

Life and Style Life and Style Furniture tried once before to expand into the potentially lucrative Orange
Furniture County market. The site selection committee thought they had found the ideal spot, but
time proved that people weren't willing to drive there. Now, they have an opportunity to
try again. They want to know, as much as possible, if customers will come to their
store.

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ArcView Network Analyst lets the committee do a drive-time analysis to estimate the
number of potential customers based on a five-minute window around the site. ArcView
Network Analyst takes into account one-way streets, turning times, and speed limits—
discovering actual drive times, not as-the-crow-flies distance.

Life and Style can also look at the demographics of the area and at other stores and
attractions that could bring potential customers into the area.

Cool Boy Cool Boy has recently gained so many clients that it will have to either hire a lot of new
Restaurant Supply couriers and buy a lot of new trucks, or get much more efficient with the ones it now has.
With ArcView Network Analyst to help plan routes, Cool Boy will be able to maintain
its current level of service without breaking the bank. Cool Boy's dispatchers need only
call up an area map on their desktops and designate destinations.

ArcView Network Analyst can be used to route deliveries. Dispatchers can then give
couriers detailed directions and instructions and send them on their way.

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If a rush order crops up, the dispatcher can use ArcView Network Analyst to determine
which of the couriers is closest and provide directions immediately.

Key Features
Gives You the Power ArcView Network Analyst enables you to solve a variety of problems based on
To Solve Your geographic networks (i.e., streets, highways, rivers, pipelines, utility lines). Solve
Network Analysis problems such as finding the most efficient travel route across town, generating travel
Problems directions, finding the closest emergency vehicle or service facility to an incident, or
defining service areas or sales territories based on travel time.

Find the Best Routes Improve the efficiency of your operations by finding the best routes around town or across
the country. Delivery locations can be added by interactively pointing at locations, using
mapped locations, or even geocoding an address or street intersection on-the-fly. ArcView
Network Analyst can even reorder your deliveries optimizing their order as needed.

You can find the best routes based on the shortest distance or shortest time between
destinations. You can even find the best routes during rush hour and at midnight by
changing weighting factors for route calculations.

To solve your problem you need clear directions. ArcView Network Analyst allows you
to generate detailed directions across your route, providing as-you-need-it solutions for
common problems.

Locate the Closest Eliminate guesswork, locate the closest available resource instantly. Dispatch the closest
Facilities vehicle to a location, find the nearest valve in critical situations. Weight your decisions
on the information that matters most to you—cost, time, and distance.

Locate the closest facility(s) by time or distance. You can even have ArcView Network
Analyst report the closest five facilities within a ten minute drive. ArcView Network
Analyst will help you avoid construction and other obstacles, provide the best route for
you, and give you clear, accurate directions.

Build Service Areas Create a service area around your facility, defined by distance or time. Plan for the future
by examining where the "holes" are in existing services. Analyze customer profiles by
overlaying planned service areas and census information, showing the areas of potential
growth. Build travel areas that can be served by your facilities in five, ten, or fifteen
minutes.

Give Clear Directions ArcView Network Analyst lets you create clear directions customized to suit your needs.
You can also specify what data are used to generate and the distance units used in the
directions.

ArcView Network Analyst also lets you use additional landmark points within your
directions. The directions will include these additional data, giving clear easier-to-
understand information (e.g., "go one mile past Jefferson School on your left").

Answer Your ArcView Network Analyst can use any cost field for its calculations. You can solve your
Questions Based on questions based on drive time, street length, traffic conditions, or any of a number of
Different Criteria criteria. You can move beyond simple distance-based routing and make use of the
additional information available today.

Use Your Data To ArcView Network Analyst supports all of ArcView GIS software's line data. This means
Answer Your you can transparently create routes across your CAD data, ESRI shapefiles, or

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Questions ARC/INFO coverages.

Build Custom ArcView Network Analyst adds additional functionality to ArcView GIS and to Avenue
Solutions (ArcView GIS software's robust object-oriented scripting environment). You can build
complete customized solutions from simple tools to complete applications using the
power of Avenue and ArcView Network Analyst.

Technical
Specifications
Designed for Power True 32-bit architecture.
Multiplatform portable design (MS Windows [NT and 95], DEC, IBM, Sun,
Hewlett–Packard, Data General).
No limits to size of the network problem.
Networks are persistent with the data, reducing solve time.
Not available for Macintosh or Windows 3.1.

Integrate Data Use existing ArcView GIS features directly.

Use your existing ARC/INFO networks, CAD drawings, and ESRI shapefiles.
Build data-driven networks.

Solve Your Problems Find the shortest path between any number of points.
Determine the closest facility for any location.
Generate service areas around any location.
Build clear directions using points as landmarks for your directions.

Find the Shortest Path Enter your "stops" using their addresses or by pointing.
Reorder the "stops" automatically to find the best order.
Return to your starting location for a round-trip route.
Solve based on distance, time, or other variables.

Determine the Determine the closest facility(s) from any given point.
Closest Facility Enter your "stops" using their addresses or by pointing.
Use cut-off distances/times as criteria.
Change the travel direction.
Solve based on distance, time, or other variables.

Generate Service Evaluate multiple service centers.

Areas Set multiple service areas based on time, distance, or other variables.
Change the service areas based on travel direction.
Enter your service center using their addresses or by pointing.
Generate results as polygons and/or lines.

Give Clear Directions Specify which attributes to form directions from.

Use existing landmark information within the directions.
Save directions to an ASCII file.
Set the measurement units to use in the directions.

Build Complete Develop complete applications based on ArcView Network Analyst.

Solutions Build custom tools and solutions solving your problems.

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ArcView Network ARC NETWORK is a network package that works with ARC/INFO, ESRI's professional
Analyst and GIS software. ArcView Network Analyst is a subset of the ARC NETWORK package,
ARC NETWORK integrated with ArcView GIS Version 3.0 and packaged as an optional extension with an
easy-to-use graphic user interface.

ArcView Network Analyst runs on UNIX, Windows NT, and Windows '95, while ARC
NETWORK runs on UNIX and Windows NT.

ArcView Network Analyst provides an intuitive, interactive, easy-to-use, and stand-alone

interface for calculating travel routes, finding the closest facility, reporting the results as
directions and finding service areas. ArcView Network Analyst is easier to use because
the majority of the functionality people typically use has been provided in a graphical
interface as part of the ArcView GIS interface most users are already familiar with.

On the other hand, ARC NETWORK contains tools to do additional complex analyses
including resource allocation, tracing analysis, spatial clustering for vehicle routing,
gravity modeling and interaction, and location–allocation. ARC NETWORK also
contains ARC/INFO software's geocoding capabilities.

ArcView Spatial ArcView Spatial Analyst lets users

Analyst Extension
Convert feature themes (point, line, or polygon) to grids.
Create raster buffers based on distance from any raster or vector feature.
Create density maps of point features.
Create continuous surfaces from point features.
Create slope, aspect, hill shade, and contour from surface maps.
Perform Boolean queries and algebraic calculations on multiple grid themes
simultaneously.
Do neighborhood and zone analysis.
Display and reclassify grid data.
Import data from standard formats: TIFF, BIL, Sun raster, USGS DEM, and DTED.
Access a set of even more advanced raster analysis tools through Avenue requests.

Using ArcView
Spatial Analyst

Jenkins Consulting George Jenkins is an agricultural consultant, advising farmers how to get the most crop
out of their soil. Jenkins just got the results back from the lab on the soil samples he
took at the Smith farm. He pulls out paper and plots the source points of these data. He
writes the data next to these points. Around and between them, he'll draw lines to show
roughly the varying concentrations of soil nutrients in Smith's fields. It will take hours
to plot the concentration of even one of the soil nutrients he tested for. It will take days
to plot them all, map out exactly where to spread each nutrient, and show just how much
to buy, and determining total cost will take even longer.

With ArcView Spatial Analyst, Jenkins could do the same job faster and more accurately.
He'd simply enter the tabular data he received from his chemist into his desktop and let
ArcView Spatial Analyst do all this work in a matter of seconds. ArcView Spatial

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Analyst not only works fast, but also produces more readable maps and clearer reports.
Smith will soon hold a map that clearly illustrates a thoroughly detailed report.

Jenkins has shown, in tabular form,

the varying concentrations of four
important soil nutrients and
properties: P, K, NO3, and Ph
level. The extrapolated contour
lines show what levels of these
nutrients need be applied in various
areas of the field

Greyback Mountain State officials have determined that Greyback Mountain State Park needs to build a new
State Park Visitor Center. Since most visitors come to this park to climb the peak and enjoy the
view, park planners need to answer the question, "Can I see the new Visitor Center from
the peak?" They can answer this question without leaving their offices.

They use ArcView Spatial Analyst to show a terrain relief map. Hill shading and colored
elevation make the lay of the land immediately recognizable. ArcView Spatial Analyst
visibility function shows the land visible from the peak. ArcView GIS presents the
results in integrated planimetric and profile views. This analysis shows the areas not
visible from the peak.

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Key Features

Brings Sophisticated ArcView Spatial Analyst adds an entirely new dimension to desktop mapping and GIS
Raster Data Analysis analysis by making sophisticated new spatial analysis and visualization tools easily
to the Desktop accessible to a whole new audience through ArcView GIS. ArcView Spatial Analyst
enables desktop GIS users to create, query, and analyze cell-based raster maps; derive new
information from existing data; query information across multiple data layers; and fully
integrate cell-based raster data with traditional vector data sources.

Cell-based raster data sets, or grids, are especially suited to representing traditional
geographic phenomena that vary continuously over space, such as elevation, slope,
precipitation, and so on, and can also be used to represent less traditional types of
information such as population density, consumer behavior, and other demographic
characteristics. Grids are also the ideal data representation for spatial modeling and
analysis of flows and trends over data represented as continuous surfaces such as
hydrologic modeling or the dynamics of population change over time.

The combination of these new spatial analysis and visualization tools for raster-based data
with ArcView GIS software's vector-based spatial operators brings unprecedented seamless
analysis, modeling, visualization, and mapping capabilities to your organization in an
affordable desktop package.

ArcView Spatial Analyst provides quick access to fundamental raster data creation and
modeling capabilities such as surface generation (conversion of feature themes to grid
themes from your existing data sources), surface analysis (create buffers of distance from
features, determine the proximity to a feature, derive density surfaces, and perform site
suitability analysis), terrain modeling (slope, aspect, hill shade, watershed delineation,
visibility), and contouring.

Integrating these tools directly into ArcView GIS software's graphic user interface means
that users can quickly and easily leverage these key spatial operations with just a few
mouse clicks.

Additional capabilities available through the standard user interface include queries on
multiple grid themes, neighborhood and zone analysis, grid classification and display,
summary histograms, and more.

Integrate ArcView Spatial Analyst integrates all your data together allowing interaction between
data of all types. Images, elevation models, and other raster surfaces can be combined
with all of ArcView GIS software's map data, expanding the power of your data.

ArcView Spatial Analyst lets you do integrated raster–vector theme analysis, such as
aggregating properties of a raster data theme based on an overlaid vector data theme. For
instance, regional or national maps showing the mean or the maximum precipitation for
states or counties could be created by overlaying state or county boundary lines on a raster
precipitation map.

ArcView Spatial Analyst can create a raster data source from any point, line, or polygon
feature source (including CAD data sources supported by ArcView), or import data from
standard formats including TIFF, BIL, Sun raster, USGS DEM, DTED, and others.

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Visualize ArcView Spatial Analyst is not just high powered analysis and modeling, it allows you
to visualize your data as never before. Combined with ArcView GIS software's powerful
legend editor, you can classify your data as you need to create stunning visual displays.
ArcView Spatial Analyst allows you to create a hill shade grid that provides you with a
shaded surface representation of your data. If you combine this shaded surface with other
data, using the innovative Brightness Theme you can create stunning realistic images
across surfaces.

Many times the distribution of information and the pattern within this information is
very important. Histograms have long been used to evaluate data and patterns, and
ArcView Spatial Analyst allows you to create histograms from your grids either from
selected features or from interactively defined graphic shapes.

Analyze and Solve Ranging from simple display and query to complex topographic modeling, ArcView
Spatial Analyst has the functions to analyze and solve your problems.

A key component of ArcView Spatial Analyst is the ability to perform queries across
grids, allowing you to ask questions that span multiple data types and levels of
information (e.g., what areas are zoned for residential development and have a high water
table on a steep slope >15 percent?). This gives you the ability to leverage existing data
to make more informed decisions.

Many times your data may be available for point locations and you need to interpolate a
continuous grid through these points. ArcView Spatial Analyst includes a robust set of
spatial interpolation functions allowing you to generate results for areas of missing data
(e.g., you can use your GPS points to interpolate an elevation surface).

Sometimes you need aggregated information across a surface. ArcView Spatial Analyst
provides the ability to generate a density grid across an area where the value of each cell is
the result of a units-per-specified-area calculation. This could be population density per
square mile or grasshopper infestations per square kilometer. Density grids can be used as
weights for modeling, such as business models or pesticide models, to best make use of
your limited resources.

Once you have either opened or generated a grid you can explore the data in a more
conventional manner using the contour functionality. You can generate contours by
interactively picking locations on the screen or by asking ArcView Spatial Analyst to
generate a set of contours at a specified interval.

Contours are useful in showing topographic relief across a surface. However, sometimes
you need more detailed information about a grid such as the topographic attributes.
Topographic attributes are often very important to agriculture and natural resource
applications. Many natural and human processes are dependent on functions of these
variables such as slope, aspect, curvature, and stream flow.

You can use both attributes and location to solve your problems with ArcView Spatial
Analyst. One application of this is to use the distance and proximity functions to ask
questions concerning how far something is and to generate allocated areas. You can also
use the least-cost-path function to find the best path between two locations based on
values from multiple grids.

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Using ArcView Spatial Analyst you can use statistics to drive your models and generate
your information. Statistics can be generated on the local level (e.g., mean rainfall at a
given spot), for a given area (mean rainfall in the lodgepole forest), or on a neighborhood
level (smooth anomalies by filtering the rainfall amount by replacing each value with the
mean value within 5 miles of it).

Additional functions are available to perform more operations on grids. These include
such things as reclassification and transforming grids.

Customize ArcView Spatial Analyst also includes an extensive suite of more advanced raster analysis
tools that can be accessed through Avenue. Developers will be able to deliver very
sophisticated spatial analysis applications based on these extended capabilities.

Technical
Specifications

Designed for Power True 32-bit architecture.

Multiplatform design for portability (MS Windows [NT and 95], DEC, IBM, Sun,
Hewlett–Packard, Data General).
Not available for Macintosh or Windows 3.1.

Integrate Data Use existing ArcView GIS features directly.

Import data from across the office or across the Web (USGS DEMs, DTED, ASCII,
or binary).

Create Data Interpolate a continuous surface from point measurements using kriging, inverse
distance weighting, spline, or trend surface.
Determine the density per unit area using existing data.
Calculate the Euclidean distance from any feature.
Find the closest feature for any location.
Derive the least-cost path between locations using a series of grids as cost surfaces.

Contour Data Interactively point and click to generate contours on the fly.
Specify a contour interval for automatic contour generation from any grid.

Visualize Create shaded relief images.

Use histograms to explore relationships.
Generate profiles across your data.
Use brightness themes to add another dimension.
Classify using ArcView GIS software's standard legend interface.

Calculate New Build arithmetic expressions with a grid or between grids.

Information Use multiple grids as input to complex equations.
Perform cross-tabulation between grids.

Model Topographic Find the aspect direction for any location.

Surface Attributes Calculate the surface curvature for modeling input.
Model the steepness of landscapes using slope.
Determine the visibility to or from a location.

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Answer Questions Calculate a local statistic for each location from multiple grids.
with Statistics Find the statistics within a zone.
Model an area of cells using neighborhood statistics.

Examine Hydrology Derive watershed boundaries.

Model stream flow.
Investigate accumulation.

Transform Data Merge data together into a single data set.

Shift grids in all directions.
Warp grids to fit specified dimensions.

Customize the Reclassify grids into your units.

Answers Extract data to new files based on location or value.
Select data for analysis.
Identify a location.
Set a working environment.

ArcView Spatial Because ArcView Spatial Analyst is fully integrated with the ArcView GIS environment,
Analyst and it is very easy to use. Display and query of data is simple. Commonly used functions
ARC GRID have been provided in ArcView Spatial Analyst graphical interface. Selecting
reclassifications, symbolsets, color palettes, and so forth, is easy, especially for those
already familiar with the ArcView GIS legend editor. With ArcView Spatial Analyst, you
get an annotated legend with every display. Composite displays of two grids are easy to
do.

ArcView Spatial Analyst raster–vector integration is the most advanced technology

available. Wherever possible and sensible, ArcView Spatial Analyst will take vector data
as input to raster modeling functions. No longer do you need to convert your vector data
to raster in order to use them in a raster function. ArcView GIS software's selected set
applies to ArcView Spatial Analyst functions that take vector data as input. For
example, ArcView Spatial Analyst has interactive data exploration tools to display and
query cells and their attributes in a table or draw histograms of data distribution within
selected features or interactively defined shapes. (ArcView Spatial Analyst allows you to
select a vector polygon and draw a histogram of the distribution of cell values within the
polygon.)

ARC GRID, on the other hand, is a complete raster modeling and analysis extension
package to ARC/INFO, ESRI's professional GIS software. ArcView Spatial Analyst is a
subset of the ARC GRID package, integrated with ArcView GIS and packaged with an
easy-to-use graphic user interface.

ESRI White Paper 11

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