Lesson 8: The World of Ideas: Global Media and Religion

a. Global Village

Situations created through globalization and media make people conceive they belong to
one world called “global village”., a term coined by Marshall MacLuhan in early 1960’s,
a Canadian media theorist, to express the idea that people throughout the world are
interconnected through the use of the new media and technologies.

According to scholars, the world is globalized in the 1900s upon the advancement of
media and transportation technology. Changes in migration patterns where people move
easily and advancement in media which brought changes to human life heightens
globalization.

b. Global media cultures.

Global Media cultures is the transmission of ideas, meanings, and characteristics of a

group though social media.

Global media cultures create a continuous cultural exchange, in which crucial aspects such
as identity, nationality, religion, behavioral norms, and way of life are continuously
questioned and challenged.

Ex: kdrama/ Korean/ Japanese cultures/traits/values/fashion etc are adapted by us or others.

Globalization which refers to economic and political integration on a world scale, has a
crucial cultural dimension in which the media has the central role.

Media globalization is about how most national media systems have become more
internationalized, becoming more open to outside influences, both in their content and in
their ownership and control.

Media and Cultural Globalization

*Media is a good carrier of culture
*Media generates numerous and on-going interactions
*Globalization will bring about the increasing blending or mixture of culture

c. Five (5) Time Periods in the study of Globalization and media

i. Oral Communication – Globalization as a social process is characterized by the
existence of global economic, political, cultural, linguistic, and environmental
interconnections and flows that make the many of the currently existing borders
and boundaries irrelevant.

Of all forms of media, human speech is the oldest and most enduring.
Humans are allowed to cooperate and communicate through language. Human’s
ability to move from one place to another and to adapt to a new and different
environment are facilitated by the sharing of information of other people.
 Language as a means to develop the ability to communicated across culture are
the lifeline of globalization. Without language there would be no globalization and
vice versa, without globalization there would be no world language.

ii. Script - a style of printed letters that resembles handwriting

Writing is humankind’s principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing,

retrieving, communicating and disseminating information.

Writing may have been invented independently three times in different parts of the
world; in the Near East China and Mesoamerica. Writing is a system of graphic
marks representing the units of a specific language. Cuneiform script created in
Mesopotamia, present day Iraq, is the only writing system which can be traced to
its earliest prehistoric origin.

Cuneiform is one of the oldest forms of writing known. It means "wedge-

shaped," because people wrote it using a reed stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped
mark on a clay tablet. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of
literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found.

Humans communicate and shared knowledge and ideas through script- the very
first writing. The origin of writing was in the form of carvings such as wood, stone,
bones, and others. The medium that drove humans to globalization was the script
of Ancient Egyptian written in papyrus (plant).

Papyrus, from which we get the modern word paper, is a writing material made
from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the
Nile river. Papyrus was used as a writing material as early as 3,000 BC in ancient
Egypt, and continued to be used to some extent until around 1100 AD.

Written and orderly arrangement of documents pertaining to religious, cultural,

economic, and religious practices are done through script for dissemination to
other places. These can also be handed down from generation to generation.

iii. Printing Press

Printing press is a device that allows for the production of uniform printed matter,
mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets, and newspapers. It revolutionized
society in China where it was created. Johannes Gutenberg further developed this
in the 15th century with his invention of the Gutenberg press.

Consequences of the printing press:

 1. The printing press changed the very nature of knowledge. It preserved
knowledge which had been more malleable (easily influenced) in oral
cultures. It also standardized knowledge.
2. Print encouraged the challenge of political and religious authority because
of its ability to circulate competing views. Printing press encouraged the
literacy of the public and the growth of schools.

iv. Electronic Media

It refers to the broadcast or storage media that take advantage of electronic

technology. They may include tv, radio, internet, fax, CD ROMs, DVD and any
other medium that requires electricity or digital encoding of information.

On ongoing globalization processes such as economic, political, and cultural are

revolutionized by a host of a new media in the beginning of the 19th century. These
electronic media in the likes of telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and tv
continuously open up new perspectives of globalization. In the 20th century, the
only available mass media in remote villages was the radio while film was soon
developed as an artistic medium for great cultural expression.

v. Digital Media

Phones and tv are now considered digital while computers are considered the most
important media influencing globalization. Computers give access to global and
market place and transformed cultural life.

Our digital life is revolutionized by digital media. People are able to adopt and
adapt new practices like fashion, sports, music, food, and many others through
access of information provided by computers. They also exchange ideas, establish
relations and linkages though the use of Skype, google, chat, and Zoom.

Popular Music and Globalization

World music is defined as the umbrella category which various types of traditional
and non-Western music are produced for Western Consumption.

It is a label of industrial origin that refers to an amalgamated global marketplace

of sounds as ethnic commodities.

d. Different perspectives on the role of religion in the globalization process.

Religion played important roles in bringing about and characterizing globalization. Among
the consequences of this implication for religion is that globalization encourages religious
pluralism (diverse religions). Religion’s identity themselves in relation to one another, and
they become less rotted in particular places because of diasporas and transnational ties.
Globalization further provides fertile ground for a variety of noninstitutionalized religious
manifestations and for the development of religion as a political and cultural source.
Religious pluralism is the state of being where every individual in a religiously diverse
society has the rights, freedoms, and safety to worship, or not, according to their
conscience. (maraming iba’t ibang relihiyon)

Transnational : extending or going beyond national boundaries

A diaspora is a large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have since
moved out to places all over the world.

Diaspora describes people who have left their home country, usually involuntarily to
foreign countries around the world. Examples of these communities include the removal
of Jewish people from Judea, the removal of Africans through slavery, and most recently
the migration, exile, and refugees of Syrians.

A philosophy that advocates the use of reason rather than relying on the supernatural and
religious order gave birth to the Age of Enlightenment. It is a period in Europe in the 18th
century when many writers and thinkers began to question established beliefs, e.g. in the
authority of kings or of the Church, in favour of reason and scientific proof. The idea
developed that everyone was of equal value and had equal rights.

i. PreModernist
It is best represented and articulated by the Roman Catholic Church, especially by
Pope John Paul II. The Pope’s understanding is drawn from his experiences with
Poland, but it encompasses events in other countries as well. Each religion has
secularized in its own distinctive way, which has resulted in its own distinctive
secular outcome.

In pre-modernism sources of authority is in the West, the church, being the holders
and interpreters of revealed knowledge, were the primary authority source in
premodern. Science and Religion work together in uncovering reality.

From “Father, Son, and Holy Spirit” to “Hail Mary” – John Paul II’s experience

ii. Modernist (early 20th century)

Its view is that all secularizations would eventually look alike and the different
religions would all end up as the same secular and rational philosophy. It sees
religion revivals as sometimes being a reaction to the enlightenment and
Modernization.

Modernist (noun) a person who follows or favors modern ways, tendencies, etc. a
person who advocates the study of modern subjects in preference to ancient
classics. an adherent of modernism in theological questions.

Secularizations disassociation or separation from religious or spiritual concerns.

iii. Post Modernist (mid 20th century)

 The core value of pore-modernism is expressive individualism. The post-
modernist perspective can include “spiritual experiences”, but only those without
religious constraints. Post-modernism is largely hyper-secularism, and it joins
modernism predicting, and eagerly anticipating, the disappearance of traditional
religions. (It rejects the enlightenment, modernist value of rationalism, empiricism,
and science.) Empiricism is the theory that human knowledge comes
predominantly from experiences gathered through the five senses

Ex: LGBTQ views,

e. Transnational religion.

Throughout the 20th century migration of faith across the globe has been a major feature.
One of these features is the deterritorialization of religion – that is, the appearance and the
efflorescence of religious traditions in places where these previously had been largely
unknown or were at least in a minority.

Deterritorialization -the severance of social, political, or cultural practices from their native
places and populations.

An example of deterritorialization and reterritorialization is Hitler's propaganda

campaign that led to WWI. He deterritorialized by banning and burning books that
contradicted his values, and reterritorialized by replacing them with his own.

The meaning of EFFLORESCENCE is the action or process of developing and unfolding

as if coming into flower: blossoming.

Transnational religions – is a means of describing solutions to new found situations that

people face as a result of migration and it comes as two quite distinct blends of religious
universalism and local particularism.

i. It is possible for religious universalism to gain upper hand, whereby universalism

becomes the central reference for immigrant communities. In such instances,
religious transnationalism is often depicted as a religion going global.
ii. It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or maintain the most
place for local immigrant communities.
Transnational religion is used to describe cases of institutional transnationalism whereby
communities living outside the national territory of particular states maintain religious
attachments to their home churches or institutional.
Transnational religious connections consist of actual flows of people, goods, services, and
information across national boundaries. They are facilitated by transnational organizations and
by broader trends in the global political economy.
( SDA church in the Philippines … when you go abroad you will also look for an SDA church…
[religions exists globally])
Indigenization, hybridization or glocalization are processes that register the ability of religion
to mold into the fabric of different communities in ways that connect it intimately with
communal and local relations.
f. Glocalization and its 4 forms.

"Glocalization" is an historical process whereby localities develop direct economic and cultural
relationships to the global system through information technologies, bypassing and subverting
traditional power hierarchies like national governments and markets.

Glocalization – (national + international) or local + global

4 forms
1. Indigenization – is connected with the specific faiths with ethnic groups whereby religion
and culture were often fused into a single unit. It is also connected to the survival or
particular ethnic groups. (preservation of ethnic practices; Kinagisnan)

Indigenization assimilates the Christian faith with the local. language, beliefs, customs,
traditions and the history of group identities and makes the faith. indigenous to the nature
of those groups

2. Vernacularization – involved the rise of vernacular language endowed with the symbolic
ability of offering privileged access to the sacred and often promoted by empires.

Vernacularization blends religious universalism with specific vernacular languages –

which are endowed with the privileged ability of offering communication with the sacred.

Ex. Hebrew for the Christians, Arabic for the Muslims

3. Nationalization – connected the consolidation of specific nations with particular

confessions and has been a popular strategy both in Western and Eastern Europe.

4. Transnationalization- complemented religious nationalization by forcing groups to identify

with specific religious traditions of real or imagine national homelands or to adopt a more
universalist vision of religion
Lesson 9: The Global City

a. The Global city.

A global city is an urban center that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that
serves as a hub (means the effective center of an activity, region, or network) within a
globalized economic system.

The term was first used by a sociologist named Saskia Sassen in 1884, she primarily used
economics as the main criteria for determining which of the cities all over the world is to
be labeled as such. In her research in the said period, she was able to identify 3 cities
considered as centers of capitalism and global financial transactions: London, Tokyo, and
New York.. In support in this selection, Manuel Castells stated that:

… London because it is the world’s leading financial market as far as transactions are
concerned and also constitutes a crucial airport node and is one of the end of the economic
backbone that crosses Europe…
… New York for being the main receiver of capital flows and service exporter…
… Tokyo for being the greatest capital lender and the headquarters of the most important
banks in the world, as well as an international center in the economy of services, education,
advertising and design.

b. Global city and globalization.

Linked with globalization was the idea of spatial reorganization and the hypothesis that cities
are becoming key loci (points/places) within global networks of production, finance, and
telecommunications. In some formulations of the global city thesis, then, such cities are seen
as the building blocks of globalization.

World cities are categorized as such based on the global reach of organization found in them.
Not only are inequalities between these cities there also exists inequalities within each city.
Alternatively, these cities can be seen as important nodes (a point of intersection/connection)
in a variety of global networks.

c. Indicators of a Global City.

However, several changes have occurred since the time the term was coined. Such changes
in includes the development of improved transportation, telecommunications, production,
science, warfare, the internet, other technological innovations, migration, cultural
exchanges – all of which were not included as criterion in determining global cities. The
fact is the world today is characterized mainly of unrelenting progress in numerous aspects
of human life. This basically makes it difficult to have just one definition of what a global
city is. Let us examine some indicators.
 i. Seats of Economic Power
Economic power is a crucial determinant of a global city because it attracts not
only businesses but also individuals from other countries

Economic power is the ability of countries, businesses, or individuals to improve

their standard of living. It increases their freedom to make decisions that benefit
themselves alone and reduces the ability of any outside force to reduce their
freedom.

Purchasing power is a significant component of economic power. Countries,

companies, and individuals can acquire economic power by improving their
income, thereby adding to their wealth. That allows them to purchase more and
better goods and services to meet their needs.

The way to increase income is to produce a good or service that provides a real
benefit to the world. The laws of supply and demand will see to it that customers
will pay the highest price to receive that benefit. For a country, it might mean
manufacturing high-tech equipment, providing cheap labor to make consumer
products, or having lots of oil.

New York may have the largest stock market in the world but Tokyo has the most
number of corporate headquarters (217 NY , 613 Tokyo)
Shanghai may have a smaller stock market compared to New York and Tokyo, but
plays a critical role in the global economic supply chain ever since China has
become the manufacturing center of the world. Shanghai has the world’s busies
container port, moving over 33 million container units in 2013. (43 million in
2019)
ii. Center of Authority

Top people/offices who make (major) decisions for the country are located in
these cities.

Washington DC may not be wealthy as New York, but is the seat of American state
power. People around the world know its major landmarks: the White House, the
Capitol Building (Congress), the Supreme Court, the Lincoln Memorial, and the
Washington Monument.

Similarly, compared with Sydney and Melbourne, Canberra is a sleeping town and
thus is not as attractive to tourists but as Australia’s political capital, it is home to
the country’s top politicians, bureaucrats, and policy advisors.

iii. Centers of Political Influence

Cities that house major international organizations may also be considered

centers of political influence. The headquarters of the UN is in New York, and that
of the EU is in Brussels. An influential political city near the Philippines is Jakarta,
 which is not just the capital of Indonesia, but also the location of the main
headquarters of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Powerful political hubs exert influence on their own countries as well as on

international affairs. The European Central bank which oversees the Euro, is based
in Frankfurt.

iv. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture

A city’s intellectual influence is seen through the influence of tis publishing

industry. Many of the books that people read are published in places like New
York, London, or Paris. The New York Times carries the name of New York City
but it is far from being a local newspaper.

Harvard University – Massachusetts, US

Hollywood – Los Angeles, California
Bollywood – Mumbai, India
Copenhagen – one of the culinary capitals in the world
Manchester, England – Prominent Bands came from this city
Singapore – slowly becoming a cultural hub; houses some of the region’s top
stations and news organization

v. Economic Opportunities

Economic opportunities in global cities make it attractive to talents from across the
world.

Since 1970’s, many of the top IT programmers and engineers from Asia have
moved to San Francisco Bay Area to become some of the key figures in Silicon
Valley’s technology boom. London remains a preferred destination for many
Filipinos with nursing degrees.

vi. Economic Competitiveness

The Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria like market size,
purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for growth.
Based on this criteria, tiny Singapore is considered Asia’s most competitive city
because of its strong market, efficient, and incorruptible government, and
livability. It also houses the regional offices of major corporations.

d. Why are cities considered as engines of globalization?

In the current generation, urban life has become the dominant form of human life
throughout the world. An increasing number of large cities, with populations of over 5
million, are already identified as global cities, cities are nodes of global as much as national
networks. In 2000, there were 18 megacities (over 10millions), such as Mumbai, Tokyo,
 New York city, Newark (New Jersey), Mexico City. Greater Tokyo already has 35 million.
The Hongkong/Guangzhou area is even larger, perhaps 120 million.

In the Philippines, Quezon city is the most populous city having almost 2.8 million people
as of 2022.

The social magnetism of these urban areas is generating larger and denser metropolitan
communities to the point that they are joining together to become regional conurbations
(an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of
one or more cities.) In 1900, 5% of the world population was urban. In 2007, the count
passed 50%. By 2050, up to 75% is anticipated. Urban growth is faster outside the Western
world, fastest in the poorest areas, such as Africa and poorer parts of Asia, producing the
most serious problems, which as the processes of globalization also progress will cease to
be African and Asian problems and will become global problems. Movement into cities
increases political voice and participation, as previously isolated rural populations become
players on city streets, on the internet and migration.

As the pace of growth accelerates, the distinguishing cultural features of established

historical cities become diluted. Established institutional forms of governance and services
do not work with larger numbers. In the past, cities worked differently in culturally
different parts of the world, and experienced different problems. Now, institutional
innovation is failing to keep up with the rate of growth of change, and the problems
confronting urban populations depend more on size and the rate of growth than cultural
expectations.

Lesson 10: The Global Demography

a. Demography.

Demography was derived from the Greek words

Demos – population
Graphia – descriptions or writing

Demography – writings about population.

It was coined by Achille Guillard, a Belgian Statistician, in 1855. However, the origins of
modern demography can be traced back to the John Graunts analysis of “Bills Mortality”
which was published in 1662.

Demography is the statistical study of human populations. Demography examines the size,
structure, and movements of populations over space and time. It uses methods from history,
economics, anthropology, sociology, and other fields.

By its meaning, as cited by Tulchinsky, demography refers to the study of populations,

with reference to size and density, fertility, mortality. Growth, age distribution, migration,
and vital statistics (quantitative data concerning the population, such as the number of
 births, marriages, and deaths) and the interaction of all these with social and economic
conditions.

As such, demography is based on vital statistics reporting and special surveys of population
size and density; it measures trends over time.

Demography helps in the decision making of the top government or company officials.

It was only in the 20th century that mortality decline in Africa and Asia, with the exemption
of Japan (Harakiri – suicide by cutting the stomach). In India, life expectancy in India was
only 24 years in the early 20th century (The 19th century and early 20th century saw
increasing poverty in India during the colonial era; poverty is one of the reasons why people
die) while the same life expectancy occurred in China in 1929 until 1931.

Life expectancies of Japan (fast increase of their population), Switzerland, Spain and
Singapore are high.

Lowest life expectancy is in Central African Republic – 53 years old

Leading causes in low-income country: poverty, diseases (HIV, Aids, and Malaria as well
pre-birth complications)

Fertility in Asia did not begin until the 1950s and so on. In the case of Japan, it was until
the 1930s that “total fertility rate did not drop below 5 births per woman”.

This resulted in rapid population growth after the World War 2 affecting the age structure
of Asia and the developing world. Specifically, the baby boom in the developing world
was caused by the decline of infant and child mortality rates. The West, on the other hand,
experienced baby boom that resulted from rising birth rates.

b. Theory of Demographic Transition

i. Stage 1 – pre industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in
balance.
Population growth is typically very slow in this stage because the society
is constrained by the available of food; therefore, unless the society
develops new technologies to increase food production (e.g., discovers
new sources of food or achieves higher crop yield), any fluctuations in
birth rates are soon matched by death rates.
ii. Stage 2 – that of developing country death rates drop rapidly due to improvements
in food supply and sanitation which increase life spans and reduce diseases.
The improvements specifically to food supply typically include selective
breeding and crop rotation and farming techniques. Other improvements
generally include access to technology, basic health culture, and
education.
 Prior to the mid-20th century, these improvements in public health were
primarily in the areas of food handling, water supply, sewage, and personal
hygiene. Another variable often cited is the increase in female literacy
combined with public health education programs which emerged in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries
iii. Stage 3 – birth rates fall. Birth rates decrease due to various fertility factors such
as access to contraception, increases in wage, urbanization, a reduction in
subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a
reduction in the value of children’s work, an increase in parental investment in the
education of children and other social changes.

Population growth to level off. The birth rate decline in developed

countries started in the late 19th century in northern Europe

While improvements and contraception do play in role in birth rate

decline, it should be noted that contraceptives were not generally available
nor widely used in the 19th century and as a result likely did not play a
significant role in the decline then.

Church beliefs and busy on their jobs (urbanization) – may also be the
reason of the decline in birth rates.

iv. Stage 4 – there are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth rates may drop
to well below replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy,
and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely
on population growth.

Replacement level is the amount of fertility needed to keep the population

the same from generation to generation. It refers to the fertility rate that
will result in a stable population without increasing or decreasing.

Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to

increase in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity
and an aging population in developed countries. By the late 20th century,
birth rates and death rates in developed countries leveled of at lower rates.

v. Stage 5
Some scholars delineated a separate fifth stage of below-replacement
fertility levels. Others hypothesize a different stage 5 involving an increase
in fertility. The United Nations Population Fund (2008) categorizes
nations as high fertility. Intermediate fertility, or low fertility. The UN
anticipates the population growth will triple between 2011 and 2100 in
high fertility countries which are currently concentrated in sub-Saharan
Africa.
 For countries with intermediated fertility rates (US, India, and Mexico fall
on this category), growth is expected to be about 26 percent. Low-fertility
countries like China, Australia, and most of Europe will actually see
population decline of approximately 20 percent.

Lesson 11: Global Migration

a. Global Migration.

Global Migration is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries specially to

find a job. Though it can be often seen as a permanent move rather than a complex series
or backward or onward series, the term migration is often conceptualized as a move from
an origin to a destination, or from a place of birth to another destination across
administrative borders within a country or international borders.

Department of Migrant Workers (DMW) – Headed by Secretary Susan “Toots” V. Ople

(Appointed by President Ferdinand Marcos, Jr)

The Department of Migrant Workers (DMW) is the executive department of

the Philippine government responsible for the protection of the rights and promote the
welfare of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW) and their families. The department was
created under the Department of Migrant Workers Act (Republic Act No. 11641) that was
signed by President Rodrigo Duterte on December 30, 2021.)

b. Types of migration.
i. Internal migration – refers to people moving from one area to another within one
country
ii. International Migration – refers to the movement of people who cross the borders
of one country to another.

c. Five groups of international migration.

i. Immigrant – people who move permanently to another country.
ii. Workers – people/workers who stay in another country for a fixed period of time
(ex. At least 6 months in 1 year)
iii. Illegal immigrants - a person who comes to live or work in a country that is not
their own when they do not have the legal right to do this: They were breaking the
law by employing illegal immigrants without papers.
iv. Migrants – a person who moves regularly in order to find work / Petitioned by
others to migrate
v. Refugees – people who seek asylum; people who have fled war, violence, conflict
or persecution and have crossed an international border to find safety in another
country. They often have had to flee with little more than the clothes on their back,
leaving behind homes, possessions, jobs and loved ones.
d. Push and Pull factors. (Reasons for Migration)
i. Push factor (negative reasons)– induces people to move out of their present
location (wars, decline economic opportunities (recession), man-made disaster, )
ii. Pull factor (positive reasons)– induces people to move into a new location (better
opportunities)
e. Factors of global migration
i. Cultural factor – Racism, discrimination, slavery

ii. Socio-political Factor

iii. Environmental Factor

iv. Economic Factor

Lesson 12: Sustainable Development

a. Sustainable development

b. Sustainable development and Climate change

Sustainable development has good intentions but some effects of these development
affects out mother nature in a negative way that further affects our climate/weather.
c. The 17 goals of Sustainable development.

Fossil fuels are made from decomposing plants and animals. These fuels are found in
the Earth's crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy.
Coal, oil, and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels.

Natural gas is a mixture of gases which are rich in hydrocarbons. All these gases
(methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide etc.) are naturally found in atmosphere. Natural gas
 reserves are deep inside the earth near other solid & liquid hydrocarbons beds like coal
and crude oil.

Burning natural gas also emits carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur
dioxide (SO2). It is also dangerous if not transported or extracted responsibly. Natural
gas produce can end with an explosion if not shipped correctly.

Air pollution from fossil fuels can cause acid rain, eutrophication (excessive nutrients
that can harm aquatic ecosystems by lowering oxygen levels), damage to crops and
forests, and harm to wildlife. Water pollution: From oil spills to fracking fluids, fossil
fuels cause water pollution.

Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation
with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the
atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that
is acidic. Acid rain cannot harm humans directly but the sulfur dioxide that creates it
can cause health problems. Specifically, sulfur dioxide particles in the air can
encourage chronic lung problems, like asthma and bronchitis.

d. Give the World’s leading environmental problems based on the video.

Lesson 13: Global Citizenship

a. Global Citizenship.

b. Give and explain briefly the salient features of global citizenship.