WORDS

fi'l ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎت‬ harf

‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺮف‬
a word stuck in the past, present or a word that makes no sense unless a word
future, such as helped, plays, eat etc. comes after it, like from, of, on, at etc.

status ism
‫اﺳﻢ‬
the name of a person, place, thing,

‫اﻋﺮاب‬
idea, adverb, adjective and more, for
example house, cat, happiness etc.

forms of status
Raf' (‫)رﻓﻊ‬ form/marfoo ( ‫;)ﻣﺮﻓﻮع‬
the doer of the act - subject

Nasb (‫)ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫;)ﻣﻨﺼﻮب‬ gender type

number ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬
form/mansoob (

‫ﻋﺮر‬
the detail of the act - object

Jarr (‫)ﺟﺮ‬ form/majroor ( ‫;)ﻣﺠﺮور‬

the word after 'of' - possessive

masculine common
Example: She (marfoo) played with
her (majroor) ball happily (mansoob). singular Default Default

feminine proper
how to tell status Ending sounds:

ٍ‫ـِ ـ‬ ً ‫ـَـ ـ‬ ٌ ‫ـُ ـ‬

, , Real feminine 1. Words with ‫ال‬
Ending Sounds
ٌ ‫ـُ ـ‬ ً ‫ـَـ ـ‬
pair Fake feminine:

‫ي ة‬
ٰ ‫آء‬
2. Proper names

Raf': , Nasb: , Jarr: ٍ‫ـِ ـ‬ 1. endings (in most

3. The one being called ( ‫)ﻳﺎ‬
Ending combinations: cases);

َ ِ ‫ـ َ ْﻴ‬
4. Pronouns (pg. 18)
Ending Combinations muslim chart pg. 6 ‫ﻲ‬
ْ ‫ـ‬ ،‫ﻦ‬ ،‫ا‬ ،‫ان‬
ِ 2. proper names of places;
5. Ism Isharah/pointing words (pg. 30)

ُ
‫ ا‬،‫ات‬ َ
،‫ و‬،‫ون‬ ،‫ ا‬،‫ان‬ ‫اﻟّﺬﻳﻦ‬
3. body parts in pairs;

ِ
plural
Raf': 6. Ism Mowsool e.g.
4. because the Arabs said

‫آت‬ ،‫آت‬ ،‫ِﻲ‬ َ ‫ ـِ ْﻴ‬،‫ﻲ‬ َ ِ ‫ـ َ ْﻴ‬

ِ ٍ ْ ‫ ـ‬،‫ﻦ‬ ْ ‫ ـ‬،‫ﻦ‬
7. Mudaaf is proper if Mudaf Ilaih is
so:
Nasb/Jarr:
‫ ﻧﻔﺲ‬,‫ ﺷﻤﺲ‬,‫ ﺳﻤﺂء‬,‫ﺣﺮب‬
1. Normal masculine plural
, proper

Pronouns pg. ,‫ اَرض‬,‫ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬,‫ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬,‫ دﻟﻮ‬,‫ﻧﺎر‬

(muslim chart)
18

,‫ ﺧﻤﺮ‬,‫ ﻛﺎس‬,‫ دار‬,‫ ﺑﺌﺮ‬,‫رﻳﺢ‬

2. Normal feminine plural

light and heavy (muslim chart)

‫ ﻋﺼﺎ‬,‫ اﻟﺴﻌﻴﺮ‬,‫( ﺟﻬﻨﻢ‬pg. 12).

‫ اﺳﻢ‬is heavy.
3. Broken plurals
Normally an
4. Plural by meaning

If an ism is a Mudaf, partly flexible, 'calling ‫ ﻗﺮن‬,‫ ﻗﻮم‬,‫ﻧﺎس‬

someone' or 'absolutely no', then it would be light.

To make an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬light remove the extra 'n' sound

broken plurals
by removing the 'tanween' or an extra ‫ن‬. They do not have ending

‫ اﺳﻢ‬with ‫ ال‬is irrelevant.

combinations, rather an ending
An
sound.
light muslim chart pg. 7
Human broken plural;

flexibility represents intelligent

‫اﺳﻢ‬
beings treated as one
Fully flexible: most are fully flexible.
feminine (she) or what it
They can be heavy or light and can show all
forms of status, like ‫ ﻛﺘﺎب‬،‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ etc. really is (they).

Non human broken plural;

Non-flexible: have only one form. They are
‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﻴﺴﻰ‬
َ
repesents non intelligent
mostly words that end with alif ' ' ( eg. ),
Ism Mowsool', or singular and plural pointing beings. All non human

words. plurals are treated as one

feminine (she).
Partly flexible: can not be heavy and can
not take a 'kasrah', has two forms:
To find a broken plural;

ُ‫ـ‬
if the ism is plural by

ending sound for Raf' meaning and it does not

ending sound َ‫ـ‬ for Nasb/Jarr.

have a combination, then it

has to be a broken plural.

Non Arab names and proper names of e.g. ٌ ‫( ُﻛ ُﺘ‬books).

‫ﺐ‬
places are partly flexible except 3 letter
names of non Arabs and places e.g. ‫ﻧﻮح‬.
 THE FIVE FRAGMENTS
َ ‫ا َ ْﻹ َِﺿ‬
Idhafah ‫ﺎﻓﺔ‬ Rules for Idhafah Special Mudhafs
1.the ‫( ﻣﻀﺎف‬the word before 'of') should: 1.usually do not give an 'of'
Basic Kinds of Idhafah
be light meaning
1. "of" translation e.g. ‫ﺠ ِﺪ‬
ِ ‫ﺴ‬ ْ ‫ا َِﻣﺎ ُم‬
ْ ‫اﻟ َﻤ‬ not have ‫ال‬ 2. when they have a tanween,
Imam of the masjid
2. the ِ‫ ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﻴﻪ‬should be in Jarr status they can not be a Mudhaf
2. Pronouns attached to an Ism 3. ِ‫ ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﻴﻪ‬comes right after ‫ﻣﻀﺎف‬ 3. most of them are Nasb
e.g. ‫ ﺑ َ ْﻴ ُﺘ ُﻪ‬his house
4. the 'type' of ‫ ﻣﻀﺎف‬is dictated by ِ‫ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﻴﻪ‬ 4. they become Raf' when they
3. Special Mudhafs (pg 22) 5. both ‫ ﻣﻀﺎف‬and ِ‫ ﻣﻀﺎف اﻟﻴﻪ‬should be Isms do not have a Mudhaf Ilaih

Harf of Jarr ‫ﺣﺮف ﺟﺮ‬ There are 11 Harf of Jarr in The Qur'an:
‫ب‬ ِ (with) ‫ت‬َ (swear by Allah)
Rules for Harf of Jarr ‫ك‬َ (like) ‫ل‬ (for)
1. it is called ‫ﺟﺎ ّر‬ َ and its Ism is called ‫ﺠﺮُ ْور‬
ْ ‫َﻣ‬ ‫َو‬ (I swear by) ‫ﻦ‬ ْ ِ‫ﻣ‬ (from)
2. it makes its Ism Jarr ‫ِﻲ‬
ْ ‫ﻓ‬ (in) ‫ﻦ‬ ْ َ‫ﻋ‬ (about)
3. it is found right bfore its Ism ‫ﻋَ َﲆ‬ (on) ‫ﺣ ﱠﺘﻰ‬ َ (until)
e.g. ‫ﻚ‬ َ ‫ ﻟِ َﺮﺑ ﱢ‬،‫ف‬
ٍ ‫ﺧ ْﻮ‬َ ‫ﻦ‬ ْ ِ‫ﺑ‬
ْ ِ‫ ﻣ‬،‫ﺎﻟﺤَ ﱢﻖ‬ ‫ِإ َﱃ‬ (to)

Harf of Nasb ‫ﺣﺮف ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ِإ ﱠ‬

‫ن‬ certainly ‫اَ ﱠ‬
‫ن‬ that
Rules for Harf Nasb ‫َﻛﺄ َ ﱠ‬
‫ن‬ as though ‫ﺑِﺄ َ ﱠ‬
‫ن‬ because
1. the Harf of Nasb makes its Ism Nasb
2. there can be other words between Harf of َ ‫ﻟ َ ْﻴ‬
‫ﺖ‬ alas ‫ٰﻟﻜ ﱠ‬
‫ِﻦ‬ however
Jarr and its Ism
َ ‫ﻟ َ َﻌﻞﱠ‬
ّ َ ‫ أ‬،‫ِإﻧ ﱠ َﻬﺎ‬
so that/hopefully/maybe
ْ ‫ن ﻟ َ ُﻬ ْﻢ أ‬
e.g. ‫ﺟ ًﺮ‬

Mowsoof and Sifa ‫ﺻ َﻔﺔ‬

ِ ‫َﻣ ْﻮ ُﺻ ْﻮف‬ Rules for Mowsoof and Sifa
1. Mowsoof must be:
Mowsoof is the noun and Sifa is the first
adjective describing Mowsoof only one
the Mowsoof is never a pronoun, a a pointer 2. Sifah:
word, or Ism Mowsool has the same four properties as the Mowsoof
the Sifah is never a proper name, pronoun, or comes after the Mowsoof
a pointer word does not have to come right after the Mowsoof
َ ‫ ا َ ْﻟ َﻔ ْﻮ ُز ْاﻟ‬،‫ﺳﻘِ ْﻴ ًﻼ‬
e.g. ُ‫ﻜ ِﺒ ْﻴﺮ‬ َ ‫َﻗ ْﻮ ًﻻ‬ can be more than one

َ ْ َ
Pointing Words ‫أ ْﺳ َﻤﺎ ُء اﻹِﺷﺎ َر ِة‬
2. to make a sentence:
pointer should not have an ‫ ال‬after it
in this case, the pointer would be followed by
Rules for Pointing Words an is/are in translation

‫ٰ َﻫ ُﺆ َﻵ ِء‬ َ
ِ ‫ٰ َﻫ‬ ‫ٰ َﻫ َﺬ‬
1. to make a fragment: Pointers:
the pointer must be followed immediately by ‫ال‬
‫ان‬ ‫ﺬ‬
in this case, the word 'pointed at' would be known ‫ٰ َﻫ ُﺆ َﻵ ِء‬ ِ ‫ٰ َﻫ َﺘ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫ٰ َﻫ ِﺬ ِه‬
as ِ‫ﺸﺎرٌ ِإﻟ َ ْﻴﻪ‬
َ ‫ُﻣ‬
ْ ‫ أ َ ْﺳ َﻤﺎ ُء‬and ِ‫ﺸﺎرٌ إﻟ َ ْﻴﻪ‬
َ ‫اﻹ‬ ‫ِﻚ‬ َ ‫أ ُ ْو ٰﻟ َﺌ‬ ‫ِﻚ‬َ ‫ٰ َذﻧ‬ ‫ِﻚ‬َ ‫ٰ َذﻟ‬
the four properties of ‫ِﺷﺎ َر ِة‬ ِ َ ‫ُﻣ‬
must match ‫ِﻚ‬َ ‫أ ُ ْو ٰﻟ َﺌ‬ َ ‫ﺗَﺎﻧ‬
‫ِﻚ‬ َ ‫ﺗ ِْﻠ‬
‫ﻚ‬
 Pronouns Special Mudhaf
‫ﻫ ُْﻢ‬ ‫ُﻤﺎ‬
َ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻫ َﻮ‬
ُ
Special Mudhafs below are by default in Nasb status

َ َ

3rd Person Pronouns

they both of them he ‫ن‬ َ ‫ﺤ‬
َ ‫ﺖ د ُْو‬ ْ َ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ﻮ‬
ْ ‫ﻓ‬
‫ ﻫِ ْﻢ‬/ ‫ﻫ ُْﻢ‬ ‫ ﻫِ َﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ُﻤﺎ‬
َ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ ِه‬/ ‫ُه‬ besides,
below above
other than

َ‫َﻗ ْﺒﻞ‬
‫ﻫ ﱠ‬
‫ُﻦ‬ ‫ُﻤﺎ‬
َ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
َ ِ‫ﻫ‬
they (f) both of them she
َ ‫ﺑ َ ْﻴ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺑ َ ْﻌ َﺪ‬
‫ ﻫِ ﱠ‬/ ‫ُﻦ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻫ ﱠ‬ ‫ ﻫِ َﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ُﻤﺎ‬
َ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻫَﺎ‬ between after before

‫ا َ ْﻧ ُﺘ ْﻢ‬ ‫ا َ ْﻧ ُﺘ َﻤﺎ‬ َ ‫ا َ ْﻧ‬

‫ﺖ‬ َ‫ﺣ ْﻮل‬
َ ‫َﻣ َﻊ‬ ‫ﻋِ ْﻨ َﺪ‬

2nd Person Pronouns

you all both of you you with, at,
arround,
has, by,
‫ُﻛ ْﻢ‬ ‫ُﻛ َﻤﺎ‬ َ
‫ك‬ surrounding with

ْ ‫ﺧ ْﻠ َﻒ ﻟَﺪ‬ َ
beside

‫ا َ ْﻧ ُﺘ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا َ ْﻧ ُﺘ َﻤﺎ‬ ِ ‫ا َ ْﻧ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ُن‬ َ ‫ﺎم‬
َ ‫أ َﻣ‬
you all (f) both of you you (f) especially
behind in front of
‫ُﻛ ﱠ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ُﻛ َﻤﺎ‬ ‫ك‬
ِ from

‫َو َرآ َء‬ ‫ﱠام‬

َ ‫ﺪ‬ ُ
‫ﻗ‬
ْ َ‫ﻧ‬
ُ ‫ﺤ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ‫أَﻧَﺎ‬
1st Person
Pronouns

we
behind, right in
I
beyond front of
‫ﻧَﺎ‬ ‫ِﻲ‬
ْ ‫ﻧ‬/‫ي‬
ْ
Special Mudhafs below can be Raf/Nasb/Jarr

ٌُ َ ‫أ‬ ُ‫َﻏ ْﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑ َ ْﻌ ُﺾ‬

1. an independent pronoun is always Raf'
2. an attached pronoun is nasb when;
attached to a Fi'l
‫ي‬ ‫ُﻛﻞﱡ‬
attached to a Harf of Nasb
3. an attached pronoun is Jarr when; each, all,
which, other some,
attached to an Ism ( it forms Mudhaf Mudhaf Ilaih every, the
fragment) any than whole some of
attaches to a Harf of Jarr

Feminine Masculine
Plural ‫ﺟ ْﻤﻊ‬
َ ‫ُﻣ َﺜ ﱠ‬
Pair ‫ﻦ‬ Singular ‫ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮد‬ Plural ‫ﺟ ْﻤﻊ‬
َ ‫ُﻣ َﺜ ﱠ‬
Pair ‫ﻦ‬ Singular ‫ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮد‬

ٌ ‫ِﻤ‬
‫ﺎت‬ َ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ِ ‫ِﻤ َﺘ‬
‫ﺎن‬ َ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ِﻤ ٌﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Raf ‫َر ْﻓﻊ‬ َ ‫ِﻤ ْﻮ‬
‫ن‬ ُ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ‫ﺎن‬
ِ ‫ِﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ِﻢ‬
ٌ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Raf ‫َر ْﻓﻊ‬

‫ﺎت‬
ٍ ‫ِﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ِ ‫ِﻤ َﺘ ْﻴ‬
‫ﻦ‬ َ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ‫ِﻤ ًﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Nasb ‫ﻧَ ْﺼﺐ‬ َ ‫ﺴﻠِﻤِ ْﻴ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
ِ ‫ِﻤ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ‫ِﻤﺎ‬
ً ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Nasb ‫ﻧَ ْﺼﺐ‬

‫ﺎت‬
ٍ ‫ِﻤ‬
َ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ِ ‫ِﻤ َﺘ ْﻴ‬
‫ﻦ‬ َ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ٍ‫ِﻤﺔ‬
َ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Jarr ‫ﺟ ّﺮ‬
َ َ ‫ﺴﻠِﻤِ ْﻴ‬
‫ﻦ‬ ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬
ِ ‫ِﻤ ْﻴ‬
َ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ٍ‫ﺴﻠِﻢ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Jarr ‫ﺟ ّﺮ‬
َ

Broken Plural Light

Plural ‫ﺟ ْﻤﻊ‬
َ ‫ُﻣ َﺜ ﱠ‬
Pair ‫ﻦ‬ Singular ‫ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮد‬ Plural ‫ﺟ ْﻤﻊ‬
َ ‫ُﻣ َﺜ ﱠ‬
Pair ‫ﻦ‬ Singular ‫ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮد‬

‫أ َ ْﻗ َﻼ ٌم‬ ‫ﺎن‬
ِ ‫ﻤ‬َ َ ‫َﻗ‬
‫ﻠ‬ ٌ ‫َﻗ َﻠ‬
‫ﻢ‬ Raf ‫َر ْﻓﻊ‬ ‫ِﻤ ْﻮ‬
ُ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ‫ِﻤﺎ‬
َ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ِﻢ‬
ُ ‫ﺴﻠ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Raf ‫َر ْﻓﻊ‬

ً‫أ َ ْﻗ َﻼم‬ ‫ﻦ‬ َ َ

ِ ‫ﻗﻠ َﻤ ْﻴ‬ ‫َﻗ َﻠ ًﻢ‬ Nasb ‫ﻧَ ْﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
ْ ِ‫ﺴﻠِﻤ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
ْ ‫ِﻤ‬
َ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ‫ﺴﻠ َِﻢ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Nasb ‫ﻧَ ْﺼﺐ‬

ٍ‫أ َ ْﻗ َﻼم‬ ‫ﻦ‬ َ َ

ِ ‫ﻗﻠ َﻤ ْﻴ‬ ٍ‫َﻗ َﻠﻢ‬ Jarr ‫ﺟ ّﺮ‬
َ ‫ﻲ‬
ْ ِ‫ﺴﻠِﻤ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬
ْ ‫ِﻤ‬
َ ‫ُﻣﺴﻠ‬ ِ‫ﺴﻠِﻢ‬
ْ ‫ُﻣ‬ Jarr ‫ﺟ ّﺮ‬
َ