Engineering of Mechanical Power Techniques

First class students

2020 – 2021
Lecturer
Murad Saeed Sedeeq
 Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy.

 In other words, It is the science of the relations between Heat,

Work and the Properties of the systems.

 The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme

(heat) and dynamis (power), which is most descriptive of the
early efforts to convert heat into power.
All currencies are not equal
Ex: US$ or UK£ or Euro€ etc. Have a better purchasing power than
ID similarly, all forms of energy are not the same.
 cont.

Human civilization has always endeavored to obtain

Shaft work Electrical energy Potential energy

to make life easier

If we like to
 Rise the temperature of water in kettle.
 Cool our room on a hot humid day.
 Heat up our room on a cold winter night.
 Have our drinks cool.
 Etc.

What is the smallest amount of electricity/fuel we can get away with?

 cont.

On the other hand we burn,

 Some coal/gas in a power plant to generate electricity.
 Petrol in a car engine.

What is the largest energy we can get out of these efforts?

Thermodynamics allows us to answer some of these questions

 Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
 The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.
 Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L, time t, and
temperature T are selected as primary or fundamental
dimensions.
 while others such as velocity V, energy E, and volume V are
expressed in terms of the primary dimensions and are called
secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions.
 SI System
 English system
As pointed out, the SI
is based on a decimal
relationship between
units.
The prefixes used to
express the multiples
of the various units
are listed in the table
 In our study of thermodynamics, we will choose the universe to
which we will apply the laws of thermodynamics. We call this
subset a SYSTEM.
 A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
 The mass or region outside the system is called the
surroundings.
 The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings is called the boundary.
 Systems may be considered to be closed , open or isolated,
depending on whether is chosen for study.
(a) Open system can exchange both matter and
energy with the environment.
(b) Closed system exchange energy but not
matter with the environment.
(c) Isolated system can exchange neither energy
nor matter with the environment.
 Any characteristic of a system is called a property.
 Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.
 Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass
of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density.
 Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the
size—or extent—of the system.
 Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties.
 Force : - is the push or pull on an object with mass that causes it
to change its velocity.
 The SI unit of force is Newton(N).
 A newton is defined as the amount of force that it takes to
accelerate one kilogram (1 kg) of mass one meter per second
squared (1 m/s2).

𝑲𝒈 .𝒎
 𝑵=
𝒔𝟐
 Force

𝑭=𝒎 ×𝒂
Where :
F = force in (N)
m = Mass in (Kg)
a = Gravitational acceleration in (m/s2)
 Pressure : defined as the force per unit area.
 Pressure are exerted by gases, vapors, and liquids.
 Since pressure is defined as force per unit area, it has the unit of
newton per square meter (N/m2), which is called a Pascal (Pa).
𝑵
 𝑷𝒂 =
𝒎𝟐
 The actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute
pressure. And it is measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e.,
absolute zero pressure).

 Most pressure-measuring devices,

however, are calibrated to read zero in
the atmosphere and so they indicate
the difference between the absolute
pressure and the local atmospheric
pressure.
 This difference is called the gage pressure.
 Pressures below atmospheric pressure are called vacuum
pressures.
 The pressure unit Pascal is too small for pressures encountered
in practice. Therefore, its multiples kilopascal (1 kPa = 103 Pa)
and mega Pascal (1MPa = 106Pa) are commonly used.
 Three other pressure units commonly used in practice, especially
in Europe, are bar and standard atmosphere.
1. MANOMETER
2. Bourdon gauge
 Temperature is a thermal state of a body which distinguishes a
hot body from a cold body.
 Temperature is the property which determines the ability of the
system to transfer heat.
Temperature scale: - Is an arbitrary set of number and method for
assigning each number to a definition level of temperature for
example the melting point of ice and boiling point of water at
standard atmosphere pressure.
 The temperature scales used in the SI and in the English system
today are the Celsius scale.
 The thermodynamic temperature scale in the SI is the Kelvin
scale, named after Lord Kelvin (1824–1907). The temperature
unit on this scale is the kelvin, which is designated by K not °K.