Chapter 08 - Lipids

Biochemistry 6th Edition Garrett

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1. A fatty acid with eighteen carbons and one double bond could be designated all EXCEPT:
a. linoleic acid.
b. 18:1.
c. cis-9-octadecenoic acid.
d. oleic acid.
e. elaidic acid
ANSWER: a

2. Fatty acids are all EXCEPT:

a. either saturated or unsaturated.
b. found seldom in free form.
c. mostly found with an even number of carbons.
d. found in linear, branched and cyclic forms.
e. all are true.
ANSWER: e

3. Dietary essential fatty acids for humans include

a. γ-linolenic and oleic acids.
b. oleic and linoleic acids.
c. palmitic and oleic acids.
d. linoleic and γ-linolenic acids.
e. all are true.
ANSWER: d

4. Alkali hydrolysis of triacylglycerols is called ____ and yields ____ and ____.
a. triacylation; fatty acids; glycerol
b. saponification; fatty alcohols; fatty acids
c. triesteration; salts of fatty acids, fatty alcohols
d. saponification; salts of fatty acids; glycerol
e. none are true
ANSWER: d

5. Lipids are the biomolecules of choice for storage of metabolic energy because they:
a. are soluble in water.
b. yield a large amount of energy upon oxidation.
c. are highly oxidized.
d. are easily hydrolyzed.
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Chapter 08 - Lipids

e. are amphipathic.
ANSWER: b

6. Diets aimed at reducing coronary heart disease should be:

a. low in trans-fatty acids and high in saturated fatty acids.
b. high in trans-fatty acids and high in saturated fatty acids.
c. high in trans-fatty acids and low in saturated fatty acids.
d. low in trans-fatty acids and low in saturated fatty acids.
e. low in trans-fatty acids and low in unsaturated fatty acids.
ANSWER: d

7. Of the following, which would contain the largest amount of fatty acids with trans double bonds?
a. the fatty acid on carbon #1 of the glycerol of phosphatidylcholine
b. butter
c. canola oil
d. the 2 lb, 99 cent package of cookies containing partially hydrogenated cottonseed and/or soybean oil that you
consumed with 3 (or more) cups of coffee while studying last night (or early this morning)
e. none of the above would have very much trans-double bond containing fatty acids
ANSWER: d

8. Body fat is a major storage form of energy because it:

a. aggregates in a highly anhydrous form (without additional water weight).
b. yields about 17 kJ/g (4 cal/g) of energy.
c. has low insulation properties.
d. is highly hydrated and easy to metabolize.
e. yields about 25 kJ/g (6 cal/g) of energy.
ANSWER: a

9. Membranes with unsaturated fatty acids in their components are more flexible and fluid because:
a. Unsaturated fatty acids pack closely together to form ordered arrays.
b. Unsaturated fatty acids bend at the double bond preventing close packing.
c. Saturated fatty acids have a "kink" that produces more fluid aggregates.
d. Unsaturated fatty acids have cis double bonds that prevent formation of the "kink."
e. All of the above are correct.
ANSWER: b

10. Glycerolphospholipids are all EXCEPT:

a. also called sphingolipids.
b. essential components of cell membranes.
c. made up of 1,2-diacylglycerol and a phosphate group.
d. members of the phospholipids.
e. all are true.
ANSWER: a

11. In most cases, glycerol phosphatides have ____ fatty acid at position 1 and ____ fatty acid at position 2 of the
glycerol.
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Chapter 08 - Lipids

a. a saturated; a saturated
b. a saturated; an unsaturated
c. an unsaturated; a saturated
d. an unsaturated; an unsaturated
e. none are true.
ANSWER: b

12. Certain phospholipids, including ____ and ____, participate in complex cellular signaling events.
a. phosphatidylcholine; phosphatidylserine
b. phosphatidylserine; phosphatidylalanine
c. phosphatidylcholine; phosphatidylglycerol
d. phosphatidylinositol; phosphatidylcholine
e. phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylserine
ANSWER: d

13. Platelet activating factor (PAF) has all of the characteristics EXCEPT:
a. PAF is a potential mediator in inflammation, allergic responses and shock.
b. PAF is a sphingolipid.
c. PAF has a beneficial effect on toxic-shock syndrome.
d. PAF is involved in implantation of the egg in the uterine wall.
e. PAF stimulates production of fetal lung surfactant.
ANSWER: b

14. Which of the following alcohols is correctly paired with the functional group that it contains?
a. ethanolamine: secondary amine group
b. choline: quaternary ammonium group
c. inositol: aldehyde and alcohol groups
d. glycerol: ether
e. none of the above are correct
ANSWER: b

15. Glycosphingolipids consist of a ____ with one or more ____ residues in a(n) ____ linkage at the 1-hydroxyl moiety.
a. sugar; fatty acids; ester
b. ceramide; sugar; β-glycosidic
c. ceramide; fatty acid; amide
d. glycerol; fatty acids; ester
e. none are true
ANSWER: b

16. Although present in small amounts in most membranes, glycosphingolipids have a number of cellular functions
EXCEPT:
a. involvement in nerve impulse transmission.
b. water-repellant properties of animal skin.
c. tissue and organ specificity.
d. cell-cell recognition.
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Chapter 08 - Lipids

e. tissue immunity.
ANSWER: b

17. The structure is an example of a(n):

a. diacylglycerol.
b. triacylglycerol.
c. wax ester.
d. eicosanoid.
e. monoacylglycerol.
ANSWER: c

18. The terpenes are all EXCEPT:

a. made up of isoprene monomers.
b. formed from two or more 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene molecules.
c. components of wool wax.
d. monomers units linked head to tail.
e. all are true.
ANSWER: c

19. All of the following are terpenes EXCEPT:

a. squalene.
b. α-tocopherol (vitamin E).
c. coenzyme Q (UQ).
d. limonene.
e. cetyl palmitate (spermaceti).
ANSWER: e

20. Of the following fatty acids, which would have physical and physiological properties most similar to elaidic acid,
pictured below?

a. oleic acid (18:1Δ9)

b. lauric acid (12:0)
c. linoleic acid (18:2Δ9,12)
d. stearic acid (18:0)
e. arachidonic acid (20:4Δ5,8,11,14)
ANSWER: d
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Chapter 08 - Lipids

21. Cholesterol is a component of all EXCEPT:

a. lipoproteins.
b. plant cell plasma membranes.
c. membranes of intracellular organelles.
d. animal cell membranes.
e. all are true.
ANSWER: b

22. The steroid hormones that participate in the control of carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism are the:
a. progestins.
b. mineralocorticoids.
c. estrogens.
d. glucocorticoids.
e. androgens.
ANSWER: d

23. All are plant steroids EXCEPT:

a. campesterol.
b. stigmasterol.
c. β-sitosterol.
d. cortisol.
e. all are true.
ANSWER: d

24. The reaction below is catalyzed by:

a. desmolase.
b. 17α-hydroxylase.
c. 17,20-lyase.
d. 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
e. none of the above are true.
ANSWER: d

25. Plant sterols are:

a. so similar to cholesterol that they undergo the same physiology and metabolism.
b. different isomers of cholesterol at the double bond location only.
c. to be avoided in your diet because they elevate blood cholesterol levels.
d. highly effective in blocking the absorption of cholesterol by intestinal cells.
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Chapter 08 - Lipids

e. none are true.

ANSWER: d

26. Which of the following steroid hormones is NOT correctly defined?

a. testosterone: an androgen involved in male sexual development
b. progesterone: a progestin that controls the menstrual cycle.
c. cortisol: a glucocorticoid that controls nutrient metabolism
d. estradiol: a progestin involved in female sexual development
e. all are correctly defined
ANSWER: d

27. Which of the following enzymes is responsible for the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids?
a. phospholipase A1
b. phospholipase A2
c. phospholipase B
d. phospholipase C
e. phospholipase D
ANSWER: b

28. Which of the following bonds would be cleaved by phospholipase C?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. none of the above
ANSWER: b

29. Which of the following best describes the following molecule?

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Chapter 08 - Lipids

a. a monoterpene with a tail-to-tail linkage

b. a monoterpene with a head-to-tail linkage
c. a diterpene with a tail-to-tail linkage
d. a diterpene with a head-to-tail linkage
e. none of the above
ANSWER: b

30. Which of the following would be considered an ω-3 fatty acid?

a. linoleic acid: 9,12-octadecadieneoic acid (18:2Δ9,12)
b. eicosapentaenoic acid: 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17)
c. γ-linolenic acid: 6,9,12-octadecatrieneoic acid (18:3Δ6,9,12)
d. arachidonic acid: 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (20:4Δ5,8,11,14)
e. none of the above
ANSWER: b

31. Discuss ether glycerophospholipids.

ANSWER: Ether glycerophospholipids possess an ether linkage instead of an acyl group at the C-1 position of glycerol.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a unique ether glycerophospholipid that acts as a biochemical signal
molecule in mammals. The alkyl group at C-1 of PAF is typically a 16-carbon chain, but the acyl group at C-
2 is a 2-carbon acetate unit. By virtue of this acetate group, PAF is much more water soluble than other
lipids, allowing PAF to function as a soluble messenger in signal transduction. Plasmalogens are ether
glycerophospholipids that have cis-α, β-unsaturated alkyl moieties. Common plasmalogen head groups
include choline, ethanolamine, and serine. These lipids are referred to as phosphatidal choline, phosphatidal
ethanolamine, and phosphatidal serine, respectively.
TOPICS: 8.3 What Are the Structures and Chemistry of Glycerophospholipids?

32. Briefly explain waxes.

ANSWER: Waxes are esters of long-chain alcohols with long-chain fatty acids. The resulting molecule can be viewed as
having a weakly polar head group (the ester moiety itself) and a long, nonpolar tail (the hydrocarbon chains).
Fatty acids found in waxes are usually saturated. The alcohols found in waxes may be saturated or
unsaturated and may include sterols, such as cholesterol. Waxes are water insoluble due to their mostly
hydrocarbon composition. As a result, this class of molecules confers a water-repellant character to animal
skin, to the leaves of certain plants, and to bird feathers. The glossy surface of a polished apple results from a
wax coating.
TOPICS: 8.5 What Are Waxes, and How Are They Used?

33. Discuss the biological significance of terpenes.

ANSWER: The triterpenes (C30 terpenes) include squalene and lanosterol, two of the precursors of cholesterol and other
steroids. Tetraterpenes (C40) include the carotenoids, a class of colorful photosynthetic pigments. β-Carotene
is the precursor of vitamin A, whereas lycopene, similar to β-carotene, is a pigment found in tomatoes. Long-
chain polyisoprenoid molecules with a terminal alcohol moiety are called polyprenols. The dolichols, one
class of polyprenols, consist of 16 to 22 isoprene units and, in the form of dolichyl phosphates, function to
carry carbohydrate units in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins in animals. Polyprenyl groups serve to anchor
certain proteins to biological membranes.
TOPICS: 8.6 What Are Terpenes, and What Is Their Relevance to Biological Systems?

34. Discuss the different steroid hormones derived from cholesterol.

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Chapter 08 - Lipids

ANSWER: Steroids derived from cholesterol in animals include five families of hormones (the androgens, estrogens,
progestins, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) and bile acids. Androgens, such as testosterone, and
estrogens, such as estradiol, mediate the development of sexual characteristics and sexual function in
animals. The progestins such as progesterone participate in control of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
Glucocorticoids (cortisol, for example) participate in the control of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid
metabolism, whereas the mineralocorticoids regulate salt (Na+, K+, and Cl–) balances in tissues. The bile
acids (including cholic and deoxycholic acid) are detergent molecules secreted in bile from the gallbladder
that assist in the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestine.
TOPICS: 8.7 What Are Steroids, and What Are Their Cellular Functions?

35. Discuss the metabolites of sphingolipids and their effects.

ANSWER: Sphingolipids can be modified or broken down to produce chemical signals. Sphingosine itself can be
phosphorylated to produce sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) inside cells. S1P may either exert a variety of
intracellular effects or may be excreted from the cell, where it can bind to membrane receptor proteins, either
on adjacent cells or on the cell from which the S1P was released. Excreted S1P binds to at least five different
receptor proteins and provokes many different cell and tissue effects, among them inflammation in allergic
reactions, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, malignant transformation, and movement and migration of certain
cells.
TOPICS: 8.8 How Do Lipids and Their Metabolites Act as Biological Signals?

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