BTech (Mechanical) V Semester Course 2022-23

Fluid Mechanics -II

(MEC3310)
Syed Fahad Anwer
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Introduction

• Contents
• Introduction to Course
• Role of Fluid Mechanics
• Connection with EMEC2310 (Fluid Mechanics - I)

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Introduction
Course Objectives

• To be able to model / express viscous fluid flow using physical principles.

• To develop an understanding of viscous flow behaviour by examining solutions to well
known problems.

• Development of relevant mathematical skills of approximation and analytical solution for

viscous fluid flow problems.

• Development of an understanding of important fluid flow phenomenon like formation /

evolution of Boundary-Layer

• To be develop a basic understanding of Turbulence in fluid flows and the need for
statistical approach to tackle Turbulence flows.
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Role of Fluid Mechanics
• Technology / Process: Power
generation, Land / Air/ Sea transport
systems / vehicles. Earth-fixed
structures, heat transfer / removal ,
transport of fluids, sports etc

• Environments/ Geophysics:
Atmospheric / Oceanic Flows,
weather patterns, hurricanes /
tornadoes, pollution dispersion,
convection in earth’s core

• Biological Systems: Respiratory

and Blood Circulation, Fluid flow in
Brain

• Astrophysical Systems: Stellar

Convection, Supernovae explosions,
astrophysical jets

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics
Classical Mechanics

Mechanics of Deformable
Rigid Body Mechanics
bodies

Molecular / Statistical
Continuum Mechanics Mechanics

Solid Mechanics (Finite

deformation for a given external
Force) Fluid Mechanics (Continuous deformation
for smallest shear force)

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Fluid Mechanics I : Recap
• Fluid as a continuum (macroscopic viewpoint), notion of a fluid particle)
• Surface and Body forces: the state of stress at a point, body force intensity at a point
• Fluid Statics: fluid pressure, hydrostatic equation and related application
• Kinematics
• Eulerian and Lagrangian viewpoint
• Flow visualisation: Stream lines, Streak lines, path lines, Material lines.
• Material Derivative of any property
• Dynamics of inviscid flows: Euler and Bernoulli’s Eqn
• Finite System and Control Volume approach: Reynolds Transport Eqn
• Viscous Pipe Flow and Energy Loss
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Fluid Mechanics - II (Extension of Knowledge)
• Module 1: Mathematical Model of Dynamics Viscous
Flows

• Kinematics: Strain rates at a point, Vorticity, Velocity

gradient System

• Governing Equations
• Module 3: Turbulent Flow
• Dimensionless Formulations and Dynamical Similarity

• Exact Solutions
• Characteristics of Turbulent Flows, Length and
Time Scales
• Module 2: Boundary Layer Theory

• Boundary Layer Equations, Boundary -Layer • Need for Statistical approach

Characteristics

• Flow Separation and Its Control

• Mean flow equations and closure problem

• Approximate Integral Method

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Texts and supplementary study material
• Lecture notes

• Viscous Fluid Flow by FM White,Mc GrawHill, 3rd Edition

• Fluid Mechanics, 4E,Pijush K. Kundu and Ira M. Cohen, Academic Press 2008

• Incompressible Flow, 3rd Edition, Ronald L Panton, Wiley

• Advanced Fluid Mechanics, Som and Biswas, Narosa Publication

• Supplementary Materials (to be downloaded from my webpage)
• Algebra and Calculas of Vector and Tensors

• Important Results and theorems of vector calculus

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Thanks

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 BTech (Mechanical) V Semester Course 2022-23

Fluid Mechanics -II

(MEC3310)
Module 1: Basics of Viscous Flows

Lecture 2: Local Deformation and Rotation

Syed Fahad Anwer

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH

 Objectives

• Conceptual framework of Local Deformation and Rotation Rates

• Material Line and their Kinematics in 2D

• Instantaneous Strain rate and rotation rates of infinitesimal lines

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Visualising Local deformation and Rotation Rate:
Kinematics of Material Lines

• What is a Material Line / Time Line?

An arbitrary chosen set of fluid particles lying on a curve drawn in the flow
domain at a given instant of time.

• That means they are instantaneous quantities

• Curve is arbitrary: closed or open

Time lines / Material lines

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Visualising Local deformation and Rotation Rate

What happens to a material line with the passage of time ?

t=t1

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Visualising Local deformation and Rotation Rate

The above animation shows material line at

different instants of time (t1 and t2)
t=t2

Material line can thus undergo the following

t=t1
kinematic effects:

• Translate

• Rotate

• Longitudinal Stretching (Straining) or

Contracting——-Deformation

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Visualising Local deformation and Rotation Rate

The above animation shows material line at

H2
different instants of time (t1 and t2) θ2
t=t2
H1
θ1

Material line can thus undergo the following t=t1

kinematic effects:
L12
• Translate (point has moved by L12 distance)

• Rotate (Material line has rotated by θ2 − θ1 >0)

• Longitudinal Stretching (Straining, H2 > H1) or

Contracting——-Deformation

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Visualising Shear Rate

• We had earlier visualised Local deformation

and rotation rates but not Shear Strain rate

Material line 2
• In order to visualise the shear strain rate, we
need to consider two material lines (in fig:
A O B
Material line 1 and 2), as shear strain is
fundamentally defined as rate of angular C
D
deformation between a pair of material Material line 1
lines.

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Visualising Shear Rate
A B
wOA
O wOB

D C

Material line 2
Enlarged View
• If wOA is different from wOB then angular
deformation or shear deformation between
OA and OB is taking place.

Material line 1

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Visualising Shear Rate
A B
wOA
O wOB

D C

• If wOA is different from wOB then angular

deformation or shear deformation between Enlarged View
OA and OB is taking place.

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Visualising Shear Rotation Rate
A B
wOA
O wOB

• If wOA is different from wOB then angular D C

deformation or shear deformation between
OA and OB is taking place.

Enlarged View
• As the angle can only change if wOA is not if rotation rates of AC and BD are equal
equal to wOB

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Visualising Shear Rotation Rate
B
wOB
A wOA O
C
• If wOA is different from wOB then angular D
deformation or shear deformation between
OA and OB is taking place.

Enlarged View
• As the angle can only change if wOA is not if rotation rates of AC and BD are not equal
equal to wOB

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Infinitesimal Local Deformation and Rotation Rate
in 2D
tˆ ≡ Cosθ î + Sinθ ĵ Y n̂ tˆ
n̂ ≡ −Sinθ î + Cosθ ĵ
!
V ≡ uOî + vO ĵ A

In the neighbourhood of point O, as velocity field u(x , y,t ) and v(x , y,t ) δl
δy
Using Taylor Series expansion, we get
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ θ
X
u = uO + ⎜ ⎟ δ x + ⎜ ⎟ δ y +……+ high order terms O δx
∂x
⎝ ⎠ O
⎝ ∂ y ⎠ O

⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞
v = vO + ⎜ ⎟ δ x + ⎜ ⎟ δ y +……+ high order terms
⎝ ∂x ⎠ O
⎝ ∂y⎠ O

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Local Deformation and Rotation Rate in 2D
Longitudnal instantaneous strain rate of OA
Y n̂ tˆ
(Infinitesimal material line anchored at O, oriented at θ )
and infinitesimal rotation rate of OA can be expressed as A
! ! !
ε OA = εθ =
ˆ( =
) ˆ
VOA .t VA − VO .t Responsible for stretching or
contraction of OA
δl
δ y
δl δl θ
! ! !
( )
X
O
VOA .n̂ V A
− VO
.n̂ Responsible for rotation
δ x
ω OA = ω θ = = of OA
δl δl
Explanation:
! !
( )
VA − VO .tˆ ≡ Relative velocity of A with respect to O along OA
! !
( )
VA − VO .n̂ ≡ Relative velocity of A with respect to O perpendicular to OA
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Local Deformation and Rotation Rate in 2D
Completing the simplification using Taylor Series expansion for
(u A
− u)
O
and (v A
− v )
O
using δ x=δ l Cosθ ,δ y=δ l Sinθ
⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂u ⎞
ω θ = ⎜ ⎟ Cos θ + ⎢⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Sinθ Cosθ − ⎜ ⎟ Sin θ
2 2

⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂ y ⎠
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ 2
εθ = ⎜ ⎟ Cos θ + ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Sinθ Cosθ + ⎜ ⎟ Sin θ
2

⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎣ ⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂ y ⎠
These are fundamental expressions for longitudinal instantaneous strain rate
and instantaneous rotation strain rate of an infinitesimal material line
instantaneously anchored at some point in the flow field at some angle 'θ '
w.r.t x- direction

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Local Deformation and Rotation Rate in 2D
• Conclusion:

1. Both longitudinal and rotation rate depend upon

a. the orientation of the infinitesimal material line at some point in the

2D flow domain.
'θ '

b. the local partial derivatives of velocities (u,v) at some point in the flow
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ,⎜ ⎟ ,⎜ ⎟ and ⎜ ⎟
domain ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂ y ⎠

2. The dependency on the 'θ ' in periodic with a period of 'π ',
i.e. ω OA = ω OC and ε OA = ε OC
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Thanks

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 BTech (Mechanical) V Semester Course 2022-23

Fluid Mechanics -II

(MEC3310)
Module 1: Basics of Viscous Flows

Lecture 3: Local Deformation and Rotation

Syed Fahad Anwer

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH

 Objectives

• Expression for shear deformation in 2D

• Physical meaning of partial derivatives of velocity

• Properties of Strain rate and rotation rates

• Extension to 3D

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Expression for shear deformation in 2D
• Consider a pair of perpendicular infinitesimal material AC and BD
intersecting at O. Now Consider these as infinitesimal perpendicular Y
material lines AO and OB anchored at point O, instantaneously
oriented as shown in figure.

• The instantaneous rotation rates of OA and OB can be used the

shear (angular) deformation rate at point O.

X
γ OA,OC = ω OA − ω OB
⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎡⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ 2 A 0B
ω OA(θ ) = ⎜ ⎟ Cos θ + ⎢⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Sinθ Cosθ − ⎜ ⎟ Sin θ
⎝ ∂x ⎠
2

⎣⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂y⎠ Material line 2 θ1 = 90

Can also be written as θ
O
γ OA,OC = ω OB − ω OA !→ choice of sign convention
we have taken γ OA,OC = ω OA − ω OB as γ > 0 gives reducing angle
D
γ π
= ωθ − ω π
C
θ ,θ + θ+
2 2

⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ Material line 1
• γ
θ ,θ +
π
=⎜ + ⎟
⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠
( )
Cos 2θ + ⎜
⎝ ∂ y ∂x ⎠
( )
− ⎟ Sin 2θ
2

• The choice of perpendicular infinitesimal material line is arbitrary and

is a matter of convention
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Physical meaning of partial derivatives of velocity
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ 2
εθ = ⎜ ⎟ Cos θ + ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Sinθ Cosθ + ⎜ ⎟ Sin θ
2

⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎣⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂y⎠
⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ 2
ω θ = ⎜ ⎟ Cos θ + ⎢⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Sinθ Cosθ − ⎜ ⎟ Sin θ
2

⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎣⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂y⎠
⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞
γ π = ⎜ + ⎟ Cos 2θ + ⎜
θ ,θ + ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠
( ) ⎝ ∂ y
− ⎟ Sin 2θ
∂x ⎠
( )
2

The expression for ⎡⎣εθ ,ω θ ,γ θ ⎤⎦ allow us to physically interpret the partial derivatives of the velocity
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞
, , ,
⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂ y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂ y ⎟⎠

Consider,
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞
εθ =0 = ⎜ ⎟ ⇔ ε xx = ⎜ ⎟ , ε π = ⎜ ⎟ ⇔ ε yy = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ θ = 2 ⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂y⎠
⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞
ω θ =0 = ⎜ ⎟ or ω x & ω π = − ⎜ ⎟ or ω y .........γ π = ⎜ + ⎟ = γ x , y
⎝ ∂x ⎠ θ=
2
⎝ ∂ y ⎠ 0,
2
⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Physical meaning of partial derivatives of velocity
⎛ ∂u ⎞
⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ ≡ longitudnal instantaneous strain rate of an infinitesimal material line anchored at the

point under consideration aligned along x-direction

⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞
+
⎜⎝ ∂ y ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ ≡ instantaneous shear strain rate of a pair of mutually perpendicular infinitesimal material lines

aligned in x and y direction

⎛ ∂v ⎞
⎜⎝ ∂ y ⎟⎠ ≡ longitudnal instantaneous strain rate of an infinitesimal material line anchored at the point under consideration

aligned along y-direction

⎛ ∂v ⎞
⎜⎝ ∂x ⎟⎠ ≡ instantaneous rotation rate of an infinitesimal material line anchored at the point under consideration

aligned along x-direction rotating in counter clockwise direction

⎛ ∂u ⎞
−⎜ ⎟ ≡ instantaneous rotation rate of an infinitesimal material line anchored at the point under consideration
⎝ ∂y⎠
aligned along y-direction rotating in counter clockwise direction
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Properties of local deformation and rotation rates
(2D)
• Maximum / Minimum values:
εθ ,ω θ ,γ θ they exhibit maximum and minimum values at a given
• Since are periodic functions of
π
θ ,θ +
2

point and time instant in the flow domain, for example:

⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎡⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ 2 These instantaneous maximum and minimum

εθ = ⎜ ⎟ Cos θ + ⎢⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Sinθ Cosθ + ⎜ ⎟ Sin θ
2
values at a point in the flow domain are called of
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎣⎝ ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ ∂y⎠
principal strain rates.

1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞
= ⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ + ⎟ Sin2θ + ⎜ − ⎟ Cos2θ
2 ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠ 2 ⎝ ∂ y ∂x ⎠ 2 ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠ The corresponding principal directions can be
found as

The above is an expression of type (a sin2θ + bcos2θ + c)

2 2
1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞
( )
⇒ εθ
max
= ⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ + ⎟ −⎜ −
2 ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠ 2 ⎝ ∂ y ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎟⎠ dε θ ⎜⎝ ∂ y + ∂x ⎟⎠
= 0 ⇒ tan2θ p =
2 2 dθ ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞
1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ 1 ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ ⎜⎝ ∂x − ∂ y ⎟⎠
• ( )
⇒ εθ
min
= ⎜ + − ⎜ + ⎟ −⎜ −
2 ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠ 2 ⎝ ∂ y ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎟⎠
⎟
This gives the values for principal directions θ pand θ π
p+
2
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Properties of local deformation and rotation rates
(2D)
• Invariants w.r.t θ

⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞
εθ + ε π
≡⎜ + ⎟ ≡ Sum of longitudnal strain rates of two mutually perpendicular infinitesimal material lines at a given point and at a certain instant
θ+
2
⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠

Does not depend on θ

⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞
+
Physically ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎟⎠ represents a very important property of fluid particles as shown later ……Hint Volumetric strain rate
⎜

⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞
ωθ + ω π
≡⎜ − ⎟ ≡ Sum of rotation rates of two mutually perpendicular infinitesimal material lines at a given point and at a certain instant
θ+
2
⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠

Does not depend on θ

⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞
−
Physically ⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎟⎠ represents a very important property of fluid particles —-vorticity
⎜

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Extension to 3D
Y
• Consider three mutually perpendicular
infinitesimal material lines at a given
point along the three coordinate
B
directions:
X

Material line 2
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂w ⎞
ε xx = ⎜ ⎟ , ε yy = ⎜ ⎟ , ε xx = ⎜ ⎟ !Longitudnal Strain rates
⎝ ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂y⎠ ⎝ ∂z ⎠ Z θ1 = 90 0

⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ∂w ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ∂w ⎞ C
γ xy = ⎜ + ⎟ ,γ yz = ⎜ + ⎟ ,γ xz = ⎜ + ⎟ !Shear deformation rates O Material line 1
⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠

3
e
⎛ ∂v ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂w ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ∂w ⎞
•

in
ll
Ωz = ⎜ − ⎟ ,Ωx = ⎜ − ⎟ ,Ωy = ⎜ − ⎟ !Vorticity
A

ria
⎝ ∂x ∂ y ⎠ ⎝ ∂ y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠

e
at
M
Pair of Pair of Pair of
Perpendicul Perpendicul Perpendicul
ar material ar material ar material
lines in x-y lines in y-z lines in z-x
plane plane plane
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Thanks
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 BTech (Mechanical) V Semester Course 2022-23

Fluid Mechanics -II

(MEC3310)
Module 1: Basics of Viscous Flows

Lecture 4: Local Deformation rates: Volumetric Strain Rate

Syed Fahad Anwer

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH

 Learning Outcome

• Students will be able to:

• Obtain the instantaneous volumetric strain rate for a fluid particle in a

coordinate free form

• To express the volumetric strain rate in different coordinate systems-

Cartesian and Cylindrical
•

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Volumetric Strain rate
• In order to express the instantaneous volumetric strain rate in a fluid
particle at a point, consider a finite region ‘R’, surrounding the point

̂
ndS | V ⃗| δt

V⃗
A2
B

A1
A
Volume swept in space in a time interval ‘δt’ at
a local point B on the surface of ‘R’
⃗ + A⃗
⃗
δ ∀ = (MeanCrossSectionalArea) . V δt =
A 1 2 ⃗
. (δt⟨ V ⟩)
2
⃗
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
A2 = A1 + δA1 = (A1 +
δ A 1
) . ⟨ V ⟩⃗
2
Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering
ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Volumetric Strain rate

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Volumetric Strain rate

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
Volumetric Strain rate

Computational Aerodynamics Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering

ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH
 Algebra and Calculus of
Scalar, Vector and Tensor
Functions

By
Dr. adeem Hasan
1. Scalars, Vectors and Tensors

A scalar is a quantity characterized by a magnitude only e.g. density, temperature, mass,

pressure, volume etc. in fluids, any quantity/property in general is a function of location
and time. Thus a scalar property in a fluid would behave as a scalar function.


S = S (r , t ) M.1
A vector is a quantity characterized by a magnitude and direction e.g. velocity,
displacement, acceleration, force etc. In fluids a vector property would behave as a




V = V( r , t ) M.2
A vector can always be expressed in terms of its components along the coordinate
directions.


A = ∑ A i ê i or simply

A = A i ê i (summation over repeated index i is implied) M.3
∧
Where ei : unit vector along the ith coordinate direction.
A tensor of second rank is a quantity characterized by a magnitude and two directions
e.g. stress, strain rate, mass moment of inertia of a rigid body etc.
Again for fluids, the tensor property would behave as


T = T (r , t ) M.4
In terms of components along the coordinate directions at any point

T = ∑∑ Tij ê i ê j or simply
i j

T = Tij ê i ê j M.5

The unit vector pairs ê i ê j are known as unit dyads.

2. Algebra of Vectors and Tensors

2.1 Inner product or dot product of two vectors

A = A i ê i


B = B j ê j



A ⋅ B = A i B j (ê i ⋅ ê j )
 For orthogonal unit vectors
(ê i ⋅ ê j ) = δ ij
δ ij = 1, i = j
where
δ ij = 0, i ≠ j



A ⋅ B = A i B j δ ij = A i B i M.6

2.2 Inner product (dot product) of a vector with a tensor of rank 2

A = A k ê k , T = Tij ê i ê j


A ⋅ T = A k Tij ( eˆ k ⋅ eˆ i ) eˆ j
M.7
T ⋅ A = A k Tij ( eˆ j ⋅ eˆ k ) eˆ i

In general A ⋅ T ≠ T ⋅ A
The equality exists only if Tij = Tji i.e. tensor is symmetric

2.3 Outer or Cross product of two vectors

∧ ∧ ∧
For an orthogonal set of unit vectors such that ei × e j = ek for cyclic i, j, k using
either LH or RH rule



A × B = e ijk A j B k ê i M.8
where e ijk is the alternating symbol defined as
eijk = 0 if any two of ( i, j, k ) are same
= +1 if { i, j , k } is a cyclic permutation of {1, 2, 3}
= -1 otherwise
Therefore an outer or cross product of two vectors is a vector defined as,




C = A×B
Ci = A j Bk − Ak B j , i ≠ j ≠ k and ( i, j , k ) must be a cyclic combination M.9

2.4 Dyadic product

A dyadic product of two vectors is a tensor of rank two defined as,

AB = A i B j ê i ê j M.10
2.5 Tensor Contractions or dot products
A dot product or Contraction of two second rank tensors P and Q is a second
rank tensor defined as,

PiQ = PijQ rs (eˆ j ⋅ eˆ r )eˆ i eˆ s M.11

For Orthogonal unit vectors,

PiQ = PijQ rs δ jr eˆ i eˆ s = PijQ js eˆ i eˆ s M.12

A double dot product or double contraction of two second rank tensors is a scalar
defined as,

P : Q = PijQrs (eˆ j ⋅ eˆ r )(eˆ i ⋅ eˆ s ) M.13

For orthogonal unit vectors,

P : Q = PijQrs δ jr δis = PijQ ji M.14

3. Calculus of scalar, vector and tensor functions

3.1 Gradient


For a scalar function φ (r , t ) the gradient represents the information regarding the
instantaneous spatial rate of change along the coordinate directions. The gradient is
conveniently defined through the del operator given as,
∂
∇ ≡ ê i , M.15
∂ si
where si are related to the generalized coordinates xi as
dsi = hi dxi .
Physically dsi represents the components along the coordinate direction of the
differential line element dl i.e. dl = ds i ê i

∂
∇ ≡ ê i M.16
hi∂ xi
The gradient of a scalar function ϕ is defined as,
∂φ
∇φ ≡ ê i M.17
h i∂ x i
The gradient of a scalar is a vector.
 The most important use of gradient of a scalar function is in finding the
instantaneous spatial rate of change of ϕ along a specified direction characterized by
∧
a unit vector m as,
∂φ
= ∇φ ⋅ m̂ M.18
∂m

The other important use is in finding the direction of the local normal to a given
surface. A surface in 3D/2D can be expressed as a scalar function relation


φ (r ) = Const.
Ex. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.0 spherical surface

The direction of local normal to the surface is given by the vector ∇φ and therefore
the local unit normal is given as,
∇φ
n̂ = M.19
∇φ

3.2 Divergence, Curl and Gradient of a vector

The divergence operation is defined as,

 ∂ 
∇ ⋅ A =  ê i  ⋅ (A j ê j ) or,
 h i ∂x i 

 ∂ (A j ê j ) 
⋅ 
∇ ⋅ A = ê i  or,
h ∂
 i i x
1 ∂A j
(ê i ⋅ ê j ) + A j  ê i ⋅ ∂ ê j 


∇⋅A =  M.20
h i ∂x i  h i ∂x i 
For Orthogonal coordinate systems,

1 ∂A i  ∂ ê j 
∇⋅A = + A j  ê i ⋅  M.21
h i ∂x i  h i ∂x i 
∧
∂ej
For Cartesian coordinates hi = 1.0, =0
∂xi

∂A i
∇⋅A =
∂x i
The Curl operation is defined as,

 ∂ 
 h j∂x j  ( k k )
∇ × A =  eˆ j × A eˆ or,
 
 ∂ ( A k eˆ k ) 
∇ × A = eˆ j × 
 h j∂x j 
or,
 

1 ∂A k  ∂eˆ k 
∇×A =
h j ∂x j
( eˆ j × eˆ k ) + A k  eˆ j ×
 h ∂x
 M.22
 j j 

For orthogonal coordinate systems,

1 ∂A k  ∂eˆ k 
∇ × A = eijk eˆ i + A k  eˆ j ×  M.23
h j ∂x j  h j∂x j 


For Cartesian coordinates,

 ∂A ∂A j 
∇×A =  k −
 ∂x j ∂x k  i
eˆ
 
Gradient of vector which is a tensor of rank 2 is defined as,

 ∂ 
∇A =  eˆ i  ( A jeˆ j ) or,
 h i ∂x i 

 ∂A j ∂eˆ j 
∇A = eˆ i  eˆ j + A j  or,
 h i ∂x i h i ∂x i 
1 ∂A j  ∂eˆ j 
∇A = eˆ i eˆ j + A jeˆ i   = g ijeˆ i eˆ j M.24
h i ∂x i  h i ∂x i 

Another gradient of a vector that is useful in decomposing the above tensor into symmetric and
anti-symmetric components is defined as,
∇A T = g ji eˆ i eˆ j .

For Cartesian coordinates, the two gradients are given as,

∂A j ∂A j ∂A i M.25
∇A = eˆ i eˆ j = g ijeˆ i eˆ j ⇒ g ij = , ∇A T = g ji eˆ i eˆ j = eˆ i eˆ j
∂x i ∂x i ∂x j
3.3 Divergence of a Tensor of Rank 2
The divergence of a second rank tensor can be defined as,

 ∂ 
∇ ⋅ T =  eˆ i  ⋅ ( Tjk eˆ jeˆ k ) or,
 h i ∂x i 

 ∂Tjk   ∂eˆ j  ∂ê k

∇⋅T =   ( eˆ i ⋅ eˆ j ) eˆ k + Tjk  eˆ i ⋅  eˆ k + Tjk ( eˆ i ⋅ eˆ j ) M.26
 h i ∂x i   h i ∂x i  h i ∂x i

For orthogonal systems,

 ∂T   ∂ê j  ∂eˆ k
∇ ⋅ T =  ik  eˆ k + Tjk  eˆ i ⋅  eˆ k + Tik M.27
 h i ∂x i   h i ∂x i  h i ∂x i

For Cartesian system,

 ∂T 
∇ ⋅ T =  ik  eˆ k M.28
 ∂x i 
The divergence of the dot product of a rank 2 tensor with a vector can be expressed as,

 ∂ 
∇ ⋅ T ⋅ A =  eˆ i  ⋅ Tjk A r eˆ j ( eˆ k ⋅ eˆ r )  or,
 h i ∂x i 

 ∂Tjk   ∂ ( A r ( eˆ k ⋅ eˆ r ) )   ∂eˆ j 
∇ ⋅ T ⋅ A = A r ( eˆ k ⋅ eˆ r )  ( ˆ
 i j
e ⋅ ˆ
e ) + Tjk 

 ( ˆ
e
 i j
⋅ ˆ
e ) + T A
jk r ( ˆ
e k ⋅ ˆ
e )
r  i
ˆ
e ⋅ 
 h i ∂x i   h i ∂x i   h i ∂x i 

M.29
For orthogonal systems,

 ∂T   ∂A k   ∂ê j 
∇ ⋅ T ⋅ A = A k  ik  + Tik   + Tjk A k  eˆ i ⋅  M.30
 h i ∂x i   h i ∂x i   h i ∂x i 
For Cartesian systems,

 ∂T   ∂A k 
∇ ⋅ T ⋅ A = A k  ik  + Tik   M.31
 h i ∂x i   h i ∂x i 