UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI

MALAYSIA

JOHOR BAHRU

SEMM 3931

SOLID MECHANICS AND STRUCTURES

LABORATORY

COMBINED STRESSES
1.0 TITLE & INTRODUCTION
Title: Combined Stresses

• Stresses in a structure applied to combined loadings can be determined using either a

theoretical method or experimental results . We use strain gauges to determine the strain
at locations A and B in this experiment . We can convert the strain to stresses using the
formulas and then compare it to the calculated theoretical value . So , when construct the
experiment , we will know objective for this experiment will be achieved

2.0 OBJECTIVE

a) To determine the state of stresses in a structure under combined loadings.

b) To observe the effect of stress raiser.

3.0 APPARATUS

1) Cantilevered hollow cylinder

2) Strain gauges (Install to Point A & Point B)

3) Data logger (Given strain reading)

4) Weights & Hanger

Top View
Hollow
Points B
Cylinder
Hollow Cylinder
Points A

Data Logger Weights

Hanger

Figure 1
4.0 THEORY

• The stress analysis involves a cantilevered mild steel cylindrical tube which is subjected
to a vertical point load, Q as shown in Figure 2. At a location on the tube a hole is cut to
induce a structural discontinuity or defect. At the locations to be analysed the states of
stress are due to bending moment, torsion and shear. Locations which are nearer to the
hole suffer additional effect of stress concentration.

z
Q
y

B
A x

L
LA
LB

Figure 2

• Consider a load Q being applied at the end of the rigid torsion bar. At locations A and B, a
120° strain rosette (see Figure 3) is bonded onto the outer surface of the cylinder, with
direction 1 being in the axial direction x of the cylinder. The action of the load Q causes
points A and B to experience states of stress and strain. Point A is located nearer to the
hole which is considered to be a stress raiser. The cylinder has the following dimensions
and properties:

• Material of cylinder : Mild steel

• Elastic modulus, E = 210 GPa

• Shear modulus, G = 80 GPa

•
• Yield stress, σ yield = 240 MPa

• Dimensions of cylinder: Outer diameter, Do = 38 mm

• Inner diameter, Di = 35.2 mm

 2

120o 1
o
120

o x-axis, axial direction

120
of cylinder

Figure 3

5.0 PROCEDURE

a) Ensure that the cylinder is free from all forms of external load.

b) Record lengths LA, LB and L.

c) Connect the six strain gauges to the data logger using 3-wire ¼ bridge connection.

d) Switch on the data logger, wait for a few minutes for it to warm up and zero all readings.

e) Load with an initial value of Q = 1 kg and record the strain readings.

f) Increase Q to 5, 8 kg and to a final value 11 kg and record the strain readings.

g) Unload Q completely and record strains at all decrements of load.

6.0 RESULTS

a) Use average strains calculated from loading and unloading of load Q.

b) At each location, from strain readings of gauges 1, 2 and 3, calculate x y and xy.
c) Then convert the strains to stresses x y and xy.

d) Find the maximum normal and shear stresses at points A and B at the final value of Q.

e) At each strain gauge location, plot graphs to show how the above stresses vary with force.

f) Using the final value of Q =11 kg, from theory, calculate stresses x y and xy at points
A and B. For this part, assume that the cylinder is perfectly free from defects and holes.
Load; Q Data logger Reading Data logger Reading
(kg) (Increase Q) (Unload Q)

11

Table 1.0 : Data logger strain reading

f) Used Formula:
7.0 DISCUSSION
a) Show sample calculations, explain the equations and particular theory used and make
your own tables from which graphs are plotted.
b) From test results, comment on graph linearity, zero error and repeatability.
c) From the experimental test, suggest reasons which contribute to the difference in the
state of stress between points A and B.
d) For the same final load of Q=11 kg, compare the states of stress at point B, obtained from
experimental test from and from theory. From the comparison between these two
methods, suggest reasons which contribute to the difference in the states of stress.

8.0 CONCLUSIONS
Conclude your results and discussion of the experimental test. Make conclusions on combined
loadings, the state of stress and strain at a point on the free surface of a structure, the use of
material constitution equations, stress and strain transformation, the effect of structural
discontinuity and the likelihood of elastic failure at the maximum load.
6.0 RESULTS

TABLE DATA: Lᴬ = 28.5 cm L = 24.7 cm E = 2.10E+11 P Ratio= 0.3

Lᴮ = 37.9 cm G = 8.00E+10 σyield = 2.40E+08

Load Force ℇ1 ℇ2 ℇ3
(kg) (N) Loading Unloading Average Loading Unloading Average Loading Unloading Average
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 9.81 2 1 1.5 -3 -3 -3 11 12 11.5
3 29.43 6 6 6 -9 -11 -10 36 36 36
5 49.05 11 10 10.5 -17 -17 -17 61 62 61.5
7 68.67 15 15 15 -24 -24 -24 86 87 86.5
9 88.29 20 19 19.5 -31 -31 -31 111 111 111
11 107.91 23 23 23 -38 -38 -38 136 136 136
Table 2 : Strain Reading at point A

Load Force Ƭxy Max

(kg) (N)
Єx (μ) Єy (μ) γxy (μ) σx (MPa) σy (MPa) Ƭxy (MPa)
(MPa)
0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0.00
1 9.81 1.5 5.17 16.74 0.70 1.30 1.34 1.37
3 29.43 6 15.33 53.12 2.45 3.95 4.25 4.32
5 49.05 10.5 26.17 90.65 4.23 6.77 7.25 7.36
7 68.67 15 36.67 127.60 6.00 9.50 10.21 10.36
9 88.29 19.5 46.83 163.97 7.74 12.16 13.12 13.30
11 107.91 23 57.67 200.92 9.30 14.90 16.07 16.32
Table 3 : Calculation maximum normal & shear stress

Load Force ℇ1 ℇ2 ℇ3
(kg) (N) Loading Unloading Average Loading Unloading Average Loading Unloading Average
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 9.81 4 4 4 -4 -4 -4 8 7 7.5
3 29.43 12 12 12 -14 -14 -14 20 20 20
5 49.05 19 19 19 -24 -24 -24 35 34 34.5
7 68.67 27 27 27 -34 -34 -34 48 47 47.5
9 88.29 35 35 35 -43 -45 -44 61 61 61
11 107.91 43 43 43 -54 -54 -54 75 75 75
Table 4 : Strain Reading at point B

Load Force Ƭxy Max

(kg) (N)
Єx (μ) Єy (μ) γxy (μ) σx (MPa) σy (MPa) Ƭxy (MPa)
(MPa)
1 9.81 4 1.00 13.28 0.99 0.51 1.06 1.09
3 29.43 12 -0.0006 39.26 2.77 0.83 3.14 3.29
5 49.05 19 0.67 67.55 4.43 1.47 5.40 5.60
7 68.67 27 -0.0005 94.11 6.23 1.87 7.53 7.84
9 88.29 35 -0.33 121.25 8.05 2.35 9.70 10.11
11 107.91 43 -0.33 148.96 9.90 2.90 11.92 12.42
Table 5 : Calculation maximum normal & shear stress
 Max Normal Stress
Load Force Max Normal Stress 1
2
(kg) (N)
Point A Point B Point A Point B
0 0 0 0 0 0.00
1 9.81 2.37 1.84 -0.37 -0.34
3 29.43 7.52 5.09 -1.12 -1.49
5 49.05 12.86 8.55 -1.86 -2.65
7 68.67 18.11 11.89 -2.61 -3.79
9 88.29 23.25 15.31 -3.35 -4.91
11 107.91 28.42 18.82 -4.22 -6.02
Table 6 : Calculation maximum normal stress

FIGURE 4 : MAXIMUM STRESS 1 VS FORCE

30.00
28.00
26.00
24.00
22.00
20.00
MAXIMUM STRESS

18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
FORCE (N)

Linear (Point A) Linear (Point B)

 FIGURE 5 : MAXIMUM STRESS 2 VS FORCE FORCE (N)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.00

-1.00

-2.00
MAXIMUM STRESS

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00

-6.00

-7.00

Linear (Point A) Linear (Point B)