CE 408

Steel Design
Chapter 6:
Compression Members under Combined
Axial Load and Bending Loads
Chapter 6-Content:

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Moment Magnification Factor

6.3 Beam-Column Analysis

6.4 Beam-Column Design

6.1 Introduction
Structural members that are subjected to combined axial
and bending loads are called beam–columns.

 In Chapter 4, we covered the design of columns in pure

compression, which rarely exists in buildings.

 Generally, most building columns are actually beam–

columns because of how they are loaded, so the majority
of this chapter will focus on building columns.
Transfer of load from beam will cause compression and
bending moment on column due to eccentricity “e”.
In a moment resisting frame, columns are expected to be
subjected to axial force and bending moment.
Beam-Column Design P- Effect

When an axial compression load is applied to a beam–

column that has some initial deflection and is supported at
both ends, additional moments are produced.

Additional moment due to

initial deflection
Beam-Column Design P- Effect

When an axial compression load is applied to a beam–

column that has some initial deflection and is supported
at both ends, additional moments are produced.

It is easier to deal with this

equation.
 Beam-Column Design P- Effect
When an axial compression load is applied to a beam–
column that is subjected to relative lateral sway at the
ends of the member, additional moments are produced
due to the destabilizing effect of the axial load as it
undergoes the relative translation.

It is easier to deal with this

equation.
Beam-Column Design

In both cases, this additional moment has to be

considered in design of Beam-columns

We need to calculate:

Non-sway Moment Sway Moment

Magnification Factor, B1 Magnification Factor, B2

For Sway and Braced Only for Sway Frames

Frames
 6.2 Moment Magnification
Factor B1 and B2
 Moment Magnification
Factor
B1 and B2, according to the AISC specification are as follows:
The non-sway moment magnification factor, B1 :
In our course, we will consider oh/L = 1/312, may be
used at the factored load level for moment frames
subjected to wind loads.
Moment Magnification Factor
Cm: Moment reduction coefficient to account
for
moment gradient.

Case 1: For beam–columns Case 2: For beam–columns

with no transverse loads with transverse loads
between the supports between the supports
Moment Magnification
Factor
Case 1: For beam–columns with
no transverse loads between the
supports
Double
Single Curvature Curvature

-ve +ve
Moment Magnification
Factor
Case 2: For beam–columns
with transverse loads
between the supports

If the column is subjected to

transverse/lateral loads:
Cm = 1.0
Example 1:
Calculate the non-sway moment magnifier (B1) for the
column AB. [Consider K = 2.0]

B C

W8x15
D
A
Example 1: (Solution)
Calculate the non-sway moment magnifier (B1) for the
column AB.

B C

D
A
 Moment Magnification
Factor
Example 1: (Solution)
From Normal Force Diagram:

From Tables, for W8x15:

A = 2860 mm2 , rx = 83.6
mm
Pe1 = n2×200,000×2860 /1000 = 233.5 kN
2×6500 2
(83.6 )
 Moment Magnification Factor
Cm: Moment reductioncoefficient account
for
to moment gradient.

Case 1: For beam–columns Case 2: For beam–columns

with no transverse loads with transverse loads
between the supports between the supports
Moment Magnification
Factor
Case 1: For beam–columns with
no transverse loads between the
supports
Double
Single Curvature Curvature

-ve +ve
 Case 1: For beam–columns with
no transverse loads between the
supports
Single Curvature Double Curvature

M2 = 520

M1 = 0
-ve +ve
Cm = 0.6 – 0.4 * 0/520 = 0.6
Example 1: (Solution)
Calculate the non-sway moment magnifier (B1) for the
column AB.

B C

0.6 D
B1 = = 1.034 > 1.0
98
1 – 233.5
A

 B1 = 1.034
 Moment Magnification
Factor
Example 2:
Calculate the sway moment magnifier (B2) for the
columns in the first story (i.e., the groundfloor
of the typical moment frame in Figure
columns) the service gravity and lateral wind loads
considering
shown.
Example 2: (Solution)
 Example 2: (Solution)

To calculate Pu and H we will consider the

fourth load combination (Includes dead, wind and live load):

1.2 D + 1.6 W + L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)

1.2 D:
1.2*(30*16 + 20*16 + 20*16) = 1344 kN
L:
1.0*(15*16 + 15*16) = 480 kN
Lr:
0.5*(10*16) = 80 kN

Pu = 1344 + 480 + 80 = 1904 kN

 Example 2: (Solution)

To calculate Pu and H we will consider the fou

load combination (Includes dead, wind and live load):

1.2 D + 1.6 W + L + 0.5 (Lr or S or R)

1.6 W:
1.6*(16 + 32 + 32) = 128 kN

H = 128 kN
 Total Factored Moment
The total factored second-order moment or
required moment strength is:
Total Factored Moment

A typical frame will be subjected to gravity loads and

lateral loads.
Beam-Column Design
cPn: Design axial strength according
to
compressive Chapter 4. 
c = 0.90

b Mn: Design flexural strength according to Chapter 5.

 b = 0.90
Beam-Column Design
Pu: Ultimate factored axial compressive Force.

Mu: Ultimate factored flexural LRFD load

Moment using
Pu = Pnt + B2 Plt

Mu = B1 Mnt + B2 Mlt
6.3 Beam-Column
Analysis
Beam-Column Design
Ultimate Factored Loads
Mu, Pu

Obtained from First Obtained from Second

Order Analysis Order Analysis

Has to be magnified Can be used directly

using B1 and B2 without
Beam-Column Design
Example 3:
Check the adequacy of a 5 m (Hinged – Hinged) long
A992 (Fy = 250 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa) W12x65 beam-
column. The axial loads and end moments have been
obtained from 2nd order analysis of the gravity loads (Pu
= 1500 kN). The frame and loading are symmetric.
The wind load moments have also been obtained from
2nd
order analysis (Mu = 150 kN.m.). The member is
fully restrained in the lateral direction.
Check Safety as a
Column
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Extract properties of W12x65 from
Tables

Ag = 12300 mm2, d = 308mm, tw = 9.91mm, bf = 305mm,

tf = 15.4mm, rx = 134 mm, ry = 77mm
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Check on Local Buckling of Flange:
b = bf/2
= 305 / 2 = 152.5 mm

b / tf = 152.5 / 15.4 = 9.9

E
Limit = 0.56 = 0.56 200,000
250 = 15.84
Fy

b / tf = 9.9 < Limit = 15.84 O.K.  Flange is

nonslender.
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Check on Local Buckling of Web:
h  T (from Tables) h = 242
mm

h / tw = 242 / 9.91 = 24.4

E
Limit = 1.49 = 1.49 200,000
250 = 42.1
Fy

b / tf = 24.4 < Limit = 42.1 O.K.  Web is

nonslender.
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate slenderness ratio about both principle
axes: KxLx/rx and KyLy/ry

KL/r = Max.(KxLx/rx and KyLy/ry)

Given:
-Lx = Ly = 5 m
-Column is hinged (==pinned) at both ends.
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Column is pinned at both
ends.
K = 1.0
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)

Calculate the critical buckling stress.

Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate the critical buckling stress.

E
KL/r = 64.9 < 4.71 = 4.71 200,000
250 = 133.2
Fy

Fy 250
 Fcr = 0.658Fe *Fy = 0.658468.6 *250 = 199.97 MPa

n2E n2×200,000
= 468.6 MPa
Fe = (KL/r)2 = (64.9)2
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate the design axial compressive capacity.

cPn = 0.9* 199.97 * 12300 /1000 = 2213.7 kN

Pu = 1500 kN < cPn = 2213.7 kN  O.k.

Check Safety as a
Beam
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on unbraced length
(Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 0
Mn = Fy.Zx

Zx = 1590x103 mm3
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on
unbraced length (Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 0

Mn = Fy.Zx

= 250 x 1590x103 /106 = 397.5 kN.m

bMn = 0.9 * 397.5 = 357.75 kN.m

Mu = 150 kN.m. < bMn = 357.75 kN  O.k.

Check Interaction
between Axial and
Bending
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)

Pu 1500
= 2213.7 = 0.68 > 0.2
Øc Pn
Interaction Equation:

Pu 8 150
+ ( Mux ) = 0.68 + 9 (357.75 ) = 1.053 > 1.0
Øb Mnx
8
Øc Pn
 Unsafe and section need to be increased.
9
6.4 Beam-Column
Design
 Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Check on Local Buckling of Flange:
b = bf/2
= 306 / 2 = 153 mm

b / tf = 153 / 17 = 9.0

𝐸
Limit = 0.56 = 0.56 200,000
250 = 15.84
𝐹𝑦

b / tf = 9.0 < Limit = 15.84 O.K.  Flange is nonslender.

 Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Check on Local Buckling of Web:
h  T (from Tables) h = 241 mm

h / tw = 241 / 10.9 = 22.11

𝐸
Limit = 1.49 = 1.49 200,000
250 = 42.1
𝐹𝑦

b / tf = 22.11 < Limit = 42.1 O.K.  Web is nonslender.

Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate slenderness ratio about both principle
axes: KxLx/rx and KyLy/ry

KL/r = Max.(KxLx/rx and KyLy/ry)

Given:
-Lx = Ly = 5 m
-Column is hinged (==pinned) at both ends.
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Column is pinned at both
ends.
K = 1.0
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate slenderness ratio about both principle
axes: KxLx/rx and KyLy/ry

KL/r = Max.(KxLx/rx and KyLy/ry)

KLx/rx = 1.0*5*1000/135 = 37 KLy/ry =

1.0*5*1000/77.3 = 64.68

 KL/r = Max.(37, 64.68) = 64.68 < 200

 o.k.
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)

Calculate the critical buckling stress.

 Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate the critical buckling stress.

𝐸
KL/r = 64.68 < 4.71 = 4.71 200,000
250 = 133.2
𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑦 250
 Fcr = 0.658𝐹𝑒 *Fy = 0.658471.83 *250 = 200.3 MPa

𝜋2𝐸 𝜋2∗200,000
Fe = = = 471.83 MPa
(𝐾𝐿/𝑟)2 (64.68)2
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate the design axial compressive capacity.

cPn = 0.9* 200.3 * 13600 /1000 = 2451.6 kN

Pu = 1500 kN < cPn = 2451.6 kN  O.k.

Check Safety as a
Beam
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)

b = bf / 2 = 305/ 2 = 153 mm b/tf b/tf = 9 < p = 10.75

= 152.5/17 = 9 Flange is compact.
p = 0.38 200*103/250 = 10.75
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)

h = T = 241 mm h/tw = 22.11 < p = 106.3

h/tw = 241/10.9 = 22.11 Web is compact.
p = 3.76 200*103/250 = 106.3
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on unbraced length
(Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 0
Mn = Fy.Zx

Zx = 1770x103 mm3
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)
Calculate nominal moment (Mn) based on
unbraced length (Lb)
The beam has continuous lateral support  Lb = 0

Mn = Fy.Zx

= 250 x 1770x103 /106 = 442.5 kN.m

bMn = 0.9 * 442.5 = 398.25 kN.m

Mu = 150 kN.m. < bMn = 398.25 kN  O.k.

Check Interaction between
Axial and Bending
Beam-Column Design
Example 3: (Solution)

𝑃𝑢
1500
∅ 𝑐 𝑃𝑛 = = 0.6118 > 0.2
2451.6

Interaction Equation:

𝑃𝑢 8 𝑀𝑢𝑥 ) = 0.6118 + 89 ( 398.29

150
) = 0.946 < 1.0
∅𝑐 𝑃𝑛 + 9 ( ∅𝑏 𝑀𝑛𝑥

 Safe
 W12 x 72 is an adequate section.