CHAPTER

03

USD (ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN)

3-1 USD (Ultimate Strength Design)

The design procedure adopted for concrete structures is called the ultimate strength design (USD) method. This is a
limit design procedure wherein the ultimate and/or yield limits of the materials define the capacity of the section, member or
system.

This method involves the use of load factors and reduction factors. The NSCP code refers to this as strength design
method. In essence, USD is also identical with the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method since both involve using
load and resistance (reduction) factors.

Unit weight of pure concrete = 145 pcf or 22.83 kN/m 3

Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 150 pcf or 23.60 kN/m3 or 24 kN/m3.

LOAD COMBINATION (Section 203, NSCP)

U= required strength

=1.20DL + 1.6 LL

U= 0.75 (1.4D + 1.7L +1.7W)

= 1.05 D + 1.275 L + 1.275 W

U= 1.2D + 1.0 f1L + 1.0 E

f 1= 0.5 for normal buildings (for other live loads)

= 1.0 for floor in places of public assembly area, for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa,

and for garage live load

Figure 3-1.B

The design moment can be determined in 2 ways. The first one is the loads. Take note that the given loads 120 kN and PL =
60 kN are unfactored loads. These are referred to as service loads. The service loads can be converted into factored loads
using the formula

Find: Pu using the formula Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL

Pu = 1.2 (120) + 1.6 (60)

Pu = 240 kN

These factored load will now be applied on the beam, and when applied, the design moment now using equilibrium equations
is determined as MU = 1.2 Pu.

Find: MU (Design Factored Moment)

MU = 1.2 Pu = 1.2(240)

MU = 288 kN.m

The other way is to determine due to dead load separately form the moment due to live load as shown below :

MD = 1.2 PD = 1.2(120) = 144 kN.m

ML = 1.2 PL = 1.2(60) = 72 kN.m

Then, these moments can be combined using principle of superposition which is valid for elastic theory using the load factors
for gravity load combinations only. That is,

MU = 1.2 MD + 1.6 ML

= 1.2(144) + 1.6(72)

MU = 288 kN.m

As shown, the results of using both ways are will be identical.

In the next example, shown is a frame with gravity loads of 30 and 10 kN/m for dead and live loads respectively and
a lateral load due to earthquake of 50kN.

Find: Design Moment @ B

Dead Loads: @ ABC

12

Final Moment:

Whenever you are dealing with lateral loads, whether wind or earthquake, it must be realized that these lateral loads
are reversible in direction. First we analyze the frame for dead loads. From symmetry it can be divided by half and the results
are given below:

Due to Dead Load,

MB = 178.571 kN.m
 In computing for the forces due to live load, recognizing that the loadings are identical except that the magnitudes
are different, then by principle of superposition, the forces due to live load can be determined form the results of the dead
load analysis by straight proportion. Since the live load is 1/3 only of the dead load, then the corresponding forces due to live
load will be likewise 1/3 of those corresponding to dead load. Therefore the moment at joint b due to live load will simply
being shown below:

Due to Live Load:

(Since WL = WD /3), MB = 178.571 / 3 = 59.524 kN.m

In the lateral load analysis, using Portal Method, the horizontal shear of 50kN is divided among the columns. The
shear in the interior column will be double that of the shear columns, therefore the shear in the interior column will be 25kN
whereas those in exterior columns will be 12.5kN.Take note that the total of 12.5+35+12.5= 50 and satisfies the equilibrium
equation summation of forces x=0. Again using the portal method, the forces in the columns and beams specifically the
moments and shears are determined. Moments, shears and axial forces are determined. The results are shown in the diagram.
The code requires that your structure must be able to resist safely all load combinations. In this example, you will have to
consider 2 load combinations.

Due to Lateral Load Analysis:

MB = + 25 Figure 3-1.C
Load Case 1:

This will be for full gravity loads which is 1.2D + 1.6L . At joint b, the design moment. Therefore,

MU = 1.2(178.571) + 1.6(59.324)

= 309.20 kN-m

Load Case 2: (f1 = 0.5) (PE)

In which, this is where we have the load combination of dead load, live load and earthquake, this load combination will be
1.2 dead load + F1 live load + 1.0 earthquake (e)

Mu = 1.2D + f1L + 1.0 E

So therefore Mu will be Mu = 1.2(178.571) + (0.5)(59.524) – 1.0(25)

This case is for the earthquake force going to the right. Take note that the beam moment at joint b is clockwise whereas the
beam moment due to dead load and live load due to joint b is counterclockwise. Therefore with earthquake coming from the
left going to the right as indicated in the arrow, the moment for earthquake will therefore be designated with a negative sign.

Therefore Mu will now be 219.05 kN-m

Load Case 3: (PE )

Mu = 1.2(178.571) + (0.5)(59.524) + 1.0(25)

In this case where earthquake will be coming from right going to left. The results will be the same with what you
have. Same with forces shown in the diagram although the directions will be reversed. Thus, instead of deducting the moment
due to earthquake, this will now have to be added to the moments due to the gravity loads because the directions will now be
the same for all the 3 loads.

So the design moment Mu = 269.05 kN.m

Comparing the moments from the 3 load cases, therefore the design moment for the beam at Joint B will be
Mu=351.90kN/m representing the maximum moment from the 3 load cases considered.

 DESIGN MOMENT

Mu = 309.20 kN.m

3-2 STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR (Referring to NSCP 2015 Section 421)

The strength reduction factors are likewise determined based on probabilistic design. Although, the reduction factors
(also known as resistance factors) for LRFD is related to the safety aspect. Essentially, failures or collapses can be
categorized into 2 types, namely; brittle (or sudden) failure and ductile (or gradual) failure.

Failure of flexural members due to moment will be a ductile type of failure therefore before a concrete beam fails
due to moment, enough warning will manifest with the appearance of numerous cracks, widely opened cracks and
accompanied with very large deflections before the beam collapses. As such, a resist reduction factor of 0.90 is prescribed by
the code. The reduction factor is to be interpreted as a safety margin.

 = 0.90 (moment) = 0.75 (spiral columns)

= 0.75 (shear) = 0.70 (tied columns) (Referring NSCP 2015 table 421.2.1)

With a factor of 0.90 for example, only 90% of the nominal capacity will be used to resist the factored force and the
remaining 10% will be your safety margin. In the example below, the nominal moment capacity is 100 kN-m. The only
available ultimate capacity to resist the factored moment is 90% of this.

Ult.MCAP = Mu = Mn = 0.90 x 100 kN-m = 90 kN-m

In contrast, failure due to shear will be a brittle (sudden) type of failure and therefore the reduction factor is lower at
0.75. This means that the nominal capacity will be reduced by 25% and only 75% of the nominal shear capacity will be
utilized to resist the factored shear force. For spiral and piled columns, the corresponding reduction factors are 0.75 and 0.65
respectively. For columns with spiral transverse reinforcements and tie transverse reinforcements. These columns are usually
referred to as spiral columns and tied columns respectively. The reason for the even lower reduction factors for columns is
that collapse of the column usually involves a wider area than that of the beam failure. A beam failure will essentially be a
local failure.
Analysis :
Given : b, d, As, f' c, fy
Find : Mu =  Mn,  = 0.90 → for moment
= 0.85 → for shear
Mn = nominal moment capacity
Mu =  Mn = ultimate moment cap.

a = β1 c

c d 0.003 600
= →c= d= d
0.003 0.003 + (fy/E s ) 0.003 + (fy/E s ) 600 + fy
Asfy = ab  0.85f' c
600
a = 1 c = 1 d
600 + fy
600 0.85f' c
As = 1 db 
600 + fy fy
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

As 0.85 f ' c 600

b = = 1 
bd fy 600 + fy
f' c 1.40 As min
 min = or  min = = ; choose w/c ever is greater
4fy fy bd
 max = 0.75 bal → under reinforced
As
 act =
bd
0.85 f ' c 600
 bal = 1 ( )( )
fy 600 + fy
0.05
1 = 0.85 - (f' c - 30)
7
4
Req' d   vs.  min
3

Pr ocedure :
1.)  max (4.10.4.3)
 min (4.10.6)
As
2.)  act =
bd
3.) If  act   max → use As =  max bd
 max   min → use As = As act =  =  max   act   min
3
 act   min → use As = As act
4
Asfy
4.) a =
0.85f' cb
a
5.)  Mu = 0.90  Asfy(d - )
2

Design :
Given : f' c, fy, Mu (factored moment / design moment)
Find : a.) Req' d bd 2
b.) Req' d As
Mu
Mu   Mn → Mn 

As =  bd
Asfy
a=
0.85f' c(b)
Mu a  bdfy
= Asfy(d - ) =  bdfy(d - )
 2 1.7f' cb
Mu  fy
=  bd 2 fy(1 - )
 1.7f' c
Mu
Req' d bd 2 =
R
 fy
where R =  fy(1 - ) MPa
1.7f' c
M M
 = → s=
s 
Let :
 Mu a  bdfy
= Asfy(d - ) =  bdfy(d - )
 2 1.7f' cb
Mu  fy SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7
=  bd 2 fy(1 - )
 1.7f' c
Mu
Req' d bd 2 =
R
 fy
where R =  fy(1 - ) MPa
1.7f' c
M M
= → s=
s 
Let :
Mu  fy fy
X= = [1 - ] :m =
bd fy
2
1.7f' c 0.85f ' c
m
X = [1 - ]
2
m 2
 −+ x =0
2
m
1- 4  X
Req' d  = 1  4
m
2
2
1 - 2mX 2
 =1-
m

As = bd

Procedure :
1.)  max ,  min
2.) Choose    max
  min
fy
3.) R = fy(1 - )
1.7f' c
Mu
4.) Req' d bd 2 =
R
choose b & d & h
Mu fy
5.) X = &m=
bd fy
2
0.85f' c
1 - 2mX
6.) req' d  = 1 -
m
7.) Req' d As = bd
As
n= → no. of bars
Ab
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

3-3 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam

Concrete Stress – Strain Diagram Steel Stress – Strain Diagram

Figure 3-3.A Figure 3-3.B

Shown above is the stress strain diagram of normal density concrete. The curves can be divided into linear parts
which is in the elastic range and the curve part which is within the inelastic range. Since ultimate strength design or usd is a
limit design concept, then until failure, then theoretically the stress of concrete will reach its crushing strain which as shown
in the graph will fall within the value of 0.003 which is what is recognized by the code as the usable strain of concrete.

Referring to NSCP 2015, Section 422.2.2.1 “Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
equal to 0.003”

So theoretically the concrete strain reaches 0.003 at its ultimate. Therefore, the stress distribution in the compression
region of a beam under flexure will have a shape similar to the curve plotted in the stress diagram as shown in the figure. As
illustrated the assumption discussed in strength of materials is that under bending the cross section perpendicular to the
neutral axis will remain perpendicular to the neutral axis after bending so therefore the variation of strain will be linear, the
variation of stress will take the shape of the curve in the stress strain diagram so your stresses will be parabolic as shown
here. Referring to figure 3-3.B.
Cc kd

kd ≈ 1/3 d

Figure 3-3.C
Now obviously quantifying the force in the parabolic stress block and locating the force resultant and determining the force
resultant in the stress block will be complicated therefore the code has empirical formulas to simplify the analysis by
converting the parabolic stress block to rectangular stress block with a uniform stress of 0.85fc’. To be equivalent, the
volumes of the parabolic stress block and rectangular stress block must be equal. Also, the location of the resultant of the
parabolic stress block and the rectangular stress block must be the same. Experiments have shown that the equivalent
rectangular stress block has a depth equal to a and the relationship between a and c is defined by the formula a = β1 c (article
410.3.7.3)
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

For the steel reinforcement, the stress strain is idealized as perfectly elastic and perfectly plastic curves or lines. The elastic
range terminates at stress = fy and the corresponding stress equal to strain (f y). The slope of the line within the elastic range is
defined as the modulus of elasticity as described in strength of material by Hooke’s law.

Therefore the yield strain of steel is simply equal given by the formula below

𝑓𝑦
Steel: Єy =
𝐸𝑠

Where Es, the modulus of elasticity of steel, is taken as 200 GPA or 200000 MPa.

For example

GRADE 40

Єy = 276 = 0.00138

200,000
Take note you only have two types of rebars grade 40 and grade 60. From

From the figure 3-3.C, box diagram, equilibrium equation, summation of forces = 0 dictates that Cc = Ts. Where Cc is = to
0.85fc’ multiply the area of the rectangular stress block which is a times b.

That is ∑F = 0  Cc = Ts

0.85 f’c a b = As fy

The tension force Ts is equal to AsFy. The nominal moment capacity, Mn, is determined using the equilibrium
equation, summation moment = 0. So Mn is equal to the force which C or Ts multiplied by the lever arm.

∑M = 0 Mn = Cc or Ts (d – a/2)

ANALYSIS:

Given: b, d, As, f’c, fy

Find: Mn = Nominal Moment Capacity

Mu==0øMo
∑F  Cc= =Ultimate
Ts Moment
Capacity
0.85 f’c a b = As fy

∑M = 0 Mn = Cc or Ts (d – a/2)

Flexural members designed for moments are supposed to be ductile members. In order to ensure that the member will be
ductile, the amount of the reinforcement must be controlled. So in the diagram if this the nominal capacity and this is the
rotation, which is similar in shape with the stress strain diagram, an over reinforced beam will have a plot like this.

Figure 3-3.D

a = β1 c (article 410.3.7.3)

β1 = 0.85 for f’c < 30 Mpa

β1 = 0.8 – 0.05 (f’c –30) for f’c > 30 Mpa

7
If you reduce the amount of reinforcement the capacity will go down but it can undergo a bigger rotation. And this for
example, represents a balanced.
β1 ≥ 0.65
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

And then for a beam that is under reinforced, a balanced beam is the boundary for under reinforced and over reinforced beam.

For under reinforced beam the moment capacity will be lower but the beam can undergo very large rotation before failure.
Imagine therefore that before an under reinforced beam fails, very large cracks will manifest and the beam will experience
very large deflections thus, a ductile type of failure.

The code ensures that the flexural member will be under reinforced by prescribing a minimum strain of 0.004. It must be
noted that the lesser the reinforcements the more the tensile strain in the rebars. To ensure that the beam will be under
reinforced, the code specifies that the strain of the tensile reinforcement shall be at least 0.004. therefore from the Cañete
Formula

𝐴𝑠𝐹𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏

From your stress strain diagram, for positive moments figure derivation

0.85𝑓𝑐′ 3
𝛽1 = ( ) 𝐶𝑎ñ𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑓𝑦 7

Also the code has a minimum steel ratio with the same objective to make the beam ductile, if for example your steel
reinforcements are too few, then the effect of the steel reinforcements is no longer felt as if the concrete is pure concrete. And
concrete being a brittle material will lead to brittle failure. Because a purely concrete beam will be a brittle beam. So you
𝑓𝑐′
need to provide a minimum amount of steel reinforcements specified in article 409.6.1.2 where𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.25√ × 𝑏𝑤 𝑑.
𝑓𝑦

𝑓𝑐′
Transferring 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 we have 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25√ which is now your minimum steel ratio. But this not should be lower than
𝑓𝑦

1.4fy meaning if the computed value is lower than 1.4fy then it will be the adapted value for the minimum steel ratio.

 = 0.75 → under reinforced

max bal
As
 =
act bd
0.85 f ' c 600
 = ( )( )
bal 1 fy 600 + fy
0.05
 = 0.85 - (f' c - 30)
1 7
4
Req' d   vs. 
3 min
Pr ocedure :
1.)  (4.10.4.3)
max
 (4.10.6)
min
As
2.)  =
act bd
3.) If   → use As =  bd
act max max
  → use As = As ==  
max min act max act min
3
  → use As = As
act min 4 act

Asfy
4.) a =
0.85f' cb
a
5.)  Mu = 0.90  Asfy(d - )
2
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

ANALYSIS:

Given: b, d, As, f’c, fy

Find: Mn = Nominal Moment Capacity

Mu = øMo = Ultimate Moment Capacity

∑F = 0  Cc = Ts

0.85 f’c a b = As fy

∑M = 0 
𝑎
Mn = Cc or Ts (d – )
2

Maximum Steel Ratio, ρmax

Under – Reinforced

ρ < 0.75 ρbal

Balance Condition.

Cb = β1 cb

Balance Condition

Strain

Note: Es = 200, 000 MPa

∑F = 0 => a = As fy
0.85 f’c h
As = 0.85 f’c a b
fy
Asb = 0.85 f’c ab b
fy
= 0.85 f’c b (β1 600 d)
fy 600 + fy
ρbal = Asbal = β1 0.85 f’c 600__
bd fy 600 + fy
ρmax = 0.75ρb
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

ρmin = Asmin = √f’c or 1.4 whichever is

Bd 4fy fy greater
Req’d ρ < ρmin => 4 ρreq’d vs. ρmin whichever is
3 lesser
1) ρact = As , ρmax , ρmin
bd
2) If ρact > ρmax
 use : ρ = ρmax
As = ρmax bd
If pmax > ρact > ρpmin
 use : ρact = ρactual
As = Asactual
If p < ρmin
 use: ρ = (4/3) ρact
As = (3/4) Asactual
3) a = Asfy
0.85 f’c b
4) Mn = Asfy (d – a/2)

Those are the rules to follow in designing the section moment capacity.

In the design for a beam, the first part is the beam size defined as b and d or more specifically bd 2

Given: f’c, fy
Mu factored Moment = øMn => Mn = Mu/ø

Take note that phiMn is greater than Mu so Mn is greater than Mu over phi so if Mu is given then you already know the
required Mn which is Mu over phi, for the design.

Given: f’c, fy
Mu factored Moment = øMn => Mn = Mu/ø

In the design, Mu is given like from the output from your STAAD run also your material properties are specified by the
designer so you have fc’ and fy. But to do the 1 st part, we need to derive working equation. We start with nominal moment
𝑎
capacity, 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑦 × (𝑑 − ).
2

From the diagram the nominal moment capacity is the tension force times the lever arm.

Therefore,
 1 
 a  As fy 
As
Mn = As fy  d −  = As fy d −  2  let  = : As = bd
 2  0.85 f ' cb  bd
 
 
 bdfy 
Mn = bdfy  d − 
 1.7 f ' cb 
Mn  fy 
= fy 1 − =R
bd 2  1.7 f ' c 
Mu fy
let X = and m=
bd 2 fy 0.85 f ' c
 fy   2m
X =  1 −  =  −
 2(0.85 f ' c)  2
 2m 1  1 − 4(m / 2) X
− −X =0 : =
2 2(m / 2)
 1 − 1 − 2mX 
: ρ = 
 m 
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

 fy 
If we have a maximum steel ratio, then you also have a maximum R because R = fy1 −  . So this gives you your
 1.7f ' c 
required bd2. Your req’d bd2 becomes Mu over phi Rmax. This is your minimum bd2. However in design, we don’t use ρmax
because you will end up with a lot of reinforcement, so you will just specify a value for ρ and obviously when you are
designing, in order for your design to be economical ρ should be between ρmin and it cannot go beyond ρmax. So you just
choose between ρmin and ρmax.

1. Solve for ρmin and ρmax

Choose a value for rho but usually you should be nearer ρmin, do not even approach ρmax for two reasons; (1) your rebars
will be congested, and (2) steel is imported and therefore expensive. Those are the reasons why you need to control your
rebars.

Take note that ρmin and ρmax are both dependent on the material properties ONLY.

PART A: Design of Beam Section (b & d)

1) Choose ρ (based ρmax & ρmin)

 fy 
 R = fy1 − 
 1.7f ' c 
2) Req’d bd2 = Mu
R
Choose b and d

PART B: Design of Main Reinforcements (As)

3) As 
a. Solve for X = Mu
ø bd2 fy

b. Solve for m = fy
0.85 fc’
1 − 1 − 2mX
c. Solve for the req’d rho using cañete formula, =
m
d. Solve for As = ρbd
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

Given : b, d, As, f' c, fy

Find : Mu =  Mn,  = 0.90 → for moment
= 0.75 → for shear
Mn = nominal moment capacity
Mu =  Mn = ultimate moment cap.

Solve for  max (based on NSCP 410.4.3)

0.85 f ' c 3
= 1
Fy 7
* for f ' c  28 MPa ,  1 = 0.85
* for f ' c  28MPa

1 = 0.85 −
0.05
( f ' c − 28), but the value must not be less than 0.65
7

Solve for  min (NSCP 410.4.3)

f 'c 1.4
= or ρ min = which ever is higher
4 Fy Fy

As
 req'd =
bd
→ Choose As
3
if  req'd   min → use As = actual As
4
if  min   req'd   max → use actual As
if  req'd   max → use As =  max bd

Solve for

AsFy
a=
0.85 f ' cb

 a 
Mu = Mn = AsFy
d − 2 

 
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

Solve for  max and  min

Choose 
4
if  req'd   min → use  =  req'd or  min (lower governs)
3
if  min   req'd   max → use  =  req'd
if  req'd   max →  =  max
→ choose 

fy
R = fy (1 - )
1.7 f' c

Mu
Req' d bd 2 =
Solved for R
choose b & d & h

Mu
Solve for X =
bd 2 fy

fy
Solve for m =
0.85 f' c

1 - 2mX
Solve for req' d  = 1 -
m

Req' d As = bd
As
n= → no. of bars
Ab
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

Sample Problem 1

Determine the ultimate moment capacity of the beam section shown. Use f’c = 35 MPa and GR. 60 bars.

Solution :
 0.05   0.05 
1.) 1 = 0.85 − ( f ' c − 28)  = 0.85 − (35 − 28) 
 7   7 
1 = 0.80
0.85 f ' ' c 3
 max = 1
Fy 7
0.85 x35 3
 max = 0.8
414 7
 max = 0.024638
 f' c 35 
  min = = = 0.0035725 
 4fy 4x414   (higher value)  min = 0.0038164
 1.4 1.4 
  min = = = 0.0038164 
 fy 414 
As 
 act = : As = (28 2 )(4) = 2463.01 mm 2
bd 4
 2463.01 
 ct =   = 0.013031
 300x630 

2.)  max   act   min

 =  act = 0.013031
As = As act

Asfy 2463.01x41 4
3.) a = = = 114.25
0.85f' cb 0.85 x35 x300

a
4.) Mu = Mn = Asfy (d − )
2
 114.25 
Mu = 0.9(2463.01)(414) 630 − (1  10 )
-6

 2 
Mu = 525.74 kN - m

Example no. 2
Design the beam shown using f' c = 21MPa and Gr. 40 bars : Use  = 0.015, d = 2b and
h = d + (d b /2 + d bs + 50)
where : d bs = stirrup bar diameter = 12mm ; d b = 32mm
PD = 70 kN PL = 50 kN
WD = 20kN/m WL = 15kN/m
4.) Mu = 0.9(2463.01)(414)[630 - (114025/2) ](1 10 - 6 ) SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7
Mu = 5250.54 kN/m
Sample Problem no.2

Design the beam shown using f' c = 21MPa and Gr. 40 bars : Use  = 0.015, d = 2b and
h = d + (d b /2 + d bs + 50)
where : d bs = stirrup bar diameter = 12mm ; d b = 32mm
PD = 70 kN PL = 50 kN
WD = 20kN/m WL = 15kN/m

Pu = 1.2(70) + 1.6(50)
= 164kN
Wu = 1.2(20) + 1.6(15)
= 48.0kN/m

WuL2 (48.0)(102 )
M max = Pu(1.5)(2) + Pu(0.5)(3) + = 164(1.5)(2) + 164(0.50)(3) +
8 8
M max = 1388.0 kNm
0.85 f ' c 3
 max = 1
Fy 7
0.85x21 3
= 0.85
276 7
 max = 0.023560
  f' c   21  
  min =  =
 
 = 0.0041509 

  4fy   4 x 276  
    min = 0.0050746

 =   =  1.4   1.4  
 = 0.0050746
 min  fy   276  
 fy   0.015x276 
R = fy 1 −  = (0.015)(276)1 - 
 1.7 f ' c   1.7x21 
R = 3659900 MPa
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

Sample Problem no.3

1. Given f’c = 40 MPa & grade 60 bars

a.) determine the max. positive and negative moments.

b.) determine the req’d bd2 for a steel ratio of 0.01

c.) determine the req’d number of 28 mm θ based on b=400 mm for analysis

assume b=400 mm and h= 800 mm

1 3  L  1  wL3  L  1  1 3  L 
 1 = wL   +    −  wL  
3  2  4  6  5  2  2  3 
1 1 1  wL4 11wL4
1 =  + −  =
6 120 12  EI 120 EI
FR L3
2 =
3EI
F L COMPATIBIL ITY
3 = R
AE 1 −  2 =  3

E = 4.7 40 = 29.725 GPa

1
IC = (400)(800)3 = 17.067 x109 mm 4
12

200 N/mm (8000) 4 mm 4 (8000)3 FR F (3000)

− = R
9
120 * 29.725 *17.067 *10 3 * 29.725 *17.067 *10 9

(50) 2 * 83
4
FR = 417175 N
1
M neg = (200)(8) 2 − 417.18 * 8 = 3337.4 kN - m
3
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

Point of zero shear, from fixed support

1
VL = (200)(800) − 417.18 = 382.82 kN
2
200
w( x) = x
8
1 1  200  2
w( x) * x = VL    x = 382.82 kN  x = 5.5340 m
2 2 8 
2
M pos = (5.534)(382.82) = 1412.4 kN - m  3337.4 kN - m
3
 M max = 3337.4 kN - m

 0.01 * 414 
b. R = 0.01 * 4141 -  = 3.8879 MPa
 1.7 * 40 
M 3337.4 *106
Req' d. bd 2 = U = = 953.79 *106 mm3
R 0.9 * 3.8879

953.79
c.) d = *1000 = 1544.2 mm
400
MU 3337.4 *10 6
x= = = 0.0093907
bd 2 fy 0.9 * 400(1544.2) 2 * 414
414
M= = 12.176
0.85 * 40
1 − 1 − 2(12.176)(0.0093907 )
Req' d  = = 0.0099994
12.176
0.05
1 = 0.85 − (40 − 28) = 0.764286
7
0.85 x 40 3
 max = 0.764286 x = 0.026900
414 7
40
 min = = 0.0038192  governs!
4 * 414
1.4
= = 0.0033816
414
  min = 0.0038192
Since req' d    max  AS = bd
  min = 0.0099994 * 400 *1544.2
= 6176.4 mm 4
6176.4
n= = 10.03 say 10 or 11 bars
 2
* (28)
4
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

Sample Problem no.4

Determine the maximum live load WL that the beam can carry based on the capacity of the

beam section @ B shown below. Use WD = 10 kN/m, f’c = 28 MPa, and grade 40 bars.

1.6WL
1  (1.6WL )7.5   (1.2WD )7.5 
VC = +  = 2.0WL + 45
3  2   2 
1  2.5  1
1.2WD MB = (0.48WL )(2.5)  + (1.2 * 10) x 2.5 + (2.0WL + 45)2.5
2

2  3  2
M B = 150 + 5.5WL

0.85 x 28 3
 max = 0.85 x = 0.031413
276 7
28 1.4
 min = = 0.0047930 or = 0.0050725   min = 0.0050725
4 * 276 276
(25) 2 * 4
d = 650 + * 80 = 704.05 mm
(25) 2 * 4 + (20) 2 * 3

AS =
4
4 * 25 2

+ 3 * 20 2 = 2905.97 = 2906 mm 2

2906   max
= = 0.010319 → use As actual
400 * 704.05   min
2906 * 276
a= = 84.250 mm
0.85 * 28 * 400
 84.250 
Mn = 0.9 * 2906 * 276 704.05 - −6
 *10 = 477.81 kN - m = 150 + 5.5WL
 2 
WL = 59.6 kN/m
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

QUIZ 4: ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD)

1. Determine the load that the beam can carry based on its positive moment capacity.
f’c =32MPa, GR.60 Bars
350

Wu

0.6 650
Wu
4-20
8.5m 5-25

A B
350
8.5
0.6 + x0.4 = 0.933333Wu
10.2
1.7 2 0.9333Wu
Mb = (0.933333 + 2)Wu Wu
6
= 1.4129Wu
FEM ' s
B
 0.6 0.93333 
Femab = 8.52  + Wu = 4.4153Wu
 20 30 
 0.6 0.93333 
Femba = 8.52  + Wu = 4.8165Wu
 30 20 
Final Moment
 4.8165 − 1.4129 
M a = 4.4153 + Wu = 6.1172Wu
 2 

RL =
8.5
0.6 x2 + 0.933333 + 6.1172 − 1.4129 8.5 = 3.575Wu
6
Po int of zero shear :
X 0.4 
3.5757Wu =  0.6 + 0.6 + X Wu
2 10.2 
X = 5.1071 from A

5.10712
M max pos. = 3.5757 x5.1071 − 0.6 x2 + 0.80028 − 6.1172
6
= 3.4489Wu
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

Solution :
 0.05   0.05 
1.) 1 = 0.85 − ( f ' c − 28)  = 0.85 − (32 − 28) 
 7   7 
1 = 0.82143
0.85 f ' ' c 3
 max = 1
Fy 7
0.85 x32 3
 max = 0.82143
414 7
 max = 0.023129
 f' c 35 
  min = = = 0.0035725
 4fy 4x414   (higher value)  min = 0.0038164
 1.4 1.4 
  min = = = 0.0038164 
 fy 414 

 act =
As
bd
( )
: As = 5 x 252 + 4 x 20 2 = 3711.0 mm 2
4
 3711.0 
 act =   = 0.019176
 300x630 

2.)  max   act   min

 =  act = 0.019176
As = As act

Asfy 3711x414
3.) a = = = 161.38
0.85f' cb 0.85 x35 x300

a
4.) Mu = Mn = Asfy (d − )
2
 161.38 
Mu = 0.9(37110(414) 630 − (1  10 )
-6

 2 
Mu = 652.95 kN - m

652.95
 Wu = = 189.32 kN / m
3.4489

Example no. 2
Design the beam shown using f' c = 21MPa and Gr. 40 bars : Use  = 0.015, d = 2b and
h = d + (d b /2 + d bs + 50)
where : d bs = stirrup bar diameter = 12mm ; d b = 32mm
PD = 70 kN PL = 50 kN
WD = 20kN/m WL = 15kN/m
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

2. Determine the number of 20mm  bars needed for the top bars of the prismatic beam shown below. In
determining the beam size use  =0.012 in solving “R” and “a” d/b ratio of 2.2.

1.2P Given:
P
PD=250kN

0.8w w PL=150kN

WD=65kN/m
3.1 4.2 4.0
WL=25kN/m

Pu = 1.2 x 250 + 1.6 x150 = 540

Wu = 1.2 x65 + 1.6 x 25 = 118
1
DFba = 7.3 = 0.60823
1 + 0.75
7.3 8.5
DFab = 0.39177

540 x3.1x 4.22 0.8 x118 x7.32

FEM ab = + = 973.34kN − m
7.32 12
540 x3.12 x 4.2 0.8 x118 x7.32
FEM ba = + = 828.21kN − m
7.32 12
1.2 x540 x 4 x 4.52 118 x8.52
FEM bc = + = 1436.94kN − m
8.52 12
1.2 x540 x 42 x 4.52 118 x8.52
FEM cb = + = 1356.22kN − m
8.52 12
Final Moments
1356.22
M B = (1436.94 + ) x0.60823 + 828.21x0.39177 = 1610.9kN − m
2
0.60823 1356.22
M A = 973.34 + (828.21 − 1435.94 − ) = 582.03kN − m
2 2
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

 0.012 x 276 
R = 0.012 x 276 1 − = 3.08155 MPa
 1.7 x 28 
Mu 1610.9 x10 6
req' d bd 2 = =
R 0.9 x3.08155
bd 2 = 580840450 .1
b(2.2b) 2 = 580840450 .1
b = 493.25 say 500mm
500d 2 = 580840450 .1
d = 1077.81mm
 20 
req' d h = 1077.81 + 50 + 12 + = 1149.81 say 1100 mm
 2 
 20 
d ' actual = 1100 − 50 + 12 + = 1028mm
 2 

@ po int B :
1610.9 x10 6
X = = 0.01227
0.9 x500 x1028 2 x 276
276
m= = 11.59664
0.85 x 28
1 − 1 − 2 x11.59664 x0.01227
req' d  = = 0.01329
11.59664
req' d As = bd = 0.01329 x500 x1028
As = 6831.06mm 2

6831.06
n= = 21.74 pcs  22 pcs 20mm
 2
20
4

@ po int B
 0.012 x 276 
R = 0.012 x 276 1 − = 3.08155 MPa
 1.7 x 28 
Mu 582.03 x106
req' d bd 2 = =
R 0.9 x3.08155
bd = 209861920 .1
2

b(2.2b) 2 = 209861920 .1
b = 351.31 say 350mm
350d 2 = 209861920 .1
d = 774.34mm
 20 
req' d h = 774.34 + 50 + 12 +  = 846.34mm say 800mm
 2
 SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS 7

 20 
d ' actual = 800 − 50 + 12 + = 728mm
 2 


582.03 x10 6
X = = 0.01263
0.9 x350 x 728 2 x 276
276
m= = 11.59664
0.85 x 28
1 − 1 − 2 x11.59664 x 0.01263
req ' d  = = 0.01372
11.59664
req ' d As = bd = 0.01372 x500 x1028
As = 3495.856 mm 2

3495.856
n= = 11.12 pcs  12 pcs 20mm

20 2
4