FM Manual With Readings

KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON
AY-
2023-
2024
Lab Manual
(Fluid mechanics) Lab
DBATU. - K.B.S.’S N.M.K.C. C.O.E.T., JALGAON
Submitted by
Students Name:________________________________________
Page 1 of 60
Class: _________ Roll No:________ AY-2023- 2024
METACENTRIC APPARATUS
AIM.
To determine the Metacentric Height of a given vessel
THEORY.
The stability of a body such as a ship which floats in the surface of a liquid, is of
great importance. Whether the equilibrium is stable, natural or unstable is
determined by the height of its center of gravity. Consider the rectangular pontoon
shown floating in equilibrium on Evan keel as shown in cross section in figure.
The weight of pontoon acts vertically downwards through its center of gravity, G &
this is balanced by an equal & opposite buoyant force acting upwards through the
center of buoyancy, B, which lies at the center of gravity go liquid displaced by the
pontoon.
Corresponding to a small angular displacement  ø from the equilibrium position

as shown in figure due to displacement  x of jockey weight, the center of gravity
of liquid displayed by the pontoon shifts from B to B1 & vertical line of action of the
buoyant force interests the extension of the line BG in M, the metacenter.
The equal & opposite forces through G & B1 exert a couple on the pontoon that M
lies above G as shown in figure, this couple is acts in the sense of restoring the
pontoon to even keel, i.e. the pontoon is of gravity G, the sense of the couple is to
increase the angular displacement & the pontoon is unstable. The special occurs
when M & G coincide.
The distance GM is given by .
w * dx
GM =
W * d
Page 2 of 60
d = too small in radians
= 0 * 3.142/180
Where,
w = The jockey weight displayed by distance
W = The weight of the pontoon, or in the limit.
APPARATUS.
A figure shows the arrangement in which a ship model is made to float in a small
steel tank 400 x 400 mm, having at least one side wall made of glass, filled with
water. Removable steel strips are placed in the ship model for the purpose of
changing its weight. By means of pendulum & the graduated arc, the angle of tilt,
ø can be measured.
A crossbar is fixed on the ship model & two weights of equal mass are suspended
from it. There weights are placed at unequal distance with respect to the center of
cross bar so as to tilt the model by an angle ø. Pendulum & graduate arc are
sutiable fixed at the center of the crossbar itself.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.
a. Calculate the ratio of the graduate arc to length of the pointer, say n.
b. Weigh the slip model & note shown its valve, Say W.
c. Put the ship model in the tank filled with water & displace the movable masses so
as the tilt the model through a small angle dø.
d. Note the distance x1 & x2 of the masses from the center of crossbar & find dx.
e. Read the angle ø on the graduated scale & calculate dø h where dø = nø.
f. Repeat steps c,d & e for different positions of movable masses.
g. Repeat steps b to f for three different weights of the ship model ( weight of ship
model is varied by removing the steel strips. )
Page 3 of 60
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS.
Ratio of the radius of the graduated arc to the length of the pointer = n.
Weight of the movable mass = w.
Sr. Weight on X1 X2 dx = X1 – Angle Gm = wdx /Wd Average

No Ship(Jockey X2 ) = d Metacentric
. Weight) Height
(w) Kg Cm. Cm. Cm. degree Cm Cm.
1.
2.
3.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (Reading No. 1) :
1. Angle of Inclination (d) :
2xx
= Rad
360
2. Metacentric Height (GM) :
w x dx
= Cm
W x d
PRICAUTIONS.:
Measure the angle of tilt accurately & convert it into radiance for circulation
purpose.
Page 4 of 60
METACENTRIC HEIGHT APPARATUS
OBSERVATIONS :
Weight Of Ship Model (W) : 7.1 Kg.

Angle Ratio
OBERVATION TABLE :

No Ship(Jockey X2 ) = d Metacentric
. Weight) Height
1. 0.025 7.5 5.0 2.5 4.5 1.12
2. 0.025 10.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 0.36 0.74
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (Reading No. 1) :
2xx
=
360
2 x  x 4.5
=
360
= 0.0785 Rad
w x dx
=
W x d
0.25 x 2.5
=
7.1 x 0.0785
= 1.12 Cm.
Page 5 of 60
METACENTRIC HEIGHT APPARATUS
OBSERVATIONS :
Weight Of Ship Model (W) : 7.225 Kg.

Angle of inclination Scale : 1:2
OBERVATION TABLE :

No Ship(Jockey X2 ) = Metacentric
. Weight) d Height
1.
2.
3.
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS ( ):
2 x  x (2 x  )
=
360
2 x  x (2 x )
=
360
= Rad
w x dx
=
W x d
x
=
7.25 x
= Cm.
Page 6 of 60
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
AIM: Study of Bernoulli’s Theorem.
THEORY :
Bernoulli’s Theorem for frictionless in incompressible liquid, States that whenever

there is a continuous flow of liquid the total energy at every section remains the
same provided that there is no loss or addition of the energy.
It can be stated as :
PA V 2 A ZA PB V 2 B ZB
+ + = + +
V 2g 1 V 2g 1
If the points at the same datum are chosen then :
PA − PB V 2 B − V 2 A
=
V 2g
This has a second degree equation & represents a parabola
DESCRIPTION :
The apparatus consists of a channel having Inlet & Oultets tanks. Inlet tank is
connected to a 2” water connection. The top of the flow channel piezometer tubes
are fixed at a distance of 5 cm. C/C . For measurement of pressure head of
regulate in to the inlet tank & out the outlet tank valves to maintain study flow.
However steady flow can also be obtained by controlling Intel & Oultet valves
suitably while a steady state will be reached.
Page 7 of 60
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :
Water outlet valve can be kept closed & the water level in the inlet tank will rise &
that in the piezometer tube will simultaneously rise as there is no flow. When the
out valve is opened & steady state is reached, the pressure at different points along
the flow can be recorded the steady discharge collect the discharge for sufficient
time in measuring tank.
For area table supplied, cross sectional area of flow corresponding to piezometers
can be determined. From the discharge & area, velocity head at a different points,
corresponding to piezometer tappings can be found out. Visual observations of
the pressure heads indicated that the parabolic curve. However, observations for
a few discharge verification can be recorded & following calculations & table can
be prepared for the verifications of the theorem.
Page 8 of 60
OBSERVATIONS :
Area of collecting Tank : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m2
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr Readi
No ngs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 sec Cm3/sec
P/W
1 V
V2/2g
p+ V2
w 2g
P/W
V
2
V2/2g
p+ V2
w 2g
CALCULATIONS :
1. Pressure Energy ( Actual Measured ) = P/W
= Height of water in Manometer Mtr. of water.
Page 9 of 60
2. Discharge (Q) :
Area of tank x Rise on water level

= m3/Sec
Time for 50 mm rise of water in tank
3. Velocity (V) :
= Q/A m/Sec
Where A : Area of Flow in Pizometer tube
4. Velocity Head :
= V2 / 2 g.
5. Total Energy :
= P/W + V2/2 g
CONCLUSION :
The total energy for all manometer tubes should be approximately same.
Page 10 of 60
BERNOULLIS THEOREM APPARATUS
OBSERVATIONS :
Area of collecting Tank : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m2
Sr. Reading ‘t‘

Piezometer Tube Number
No. sec
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P/W 390 380 345 265 280 300 315 335 330 335 345 15.27
V
V2/2g 65 79 109 247 140 123 109 97 79 71 59
1 P V2
W 2g 455 459 454 512 420 423 424 432 409 406 404
DATA :
Area of Piezometer Tubes:- in m2
Tube Area Tube Area Tube Area

No. No. No.
1. 5.06 x 10-4 5. 3.45 x 10-4 9. 4.60 x 10-4

2. 4.60 x 10-4 6. 3.68 x 10-4 10. 4.83 x 10-4
3. 3.91 x 10-4 7. 3.91 x 10-4 11. 5.29 x 10-4
4. 2.60 x 10-4 8. 4.14 x 10-4
CALCULATIONS :
1. Pressure Energy ( Actual Measured ) = P/W

= Height of water in Manometer
= 0.39 m of Water.
Page 11 of 60
2. Discharge (Q) :
Area of tank x Rise on water level

=
Time for 50 mm rise of water in tank
0.175 x 0.05
=
15.27
= 5.73 x 10-4 m3/Sec
3. Velocity (V) :
= Q/A
= 5.73 x 10-4 / 5.06 x 10-4
= 1.13 m/Sec
4. Velocity Head :
= V2 / 2 g.
= (1.13)2 / ( 2 x 9.81)
= 0.065 m of water.
5. Total Energy :
= P/W + V2/2 g
= 0.39 + 0.065
= 0.455 m. of water.
Page 12 of 60
LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS
AIM :
To find out LOSSES in different types of fittings.
INTRODUCTION :
When a fluid flows through a straight pipe, the resulting pressure drop can be predicted with
confidence, using the equations available in the literature. Different types of fittings, usually
used in the industries, offer additional resistance which cannot be calculated directly and
hence must be determined experimentally or from published information.
THEORY :
The resistance of fittings is usually expressed in terms of the equivalent length, i. e. the length
of straight pipe of the same nominal diameter which would give the same resistance as the
fittings under the same conditions of flow. If the equivalent length is expressed in pipe
diameter, the resistance of all similar fittings is almost independent of the size of the fittings.
The resistance of valves, in particular, varies considerably from one manufacturer’s design to
another. It is important to note that, the equivalent resistance is a function of the flow rate and
at low Reynold’s numbers may differ considerably from the published value.
EXPERIMENTAL SET- UP :
Experimental set-up consists of 5 test sections of 25 mm dia. Straight pipes in which (1) Elbow
(2) Bend (3) 600 Angle bend (4) Contraction (5) Enlargement are inserted. The upstream and
downstream calming sections were provided in the test sections. The pressure drops were
measured by means of U-tube manometer.
PROCEDURE :
1. While test 1st pipe tests, close all valves of the top pipes.
2. Open valve for 1st pipe.
Page 13 of 60
3. Open the valves of any Pipe Fitting fitted on line the pipes which are connected
to manometer tube.
4. Close all other valves connected to manometer.
5. Start the pump.

6. Take manometer reading after getting steady state.
7. Measure water flow rate, with the help of stop watch & measuring tank.
8. Take 2-3 reading for different flow rate.
9. Repeat the above process for another fittings.
PRECAUTIONS :
1. Open the valves slowly which are connected to manometer tube.
Page 14 of 60
A. Head Losses Due To Sudden Contraction
OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of Small Pipe (d2) : 0.015 mtr.
Diameter of Big Pipe (d1) : 0.026 mtr.
Area of Small Pipe (A2) : 1.767 x 10-4 m2
Area of Measuring Tank (A) : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :
Head Loss (hf) in mm of Hg
Time Required for 50 mm rise

of water level in Tank (t) Sec
CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
2. Velocity Of Liquid in Small Pipe (V2) :
= Q / A2 m/Sec.
3. Contraction Constant (k) :
V2 2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 15 of 60
B. Head Losses Due To Sudden Enlargement
OBSERVATIONS :
Area of Big Pipe (A1) : 4.908 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :

CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
= Q / A2 m/Sec.
3. Velocity Of Liquid in Big Pipe (V1) :
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
4. Enlargement Constant (k) :
(V2 - V1 )2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 16 of 60
C. Head Losses In Bend
OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of Bend (d1) : 0.025 mtr.
Area of Bend Pipe (A1) : 4.908 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :

CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
2. Velocity Of Liquid in Bend Pipe (V1) :
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
3. Bend Constant (k) :
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 17 of 60
D Head Losses In L-Bow
OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of L-Bow (d1) : 0.025 mtr.
Area of Elbow (A1) : 4.908 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :

CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
2. Velocity Of Liquid in El-BowPipe (V1) :
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
3. Elbow Constant (k) :
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 18 of 60
E. Head Losses In 60 Degree Bend
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :

CALCULATION :
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
Page 19 of 60
LOSSES IN PIPE FITTING APPARATUS
A. Head Losses Due To Sudden Contraction
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :
Head Loss (hf) in mm of Hg 65 140 245 337
Time Required for 50 mm rise 26.13 17.25 12.29 15.70

Contraction Constant (k) 4.47 4.19 3.78 8.39
Average k 5.20
CALCULATION : Reading No. 4.
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
15.70
= 5.57 x 10-4 m3/Sec
Page 20 of 60
= Q / A2
= 5.57 x 10-4 / 1.767 x 10-4
= 3.15 m/Sec.
3. Contraction Constant (k) :
V2 2
hf = k x
2xg
( 3.15 ) 2
0.337 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 8.39
Page 21 of 60
B. Head Losses Due To Sudden Enlargement
OBSERVATIONS :
Area of Big Pipe (A1) : 4.908 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :

Enlargement Constant (k) 4.04 3.08 3.83 3.47
Average k 3.60
CALCULATION : Reading no. 4
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
8.80
= 9.94 x 10-4 m3/Sec
Page 22 of 60
= Q / A2
= 9.94 x 10-4 / 1.767 x 10-4
= 5.62 m/Sec.
3. Velocity Of Liquid in Big Pipe (V1) :
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
= 9.94 x 10-4 / 4.908 x 10-4
= 2.02 m/Sec.
4. Enlargement Constant (k) :
(V2 - V1 )2
hf = k x
2xg
(5.62 - 2.02 )2
0.182 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 3.47
Page 23 of 60
C. Head Losses In Bend
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :

Bend Constant (k) 0.813 0.712 0.733 0.746
Average Constant k 0.751
CALCULATION : Reading No. 4
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
4.89
= 1.78 x 10-3 m3/Sec
Page 24 of 60
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
= 1.78 x 10-3 / 4.908 x 10-4
= 3.64 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
( 3.64 ) 2
0.04 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 0.746
Page 25 of 60
D Head Losses In L-Bow
OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of L-Bow (d1) : 0.025 mtr.
Area of Elbow (A1) : 4.908 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :

L-Bow Constant (k) 0.623 0.962 1.17 0.94
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
3.89
= 2.24 x 10-3 m3/Sec
Page 26 of 60
2. Velocity Of Liquid in El-Bow Pipe (V1) :
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
= 2.24 x 10-3 / 4.908 x 10-4
= 4.56 m/Sec.
3. Elbow Constant (k) :
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
( 4.56 ) 2
0.08 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 0.94
Page 27 of 60
E. Head Losses In 60 Degree Bend
OBSERVATIONS :
OBERVATION TABLE :

Bend Constant (k) 1.74 1.52 1.61 1.49
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
0.175 x 0.05
4.89
= 1.78 x 10-3 m3/Sec
Page 28 of 60
2. Velocity Of Liquid in Bend (V1) :
= Q / A1 m/Sec.
= 1.78 x 10-3 / 4.908 x 10-4
= 3.64 m/Sec.
V1 2
hf = k x
2xg
( 3.64 ) 2
0.08 x 12.6 = k x
2 x 9.81
= 1.49
Page 29 of 60
MOUTH PIECE & ORIFICE METER
INTRODUCTION :
Measurement of flow constitutes an essential part in all flow systems.
The fluid flow in open channel or pipe line definitely requires some system
to measure the quantity of fluid passing thr’ the system.
Direct measurement of flow either gravimetric or volumetric is the

most accurate method.
MEASUREMENT OF FLOW :
The methods utilized for determination of flow in pipe lines &
channels are mostly indirect. The continuity principle expresses the flow
rate as the product of cross sectional area & the average velocity. For pipe
line flow measurement, The devices used are venture meter nozzle meter,
orifice meter, mouth piece & bend meter.
THE EQUIPMENTS :
The present equipment is a set – up sued to study the performance
of orifice meter & mouth piece .
Any of the devices can be adopted & the performance can be studied.
The equipment consists of a square main tank to which the water is
supplied. At the bottom of this main tank an oil seal is adopted. Through this
oil seal a PVC pipe slides up or down.
The water over flows through this PVC pipe & a constant head is maintained
over the flow measurement device. A piezo meter tube at one side of the
tank shows the head. This head is measured by scale. The exit water
through the meter is guided through a channel in-to the measuring tank.
The supply to the unit can be adjusted by the gate valve is the supply line.
The whole unit is kept on fabricated base.
Page 30 of 60
TEST PROCEDURE :
(A) ORIFICEMETER : -
An orifice is the opening thr’ which fluid flows. The orifice is fixed to the
mounting plate by screws. The over flow pipe is set at desired level.
Admit the thr’ supply pipe & set the flow of water as desired. Confirm
that water over flow over flows continuously. A jet of water will emerge thr’
the orifice . It is observed that the jet contracts as it passes thr’ the orifice,
Measure the diameter of the jet at this contracted section ( this is also called
as vena-contract) by using the measuring device provided with set up.
Now measure the length ‘X’ & the vertical drop of jet ‘y’ by another
device provided. The discharge thr’ orifice may be collected in the
measuring tank for a particular time so that the actual discharge is known.
Enter the observations in the table & repeat the experiment for different
head over orifice. Also repeat the experiment for other orifice.
Sr. orifice Head Discharge Time Diameter Dist cm. Y

No. mm Collected Sec. Ven. cm. X
Litres Car.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Page 31 of 60
(B) MOUTH PICE : -

A mouth piece is nothing but a short length pipe fitted on to orifice. The
diameter of mouth piece is equal to the diameter of orifice. The mouth piece
is generally cylindrical, converging or diverging. The length of mouth piece
is generally between 2 to 3 times the diameter.
Adopt any one of the mouthpiece. Admit water to the main tank &
adjust the flow as desired. Confirm that there is continuous over flow . The
jet of water will emerge thr’ orifice & exit water is collected in the measuring
tank.
Enter the observation in the table & repeat the experiment for different
heads over the mouthpiece. Also repeat the experiment for other
mouthpiece.
OBSERVATIONS :-
Sr. Mouthpiece Head Discharge

No. Collected in Time in Sec.
cc
1.
2.
3.
4.
Page 32 of 60
SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS : -
A) ORIFICEMETER : -
a) CC = Coefficient of Contraction.
= Area of jet at vena contracta
Area of orifice.
= dv / d dv = dia at vena contracta
d = dia of orifice.
b) Cd = Coefficient of discharge.
= Actual discharge
Theoretical Discharge.
= Q
A 2gH
Where Q = discharge collected.
A = Area of orifice
H = Head over orifice
c) Cv = Coefficient of velocity.
X2
= 4 yH
H = Head over orifice.

X = Horizontal Distance of jet.
Y = Vertical drop of jet at same point.
d) Varity the co-relation.

Cd = Cv. Cc.
B) MOUTHPIECE :-
a) Here coefficient of contraction Cc is assumed

to be unity.
b) Coefficient of discharge Cd
= Q actual / Q theoretical.
Page 33 of 60
Qa = Collected discharge.
V = 2gH
Qth =  D2. V.
4
H = Head Over Mouthpiece.
D = dia of mouth piece cm for
cylindrical one.
& = cm for divergent mouth piece.
c) Co-efficient of Velocity :
Cv = Cd
Cc
the value of Cv is severally between 0.80 & 0.90
PRECAUTIONS :-
1) Operate the overflow pipe gently to adjust the overflow.
2) Do not tamper with glass tube ( Pizometer) fitted to main
tank.
Page 34 of 60
ORIFICEMETER & MOUTHPIECE APPARATUS
A. ORIFICEMETER
OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of Orifice (d1) : 0.014 mtr.

Area of Orifice (A1) : 1.539 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :
Supply Head (H) mm of Wc 40 115 230
Time Required for 50 mm rise 87.38 67.54 50.79

Horizontal Distance (X) mm 30 95 200
Vertical Distance (Y) mm 8 30 50
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
50.79
= 1.72 x 10-4 m3/Sec
2. Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) :
Actual discharge
=
Theoretical Discharge
Q
=
A1 2gH
1.72 x 10-4
=
Page 35 of 60
1.539 x 10-4 2 x 9.81 x 0.23
= 0.52
3. Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv) :
= X2
4 YH
= (0.2)2
4 x 0.05 x 0.23
= 0.93
4. Co-efficient of Contraction (Cc) :
Co-efficient of Discharge
=
Co-efficient of Velocity
= 0.52 / 0.93
= 0.55
5. Result Table :
Discharge (Q) 0.99 x 10-4 1.29 x 10-4 1.72 x 10-4

Co-efficient of Discharge 0.71 0.55 0.52
Average Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) 0.59
Co-efficient of Velocity 0.84 0.81 0.93
Average Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv) 0.86
Co-efficient of Contraction 0.84 0.67 0.55
Average Co-efficient of Contraction (Cc) 0.68
Page 36 of 60
B. MOUTHPIECE
OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of Mouthpiece (d1) : 0.014 mtr.

Area of Mouthpiece (A1) : 1.539 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :
Supply Head (H) mm of Wc 210 295 455
Time Required for 50 mm rise 41.98 38.17 27.75

Horizontal Distance (X) mm 120 260 340
Vertical Distance (Y) mm 30 75 85
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
27.75
= 3.15 x 10-4 m3/Sec
Actual discharge
=
Q
=
A1 2gH
Page 37 of 60
3.15 x 10-4
=
1.539 x 10-4 2 x 9.81 x 0.455
= 0.68
= X2
4 YH
= (0.34)2
4 x 0.085 x 0.455
= 0.86
4. Result Table :
Discharge (Q) 2.08 x 10-4 2.29 x 10-4 3.15 x 10-4

Co-efficient of Discharge 0.66 0.61 0.68
Average Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd) 0.65
Co-efficient of Velocity 0.75 0.87 0.86
Average Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv) 0.82
Page 38 of 60
ORIFICEMETER & MOUTHPIECE APPARATUS
A. ORIFICEMETER
OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of Orifice (d1) : 0.014 mtr.

Area of Orifice (A1) : 1.539 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :
Supply Head (H) mm of Wc

Horizontal Distance (X) mm
Vertical Distance (Y) mm
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
= x 10-4 m3/Sec
Actual discharge
=
Page 39 of 60
Q
=
A1 2gH
x 10-4
=
1.539 x 10-4 2 x 9.81 x
=
= X2
4 YH
= ( )2
4x x
=
4. Co-efficient of Contraction (Cc) :
=
= /
=
4. Result Table :
Discharge (Q)
Average Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd)
Average Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv)
Co-efficient of Contraction
Average Co-efficient of Contraction (Cc)
Page 40 of 60
B. MOUTHPIECE
OBSERVATIONS :
Diameter of Mouthpiece (d1) : 0.014 mtr.

Area of Mouthpiece (A1) : 1.539 x 10-4 m2
OBERVATION TABLE :
Supply Head (H) mm of Wc

Horizontal Distance (X) mm
Vertical Distance (Y) mm
1. Discharge ( Q) :
A x h
= m3/Sec
t
0.175 x 0.05
=
= x 10-4 m3/Sec
Actual discharge
=
Q
=
A1 2gH
Page 41 of 60
x 10-4
=
1.539 x 10-4 2 x 9.81 x
= X2
4 YH
= ( )2
4x x
4. Result Table :
Discharge (Q)
Average Co-efficient of Discharge (Cd)
Average Co-efficient of Velocity (Cv)
Page 42 of 60
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG
AIM : To Find the Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump.
DESCRIPTION :
A Centrifugal pump consists of essentially of an impeller rotating inside the casing.

The impeller has a number of curved vanes. Due to the centrifugal head impressed
by the rotation of impeller, the water enters at the center & flows outwards to the
periphery. There it is collected in a gradually increasing passage in the casing
known as volute chamber which serves to convert a part of the velocity head
multistage centrifugal pumps having two or more impellers in series will have to be
used.
This stage centrifugal pump of size1” x1” (25 mm x 25mm ) is coupled to 1 HP

Excited D.C. motor.
PROCEDURE :
1. Prime the pump with water.

2. Close partially the delivery (Discharge Control Valve) valve.
3. Start the Motor.
4. Note : a. The Pressure gauge reading G
b. The Vacuum gauge reading V
c. Time for 5 pulses in the energymeter
by means of stopwatch.
d. Time for 50 mm rise of water level in the collecting tank by
means of stopwatch.
e. The difference of level between the
pressure & vacuum gauge X.
Page 43 of 60
5. Take atleast 4 to 5 sets of reading varying the head from maximum at shut off to
minimum where valve is fully open. This can be done by throttling the delivery
valve.
The suction side is 1” dia. & the delivery side is 1” dia. An energymeter is provided
to measure the input into the motor & a collecting tank to measure the discharge.
A pressure gauge & a vacuum gauge are fitted in the delivery & suction sides to
measure the head.
Note :
The pump set will be full of water while starting. For this reason it should not be
allowed to drain & hence a foot valve is provided.
But after the long run the leather in the foot valve becomes leaky. In this case the
pump should be primed by pouring water in the suction side up to the impeller,
before the pump is started.
OBSERVATIONS :
1. Area of measuring tank (A) = 500 x 350 mm2
2. Energy meter constant (N) = 3200 pulses/K watt hr.
3. Level difference between Vacuum (X) = 170 mm.

gauge & Pressure gauge
Page 44 of 60
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Pressure Vacuum Time Required. For 5 Time required for 50

Gauge Gauge pulses of Energy mm rise of water level
Reading Reading meter (t)
2
(G) Kg/Cm (V) (T) Sec
mm Of Hg Sec
CALCULATION :
1. Actual Discharge (QA)
A x h
=
t
Where,
A = Area of Tank
h = Rise of water level
t = Time required for rise.
Page 45 of 60
2. Total Head (H)
= G + V + X
Where,
G = Pressure gauge reading

V = Vaccume gauge reading
X = Level difference
3. Output Power of Pump (B.P.)
= W x QA X H
Where,
W = Equivalent weight of water

QA = Actual Discharge
H = Total head
4. Input Power of Pump (I.P.)
3600 5
= x
N T
Where,
N = Energy meter constant

T = Time requ. For 10 pulses
Page 46 of 60
5. Efficiency Of The Pump (η)
Output Power
=
Input Power
CONCLUSION :
Draw the Characteristics Graphs
1. Discharge Vs Head
2. Input Power Vs Head
3. Efficiency Vs Head
Page 47 of 60
OBSERVATIONS :

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Speed of Pressure Vacuum Time Required. For 5 Time required for 100
Pump Gauge Gauge pulses of Energy meter mm rise of water level
Reading Reading (T) (t)
2
RPM (G) Kg/Cm (V) Sec Sec
mm Of Hg
2500 0.20 430 10.00 10.06
0.40 295 10.47 12.19
0.50 225 10.84 13.97
0.75 60 11.97 31.28
Page 48 of 60
CALCULATION : (Reading No. 4 )
A x h
=
t
Where,
A = Area of Tank
0.5 x 0.350 x 0.1

=
31.28
= 0.559 x 10-3 m3/Sec
2. Total Head (H)
= G + V + X
Where,
= (0.75 x 10) + (0.06 x 12.6) + 0.3
= 8.556 mtr. Of Water
Page 49 of 60
= W x QA X H
Where,
H = Total head
= 9.81 x 1000 x 0.559 x 10-3 x 8.556
= 46.91 Watts
3600 5
= x
N T
Where,
3600 5
= x
3200 11.97
= 469.92 Watts
Page 50 of 60
Output Power
=
Input Power
46.91
=
469.92
= 9.98 %
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Speed Actual Total Head Output Input Power Efficiency

of Pump Discharge Power of of Pump Of The
(H) Pump Pump
RPM (QA) mtr. Of (B.P.) (I.P.) (η)
m3/Sec Water Watts Watts %
2500 1.739 x 10-3 7.718 131.66 562.5 23.40
1.435 x 10-3 8.017 112.85 537.24 21.00
1.252 x 10-3 8.135 99.91 518.91 19.21
0.559 x 10-3 8.556 46.91 469.92 9.98
Page 51 of 60
CONCLUSION :
Page 52 of 60
OBSERVATIONS :

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Speed of Pressure Vacuum Time Required. For 5 Time required for 100
Pump Gauge Gauge pulses of Energy meter mm rise of water level
Reading Reading (T) (t)
2
RPM (G) Kg/Cm (V) Sec Sec
mm Of Hg
Page 53 of 60
CALCULATION : (Reading No. 4 )
A x h
=
t
Where,
A = Area of Tank
0.5 x 0.350 x 0.1

=
= x 10-3 m3/Sec
2. Total Head (H)
= G + V + X
Where,
= ( x 10) + ( x 12.6) + 0.3
= mtr. Of Water
Page 54 of 60
= W x QA X H
Where,
H = Total head
= 9.81 x 1000 x x 10-3 x
= Watts
3600 5
= x
N T
Where,
3600 5
= x
3200 T
= Watts
Page 55 of 60
Output Power
=
Input Power
= %
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Speed Actual Total Head Output Input Power Efficiency

of Pump Discharge Power of of Pump Of The
(H) Pump Pump
RPM (QA) mtr. Of (B.P.) (I.P.) (η)
m3/Sec Water Watts Watts %
Page 56 of 60
CONCLUSION :
Page 57 of 60
REYNOLDS APPARATUS
AIM : To study laminar flow in pipes by using the Reynolds apparatus.
DESCRIPTION :
Reynolds Apparatus consists of a tank containing water & small tank containing
dye. To the tank fitted horizontal tube through which glass tube can be regulated
by adjusting the regulating valve.
PROCEDURE :
The water in the tank is first allowed to stand for several hours to allow it to couse
completely to rest. The outlet valve of glass tube is slightly opened. Then the jet
of dye having the same specific gravity as that of water is also allowed to enter in
center of glass tube. It will be seen that a five thread of dye is carried by the water.
The dye thread will move so steadily that it will be hardly seen in motion such a
flow is known as laminar flow or stream line flow.
CONCLUSION :
From the observations it is seen that, the fluid partical is moving in welll defined
path, it is laminar.
OBSERVATIONS :
1. Pipe Diameter ( d ) = 0.026 m.

2 . Area of Pipe = 5.3 X 10- 4 m2 .
3. Viscosity of Water  = 9.29 x 10- 7 m2 /sec.
Page 58 of 60
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr. Volume t in sec Q V in m/sec Re Remark

No in Ltr. m3/sec
1
2
3
4
CALCULATIONS :
1. DISCHARGE (Q) :
Volume Collected In Measuring Flask

=
Time required for collection
2. VELOCITY OF WATER (V) :
Discharge
= m/sec
Area of pipe
3. REYNOLDS NUMBER (RE) :
 x V x d
Re =

Page 59 of 60
REYNOLD’S APPARATUS
OBSERVATIONS :
1 . Area of Pipe = 5.3 X 10- 4 m2 .
2. Viscosity of Water  = 9.29 x 10- 7 m2 /sec.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr. Volume Time Discharge Velocity Re Remark
No in Ltr. Required Q
For 1 Lit. m3/sec (V)in m/sec
volume
discharge
(t) in sec
1 1 117.60 08.50 x10 –6 16.03x10 –3 449 Laminar
2 1 93.75 10.66 x10 - 6 20.12x10 –3 563 Laminar
3 1 62.50 16.00 x10 - 6 30.18x10 –3 844 Laminar
4 1 43.64 22.91 x10 - 6 43.22x10 –3 1210 Laminar
CALCULATIONS :
1. DISCHARGE (Q) :
Volume Collected In Measuring Flask
=
Time required for collection
ik
= (1 x 10-3) / 117.60
= 08.50 x10 –6 m3/Sec
2. VELOCITY OF WATER (V) :

Discharge
=
Area of pipe
08.50 x10 –6
=
5.3 x 10 –4
= 16.03 x 10 –3 m/sec
3. REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re) :

 x V x d
=

1 x 16.03 x 10 –3 x 0.026
=
9.29 x 10- 7
= 448.84 = 449
Page 60 of 60

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KBSS NMKC COET, JALGAON

DBATU. - K.B.S.’S N.M.K.C. C.O.E.T., JALGAON

To determine the Metacentric Height of a given vessel

Corresponding to a small angular displacement  ø from the equilibrium position

The distance GM is given by .

d = too small in radians

w = The jockey weight displayed by distance

W = The weight of the pontoon, or in the limit.

f. Repeat steps c,d & e for different positions of movable masses.

OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS.

Weight of the movable mass = w.

Sr. Weight on X1 X2 dx = X1 – Angle Gm = wdx /Wd Average

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (Reading No. 1) :

1. Angle of Inclination (d) :

2. Metacentric Height (GM) :

METACENTRIC HEIGHT APPARATUS

Weight Of Ship Model (W) : 7.1 Kg.

Sr. Weight on X1 X2 dx = X1 – Angle Gm = wdx /Wd Average

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (Reading No. 1) :

1. Angle of Inclination (d) :

2. Metacentric Height (GM) :

METACENTRIC HEIGHT APPARATUS

Weight Of Ship Model (W) : 7.225 Kg.

Sr. Weight on X1 X2 dx = X1 – Angle Gm = wdx /Wd Average

1. Angle of Inclination (d) :

2. Metacentric Height (GM) :

AIM: Study of Bernoulli’s Theorem.

Bernoulli’s Theorem for frictionless in incompressible liquid, States that whenever

If the points at the same datum are chosen then :

This has a second degree equation & represents a parabola

1. Pressure Energy ( Actual Measured ) = P/W

= Height of water in Manometer Mtr. of water.

Area of tank x Rise on water level

Where A : Area of Flow in Pizometer tube

BERNOULLIS THEOREM APPARATUS

Sr. Reading ‘t‘

Tube Area Tube Area Tube Area

1. 5.06 x 10-4 5. 3.45 x 10-4 9. 4.60 x 10-4

1. Pressure Energy ( Actual Measured ) = P/W

Area of tank x Rise on water level

= 5.73 x 10-4 m3/Sec

LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS

To find out LOSSES in different types of fittings.

2. Open valve for 1st pipe.

4. Close all other valves connected to manometer.

5. Start the pump.

8. Take 2-3 reading for different flow rate.

9. Repeat the above process for another fittings.

1. Open the valves slowly which are connected to manometer tube.

A. Head Losses Due To Sudden Contraction

Diameter of Small Pipe (d2) : 0.015 mtr.

Diameter of Big Pipe (d1) : 0.026 mtr.

Area of Small Pipe (A2) : 1.767 x 10-4 m2

Area of Measuring Tank (A) : 0.5 x 0.35 = 0.175 m2

Head Loss (hf) in mm of Hg

Time Required for 50 mm rise

2. Velocity Of Liquid in Small Pipe (V2) :

3. Contraction Constant (k) :

B. Head Losses Due To Sudden Enlargement

Diameter of Small Pipe (d2) : 0.015 mtr.

Diameter of Big Pipe (d1) : 0.025 mtr.

Area of Small Pipe (A2) : 1.767 x 10-4 m2

Area of Big Pipe (A1) : 4.908 x 10-4 m2