ENGINEERING- GATE 2014 ATEFATHSNAEA

2cASSES 8sTUDY MATESLAL FOR AERoSPACE

Aireraft Steady Performance

Straight and Ievct Flight::

inclination of lift I. with
it is an cquilibrium condition where there is no
the same smmetry and same is the case for
respect to weight Wand they lie on
for cruising
thrust T and drag D also This position of the aircraft is highly beneficial
purpose in order to cover some range.

Lift

Thrust Drag
T D

Weight
W

L W

1 D
L= W=pv'sc.
2W
T.A.S = V, =

2W

VpSGLmas

EA.S= V = po Sea level density.

VPuSCL
Equivalent airspeed is independent of altitude variation and generally varies versely
with the square root value of C.

W Weight of aircraft
Wing loading w == Area of wing

Example. I: The tollowing data refers to ailane during light lext at sca level.
Given data:

S 90m, R-7,6

14
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Slotted lap of span 50%, Takeolf weight \Wo 26500kg
Stalling speed at Takeoff isl90 kmhr with tlaps up. (neutral)
Landing weight W=23600 kgstalling speed at Landing is 150
flaps down. knm/hu .
Calculate the increment in CLn, due to flaps.

Solution: DuringT/o During L.

Vst, = 190 km/hr = 52.77 m/s

41.67 m/s

Wo = 26500 kg W, = 23600 kg

(C.mas)Te = 2WTO
DSVst
2 x 26500 x9.81

1.2256 x 90 x (52.77)2
: 1.692
2W
(Gtmax),.
2 x 23600 x9.81
1.2256 x 90 x (41.67)²
2.417
Therefore Increment in C.odue to lop dellection

AC.L-max = 2.417 - 1.692

=0.725

Drag:
Co = Co, + Co, 44,/3
2w 2
= Co, +KC;' = Cpo+ K
Multiplying by; pv²s
pSV?
31, 34,5
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B
D = Av? +

A= !
2

B=
pS

Proiie drag.D, =;pV's Cpp Dp a V²

Induced drag. D, =;pV2s Co Airspecd

-;pv's TreAR

=pv²s 2W
oSV? reAR

Minimum Drag condition:

For S and L flight
I. W
L
D

D = W
() =w )
For,
C). min
=(D
GLmin

(, = KC,2
Cop = CI

CLmd VK

Cdmd = CD, + KCLm

Cpa + K.
K

Cdmd = 20bo
rST CLASSES sTUOY M1RIALEOR AROSPACE CNGINEERING- GATE 2016

Vmd 2W_
VpsCLmd

For mn draghould
G
be minimum or1D should be maxmum.

I000 18

,1600

,l430
ED'MAR
200
13

.1900
10

0.

A 10 12 14 t4 18 20
ANGLE O ATACK, DtGAEL5

pS

2/ta
Vnd
Do:

max Comd 2CDo

\Dmax 2 /KCp
Minimum drag in the form of Aand B:

ISA =pS Cp,

2KW²
B=

We know that

B
D = AV?+
mn drag condition

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 know
thatWe (L/D)
Cp Cp Iom Cpo = = Cp C
Cm'vd= constantv'C L. given Let ratio
Cp,, = =a = the
24., m 6) W weight at dD
Cp; V=mVmd AVmd
Din t 2AV
21n²md ad t airplane other 2VAB
D,min -
K + = VABVAB +
=A+ Vn(d")
Co,(1+ (2) of speed:
KC; CLmd pv²sC the 2B/V= 0
is
aireraft. to
’(|) be
=
GLmd Vmd X constant tlayed
D,
1tn m -’(2) B

at
some
multiple

mn
of
the
nin
average

tor
a
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Gtmd
Co.. m 1

Dnun = VW/(L/D)max
D= W/L/D

=(m' + m)
Dmin

Min Power Condlition:

P Dx V

-(AV²+)v
2w 1/2
= wC. x pSCL Vs
2w3
)
Cp
For min power condition C 3/ashould be minimum.

d CD, + KCH2
0
C3/2

Co,-Cy2+ KG,V2] =0
+K÷C-/2 =0
3CDa
CLmp VK
Cpnp = 4Cpo
2w
Vmp |pSCLmp
Vmp =2w/ k
Vps (3Cpo

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K_)
Vmp, pS \3CpDoB
1/4 G)"
VmD
Iherefore Vmp = 0.76 VmD

(6).mp 2
(\Dmd (m² +m-2) (076)+(0.76)-7
Therelore
)= 0.866 ()m
mP

Power required at other specds for a given weight:

In S andL flight, L- W

pV' SC =W =constant
Let n be the multiple which makes the spced difference than min power
condition speed

V=n Vmp
CLmpVp = C(n Vagp)
C = CLmp
n2

Cp = CD, + KC´ = Cp, +K mp n

= Cpo t K3Cpo
Knt

Co.(1 +
DxV WCt
Pnin Dmp XVmp x Vmp

V
Cpmp
Xn xn
4Cpo
 ENGINEERING-GATE201b
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3+n'
P
4n
Pmin
in tem ofAand
B:
conditinns
Min Porr
+)xV
P=DxV = (AV'
P=AV+"

For min power dp

dv
=)

3AV'+(-1) = 0
Vnp =
B
Pmin = AVmp t Vmp
3/4
B
=A () +

= () Ag + 3/p/A!/4
Pmin = 1.755 A/B/4

Ixample.2.
An aireraft weighing 250000N has a wing area of 8Om and its
drag equation

Cp = 0.016 + 0.04C 2
Calculate the min thrust required for $ and Light and
at sea level and at altitude 10000m (a= corresponding T.A.S
0.58). Calculate also the min
power required and the corresponding 1AS at the above altitude.
uton: Cp = 0.016 + 0.04 C
Given data:
Cpo'= 0.016
K= 0.04

W= 250000
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S = 80m²

Vo = 0,58
For min thrust Le. minimum drag

0.016
0.6312
Cmd VK 0.04

CDmd = 2Cpo = 0.032 2,

0.631 = 19.75
0.032

W 250000 12660N
Theretore nmmum thrust 19.75
max

Thes resulh holds at all alitudes

scalevel
250000 x 2
= 89.9m/s C
VTAS = VEmd = V1.2256 x 80 x0.631

at l0000
89.9
Vras VE=
Va 0.58
= 155mn/s

(h For mim power required

3x0.016
3Cpo = 1.095
K V 0.04

Cpmp = 4Cpo = 0.064 9f=

1095
0 064 =17.140.866() max,
np
250000 = 1,4620N
17.1

Alternative Dmp max

0.866
Dmin
12660
= 14620N
Dmp 0,866
250000x2
VEmp L2256 x 80 x 1 095
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68.3ms (also = 0, 76 VEat)

IAS md the thrust
at sca level, the mmmum powver speedis 68 3 ms.
Ihus
power tequired

at sea level: (Preq)min = Dmp XVnp

14620 x 68.3.
998500 watts.
at 10000 altitude:
683
Min power sped, (Vmp).. 058

(Vmp), = 117.7m/s
(Preq).n
min
= 14620 x 117.7
= 1.72 MW
Since PVOis constant at constant V

Ihis last result may be 998500

obta1ned alternatively as = 1.72 MW
058

Esample 3 An airplane has a wing weigh1ng of 240ON/m and its drag

equation

Gp = 0.016 + 0.055 C,
Calculate its maximum /D ratio at a specd of 100 m/s.
Solution: For min drag

GDmd =2Co, =0.032

Do O 016
= 0.5393
85.2|
VK 0 04
Tvmig
2W
Vmd = 2 x 2400

pSC,md V12256 x0.5393

Vmd = 85.21 m/s I:AS

5).
At 100 m/s EAS
max
0.5393
0.032 = 16.853

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