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Chapter 5 Test
2. Retrieval involves:
a. the activation of the senses.
b. the translation of information into a form that can be stored.
c. the storage of information over time.
*d. the calling to mind of previously stored information.
e. the decay of information in memory.
4. When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say
that _______ has occurred.
a. retrieval
b. storage
c. forgetting
*d. encoding
e. remembering
Galotti, Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory, 5e Instructor Resource
5. When we cannot retrieve information from memory, we say that _____ has occurred.
*a. forgetting
b. a memory trace
c. sensory decay
d. encoding failure
e. secondary memory
7. Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory
modalities?
a. vision and taste
b. vision and smell
*c. vision and hearing
d. smell and hearing
e. taste and touch
9. Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored
in:
a. sensory memory.
b. short-term memory.
c. working memory.
*d. long-term memory.
e. photographic memory.
10. You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order,
you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the
a. first word.
b. second word.
*c. 10th word.
d. 20th word.
e. word that reminded you of something you ate for breakfast.
Galotti, Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory, 5e Instructor Resource
11. Words from the beginning of a list are more likely to be recalled than words from the middle
of the list. This phenomenon is known as the _____ effect.
a. recency
*b. primacy
c. forgetting
d. interference
e. memory trace
13. The recency effect is through to result from participants’ use of:
a. sensory memory.
b. short-term memory.
c. long-term memory.
*d. either sensory or short-term memory.
e. both short-term and long-term memory
16. Partial reports of visually presented matrices of letters can be successfully cued by all of the
following EXCEPT:
a. the pitch of a tone
b. the brightness of the letters
*c. which letters rhyme with B
d. the color of the letters
e. brightness or color of the letters
*b. echoic
c. short term
d. working
e. long term
18. Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons?
*a. They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information.
b. They have relatively small capacities for information.
c. They both hold information for the same length of time.
d. They both rely heavily on the meaning of the stimulus.
e. They are both very resistant to erasing by stimuli that are presented afterward.
20. The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be:
a. about 75% of a visual display.
b. 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers.
*c. 7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information.
d. 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information.
e. unlimited.
22. Studies of coding in short-term memory suggest that which of the following would be most
DIFFICULT to recall correctly?
a. C - O - G - Q - D
b. big-large-huge-tall-wide
*c. C - D - P - V - T
d. A - E - I - O - U
e. All of these would be equally difficult.
24. In the Brown–Peterson short-term memory task, recall performance was hurt most by:
a. a slow rate of presentation.
b. a fast rate of presentation.
*c. a large number of interfering items.
d. a small number of interfering items.
e. a combination of fast presentation and a large number of interfering items.
25. The results of the Brown–Peterson short-term memory task can be explained by:
a. decay.
b. interference.
*c. both decay and interference.
d. neither decay nor interference.
e. brain damage.
28. If the search of short-term memory is self-terminating, then we would expect that:
a. successful searches would take longer than unsuccessful ones, on the average.
*b. unsuccessful searches would take longer than successful ones, on the average.
c. the size of the memory set would not influence search time.
d. the larger the memory set, the longer the search time.
e. the smaller the memory set, the longer the search time.
29. The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory
suggests that:
*a. search is a serial process.
b. search is a parallel process.
c. search is self-terminating.
d. search is exhaustive.
e. search is both self-terminating and serial.
Galotti, Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory, 5e Instructor Resource
30. Sternberg’s classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that
the search process is:
a. serial.
b. self-terminating.
c. exhaustive.
d. parallel.
*e. both serial and exhaustive.
31. Baddeley’s research indicated that storing a string of digits in short-term memory:
a. improved processing in simple reasoning tasks.
b. slowed down but did not destroy the ability to complete simple reasoning tasks.
c. completely destroyed the ability to reason.
*d. slowed down reasoning only at large memory loads (that is, storing six digits in short-term
memory).
e. destroyed reasoning ability only at large memory loads.
32. Experiments indicate that storing a string of six digits in short-term memory interferes with
the ability to:
a. verify which of two letters precedes the other in the alphabet.
b. read and comprehend passages of text.
c. recall recently learned material.
*d. verify letter sequences, read and comprehend text, and recall recently learned material.
e. draw a picture.
33. The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of:
*a. directing the flow of information.
b. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity.
c. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory.
d. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization.
e. storing the meaning of complex verbal material.
34. Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley’s working memory model?
a. the phonological loop
*b. the icon
c. the central executive
d. the visuospatial sketchpad
e. the episodic buffer
35. Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use
which component of working memory?
a. the visuospatial sketchpad
*b. the phonological loop
c. the episodic buffer
d. both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop
e. both the visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer
Galotti, Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory, 5e Instructor Resource
37. The _____ component of working memory is thought to be a temporary storage system that
interacts with long-term memory and the other components of working memory to facilitate the
transfer of information to long-term memory.
*a. episodic buffer
b. visuospatial sketchpad
c. central executive
d. phonological loop
e. semantic buffer
38. The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon:
a. the phonological loop only.
b. the visuospatial sketchpad only.
*c. the central executive.
d. the episodic buffer.
e. the semantic buffer.
39. The main distinction between “short-term memory” and “working memory” hinges on:
a. the kind of storage (short vs. longer term).
b. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal).
c. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited).
d. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference).
*e. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing.
43. The surgery performed on patient “H.M.” involved removal of most of the:
a. cerebellum
*b. hippocampus
c. frontal lobe
d. corpus callosum
e. occipital lobe
46. Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by:
a. the visuospatial sketchpad.
*b. the central executive.
c. the phonological loop.
d. iconic memory.
e. echoic memory.
48. PET scans show that verbal working memory tasks tend to activate areas in the:
*a. left frontal lobe.
b. right frontal lobe.
c. left temporal lobe.
d. right temporal lobe.
e. right parietal lobe.
Galotti, Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory, 5e Instructor Resource
49. One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a
synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic
neuron fires, the chemistry of the synapse changes.
a. Carlson
*b. Hebb
c. Baddeley
d. Tulving
e. icon
51. Attended information is held for periods of less than one second in short-term memory.
a. True
*b. False
52. Words in the middle of a list tend to be remembered better than words at the end of a list.
a. True
*b. False
54. Our sensory memory for visual information is called iconic memory.
*a. True
b. False
55. The capacity of short-term memory is thought to be about 12 units, give or take 3.
a. True
*b. False
57. Research suggests that short-term memory is searched in parallel, rather than serially.
a. True
*b. False
58. The concept of “working memory” emphasizes the active nature of this memory process.
Galotti, Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory, 5e Instructor Resource
*a. True
b. False
60. High working memory capacity is associated with high susceptibility to interference.
a. True
*b. False
Type: E
61. Briefly describe the three main types of memory posited by the modal approach.
a. Sensory memory: brief storage of unattended material; short-term memory: holds a limited
amount of information for about 20 seconds; long-term memory: holds an unlimited amount of
information for longer periods of time.
Type: E
62. How do the primacy and recency effects provide evidence for two separate memory stores?
a. The primacy effect appears to be due to long-term memory, and is affected by preventing the
person from rehearsing information enough (for example, by reading a list rapidly). The recency
effect appears to be due to sensory and short-term memory, and can be decreased by having the
person perform another task between hearing the list and retrieving it.
Type: E
63. What are some differences between iconic and echoic memory?
a. Iconic holds visual information, while echoic memory holds auditory information. Iconic
memory does not last as long as echoic memory. Echoic memory may have a larger capacity,
and may be cued by category (unlike iconic memory).
Type: E
64. What is the Brown–Peterson task? What does it tell us about short-term memory?
a. Participants are asked to remember a three-letter sequence such as KQG. Then they are asked
to count backward, out loud, by 3’s, for a specified amount of time. If asked to count backward
for only 2 or 3 seconds, they can still remember the letters. But if they are asked to count
backward for 18 seconds, only about 7% can remember the letters. This tells us that information
in short-term memory is lost within about 20 seconds if we cannot rehearse it.
Type: E
65. Name and describe the four components of working memory.
a. Central executive: directs the flow of information. Visuospatial sketchpad: maintains visual
material in memory. Phonological loop: holds auditory information in memory. Episodic
buffer: integrates information and helps transfer it to long-term memory.