Ecology The Economy of Nature 7th Edition Ricklefs Test Bank Download

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CHAPTER 7 Evolution and Adaptation

The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

Level: easy
Different forms of a particular gene are known as
a. chromosomes.
b. alleles.
c. polygenic.
d. pleiotropic.
Answer: b

Level: easy
A trait that is determined by multiple genes is referred to as
a. polygenic.
b. pleiotropic.
c. homozygous.
d. heterozygous.
Answer: a

Level: medium
Chickens with the dominant allele at the frizzle gene produce curly feathers, have very high body
temperature, and lay few eggs. This is an example of
a. polygenic traits.
b. pleiotropy.
c. epistasis.
d. random assortment.
Answer: b

Level: medium
Two of the genes that affect coat color in horses are the extension gene and the cream dilution
gene. The dominant E allele at the extension gene generates black coats, while the recessive e
allele produces red coats. The coat color caused by the extension gene is not altered if the horse
is a homozygote for the C allele at the cream dilution gene. However, if the horse is a
homozygote for the CCr allele at the cream dilution gene, it will have a white coat regardless of
the extension genotype. This interaction between the extension and the cream dilution gene is an
example of
a. pleiotropy.
b. epistasis.
c. codominance.
d. random assortment.
Answer: b

Level: difficult
Which of the following types of allele would we expect to have the lowest frequency in a
population?
a. beneficial recessive allele
b. beneficial dominant allele
c. harmful recessive allele
d. harmful dominant allele
Answer: d

Level: medium
Consider a gene that affects fur color in mice. This gene has two alleles, A and a. If AA mice
have white fur, Aa mice have gray fur, and aa mice have black fur, how would we describe the
effect of these alleles?
a. A is dominant and a is recessive.
b. A is recessive and a is dominant.
c. A and a are codominant.
d. A and a are epistatic.
Answer: c

Level: medium
Consider a gene that affects number of seeds in a plant. This gene has two alleles, G and g. If GG
plants produce 50 seeds, Gg plants produce 50 seeds, and gg plants produce 25 seeds, how would
we describe the effect of these alleles?
a. G is dominant and g is recessive.
b. G is recessive and g is dominant.
c. G and g are codominant.
d. G and g are polygenic.
Answer: a

Level: easy
What term refers to the alleles of all of the genes of every individual in a population?
a. polygenic
b. heterozygous
c. gene pool
d. random assortment
Answer: c

Level: easy
What process creates new alleles in a population?
a. random assortment
b. mutation
c. recombination
d. epistasis
Answer: b

Level: difficult
For mutations that enter a population of a diploid organism, which type of mutation is most
likely to be affected by natural selection when it first appears?
a. synonymous mutation
b. nonsynonymous recessive mutation
c. nonsynonymous dominant mutation
d. All are equally likely to be affected by natural selection.
Answer: c

Level: easy
The shuffling of genes that occurs when DNA is copied during meiosis is known as
a. recombination.
b. mutation.
c. random assortment.
d. epistasis.
Answer: a

Level: easy
What term describes making new combinations of alleles using existing genetic variation across
many chromosomes?
a. pleiotropy
b. epistasis
c. random assortment
d. mutation
Answer: c
SHORT ANSWER

Level: medium
Clonal animals do not reshuffle their genes through genetic recombination, whereas sexually
reproducing animals do. Explain how this difference could affect how pathogens interact with
clonal animals and how they interact with sexually reproducing animals.
Answer: Since recombination creates new genotypes every generation, pathogens cannot become
fully adapted to the genotypes of sexually reproducing animals. Because recombination does not
occur in clonal animals, they gain new genetic variation only through mutation, which is a very
rare process. Thus pathogens can more easily adapt to the genetic variation in clonal animals.

Level: difficult
Describe the difference between synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation. Which type is more
likely to be affected by natural selection, and why?
Answer: A synonymous mutation does not affect an organism’s phenotype, whereas a
nonsynonymous mutation does affect phenotype. Natural selection acts on variation among
phenotypes, and so natural selection will act only on nonsynonymous mutations, because they
are the only mutations that affect an organism’s phenotype.

Level: difficult
Many genetic diseases have severe or lethal effects in the homozygous form, yet alleles for these
diseases are not entirely removed by natural selection. Explain how dominance relationships
among alleles allow deleterious mutations to remain in a population.
Answer: When genetic diseases are caused by recessive alleles, they do harm to the carrier only
in the homozygous form. The heterozygotes do not express the deleterious phenotype, and thus
heterozygotes do not have reduced fitness. Deleterious genetic diseases thus can remain in the
population because they are not selected against in the heterozygous form.
Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
16. Topic: Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.
Level: easy
A process that occurs when genetic variation is lost because of random variation in mating,
mortality, fecundity, and inheritance is known as
a. mutation.
b. genetic drift.
c. stabilizing selection.
d. disruptive selection.
Answer: b
Level: medium
The rate at which allele frequencies change because of genetic drift is
a. highest in large populations.
b. the same regardless of population size.
c. highest in intermediate-sized populations.
d. highest in small populations.
Answer: d
Level: medium
Consider three populations of a plant species, each isolated from other populations of the same
species. Population X has contained approximately 100 individuals in each generation for the
past 200 generations. Population Y has contained approximately 10,000 individuals in each
generation for the past 200 generations. Population Z has contained approximately 1 million
individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. If genetic drift is the only
evolutionary process acting on these populations, how can we expect the amount of genetic
variation to differ among these populations?
a. X will have the highest variation, Y will have intermediate variation, and Z will have the
lowest variation.
b. X will have the lowest variation, Y will have intermediate variation, and Z will have the
highest variation.
c. X and Z will have high variation, while Z will have low variation.
d. All three populations will have the same amount of genetic variation.
Answer: b
Level: medium
Which is (are) correct about founder effect?
I. Founder effect occurs when individuals are transplanted to a new location.
II. Founder effect produces new alleles.
III. Founder effect reduces genetic variation.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and II
e. I and III
Answer: e
Level: medium
Consider a situation in which overharvesting causes the number of fish in a population to
become drastically smaller, which causes genetic variation in that fish to decrease over a few
generations. This is an example of
a. bottleneck effect.
b. founder effect.
c. directional selection.
d. recombination.
Answer: a
Level: medium
The four plots in the figure show possible relationships between the survival and beak length in
an island population of birds. Which plot is an example of disruptive selection?
a. plot a
b. plot b
c. plot c
d. plot d
Answer: c
Level: medium
Stickleback fish exhibit variation in a morphological trait known as gill rakers. Fish with long
gill rakers are very good at eating plankton, and fish with short gill rakers are good at eating
deep-water invertebrates. However, fish with intermediate-length gill rakers are poor at eating
either type of food. Fish that are better at consuming food have higher survival and reproduction
rates than poorer consumers. Based on this information, what type of selection is likely acting on
stickleback gill raker length?
a. no natural selection
b. stabilizing selection
c. disruptive selection
d. directional selection
Answer: c
Level: difficult
When a parental generation undergoes stabilizing selection, how will the distribution of
phenotypes in the population change between the parental generation and their progeny?
a. Mean phenotype increases, but variability decreases.
b. Mean phenotype stays the same, but variability decreases.
c. Mean phenotype stays the same, but variability increases.
d. Mean phenotype and variability both increase.
Answer: b
Level: easy
When an extreme phenotype has higher fitness than an average phenotype in a population, it is
an example of
a. stabilizing selection.
b. directional selection.
c. disruptive selection.
d. genetic drift.
Answer: b
Level: difficult
If a population of butterflies is under strong natural selection favoring large wings but there is no
genetic variation for wing size, what do we expect to occur in the next generation?
a. Wings will evolve to be smaller.
b. There will be no evolutionary change in wing size.
c. Wings will evolve to be larger.
d. Wings will evolve to be more variable.
Answer: b
Level: easy
When a phenotype is under disruptive selection, which parts of the phenotypic distribution are
expected to have the highest fitness?
a. individuals with the extreme largest values of the phenotype
b. individuals with the extreme smallest values of the phenotype
c. individuals with both extreme large and extreme small values of the phenotype
d. individuals with the intermediate phenotype
Answer: c
Level: difficult
Consider three populations of a plant species, each of which is isolated from other populations of
the same species. Population X has had approximately 100 individuals in each generation for the
past 200 generations. Population Y has had approximately 10,000 individuals in each generation
for the past 200 generations. Population Z has had approximately 1 million individuals in each
generation for the past 200 generations. If the environment changed and a new environmental
condition exerted the exact same strength of directional selection on all three populations, which
population would we expect to evolve most rapidly?
a. Population X
b. Population Y
c. Population Z
d. All three populations would evolve at the same rate.
Answer: c
SHORT ANSWER
Level: difficult
You conduct an experiment in which you raise six replicated lines of fruit flies for eight
generations. You keep population size constant at 20 adults per generation. You are interested in
a gene, bw, that affects eye color. This gene has two alleles, bw-1 and bw-2. You start each
replicated line with the frequency of the bw-1 allele at 50%. Do the data in the graph better
match the prediction for the bw alleles evolving by genetic drift or by directional selection? Be
sure to define directional selection and genetic drift and describe the prediction of both
hypotheses.
Answer: These data better match the bw alleles evolving by genetic drift. Genetic drift is random
changes in allele frequencies, while evolution by directional selection would consistently favor
one allele over another. With genetic drift, we would predict some lines to show an increase in
bw-1 allele frequency, some lines to decrease, and some to stay roughly the same. However,
under directional selection, we would expect all six lines to consistently change in the same
direction. For example, if bw-1 were favored by directional selection, we would expect bw-1 to
increase in frequency in all six lines each generation.
Level: medium
A small species of fly lays its eggs in plant stems. The developing fly larvae cause a gall, or large
round structure, to form in the stem. Genetic differences among flies cause variation in the size
of the galls they produce. Both birds and wasps feed on the larvae in the galls. The proportions of
small, medium, and large galls able to survive attacks by either birds or wasps are shown in the
table. If a population of flies lives in a field with equal abundance of birds and wasps, will gall
size be by directional, stabilizing, or disruptive selection? Explain your answer.
Gall size (mm) Gall survival with birds (%) Gall survival with wasps (%)
15 100 25
20 100 100
25 25 100
Answer: The galls would be under stabilizing selection, because the intermediate-sized galls are
not attacked by either predator, but both large (25 mm) and small (15 mm) galls are attacked by
predators. This meets the definition of stabilizing selection: that intermediate phenotypes have
highest fitness, while the two extreme phenotypes have low fitness.
30. Topic: analyzing ecology: strength of selection, heritability, and response to selection
Level: medium
A group of island birds have beaks that are on average 20 mm long with a standard deviation of
1 mm. Beak length is a genetically based trait with a heritability of 0.5. Only small seeds are
available for these birds to consume, and some of the large-beaked birds are unable to reproduce.
The group of birds that successfully reproduces has an average beak size of 16 mm. Based on
this information, predict how much the beak size is expected to change in the next generation.
Answer: Use the equation R = h2S.
h2 is the heritability 0.5. (Note that we do not square the heritability.)
S is the selection differential, (16 − 20) ÷ 1. We divide by 1 for the standard deviation.
R = 0.5 × −4 = −2.
We thus predict the bird beak size will decrease by two standard deviations in the next
generation.
Microevolution operates at the population level.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
31: Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

Level: easy
What is the term for evolution acting at the level of populations?
a. microevolution
b. macroevolution
c. speciation
d. key innovations
Answer: a
32. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

Level: easy
The human activity of controlling the survival and reproduction of organisms to produce
offspring with specific sets of traits is known as
a. artificial selection.
b. natural selection.
c. industrial melanism.
d. speciation.
Answer: a

Level: easy
The drastic phenotypic differences between large dogs, such as bloodhounds, and small dogs,
such as Chihuahuas, are a result of
a. genetic drift.
b. founder effect.
c. artificial selection.
d. natural selection.
Answer: c

Level: medium
Evolution by artificial selection is similar to evolution by natural selection because
I. both require traits to be heritable.
II. both incorporate founder effects.
III. both generate differences in fitness between individuals.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and III only
e. I, II, and III
Answer: d

Level: medium
Which is a prediction of the hypothesis that predation caused industrial melanism?
a. Dark moths seek out dark trees to rest on.
b. Birds more frequently capture dark moths on dark trees than those on light trees.
c Birds more frequently capture dark moths on light trees than those on dark trees.
d. Industrial pollution led to higher mortality of light moths.
Answer: c

Level: easy
The phenomenon by which moths in England evolved from light-colored forms to dark-colored
forms over several decades is known as
a. speciation.
b. epistasis.
c. genetic drift.
d. industrial melanism.
Answer: d

Level: easy
Which of the following insights about microevolution is demonstrated by industrial melanism?
a. Artificial selection cannot be reversed.
b. Microevolution is primarily caused by genetic drift.
c. Humans affect the evolution only of domestic animals.
d. Microevolution can occur in a very short time.
Answer: d

Level: medium
Body size is a heritable trait in the amphipod, an aquatic crustacean. Fish preferentially consume
large amphipods, leaving primarily small amphipods to breed. Based on these observations, how
would we expect evolution to affect ponds with and without fish?
a. Ponds with fish should have larger amphipods.
b. Ponds with fish should have smaller amphipods.
c. Amphipod body size should not differ between ponds with and without fish.
d. Ponds with fish should have amphipods that are either very large or very small.
Answer: b.

Level: medium
Which of the following statements about evolution by artificial selection is correct?
a. It occurs very slowly.
b. It was discovered only in the 1900s.
c. It can have negative effects on humans.
d. It does not require genetic variation.
Answer: c

Level: easy
The evolution of pesticide resistance in insects is an example of
a. microevolution.
b. industrial melanism.
c. selective predation.
d. macroevolution.
Answer: a

Level: easy
Microevolution includes
a. speciation.
b. key innovation.
c. genetic drift.
d. polyploidy.
Answer: c

Level: easy
Artificial selection can cause evolutionary change when there is
a. genetic variation in traits.
b. geographic separation.
c. a founder effect.
d. key innovation.
Answer: a

Level: easy
Darwin supported his argument for evolution by natural selection with the observation that
artificial selection caused large changes in a short period because
a. natural selection had millions of years to operate.
b. genetic drift could not cause the same rate of change.
c. natural selection had to have occurred in only a few generations.
d. allopatric speciation requires geographic barriers.
Answer: a
SHORT ANSWER

Level: medium
If climate change were to cause a tree with very dark bark to become common in England, what
would we expect to happen to the color patterns of the peppered moth¸ and why would we expect
it to happen?
Answer: Color pattern is genetically controlled in the peppered moth, and it also affects the
survival of moths. Dark-colored moths resting on dark trees are less likely to be eaten by birds
than dark moths on light trees. The opposite pattern is true for light-colored moths. Thus, if dark
trees became common, the light moths would be more likely to be killed than the dark moths. In
each generation the selective consumption of light moths would lead to an increase in the
proportion of dark-colored genotypes in the moth population. Eventually the light-colored moths
would be rare or absent.

Level: medium
How might understanding microevolution have a direct benefit to humans in the fight against
diseases?
Answer: A major danger to humans is the evolution of drug-resistant pathogens such as drug-
resistant tuberculosis. One reason drug-resistant pathogens evolve is inefficient application of
drugs. Understanding the evolutionary processes that increase the rate of the evolution of drug
resistance can help us develop strategies to limit or prevent it.

Level: difficult
The drug chloroquine has been widely used to treat the human parasite malaria. Mutations in the
malaria gene pfcrt confer resistance to chloroquine. In some countries, more than 90% of malaria
parasites had the pfcrt resistance alleles. When these countries stopped using chloroquine, the
frequency of the pfcrt resistance alleles rapidly declined. Provide an evolutionary explanation for
the decline in pfcrt resistance alleles after chloroquine was discontinued.
Answer: Although the pfcrt resistance alleles had the highest fitness when chloroquine was used,
it is likely that the pfcrt resistance alleles had lower fitness than other alleles in the absence of
chloroquine. Thus, in the absence of chloroquine, natural selection removed the pfcrt resistance
alleles from the population.
Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic

organization.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Use the following figure to answer questions 46 and 47.
46. Topic: Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic
organization.
Level: easy
Based on the phylogeny in the figure, which traits are shared by bony fishes and amphibians?
a. jaws and lungs
b. bony skeleton and lungs
c. jaws and bony skeleton
d. legs and lungs
Answer: c
organization.
Level: medium
Based on the phylogeny in the figure, which group is most closely related to the reptiles?
a. lampreys
b. lungfishes
c. amphibians
d. mammals
Answer: d
organization.
Level: easy
What is the term for evolution that acts at the level of species, genera, and higher levels of
organization?
a. microevolution
b. macroevolution
c. genetic drift
d. epistasis
Answer: b
organization.
Level: easy
Which of the following is a component of macroevolution?
a. artificial selection
b. epistasis
c. founder effect
d. sympatric speciation
Answer: d
organization.
Level: medium
Which of the following three statements is (are) correct?
I. Speciation through polyploidy can occur through hybridization.
II. Speciation through polyploidy never occurs in vertebrates; it occurs only in plants.
III. Speciation through polyploidy generates phenotypic differences among the resulting species.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and II
e. I and III
Answer: e
organization.
Level: easy
Which of the following is a necessary component of allopatric speciation?
a. hybridization
b. polyploidy
c. a geographic barrier
d. key innovations
Answer: c
organization.
Level: easy
An evolutionary novel trait that allows a species to use new niches and undergo a high rate of
speciation is
a. a key innovation.
b. a polyploid species.
c. pleiotropy.
d. a phylogenetic tree.
Answer: a
organization.
Level: medium
Angiosperms, the flowering plants, are much more diverse than other groups of plants. One
reason for this is the evolution of flowers, which increased plant interactions with pollinators and
drastically increased speciation rates. This is an example of
a. microevolution.
b. key innovation.
c. pleiotropy.
d. disruptive selection.
Answer: b
organization.
Level: easy
When an error in meiosis causes sexually reproducing species to generate zygotes with three or
more sets of chromosomes, this is known as
a. pleiotropy.
b. epistasis.
c. polyploidy.
d. genetic drift.
Answer: c
organization.
Level: medium
Which of the following is (are) correct?
I. Allopatric speciation can occur without geographic barriers.
II. Allopatric speciation is the most common form of speciation.
III. Allopatric speciation can be facilitated through genetic drift.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and III
e. II and III
Answer: e
organization.
Level: medium
Which of the following is (are) correct?
I. Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic barriers.
II. Sympatric speciation can occur through polyploidy.
III. Sympatric speciation is less common than allopatric speciation.
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and III
e. I, II, and III
Answer: e
organization.
Level: medium
Based on the phylogeny of the Galapagos finches, which statement is correct?
a. Eating insects is a key innovation.
b. The ancestor of the small tree finch and large tree finch probably ate insects.
c. The ancestor of the large cactus finch and common cactus finch likely ate insects.
d. The small tree finch is most closely related to the sharp-beaked finch.
Answer: b
SHORT ANSWER
organization.
Level: medium
Describe how genetic drift and natural selection can play a role in allopatric speciation.
Answer: After an original population has been split into two populations by a geographic barrier,
genetic drift and natural selection can change the allele frequencies and the resulting phenotypes
such that the two populations are no longer capable of breeding with one another. This can occur
through genetic drift if the populations are small enough to allow large changes in allele
frequencies in each population. It can occur through natural selection if different alleles are
favored by different environments on either side of the geographic barrier.
organization.
Level: difficult
Explain how a diversity of habitats combined with natural selection can lead to sympatric
speciation. Provide an example.
Answer: When a single location, such as an island or a lake, contains multiple habitats, each of
these habitats may contain environmental conditions that exert selection for different phenotypes.
Over time, adaptation to specific habitats in that location can lead to phenotypic differences large
enough that new species are formed. An example of this is the diverse group of cichlid fish
species living in Lake Tanganyika in Africa.
organization.
Level: medium
Why is polyploid speciation useful to humans?
Answer: Polyploid species are typically larger than diploid species and consequently can produce
greater yields of crops. People use naturally occurring polyploid species as crops and have also
developed methods to artificially generate new polyploid species. The new polyploid species that
contain desirable traits can then be further bred and farmed.

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CHAPTER 7 Evolution and Adaptation

1. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

2. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

3. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

4. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

5. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

6. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

7. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

8. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

9. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

10. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

11. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

12. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

13. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

14. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

15. Topic: The process of evolution depends on genetic variation.

Evolution can occur through random processes or through selection.

Microevolution operates at the population level.

31: Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

32. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

33. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

34. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

35. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

36. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

37. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

38. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

39. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

39. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

40. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

41. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

42. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

43. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

44. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

45. Topic: Microevolution operates at the population level.

Macroevolution operates at the species level and higher levels of taxonomic

Use the following figure to answer questions 46 and 47.

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