Solution Manual for Introduction to the History of

Psychology 7th Edition Hergenhahn Henley 1133958095

9781133958093
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Chapter 8: Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Bessel used personal equations to:

A. select the most skillful astronomers
B. correct differences in the reaction times among various observers
C. ensure that his assistants had exactly the same reaction times
D. demonstrate the value of experimental psychology
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Objective and Subjective Differences

2. What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th
century?
A. astronomy
B. physiology
C. physics
D. mathematics
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Objective and Subjective Differences

3. Why is the Bell-Magendie law significant?

A. It solved the mind-body problem.
B. It confirmed Hartley's view of nerve conduction.
C. It demonstrated that specific mental functions are mediated by different anatomical
structures.
D. It allowed individual differences in reaction times among individuals to be equalized.
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Bell-Magendie Law

4. What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a
characteristic energy?
A. The Bell-Magendie law
B. The doctrine of specific nerve energies
C. The principle of the conservation of energy
D. The law of forward conduction
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

5. For Müller, adequate stimulation is defined as:

A. stimulation that is above the threshold of awareness
 B. the amount of stimulation that is enough to cause an organism to react
C. the type of stimulation to which a sensory system is most sensitive
D. stimulation that causes any sense receptor to fire with equal ease
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

6. According to Müller, we are directly aware of:

A. objects in the physical world
B. sensory impulses
C. primary qualities
D. categories of thought
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

7. Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the:
A. solution to the mind-body problem
B. seat of consciousness
C. physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought
D. vibrations that Hartley and Newton had postulated in their analysis of nerve conduction
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

8. Kant's nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Müller stressed:

A. consciousness
B. physiological mechanisms
C. psychophysics
D. adequate stimulation
ANS: B DIF: applied REF: Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

9. The ____ maintained that life could not be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical
properties alone.
A. materialists
B. vitalists
C. physiologists
D. antivitalists
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

10. According to the ____, energy is never created or lost in a system, but is only transformed from one
form to another.
A. Bell-Magendie law
B. vitalist's position
C. antivitalist's position
D. principle of conservation of energy
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

11. Concerning the rate of nerve conduction, Helmholtz found that:

A. it is measurable in frogs but not in humans
B. it is almost instantaneous and therefore not measurable
C. it is measurable, and that it is fairly slow
D. it is essentially what Müller thought it to be
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz
12. Helmholtz found that when individuals who have been blind since birth acquire sight, they:
A. need to learn to perceive
B. immediately perceive normally
C. can perceive normally only while wearing distorted lenses
D. can never perceive normally
ANS: A DIF: applied REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

13. Helmholtz found that when individuals with normal sight wear distorted lenses, they:
A. continue to perceive normally
B. make perceptual mistakes at first but then adapt and perceive normally
C. make perceptual mistakes until the lenses came off
D. cannot make any correct judgments of object distances
ANS: B DIF: applied REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

14. Kant and Helmholtz agreed that:

A. the faculties of the mind are innate
B. the perceiver transforms what the senses provide
C. perception is explained by unconscious inference
D. nativism provides a better explanation of perception than does empiricism
ANS: B DIF: conceptual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

15. Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that:

A. they are innate as Kant suggested
B. some are innate, but most are learned from experience
C. they are all derived from experience
D. the only one that is innate concerns the axioms of geometry
ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

16. Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision theory of ____ and supported it with experimental
evidence.
A. Kant
B. Hering
C. Young
D. Weber
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

17. To account for color vision, Helmholtz postulated the existence of:
A. three types of color receptors corresponding to three primary colors
B. separate receptors for each wavelength in the visual spectrum
C. one type of receptor that responded to all of the wavelengths in the visual spectrum
D. receptors that process pairs of opposing colors
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

18. Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that:

 A. sensations so accurately reflect physical reality
B. physiological mechanisms provide feedback with minimal stimulation
C. sensory systems distort our knowledge of the physical world to such a great extent
D. the faculties of the mind can correct our distorted sensory information about the physical
world
ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

19. Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the:

A. doctrine of specific nerve energies
B. resonance place theory
C. auditory harp theory
D. trichromatic theory
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Hermann von Helmholtz

20. For Hering, space perception results from:

A. an innate category of the mind as Kant described
B. information from the retina about height, left-right position, and depth
C. innate ideas
D. sensory experience plus the laws of association
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Ewald Hering

21. According to Hering's theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time
and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage.
A. yellow
B. red
C. green
D. blue
ANS: A DIF: applied REF: Ewald Hering

22. Although Ladd-Franklin completed all of the requirements for her Ph.D. in 1882, she was not granted
the degree until 1926. The delay was because:
A. she was accused of falsifying data
B. she was a woman
C. of her dissertation topic
D. the quality of her research was considered inferior
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Christine Ladd-Franklin

23. Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on:

A. mathematics
B. intuition
C. evolutionary theory
D. electrophysiology
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Christine Ladd-Franklin
24. According to Ladd-Franklin, which of the following sequences accurately describes the evolution of
vision?
A. red-green sensitivity blue-yellow sensitivity  achromatic vision
B. achromatic vision  red-green sensitivity  blue-yellow sensitivity
C. blue-yellow sensitivity  achromatic vision  red-green sensitivity
D. achromatic vision  blue-yellow sensitivity  red-green sensitivity
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Christine Ladd-Franklin

25. Determining a person's character by analyzing his or her facial features, bodily structure, posture, and
movement, is called:
A. physiognomy
B. the theory of signs
C. unconscious inference
D. vitalism
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

26. Examining the protrusions and depressions on person's skull to determine the strength of his or her
faculties is called:
A. monadology
B. faculty psychology
C. craniology
D. phrenology
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

27. Gall believed which of the following?

A. There is no relationship between the size of the cortex and intelligence.
B. The faculties of the mind are aspects of the soul, not of the brain.
C. The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying
faculties.
D. The mind functions as an indivisible whole.
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

28. The belief that educational experiences can be arranged so that they strengthen certain faculties of the
mind is called:
A. phrenology
B. formal discipline
C. faculty psychology
D. cortical expansion
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

29. What did Flourens' brain research reveal that was incompatible with phrenology?
A. There are many localized cortical functions.
B. Protrusions of the skull do not correlate well with brain structure.
C. The cortical area of the brain functions as a whole.
D. There are vast individual differences among human brains.
 ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

30. The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that:
A. dualism has a place in science
B. the cortex functions as a whole unit
C. individual brain areas have specialized functions
D. the brain has regenerative capabilities
ANS: C DIF: conceptual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
NOT: new

31. Broca is best known for:

A. studying the brains of lower animals to learn about human brains
B. equating cortical size with intelligence
C. discovering a brain area responsible for a specific disorder
D. suggesting the cortex functioned as a whole
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

32. The part of the cortex known as Broca's area is associated with:
A. speech comprehension
B. visual analysis
C. speech articulation
D. motor movement differentiation
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

33. The part of the cortex known as Wernicke's area is associated with:
A. speech comprehension
B. visual analysis
C. speech articulation
D. motor movement differentiation
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

34. Broca's research in craniometry found erroneously that:

A. the brain is smaller in mature adults
B. the brain is larger in eminent men and supposed superior races
C. the brain is larger in women
D. there is no relationship between intelligence and the volume of the brain
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

35. How did the work of such researchers as Broca, Fritsch, Hitzig, and Ferrier relate to phrenology?
A. The research showed that brain function is not localized to specific cortical regions.
B. The research showed that protrusions of the skull can be used to map cortical motor
function.
C. The research demonstrated localized brain function, just as the phrenologists had
predicted.
D. The research demonstrated localized brain function, but not as the phrenologists had
predicted.
ANS: D DIF: conceptual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
 MSC: revised

36. What was one important discovery of Fritsch and Hitzig?

A. They stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements are elicited from the
opposite side of the body.
B. They used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex.
C. They mapped cortical regions to the senses.
D. They performed autopsies on humans to determine the cause of behavioral deficits.
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning

37. What was an important discovery of David Ferrier?

A. He stimulated the cortex and found that muscular movements were elicited from the
opposite side of the body.
B. He used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex.
C. He mapped cortical regions to the senses.
D. He performed autopsies on humans to determine the cause of behavioral deficits.
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: Early Research on Brain Functioning
NOT: new

38. What did Weber called the smallest distance between two points at which a subject reported sensing
two points instead of one?
A. just noticeable difference
B. two-point threshold
C. psychophysical threshold
D. localization of experience
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

39. In his work on the two-point threshold, Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold)
was the ____ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold) was the ____.
A. nose; forearm
B. tongue; finger tip
C. finger tip; ear lobe
D. tongue; middle of the back
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

40. Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the:
A. two-point threshold
B. just noticeable difference
C. limen
D. psychophysical threshold
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

41. Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights
than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to:
A. kinesthesis
B. the two-point threshold
C. the method of adjustment
 D. unconscious inference
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

42. During his work on kinesthesis, Weber made the startling observation that the just noticeable
difference is a constant fraction of the standard weight. For lifted weights, that fraction is:
A. 1/20
B. 1/30
C. 1/35
D. 1/40
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

43. Following in the path of Spinoza, Fechner believed that:

A. only matter existed
B. only consciousness existed
C. consciousness is as prevalent in the universe as is matter
D. bodily and mental events were parallel to each other and therefore did not interact
ANS: C DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

44. Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation
must rise:
A. arithmetically
B. geometrically
C. algebraically
D. exponentially
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

45. What is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events?
A. philosophy
B. materialism
C. epistemology
D. psychophysics
ANS: D DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

46. Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the:
A. differential threshold
B. absolute threshold
C. just noticeable difference
D. petites perceptions
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

47. Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold:
A. negative sensations
B. just noticeable differences
C. petites perceptions
D. impossible
ANS: A DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology
48. Using the method of ____, pairs of stimuli are presented to the subject. One stimulus remains the
same, the standard, and the other varies from one presentation to the next.
A. limits
B. constant stimuli
C. adjustments
D. stimulus fixation
ANS: B DIF: applied REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

49. Using the method of ____, the subject is instructed to change a variable stimulus so that its magnitude
appears to equal that of a standard stimulus. After this, the average difference between the variable
stimuli and the standard is determined.
A. adjustment
B. limits
C. constant fixation
D. stimulus fixation
ANS: A DIF: applied REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology

50. Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work of art is
appealing. In so doing, he created the field of:
A. psychophysics
B. experimental aesthetics
C. phrenological art
D. art psychology
ANS: B DIF: factual REF: The Rise of Experimental Psychology