Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes EOR

Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes EOR

Fourth Year
Lecture 1

Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

2017 – 2018
Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

Introduction:

The methods of calculation of reserves in place and of the recovery

factors which could be expected by natural depletion. The presence of
a gas-cap or an active aquifer generally results in a high recovery
factor, by providing a strong natural drive. The lack of sufficient
natural drive in most reservoirs has led to introduce some form of
artificial drive, the most basic method being the injection of natural
gas or water.

‫ة‬ٛ‫ب ثغجت إٌؼ‬ٙ‫لؼ‬ٛ‫ّىٓ ر‬٠ ٟ‫اًِ االعزشداد اٌز‬ٛ‫ػ‬ٚ ‫دح‬ٛ‫ع‬ٌّٛ‫بد ا‬١‫بؽ‬١‫ؽشق حغبة االحز‬
‫ ػبًِ اعزشداد ِشرفغ‬ٌٝ‫ ٔشؾ ثشىً ػبَ إ‬ٟ‫ف‬ٛ‫ خضاْ ع‬ٚ‫د غطبء غبص أ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ٞ‫ؤد‬٠ .ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫اٌطج‬
ُ‫ ِؼظ‬ٟ‫وبف ف‬
ٍ ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫د ِحشن ؽج‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ َ‫ ػذ‬ٜ‫ أد‬.ٞٛ‫ ل‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ش ِحشن ؽج‬١‫ف‬ٛ‫ ِٓ خالي ر‬،
‫ حمٓ اٌغبص‬ٟ٘ ‫خ‬١‫مخ األعبع‬٠‫اٌطش‬ٚ ، ٟ‫ إدخبي شىً ِٓ أشىبي اٌذفغ االططٕبػ‬ٌٝ‫اٌخضأبد إ‬
.‫ اٌّبء‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫اٌطج‬

In the early days of the petroleum industry, reservoirs were allowed to

produce naturally until a certain stage of depletion had been reached,
generally when the production rates had become uneconomic. This
was known as the primary production phase. In the second phase, the
recovery was increased by installing methods of artificial drive (water
or gas injection) and these were logically known as “secondary
recovery methods”.
ٌٝ‫ي إ‬ٛ‫ط‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ حز‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ عُّح ٌٍخضأبد ثبإلٔزبط ثشىً ؽج‬، ‫ي‬ٚ‫ ٌظٕبػخ اٌجزش‬ٌٝٚ‫بَ األ‬٠‫ األ‬ٟ‫ف‬
ْ‫ وب‬.‫خ‬٠‫ش الزظبد‬١‫ ثشىً ػبَ ػٕذِب أطجحذ ِؼذالد اإلٔزبط غ‬، ‫ة‬ٛ‫ٕخ ِٓ إٌؼ‬١‫ِشحٍخ ِؼ‬
‫ك‬٠‫بدح االعزؼبدح ػٓ ؽش‬٠‫ رّذ ص‬، ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌّشحٍخ اٌضب‬ٟ‫ ف‬.‫خ‬١ٌٚ‫ؼشف ثبعُ ِشحٍخ اإلٔزبط األ‬٠ ‫٘زا‬
‫ًب ثبعُ "ؽشق‬١‫ ُػشفذ ِٕطم‬ٟ‫اٌز‬ٚ )‫ اٌغبص‬ٚ‫ (حمٓ اٌّبء أ‬ٟ‫ت ؽشق ِحشن اططٕبػ‬١‫رشو‬
."‫خ‬٠ٛٔ‫االعزشداد اٌضب‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

Before undertaking a secondary recovery project, it should be clearly

proven that the natural recovery processes are insufficient, otherwise
there is risk that the heavy capital investment required may be
completely wasted. A certain amount of production data is therefore
required.
‫ش‬١‫ غ‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫بد االعزشداد اٌطج‬١ٍّ‫غت إصجبد أْ ػ‬٠ ، ٞٛٔ‫ع اعزشداد صب‬ٚ‫ ِشش‬ٟ‫ع ف‬ٚ‫لجً اٌشش‬
َ‫ٍض‬٠ ‫ ٌزٌه‬.ًِ‫ة ثبٌىب‬ٍٛ‫ إ٘ذاس سأط اٌّبي اٌؼخُ اٌّط‬ٟ‫زّضً ف‬٠ ‫ٕبن خطش‬ٙ‫إال ف‬ٚ ، ‫خ‬١‫وبف‬
.‫بٔبد اإلٔزبط‬١‫ٓ ِٓ ث‬١‫لذس ِؼ‬

Natural production depends on a reservoir’s internal energy, and

arises due to the existence of a higher pressure in the rock pores than
at the bottom of the well. All other recovery methods depend on the
provision of additional energy to improve of the remaining reserves.

َ‫ ِغب‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٍٝ‫د ػغؾ أػ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ‫ٕشؤ ثغجت‬٠ٚ ، ْ‫خ ٌٍخضا‬١ٍ‫ اٌطبلخ اٌذاخ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ؼزّذ اإلٔزبط اٌطج‬٠
‫خ‬١‫ش ؽبلخ إػبف‬١‫ف‬ٛ‫ ر‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٜ‫غ ؽشق االعزشداد األخش‬١ّ‫ رؼزّذ ع‬.‫س ِمبسٔخ ثمبع اٌجئش‬ٛ‫اٌظخ‬
.‫خ‬١‫بد اٌّزجم‬١‫بؽ‬١‫ٓ االحز‬١‫ٌزحغ‬

Oil recovery processes

Recovery of hydrocarbons from an oil reservoir is commonly

recognised to occur in three recovery stages. These are:
ً‫ صالس ِشاح‬ٟ‫حذس ف‬٠ ‫ٔبد ِٓ ِىبِٓ إٌفؾ‬ٛ‫وشث‬ٚ‫ذس‬١ٌٙ‫ف أْ اعزخالص ا‬ٚ‫ِٓ اٌّؼش‬
:ُ٘ ‫ ٘ؤالء‬.‫اعزشعبع‬
1- Primary oil recovery: This is the recovery of hydrocarbons from
the reservoir using the natural energy of the reservoir as a drive.
‫ٔبد ِٓ اٌّىّٓ ثبعزخذاَ اٌطبلخ‬ٛ‫وشث‬ٚ‫ذس‬١ٌٙ‫ اعزشعبع ا‬ٛ٘ :ٌٟٚ‫ذ األ‬٠‫ اعزخالص اٌض‬-1
.‫خ ٌٍخضاْ وّحشن‬١‫ؼ‬١‫اٌطج‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

2- Secondary oil recovery: This is recovery aided or driven by the

injection of water or gas from the surface.
.‫ اٌغبص ِٓ اٌغطح‬ٚ‫ دفغ حمٓ اٌّبء أ‬ٚ‫ االعزخالص ثّغبػذح أ‬:‫ ٌٍٕفؾ‬ٞٛٔ‫ االعزخشاط اٌضب‬-3

4- Tertiary oil recovery (Enhanced Oil Recovery): There are a

range of techniques that are applied to reservoirs in order to improve
flagging production.

ُ‫ز‬٠ ٟ‫بد اٌز‬١ٕ‫ػخ ِٓ اٌزم‬ّٛ‫ ٕ٘بن ِغ‬:)‫ ٌٍٕفؾ (االعزخالص اٌّؼضص ٌٍٕفؾ‬ٟ‫االعزخالص اٌضالص‬3-
.ٍُ‫ٓ إٔزبط اٌؼ‬١‫ اٌخضأبد ِٓ أعً رحغ‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٙ‫م‬١‫رطج‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

Primary oil recovery

Primary oil recovery uses the natural reservoir energy to drive the oil
from the reservoir to producing wells. It refers to the volume of
hydrocarbon produced by the natural energy prevailing in the
reservoir. In the primary process, the oil is forced out of the petroleum
reservoir by existing natural pressure of the trapped fluids in the
reservoir.

‫ثبس‬٢‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫ ٌٕمً إٌفؾ ِٓ اٌّىّٓ إ‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ ٌٍٕفؾ ؽبلخ اٌّىّٓ اٌطج‬ٌٟٚ‫غزخذَ االعزشداد األ‬٠
ٟ‫ ف‬.ْ‫ اٌخضا‬ٟ‫خ اٌغبئذح ف‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ْ إٌبرظ ػٓ اٌطبلخ اٌطج‬ٛ‫وشث‬ٚ‫ذس‬١ٌٙ‫ حغُ ا‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ش‬٠ .‫إٌّزغخ‬
‫د‬ٛ‫ع‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ك اٌؼغؾ اٌطج‬٠‫ي ػٓ ؽش‬ٚ‫ذ ِٓ خضاْ اٌجزش‬٠‫زُ إخشاط اٌض‬٠ ، ‫خ‬١ٌٚ‫خ األ‬١ٍّ‫اٌؼ‬
.ْ‫ اٌخضا‬ٟ‫ائً اٌّحبطشح ف‬ٛ‫ٌٍغ‬

Each reservoir is composed of a unique combination of geometric

form, geological rock properties, fluid characteristics, and primary
drive mechanism. Each drive mechanism has certain typical
performance characteristics in terms of:
، ‫خ‬١‫ع‬ٌٛٛ١‫س اٌغ‬ٛ‫خظبئض اٌظخ‬ٚ ، ٟ‫ٕذع‬ٌٙ‫ذ ِٓ اٌشىً ا‬٠‫ظ فش‬٠‫ْ وً خضاْ ِٓ ِض‬ٛ‫زى‬٠
‫خ‬١‫رع‬ّٛٔ ‫خ ِحشن ثخظبئض أداء‬١ٌ‫ض وً آ‬١ّ‫ رز‬.‫خ‬١ٌٚ‫بدح األ‬١‫خ اٌم‬١ٌ‫آ‬ٚ ، ً‫ائ‬ٛ‫خظبئض اٌغ‬ٚ
:‫ش‬١‫ٕخ ِٓ ح‬١‫ِؼ‬
a- Ultimate recovery factor

b- Pressure decline rate

c- Gas-oil ratio

d- Water production

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

For understanding of reservoir behaviour and predicting future

performance, it is necessary to have knowledge of the driving
mechanisms that control the behaviour of fluids within reservoirs.
The overall performance of oil reservoirs is largely determined by
the nature of the energy, i.e., driving mechanism, available for moving
the oil to the wellbore.
‫بد‬١ٌ‫ه ِؼشفخ ثآ‬٠‫ْ ٌذ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫ أ‬ٞ‫س‬ٚ‫ ِٓ اٌؼش‬، ٍٟ‫اٌزٕجؤ ثبألداء اٌّغزمج‬ٚ ْ‫ن اٌخضا‬ٍٛ‫ُ ع‬ٙ‫ٌف‬
‫ذ األداء اٌؼبَ ٌخضأبد إٌفؾ‬٠‫زُ رحذ‬٠ .‫ائً داخً اٌخضأبد‬ٛ‫ن اٌغ‬ٍٛ‫ ع‬ٟ‫ رزحىُ ف‬ٟ‫بدح اٌز‬١‫اٌم‬
.‫ حفشح اٌجئش‬ٌٝ‫ اٌّزبحخ ٌٕمً إٌفؾ إ‬، ‫بدح‬١‫خ اٌم‬١ٌ‫ آ‬ٞ‫ أ‬، ‫ؼخ اٌطبلخ‬١ ‫ش ِٓ خالي ؽج‬١‫ حذ وج‬ٌٝ‫إ‬

During primary recovery the natural energy of the reservoir is used to

transport hydrocarbons towards and out of the production wells.
These are several different energy sources, and each gives rise to a
drive mechanism. Early in the history of a reservoir the drive
mechanism will not be known. It is determined by analysis of
production data (reservoir pressure and fluid production ratios).
‫ٔبد ثبرغبٖ آثبس‬ٛ‫وشث‬ٚ‫ذس‬١ٌٙ‫خ ٌٍخضاْ ٌٕمً ا‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ رُغزخذَ اٌطبلخ اٌطج‬، ‫خ‬١ٌٚ‫أصٕبء االعزؼبدح األ‬
.‫خ ِحشن‬١ٌ‫ آ‬ٌٝ‫ إ‬ٞ‫ؤد‬٠ ‫ب‬ِٕٙ ً‫و‬ٚ ، ‫ذ ِٓ ِظبدس اٌطبلخ اٌّخزٍفخ‬٠‫ ٘زٖ اٌؼذ‬.‫ب‬ٙ‫خبسع‬ٚ ‫اإلٔزبط‬
ً١ٍ‫ذٖ ِٓ خالي رح‬٠‫زُ رحذ‬٠ .‫فخ‬ٚ‫بدح ِؼش‬١‫خ اٌم‬١ٌ‫ْ آ‬ٛ‫ ٌٓ رى‬، ْ‫خ اٌخضا‬٠‫لذ ِجىش ِٓ ربس‬ٚ ٟ‫ف‬
.)ً‫ائ‬ٛ‫ٔغت إٔزبط اٌغ‬ٚ ْ‫بٔبد اإلٔزبط (ػغؾ اٌخضا‬١‫ث‬

The earliest possible determination of the drive mechanism is a

primary goal in the early life of the reservoir, as its knowledge can
greatly improve the management and recovery reserves from the
reservoir in its middle and later life.
ٗ‫ّىٓ ٌّؼشفز‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫ ح‬، ْ‫بح اٌّجىشح ٌٍخضا‬١‫ اٌح‬ٟ‫ًب ف‬١‫بدح ٘ذفًب أعبع‬١‫خ اٌم‬١ٌ٢ ‫ذ اٌّجىش‬٠‫ؼذ اٌزحذ‬٠
.ٖ‫ِب ثؼذ‬ٚ ‫ ِٕزظف اٌؼّش‬ٟ‫بد اٌخضاْ ف‬١‫بؽ‬١‫اعزؼبدح احز‬ٚ ‫ش إداسح‬١‫أْ رحغٓ ثشىً وج‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

There are basically six driving mechanisms that provide the natural
energy necessary for oil recovery:
:‫خ اٌالصِخ العزؼبدح إٌفؾ‬١‫ؼ‬١‫فش اٌطبلخ اٌطج‬ٛ‫بدح ر‬١‫بد ل‬١ٌ‫ٕ٘بن عذ آ‬
1- Rock and liquid expansion drive

2- Depletion drive or solution gas drive

3- Gas-cap drive
4- Water drive

5- Gravity drainage drive

6- Combination drive

ً‫اٌغبئ‬ٚ ٞ‫ ِحشن اٌزّذد اٌظخش‬-1

‫ي‬ٍٛ‫ ِحشن اٌغبص اٌّح‬ٚ‫ة أ‬ٛ‫ ِحشن إٌؼ‬-2

‫ ِحشن غطبء اٌغبص‬-3

ٖ‫ب‬١ٌّ‫ ِحشن ا‬-4

‫خ‬١‫ف اٌغبرث‬٠‫ ِحشن رظش‬-5

‫ ِحشن ِشوت‬-6

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

1- Rock and liquid expansion drive:

When an oil reservoir initially exists at a pressure higher than its

bubble-point pressure, the reservoir is called an undersaturated-oil
reservoir. At pressure above the bubble-point pressure, crude oil,
connate-water, and rock are the only materials present. As the
reservoir pressure declines, the rock and fluids expand due to their
individual compressibilities. The reservoir rock compressibility is the
result of two factors:

:ً‫اٌغبئ‬ٚ ٞ‫ ِحشن اٌزّذد اٌظخش‬-1

ْ‫ اٌخضا‬ٍٝ‫ ُطٍك ػ‬٠ ، ‫ ِٓ ػغؾ ٔمطخ اٌفمبػخ‬ٍٝ‫ًب ػٕذ ػغؾ أػ‬١‫عذ خضاْ ٔفؾ ِجذئ‬ٛ٠ ‫ػٕذِب‬
َ‫ فئْ إٌفؾ اٌخب‬، ‫ق ػغؾ ٔمطخ اٌفمبػخ‬ٛ‫ ػٕذ اٌؼغؾ ف‬.‫ش اٌّشجغ‬١‫ذ غ‬٠‫اعُ خضاْ اٌض‬
، ْ‫ ِغ أخفبع ػغؾ اٌخضا‬.‫دح‬ٛ‫ع‬ٌّٛ‫ذح ا‬١‫ح‬ٌٛ‫اد ا‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬ٟ٘ ‫س‬ٛ‫اٌظخ‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫بٖ اٌظخش‬١ٌّ‫ا‬ٚ
.‫خ‬٠‫ب اٌفشد‬ٙ‫ائً ثغجت أؼغبؽبر‬ٛ‫اٌغ‬ٚ ‫س‬ٛ‫رزّذد اٌظخ‬

:ٓ١ٍِ‫غخ ػب‬١‫ ٔز‬ٛ٘ ْ‫س اٌخضا‬ٛ‫أؼغبؽ طخ‬

a- Expansion of the individual rock grains

b- Formation compaction

‫خ‬٠‫خ اٌفشد‬٠‫جبد اٌظخش‬١‫ رّذد اٌحج‬-‫أ‬

ٓ٠ٛ‫ ػغؾ اٌزى‬-‫ة‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

Both of the above two factors are the results of a decrease of fluid
pressure within the pore space, and both tend to reduce the pore
volume through the reduction of the porosity.

، َ‫غخ الٔخفبع ػغؾ اٌغبئً داخً ِغبحخ اٌّغب‬١‫ٓ أػالٖ ّ٘ب ٔز‬٠‫س‬ٛ‫ٓ اٌّزو‬١ٍِ‫وال اٌؼب‬
.‫خ‬١ِ‫ً اٌّغب‬١ٍ‫ً حغُ اٌّغبَ ِٓ خالي رم‬١ٍ‫ رم‬ٌٝ‫ً إ‬١ّ٠ ‫والّ٘ب‬ٚ

As the expansion of the fluids and reduction in the pore volume occur
with decreasing reservoir pressure, the crude oil and water will be
forced out of the pore space to the wellbore.
‫زُ إعجبس‬١‫ فغ‬، ْ‫حذس ِغ أخفبع ػغؾ اٌخضا‬٠ َ‫ً حغُ اٌّغب‬١ٍ‫رم‬ٚ ً‫ائ‬ٛ‫ٔظشً ا ألْ رّذد اٌغ‬
.‫ حفشح اٌجئش‬ٌٝ‫ط ِٓ ِغبحخ اٌّغبَ إ‬ٚ‫ اٌخش‬ٍٝ‫اٌّبء ػ‬ٚ َ‫إٌفؾ اٌخب‬

This driving mechanism is considered the least efficient driving force

and usually results in the recovery of only a small percentage of the
total oil-in-place.

ِٓ ‫شح فمؾ‬١‫ب اعزشداد ٔغجخ طغ‬ٕٙ‫ٕزظ ػ‬٠ ‫ػبدح ِب‬ٚ ‫ح دافؼخ وفبءح‬ٛ‫بدح ٘زٖ ألً ل‬١‫خ اٌم‬١ٌ‫رؼزجش آ‬
.ْ‫ اٌّىب‬ٟ‫ذ ف‬٠‫ اٌض‬ٌٟ‫إعّب‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

2- Depletion drive or solution gas drive:

In this type of reservoir, the principal source of energy is a result of

gas liberation from the crude oil and the subsequent expansion of the
solution gas as the reservoir pressure is reduced. Crude oil under high
pressure may contain large amounts of dissolved gas. When the
reservoir pressure is reduced as fluids are withdrawn, gas comes out
of solution and displaces oil from the reservoir to the producing wells
(Figure 1).
:‫ي‬ٍٛ‫ ِحشن اٌغبص اٌّح‬ٚ‫ة أ‬ٛ‫ ِحشن إٌؼ‬-2

‫ش اٌغبص ِٓ إٌفؾ‬٠‫غخ ٌزحش‬١‫ ٌٍطبلخ ٔز‬ٟ‫غ‬١‫ْ اٌّظذس اٌشئ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ، ‫ع ِٓ اٌخضأبد‬ٌٕٛ‫ ٘زا ا‬ٟ‫ف‬
َ‫ذ اٌخب‬٠‫ اٌض‬ٞٛ‫حز‬٠ ‫ لذ‬.ّٓ‫ي ِغ أخفبع ػغؾ اٌّى‬ٍٛ‫عغ اٌالحك ٌغبص اٌّح‬ٛ‫اٌز‬ٚ َ‫اٌخب‬
‫ٕخفغ ػغؾ اٌّىّٓ ػٕذ‬٠ ‫ ػٕذِب‬.‫شح ِٓ اٌغبص اٌّزاة‬١‫بد وج‬١ّ‫ و‬ٍٝ‫رحذ ػغؾ ِشرفغ ػ‬
‫ثبس إٌّزغخ‬٢‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫ذ ِٓ اٌخضاْ إ‬٠‫ً اٌض‬٠‫ض‬٠ٚ ‫ي‬ٍٛ‫خشط اٌغبص ِٓ اٌّح‬٠ ، ً‫ائ‬ٛ‫عحت اٌغ‬
.)1 ً‫(اٌشى‬

The efficiency of solution gas drive depends on the amount of gas in

solution, the rock and fluid properties, and the geological structure of
the reservoir. Recoveries are low, on the order of 10-15 % of the
OOIP.
‫س‬ٛ‫خظبئض اٌظخ‬ٚ ، ‫ي‬ٍٛ‫ اٌّح‬ٟ‫خ اٌغبص ف‬١ّ‫ و‬ٍٝ‫ي ػ‬ٍٛ‫رؼزّذ وفبءح ِحشن اٌغبص اٌّح‬
٪15-10 ‫د‬ٚ‫ حذ‬ٟ‫ ف‬، ‫بد االعزشداد ِٕخفؼخ‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬.ْ‫ ٌٍخضا‬ٟ‫ع‬ٌٛٛ١‫ىً اٌغ‬١ٌٙ‫ا‬ٚ ، ً‫ائ‬ٛ‫اٌغ‬ٚ
.OOIP ِٓ

Recovery is low, because the gas phase is more mobile than the oil
phase in the reservoir. As pressure declines, gas flows at a faster rate
than the oil, leading to rapid depletion of reservoir energy, which is
noted by increasing gas/oil ratios in the field.

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 ‫‪Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes‬‬ ‫‪2017 – 2018‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed‬‬

‫االعزشداد ِٕخفغ ‪ ،‬ألْ اٌّشحٍخ اٌغبص‪٠‬خ أوضش لذسح ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌحشوخ ِٓ ِشحٍخ اٌض‪٠‬ذ ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫اٌّىّٓ‪ِ .‬غ أخفبع اٌؼغؾ ‪٠ ،‬زذفك اٌغبص ثّؼذي أعشع ِٓ إٌفؾ ‪ِّ ،‬ب ‪٠‬ؤد‪ ٞ‬إٌ‪ ٝ‬اعزٕفبد‬
‫عش‪٠‬غ ٌطبلخ اٌّىّٓ ‪ِ ٛ٘ٚ ،‬ب ‪٠‬الحظ ِٓ خالي ص‪٠‬بدح ٔغت اٌغبص ‪ /‬إٌفؾ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌحمً‪.‬‬

‫‪Figure 1: Depletion or solution gas drive reservoir.‬‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

3- Gas-cap drive:

Gas-cap drive reservoirs can be identified by the presence of a gas cap

which already existing above the reservoir. The presence of the
expanding gas cap limits the pressure decrease experienced by the
reservoir during production. The actual rate of pressure decrease is
related to the size of the gas cap.

:‫ ِحشن غطبء اٌغبص‬-1

ً‫د ثبٌفؼ‬ٛ‫ع‬ِٛ ‫د غطبء غبص‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ‫ خضأبد ِحشن غطبء اٌغبص ِٓ خالي‬ٍٝ‫ّىٓ اٌزؼشف ػ‬٠
ّٓ‫زؼشع ٌٗ اٌّى‬٠ ٞ‫عغ ِٓ أخفبع اٌؼغؾ اٌز‬ٛ‫د غطبء اٌغبص اٌّز‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ‫حذ‬٠ .ْ‫ق اٌخضا‬ٛ‫ف‬
.‫ الٔخفبع اٌؼغؾ ثحغُ غطبء اٌغبص‬ٍٟ‫شرجؾ اٌّؼذي اٌفؼ‬٠ .‫أصٕبء اإلٔزبط‬

The GOR rises only slowly in the early stages of production from
such a reservoir because the pressure of the gas cap prevents gas from
coming out of solution in the oil and water. As production continues,
the gas cap expands pushing the gas-oil contact (GOC) downwards
(Figure 2).
‫ ِٓ اإلٔزبط ِٓ ِضً ٘زا اٌخضاْ ألْ ػغؾ‬ٌٝٚ‫ ا ٌّشاحً األ‬ٟ‫ ثجؾء فمؾ ف‬GOR ‫شرفغ‬٠
، ‫ ِغ اعزّشاس اإلٔزبط‬.‫اٌّبء‬ٚ ‫ذ‬٠‫ اٌض‬ٟ‫ي ف‬ٍٛ‫ط ِٓ اٌّح‬ٚ‫ّٕغ اٌغبص ِٓ اٌخش‬٠ ‫غطبء اٌغبص‬
.)2 ً‫ أعفً (اٌشى‬ٌٝ‫) إ‬GOC( ‫إٌفؾ‬ٚ ‫ٓ اٌغبص‬١‫ذفغ اٌزالِظ ث‬٠ٚ ‫زّذد غطبء اٌغبص‬٠

Eventually the gas-oil contact (GOC) will reach the production wells
and the gas- oil ratio (GOR) will increase by large amounts.
‫ذ‬٠‫عزض‬ٚ ‫ آثبس اإلٔزبط‬ٌٝ‫) إ‬GOC( ‫إٌفؾ‬ٚ ‫ٓ اٌغبص‬١‫ظً اٌزالِظ ث‬١‫ ع‬، ‫خ اٌّطبف‬٠‫ب‬ٙٔ ٟ‫ف‬
.‫شح‬١‫بد وج‬١ّ‫) ثى‬GOR( ‫ذ‬٠‫ اٌض‬ٌٝ‫ٔغجخ اٌغبص إ‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

The recovery of gas cap reservoirs is better than for solution drive
reservoirs (20% to 40% OOIP), and the recovery efficiency depends
on the size of the gas cap.
ٌٝ‫ إ‬٪20( ‫ي‬ٍٛ‫ؼذ اعزشداد خضأبد غطبء اٌغبص أفؼً ِٓ اعزشعبع خضأبد ِحشن اٌّح‬٠
.‫ حغُ غطبء اٌغبص‬ٍٝ‫رؼزّذ وفبءح االعزشداد ػ‬ٚ ، )OOIP ٪40

Figure 2: Gas cap drive reservoir.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

4- Water drive reservoirs:

The drive energy is provided by an aquifer that interfaces with the oil
in the reservoir at the oil-water contact (OWC). As production
continues, and oil is extracted from the reservoir, the aquifer expands
into the reservoir displacing the oil.
:ٖ‫ب‬١ٌّ‫ خضأبد دفغ ا‬-1

ٟ‫د ف‬ٛ‫ع‬ٌّٛ‫ذ ا‬٠‫ رزذاخً ِغ اٌض‬ٟ‫خ اٌز‬١‫ف‬ٛ‫بٖ اٌغ‬١ٌّ‫ش ؽبلخ اٌّحشن ِٓ خالي ؽجمخ ا‬١‫ف‬ٛ‫زُ ر‬٠
ِٓ ‫اعزخشاط إٌفؾ‬ٚ ‫ ِغ اعزّشاس اإلٔزبط‬.)OWC( ٖ‫ب‬١ٌّ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ذ‬٠‫اٌخضاْ ػٕذ ِالِغخ اٌض‬
.‫حً ِحً إٌفؾ‬١ٌ ْ‫ اٌخضا‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ف‬ٛ‫زّذد اٌخضاْ اٌغ‬٠ ، ْ‫اٌخضا‬

Two types of water drive are

commonly recognised:

a- Bottom water drive (Figure 3)

b- Edge water drive (Figure 3)
:‫بٖ ثشىً شبئغ‬١ٌّ‫ٓ ِٓ ِحشن ا‬١‫ػ‬ٛٔ ٍٝ‫زُ اٌزؼشف ػ‬٠
)3 ً‫خ (اٌشى‬١ٍ‫بٖ اٌغف‬١ٌّ‫ ِحشن ا‬-‫أ‬
)3 ً‫بٖ اٌحبفخ (اٌشى‬١ٌّ‫ ِحشن ا‬-‫ة‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

The pressure history of a water driven reservoir

depends upon:

a- The size of the aquifer

b- The permeability of the aquifer

c- The reservoir production rate

:ٍٝ‫ع ثبٌّبء ػ‬ٛ‫خ اٌؼغؾ ٌخضاْ ِذف‬٠‫ؼزّذ ربس‬٠

ٟ‫ف‬ٛ‫ حغُ اٌخضاْ اٌغ‬-‫أ‬
‫خ‬١‫ف‬ٛ‫بٖ اٌغ‬١ٌّ‫خ ؽجمخ ا‬٠‫ ٔفبر‬-‫ة‬
ْ‫ ِؼذي إٔزبط اٌخضا‬-‫ط‬

If the production rate is low, and the size and permeability of the
aquifer is high, then the reservoir pressure will remain high because
all produced oil is replaced efficiently with water.
‫ظً ػغؾ‬١‫ فغ‬، ‫ ِشرفؼًب‬ٟ‫ف‬ٛ‫خ اٌخضاْ اٌغ‬٠‫ٔفبر‬ٚ ُ‫وبْ حغ‬ٚ ، ‫إرا وبْ ِؼذي اإلٔزبط ِٕخفؼًب‬
.‫زُ اعزجذاٌٗ ثبٌّبء ثىفبءح‬٠ ‫اٌخضاْ ِشرفؼًب ألْ وً إٌفؾ إٌّزظ‬

If the production rate is too high then the extracted oil may not be
able to be replaced by water in the same timescale, especially if the
aquifer is small or low permeability. In this case the reservoir will fall.
‫ ٔفظ‬ٟ‫ذ اٌّغزخشط ثبٌّبء ف‬٠‫ّىٓ اعزجذاي اٌض‬٠ ‫ فمذ ال‬، ‫إرا وبْ ِؼذي اإلٔزبط ِشرفؼًب عذًا‬
‫ ٘زٖ اٌحبٌخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬.‫خ‬٠‫ ِٕخفغ إٌفبر‬ٚ‫شً ا أ‬١‫ طغ‬ٟ‫ف‬ٛ‫ خبطخً إرا وبْ اٌخضاْ اٌغ‬، ِٟٕ‫إٌطبق اٌض‬
.ْ‫غمؾ اٌخضا‬٠ ‫ف‬ٛ‫ع‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

The gas-oil ratio (GOR) remains very constant in a strongly water

driven reservoir, as the pressure decrease is small and constant,
whereas if the pressure decrease is higher, the GOR increases due to
gas comes out from the oil and water in the reservoir.
ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫ ح‬، ‫ح اٌّبء‬ٛ‫ع ثم‬ٛ‫ خضاْ ِذف‬ٟ‫) صبثزخ عذًا ف‬GOR( ‫ذ‬٠‫ اٌض‬ٌٝ‫رظً ٔغجخ اٌغبص إ‬
‫ذ‬٠‫ض‬٠ GOR ْ‫ فئ‬، ٍٝ‫ّٕب إرا وبْ أخفبع اٌؼغؾ أػ‬١‫ ث‬، ‫صبثزًب‬ٚ ‫شًا‬١‫أخفبع اٌؼغؾ طغ‬
.ْ‫ خضا‬ٟ‫اٌّبء ف‬ٚ ‫ذ‬٠‫ط اٌغبص ِٓ اٌض‬ٚ‫ثغجت خش‬

The recovery from water driven reservoirs is usually good (20-60%

OOIP). The efficiency with which the water displaces the oil in the
reservoir depends on reservoir structure, production well placing, oil
viscosity, and production rate.
‫ رؼزّذ‬.)OOIP ٪60-20( ‫ذًا‬١‫ػخ ثبٌّبء ع‬ٛ‫ْ االعزشداد ِٓ اٌخضأبد اٌّذف‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ػبدح ِب‬
، ‫ػغ ثئش اإلٔزبط‬ٚٚ ، ْ‫ىً اٌخضا‬١٘ ٍٝ‫ اٌّىّٓ ػ‬ٟ‫ذ ف‬٠‫ب اٌّبء اٌض‬ٙ‫ح ث‬٠‫ض‬٠ ٟ‫اٌىفبءح اٌز‬
.‫ِؼذي اإلٔزبط‬ٚ ، ‫ذ‬٠‫عخ اٌض‬ٚ‫ٌض‬ٚ

If the ratio of water to oil viscosity is large, or the production rate is

high then fingering can occur which leaves oil behind in the reservoir
(Figure 4).

‫حذس‬٠ ْ‫ّىٓ أ‬١‫ ف‬، ‫ وبْ ِؼذي اإلٔزبط ِشرفؼًب‬ٚ‫ أ‬، ‫شح‬١‫ذ وج‬٠‫ اٌض‬ٌٝ‫عخ اٌّبء إ‬ٚ‫إرا وبٔذ ٔغجخ ٌض‬
.)4 ً‫ اٌخضاْ (اٌشى‬ٟ‫زشن إٌفؾ ف‬٠ ‫إطجغ ِّب‬

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

Figure 3: Water drive mechanism.

Figure 4: A schematic example of fingering in a water drive reservoir.

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Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

5- Gravity drainage drive:

The density differences between oil and gas and water result in their
natural segregation in the reservoir. This process can be used as a
drive mechanism, but is relatively weak, and in practice is only used
in combination with other drive mechanisms.

:‫خ‬١‫ف اٌغبرث‬٠‫ ِحشن رظش‬-5

ٓ‫ّى‬٠ .ّٓ‫ اٌّى‬ٟ‫ّب ف‬ٕٙ١‫ ث‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ اٌفظً اٌطج‬ٌٝ‫اٌّبء إ‬ٚ ‫اٌغبص‬ٚ ‫ٓ إٌفؾ‬١‫ اخزالفبد اٌىضبفخ ث‬ٞ‫رؤد‬
‫ًب إال ثباللزشاْ ِغ‬١ٍّ‫ال رُغزخذَ ػ‬ٚ ، ‫ًب‬١‫فخ ٔغج‬١‫ب ػؼ‬ٕٙ‫ٌى‬ٚ ، ‫بدح‬١‫خ ل‬١ٌ‫خ وآ‬١ٍّ‫اعزخذاَ ٘زٖ اٌؼ‬
.ٜ‫بدح األخش‬١‫بد اٌم‬١ٌ‫آ‬
Figure 5 shows production by gravity drainage.
.‫خ‬١‫ف اٌغبرث‬٠‫ك رظش‬٠‫ اإلٔزبط ػٓ ؽش‬5 ً‫ػح اٌشى‬ٛ٠
The best conditions for gravity drainage are:

a- Thick oil zones.

b- High vertical permeabilities.

:ٟ٘ ‫خ‬١‫ف اٌغبرث‬٠‫ف ٌزظش‬ٚ‫أفؼً اٌظش‬

.‫ىخ‬١ّ‫ذ اٌغ‬٠‫ ِٕبؽك اٌض‬-‫أ‬
.‫خ‬١ٌ‫خ ػب‬١‫خ سأع‬٠‫ ٔفبر‬-‫ة‬
The rate of production engendered by gravity drainage is very low
compared with the other drive mechanisms examined so far.
ُ‫ ر‬ٟ‫ اٌز‬ٜ‫بد اٌذفغ األخش‬١ٌ‫خ ِٕخفغ عذًا ِمبسٔخ ثآ‬١‫ف اٌغبرث‬٠‫ِؼذي اإلٔزبط إٌبرظ ػٓ رظش‬
.ْ٢‫ ا‬ٝ‫ب حز‬ٙ‫فحظ‬

However, it is extremely efficient over long periods and can rise to

extremely high recoveries (50-70% OOIP). Consequently, it is often
used in addition to other drive mechanisms.

17
‫‪Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes‬‬ ‫‪2017 – 2018‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed‬‬

‫‪ِٚ‬غ رٌه ‪ ،‬ف‪ ٟٙ‬فؼبٌخ ٌٍغب‪٠‬خ ػٍ‪ِ ٝ‬ذ‪ ٜ‬فزشاد ؽ‪ٍ٠ٛ‬خ ‪ّ٠ٚ‬ىٓ أْ رشرفغ إٌ‪ِ ٝ‬ؼذالد اعزشداد‬
‫ػبٌ‪١‬خ ٌٍغب‪٠‬خ (‪ٚ .)OOIP ٪70-50‬ثبٌزبٌ‪ ، ٟ‬غبٌجًب ِب ‪٠‬زُ اعزخذاِٗ ثبإلػبفخ إٌ‪ ٝ‬آٌ‪١‬بد‬
‫ِحشن األلشاص األخش‪.ٜ‬‬

‫‪Figure 5: Gravity drainage mechanism.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

6- Combination drive mechanism

The driving mechanism most commonly encountered is one in which

both water and free gas are available in some degree to displace the
oil toward the producing wells.
‫بدح اٌّشوجخ‬١‫خ اٌم‬١ٌ‫ آ‬-6

‫اٌغبص اٌحش ثذسعخ ِب‬ٚ ‫ب وً ِٓ اٌّبء‬ٙ١‫فش ف‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ ٟ‫ رٍه اٌز‬ٟ٘ ‫ػًب‬ٛ١‫بدح األوضش ش‬١‫خ اٌم‬١ٌ‫إْ آ‬
.‫ثبس إٌّزغخ‬٢‫ ا‬ٛ‫إلصاحخ إٌفؾ ٔح‬

The most common type of drive encountered, therefore, is a

combination-drive mechanism as illustrated in Figure 6.
ٛ٘ ‫خ ِحشن األلشاص اٌّخزٍؾ وّب‬١ٌ‫ آ‬ٟ٘ ‫ػًب‬ٛ١‫اع ِحشوبد األلشاص ش‬ٛٔ‫ فئْ أوضش أ‬، ‫ٌزٌه‬
.6 ً‫ اٌشى‬ٟ‫ػح ف‬ِٛ

Two combinations of driving forces can be present in combination-

drive reservoirs. These are:
a- Depletion drive and a weak water drive

b- Depletion drive with a small gas cap and a weak water drive

:ُ٘ ‫ ٘ؤالء‬.‫ اٌخضأبد راد اٌذفغ اٌّشزشن‬ٟ‫ اٌذافؼخ ف‬ٜٛ‫ػزبْ ِٓ اٌم‬ّٛ‫عذ ِغ‬ٛ‫ّىٓ أْ ر‬٠
‫ػؼف اٌّبء‬ٚ ‫ة‬ٛ‫ إٌؼ‬-‫أ‬

‫ف‬١‫ِحشن ِبء ػؼ‬ٚ ‫ش‬١‫ طغ‬ٞ‫ة ثغطبء غبص‬ٛ‫ ِحشن إٌؼ‬-‫ة‬

19
Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

Figure 6: Combination drive reservoir.

20
Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes 2017 – 2018 Dr. Muneef Mahjoob Mohammed

21