Reservoir Engineering:

is a part of petroleum science that provides the technical basis for the
recovery of petroleum fluids from subsurface sedimentary rock
reservoir.
. ّٓ‫ض ؽشق اعزخشاط إٌفؾ ِٓ اٌّى‬ٙ‫ رغ‬ٟ‫ي اٌز‬ٚ‫َ ٕ٘ذعٗ اٌجزش‬ٍٛ‫اؽذ ػ‬
Petroleum: - is a mineral substance composed of hydrocarbons and
produced from the natural accumulation of organic matter. Petroleum
is gas or liquid substance present in pore space of porous rocks
referred to as reservoir rock.
‫اد‬ٌٍّٛ ٗ١‫ؼ‬١‫ٕزظ ِٓ اٌزغّؼبد اٌطج‬٠ٚ ‫ٔبد‬ٚ‫وبثش‬ٚ‫ذس‬٠‫ب‬ٌٙ‫زبٌف ِٓ ا‬٠ ٗ١ٔ‫ ِبدح ِؼذ‬ٛ٘:‫ي‬ٚ‫اٌجزش‬
.ٗ٠ٛ‫اٌؼؼ‬
1- On what depend classify Petroleum reservoirs?
‫ف اٌّىبِٓ؟‬١ٕ‫زُ رظ‬٠ ‫ اعبط‬ٞ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬
Petroleum reservoirs are broadly1 classified as oil or gas reservoirs.
These broad classifications are further subdivided depending on:
• The composition of the reservoir hydrocarbon mixture
• Initial reservoir pressure and temperature
• Pressure and temperature of the surface production
:ٍٝ‫ٗ ثبالػزّبد ػ‬١‫ ٔفط‬ٚ ٗ٠‫ ِىبِٓ غبص‬ٌٝ‫اٌّىبِٓ رظٕف ا‬
ٟٔٛ‫وبسث‬ٚ‫ذس‬٠‫ب‬ٌٙ‫ؾ ا‬١ٍ‫ت اٌخ‬١‫رشو‬-1
ّٓ‫ٓ ٌٍّى‬١١‫اٌؼغؾ االثزذائ‬ٚ ‫دسعٗ اٌؾشاسح‬-2
‫دسعٗ اٌؾشاسح ٌالٔزبػ ٌٍغطؼ‬ٚ ‫ػغؾ‬-3
2-classify reservoirs?
‫طٕف اٌّىبِٓ؟‬
reservoirs can be classified into basically two types. These are:
• Oil reservoirs:If the reservoir temperature T is less than the critical
temperature Tc of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir is classified as an
oil reservoir.
• Gas reservoirs:If the reservoir temperature is greater than the critical
temperature of the hydrocarbon fluid, the reservoir is considered a gas
1
‫احمد االسدي‬
reservoir.
:ٓ١١‫غ‬١‫ٓ سئ‬١‫ػ‬ٛٔ ٌٝ‫اٌّىبِٓ رظٕف ا‬
‫ائغ‬ٌّٛ ٗ‫ش دسعٗ اٌؾشاسح اٌّىّٓ الً ِٓ دسعٗ اٌؾشاسح اٌؾشع‬١‫ؽ‬:ٗ١‫اٌّىبِٓ إٌفط‬-1
ّٓ‫اٌّى‬
‫ائغ‬ٌّٛ ٗ‫ ِٓ دسعٗ اٌؾشاسح اٌؾشع‬ٍٝ‫ش دسعٗ اٌؾشاسح اٌّىّٓ اػ‬١‫ؽ‬:ٗ٠‫اٌّىبِٓ اٌغبص‬-2
.ّٓ‫اٌّى‬
3- classify oil reservoir?
‫ٗ؟‬١‫طٕف اٌّىبِٓ إٌفط‬
Depending upon initial reservoir pressure pi, oil reservoirs can be
subclassified into the following categories:
1. Undersaturated oil reservoir. If the initial reservoir pressure pi ,
is greater than the bubble-point pressure pb of the reservoir fluid, the
reservoir is labeled1 an under saturated
oil reservoir.
2. Saturated oil reservoir. When the initial reservoir pressure is
equal to the bubble-point pressure of the reservoir fluid, the reservoir
is called a saturated oil reservoir.
3. Gas-cap reservoir. If the initial reservoir pressure is below the
bubblepoint pressure of the reservoir fluid the reservoir is termed a
gas-cap or two-phase reservoir, in which the gas or vapor phase is
underlain2 by an oil phase.
: ٌٝ‫ّىٓ اْ رظٕف ا‬٠ ٗ١‫ ٌٍّىّٓ اٌّىبِٓ إٌفط‬ٟ‫ اٌؼغؾ االثزذائ‬ٍٝ‫ثبالػزّبد ػ‬
ٗ‫ ِٓ ػغؾ ٔمطٗ اٌفمبػ‬ٍٝ‫ اػ‬ٟ‫ش اٌؼغؾ االثزذائ‬١‫ؽ‬:‫اٌّىبِٓ رؾذ االشجبع‬-1
ٗ‫ب ٌؼغؾ ٔمطٗ اٌفمبػ‬٠ٚ‫ ِغب‬ٟ‫ش اٌؼغؾ االثزذائ‬١‫ؽ‬:ٗ‫اٌّىبِٓ اٌّشجؼ‬-2
ٗ‫ الً ِٓ ػغؾ ٔمطٗ اٌفمبػ‬ّٟٕ‫ش اٌؼغؾ اٌّى‬١‫ؽ‬:ٗ٠‫ ِىبِٓ راد اٌمجٗ اٌغبص‬-3

4- classify crude oil?

‫ؽ اٌخبَ؟‬ٛ‫اع إٌف‬ٛٔ‫طٕف ا‬
Crude oils are commonly classified into the following types:
1-ordinary black oil
2-low shrinkage crude oil
3-High shrinkage (volatile) crude oil
2
‫احمد االسدي‬
4-near critical crude oil

5-Classifi natural gas reservoirs?

1-retrograde gas condensate reservoirs
2-near critical gas condensate reservoirs
3-wet gas rservoirs
4-dry gas reservoirs
Some basic definition’s in reservoir engineering:
Cricondentherm (Tct)—The Cricondentherm is defined as the
maximum temperature above which liquid cannot be formed regardless
of pressure
‫ّب وبْ اٌؼغؾ‬ِٙ ً‫ْ عبئ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ ‫ش ال‬١‫ دسعٗ ؽشاسح ؽ‬ٍٝ‫اػ‬
• Cricondenbar (pcb)—The Cricondenbar is the maximum pressure
above which no gas can be formed regardless of temperature
‫ّب وبٔذ دسعٗ اٌؾشاسح‬ِٙ ‫ْ غبص‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ ‫ش ال‬١‫ ػغؾ ؽ‬ٍٝ‫اػ‬
• Critical point—The critical point for a multicomponent mixture is
referred to as the state of pressure and temperature at which all intensive
properties of the gas and liquid phases are equal
ً‫اٌغبئ‬ٚ ‫ٗ ٌٍغبص‬١‫بئ‬٠‫ض‬١‫اص اٌف‬ٛ‫ٓ اٌخ‬١‫ض ث‬١١ّ‫ّىٓ اٌز‬٠‫ش ال‬١‫ اٌذسعٗ ؽ‬ٟ٘
• Bubble-point curve—is defined as the line separating the liquid-phase
region from the two-phase region.
‫س‬ٛ‫ٗ اٌط‬١‫فظً ِٕطمٗ اٌغبئً ػٓ ِٕطمٗ صٕبئ‬٠ ٞ‫اٌخؾ اٌز‬:ٗ‫ ٔمطٗ اٌفمبػ‬ٟٕ‫ِٕؾ‬
• Dew-point curve—is defined as the line separating the vapor-phase
region from the two-phase region.
‫س‬ٛ‫ٗ اٌط‬١‫فظً ِٕطمٗ اٌجخبس ػٓ ِٕطمٗ صٕبئ‬٠ ٞ‫اٌخؾ اٌز‬:ٜ‫ ٔمطٗ إٌذ‬ٟٕ‫ِٕؾ‬
Bubblepoint pressure (pb)
– Pressure at which first bubble of gas is released from reservoir
Oils
Compressibility is the fractional change in volume due to a unit change in
pressure.

3
‫احمد االسدي‬
GAS FORMATION VOLUME FACTOR:
‫حجم انغبص في انمكمه عىذ ضغظ ودسجه حشاسة انمكمه انى حجم انغبص‬:‫معبمم تمذد انغبص‬
‫في انضشوف انقيبسيه مه ضغظ ودسجه حشاسة‬
The gas formation volume factor is used to relate the volume of gas,
as measured at reservoir conditions, to the volume of the gas as
measured at standard conditions, i.e., 60°F and 14.7 psia.

PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OIL SYSTEMS

1-Crude Oil Gravity

2-Gas Solubility
The gas solubility Rs is defined as the number of standard cubic feet
of gas that will dissolve in one stock-tank barrel of crude oil at certain
pressure and temperature.
ً١ِ‫ ثش‬ٟ‫ٗ ِٓ اٌغبص اٌّزاثٗ ف‬١‫بع‬١‫ب ػذد االلذاَ اٌّىؼجٗ اٌم‬ٙٔ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ٗ اٌغبص رؼشف ػ‬١ٔ‫ثب‬ٚ‫ر‬
.ٓ١ٕ١‫ػغؾ ِؼ‬ٚ ‫اؽذ ِٓ إٌفؾ ػٕذ دسعٗ ؽشاسح‬ٚ ٟ‫عطؾ‬
3-Bubble-Point Pressure
The bubble-point pressure pb of a hydrocarbon system is defined as
the highest pressure at which a bubble of gas is first liberated from the
oil.
.‫ٗ ِٓ إٌفؾ‬٠‫ّىٓ اْ رزؾشس فمبػبد غبص‬٠ ‫ ػغؾ‬ٍٝ‫اػ‬:ٗ‫ػغؾ ٔمطٗ اٌفمبػ‬
4-Oil Formation Volume Factor
The oil formation volume factor, Bo, is defined as the ratio of the
volume of oil (plus the gas in solution) at the prevailing reservoir
temperature and pressure to the volume of oil at standard conditions
‫ داخً اٌّىّٓ ػٕذ‬ٟ‫ إٌفؾ) ف‬ٟ‫اٌغبص اٌّزاة ف‬ٚ( ‫ٓ ؽغُ إٌفؾ‬١‫ إٌغجٗ ث‬ٛ٘:‫ِؼبًِ رّذد إٌفؾ‬
.ٗ١‫بع‬١‫ف اٌم‬ٚ‫ ؽغُ إٌفؾ ػٕذ اٌؼش‬ٌٝ‫ػغؾ اٌّىّٓ ا‬ٚ ‫دسعٗ ؽشاسح‬

4
‫احمد االسدي‬
CONSTANT-COMPOSITION EXPANSION TESTS
Constant-composition expansion experiments are performed on gas
condensates or crude oil to simulate the pressure-volume relations of
these hydrocarbon systems. The test is conducted for the purposes of
determining:
• Saturation pressure (bubble-point or dew-point pressure)
• Isothermal compressibility coefficients of the single-phase fluid in
excess of saturation pressure
• Compressibility factors of the gas phase
• Total hydrocarbon volume as a function of pressure
:‫طبد رّذد اٌؾغُ اٌضبثذ‬ٛ‫فؾ‬
ُ‫ٗ اٌؾغ‬١‫غبد اٌؼاللٗ ث‬٠ ‫ ِىبِٓ اٌغبص اٌّزىضفٗ ال‬ٚ‫ إٌفؾ اٌخبَ ا‬ٟ‫طبد ف‬ٛ‫رغزخذَ ٘زح اٌفؾ‬
:‫ب‬ِٕٙ ‫ش اٌغشع‬١‫اٌؼغؾ ؽ‬ٚ
)ٗ‫غبد ػغؾ االشجبع(ػغؾ ٔمطٗ اٌفمبػ‬٠‫ا‬-1
ٗ١‫غبد ِؼبًِ االٔؼغبؽ‬٠‫ا‬-2
‫ٗ ٌٍغبص‬١‫غبد ِؼبًِ االٔؼغبؽ‬٠‫ا‬-3
‫ْ وذاٌٗ ٌٍؼغؾ‬ٛ‫وبسث‬ٚ‫ذس‬٠‫ب‬ٌٍٙ ٍٟ‫غبد اٌؾغُ اٌى‬٠‫ا‬-4
DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION (VAPORIZATION) TEST
In the differential liberation process, the solution gas that is liberated
from an oil sample during a decline in pressure is continuously
removed from contact with the oil, and before establishing
equilibrium with the liquid phase. This type of liberation is

5
‫احمد االسدي‬
characterized by a varying composition of the total hydrocarbon
system.
The experimental data obtained from the test include:
• Amount of gas in solution as a function of pressure
• The shrinkage in the oil volume as a function of pressure
• Properties of the evolved gas including the composition of the
liberated
gas, the gas compressibility factor, and the gas specific gravity
• Density of the remaining oil as a function of pressure
:ٍٟ‫اخزجبس اٌزؾشس اٌزفبػ‬
ٓ‫ّى‬٠ ‫ش ِٓ ٘زا االخزجبس‬١‫ اٌؼغؾ ؽ‬ٟ‫ؽ ف‬ٛ‫طشد اٌغبص اٌّزؾشس ِغ وً ٘ج‬٠ ‫ ٘زا االخزجبس‬ٟ‫ف‬
:ٍٟ٠ ‫غبد ِب‬٠‫ا‬
‫ٗ اٌغبص اٌّزاة وذاٌٗ ٌٍؼغؾ‬١ّ‫و‬-1
‫ ؽغُ إٌفؾ وذاٌٗ ٌٍؼغؾ‬ٟ‫اٌزّذد ف‬-2
‫ٗ ٌٍغزض‬١‫ػ‬ٌٕٛ‫اٌىضبفٗ ا‬ٚ ‫ٗ اٌغبص‬١‫ أؼغبؽ‬ٚ ‫ت‬١‫زؼّٓ اٌزشو‬٠ ‫اص اٌغبص اٌّزؾشس‬ٛ‫خ‬-3
‫ وذاٌٗ ٌٍؼغؾ‬ٟ‫وضبفٗ إٌفؾ اٌّزجم‬-4
In a flash liberation process: gas which is released from solution
remains in contact with the oil (a constant composition process)
‫ت صبثذ‬١‫ اٌزشو‬ٝ‫جم‬٠ ٞ‫ ؽبٌٗ رّبط ِغ إٌفؾ ا‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٝ‫جم‬٠ ‫غ اٌغبص‬١ٌِٛ‫ٗ اٌزؾشس ا‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ف‬
‫الجريان في المكمن هو تفاضلي اما في العوازل هو وميض‬
POROSITY
The porosity of a rock is a measure of the storage capacity (pore
volume) that is capable of holding fluids.
The porosity is the ratio of the pore volume to the total volume (bulk
volume).
‫ائغ‬ٌّٛ‫ خضْ ا‬ٍٝ‫ٗ اٌظخشح ػ‬١ٍ‫بط ٌمبث‬١‫ ل‬ٟ٘ ٗ١ِ‫اٌّغب‬
.ٍٟ‫ اٌؾغُ اٌى‬ٌٝ‫ٓ ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد ا‬١‫ب إٌغجٗ ث‬ٙٔ‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ٗ رؼشف ػ‬١ِ‫اٌّغب‬
This leads to two distinct types of porosity, namely:
• Absolute porosity
• Effective porosity
Absolute porosity
The absolute porosity is defined as the ratio of the total pore space in
the rock to that of the bulk volume.
‫ ٌٍظخشح‬ٍٟ‫ اٌؾغُ اٌى‬ٌٟ‫ ٌٍّغبِبد ا‬ٍٟ‫ ٔغجٗ اٌؾغُ اٌى‬ٟ٘:ٗ‫ٗ اٌّطٍم‬١ِ‫اٌّغب‬
Effective porosity
The effective porosity is the percentage of interconnected pore space
with respect to the bulk volume

6
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫ ٌٍظخشح‬ٍٟ‫ اٌؾغُ اٌى‬ٌٝ‫ ٔغجٗ ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد اٌّزظٍٗ ا‬ٟ٘:ٌٗ‫ٗ اٌفؼب‬١ِ‫اٌّغب‬
We can classify porosity two types according to its formed.
1- Primary porosity.
2- Secondary porosity.

:‫تصىف انمسبميه حسب بيئه انتشسيب انى‬

‫انمسبميه االبتذائيه وهي انمسبميه االصهيه نهصخشة‬:‫اوال‬
‫انمسبميه انثبوويه حيث حصهت بعذ بعض انتطوسات انجيهوجيه انمتتببعه‬:‫ثبويب‬
SATURATION
Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent, of the pore volume
occupied by a particular fluid (oil, gas, or water).
‫وسبه حجم انمسبمبت انمشغول ببنمبئع انى انحجم انكهي نهمسبمبت‬
Critical oil saturation, Soc
For the oil phase to flow, the saturation of the oil must exceed a
certain value, which is termed critical oil saturation. At this particular
saturation, the oil remains in the pores and, for all practical purposes,
will not flow.
‫في هزا انتشبع اليمكه نهىفظ انجشيبن حتى يتجبوص هزا انتشبع‬

Residual oil saturation, Sor

‫هو تشبع انىفظ انمتبقي بعذ اصاحه انىفظ بواسطه انمبء او انغبص حيث يكون اعهى مه تشبع‬
‫انىفظ انحشج‬
Movable oil saturation, Som
‫يعشف عهى اوه جضء مه حجم انمسبمبت انمشغول ببنىفظ انقببم نهحشكه حيث يعطى ببنعالقه‬
:‫انتبنيه‬

Critical water saturation, Swc

The critical water saturation, connate water saturation, and irreducible
water saturation are extensively used interchangeably to define the
maximum water saturation at which the water phase will remain
immobile.
ٗ‫ّىٓ ٌٍّبء ثبٌؾشو‬٠ ‫ش ال‬١‫ رشجغ ؽ‬ٍٝ‫اػ‬
WETTABILITY
Wettability is defined as the tendency of one fluid to spread on or adhere to a
solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids.
ٗ‫ش اٌّّزضع‬١‫ائغ غ‬ٌّٛ‫د اؽذ ا‬ٛ‫ع‬ٛ‫ عطؼ اٌغغُ اٌظٍت ث‬ٍٝ‫ائغ ٌالٔزشبس ػ‬ٌّٛ‫ لبثٍٗ اؽذ ا‬ٟ٘ ٗ١ٍٍ‫اٌزج‬
.ٜ‫االخش‬

7
‫احمد االسدي‬
the contact angle =is angle a measure of wettability where the contact
angle decreases, the wetting characteristics of the liquid increase and
Complete wettability would be evidenceds by a zero contact angle, and
complete nonwetting would be evidenced by a contact angle of 180°.
contact angles of 60° to 90° will tend to repel the liquid.
.‫ف رضداد‬ٛ‫ٗ ع‬١ٍٍ‫ٗ فبْ اٌزج‬٠ٚ‫ش ػٕذِب رمً ٘زح اٌضا‬١‫ٗ ؽ‬١ٍٍ‫بط ٌٍزج‬١‫ ل‬ٟ٘:‫ٗ اٌزّبط‬٠ٚ‫صا‬
.081 ‫ٗ اٌزّبط‬٠ٚ‫ْ صا‬ٛ‫ٗ ػٕذِب رى‬١ٍٍ‫عذ ٌٍزج‬ٛ٠‫ال‬ٚ ‫ٗ اٌزّبط طفش‬٠ٚ‫ْ صا‬ٛ‫ٗ ػٕذِب رى‬١ٍ‫ش اْ اٌزجٍٍٗ اٌى‬١‫ؽ‬
: ٌٝ‫ف اٌّىبِٓ ا‬١ٕ‫ّىٓ رظ‬٠ ‫ٗ اٌزّبط‬٠ٚ‫ صا‬ٍٝ‫ثبالػزّبد ػ‬
1-water-wet reservoirs (> 90):
‫شح‬١‫ اٌّغبِبد اٌىج‬ٟ‫إٌفؾ ف‬ٚ ‫شح‬١‫ اٌّغبِبد اٌظغ‬ٟ‫د ف‬ٛ‫ع‬ِٛ ‫ْ اٌّبء‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫ؽ‬:‫ اٌّبء‬ٟ‫اٌّىبِٓ اٌّجٍٍٗ ف‬
ْٛ‫فؼً اْ رى‬٠ٚ ‫ٗ ٌٍّبء‬١ٍٍ‫ٗ راد رج‬١‫ش اغٍت اٌّىبِٓ اٌؼشال‬١‫ْ اٌّبء ِالطك ٌٍظخشح ؽ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫ؽ‬
. ٗ١ٍٍ‫ع ِٓ اٌزج‬ٌٕٛ‫اٌّىبِٓ ِٓ ٘زا ا‬
1-oil-wet reservoirs ( <90):
ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫شح ؽ‬١‫ اٌّغبِبد اٌظغ‬ٟ‫إٌفؾ ف‬ٚ ‫شح‬١‫ اٌّغبِبد اٌىج‬ٟ‫ْ اٌّبء ف‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ش‬١‫ؽ‬:‫اٌّىبِٓ اٌّجٍٍٗ ثبٌٕفؾ‬
‫ِالطك ٌٍظخشح‬
1-intermediate or mixed wettability reservoirs (= 90):
‫انمكبمه رات انتبههيه انمختهطه‬

CAPILLARY PRESSURE:

ًٍ‫س اٌّج‬ٛ‫اٌط‬ٚ ًٍ‫ش اٌّج‬١‫س غ‬ٛ‫ٓ اٌط‬١‫ اٌفشق ث‬ٛ٘ ٞ‫اٌؼغؾ اٌشؼش‬

Drainage process :is displacing the wetting phase, i.e., water with the
nonwetting phase (such as with gas or oil)
‫عمليه التصريف هي ازاحه الطور المبلل بواسطه الطور غير المبلل حيث يزداد تشبع الطور غير‬
‫المبلل‬
Imbibition process: reversing the drainage process is the displacing the
nonwetting phase (such as with oil) with the wetting phase, (e.g., water).
‫ش‬١‫س اٌّجًٍ ؽ‬ٛ‫اعطٗ اٌط‬ٛ‫ش اٌّجًٍ ث‬١‫س غ‬ٛ‫ش رزُ اصاؽٗ اٌط‬١‫ف ؽ‬٠‫ٗ اٌزظش‬١ٍّ‫ ػىظ ػ‬ٟ٘:‫ٗ اٌزششة‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬
.ًٍ‫س اٌّج‬ٛ‫ اٌط‬ٟ‫ؾظً ٔمظبْ ف‬٠

where pd = displacement pressure, psi

ًٍ‫س اٌّج‬ٛ‫ش اٌّجًٍ اصاؽٗ اٌط‬١‫س غ‬ٛ‫زطٍت اعجبس اٌط‬٠ ‫ الً ػغؾ‬ٛ٘ ٗ‫ ػغؾ اٌؼزج‬ٚ‫ػغؾ االصاؽٗ ا‬
∆= density difference, lb/ft3
FWL = free water level, ft
WOC = water-oil contact, ft
8
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫ا‪٠‬غبد عّه إٌّطمٗ االٔزمبٌ‪ ِٓ ٗ١‬اٌؼاللٗ اٌزبٌ‪:ٗ١‬‬

‫ؽ‪١‬ش اٌؼاللٗ ث‪ ٓ١‬عّه إٌّطمٗ االٔزمبٌ‪ٚ ٗ١‬اٌفشق ف‪ ٟ‬وضبفٗ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ٘‪ ٟ‬ػاللٗ ػىغ‪ ٗ١‬ؽ‪١‬ش وٍّب وبْ اٌفشق‬
‫وج‪١‬ش (ِبء ‪ٚ‬غبص ا‪ٔ ٚ‬فؾ ‪ٚ‬غبص) وبْ عّه إٌّطمٗ االٔزمبٌ‪ ٗ١‬لٍ‪ٚ ً١‬اٌؼىظ وٍّب وبْ اٌفشق لٍ‪ِ( ً١‬ضً ِبء‬
‫‪ٔٚ‬فؾ ) وبْ عّه إٌّطمٗ االٔزمبٌ‪ ٗ١‬اوجش وّب ف‪ ٟ‬اٌشىً اٌزبٌ‪ٟ‬‬

‫اٌؼاللٗ ث‪ ٓ١‬عّه إٌّطمٗ االٔزمبٌ‪ٚ ٗ١‬إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬ػىغ‪ ٗ١‬ؽ‪١‬ش وٍّب وبٔذ إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬ػبٌ‪ ٗ١‬فبْ عّه إٌّطمٗ‬
‫االٔزمبٌ‪ ٗ١‬لٍ‪ٚ ٍٗ١‬اٌؼىظ طؾ‪١‬ؼ وّب ف‪ ٟ‬اٌشىً اٌزبٌ‪:ٟ‬‬

‫‪Permeability‬‬
‫‪Permeability: It is a property of the porous medium that measure the‬‬
‫‪capacity and ability of the formation to transmit fluid . It is a very important‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
rock property because it control the direction movement and the flow rate
of the reservoir fluids in the formation .
‫النفاذيه هي خاصيه مهمه للوسط المسامي حيث تقيس قابليه الطبقه لنقل الموائع‬
We can measure the permeability (k) by Darcy's law.

.ٟ‫ داسع‬ٟ٘ ٗ٠‫بط إٌفبر‬١‫ؽذح ل‬ٚ ‫ش‬١‫ ؽ‬ٟ‫ْ داسع‬ٛٔ‫اعطٗ لب‬ٛ‫غبد٘ب ث‬٠‫ّىٓ ا‬٠ٚ
The measure unit of permeability is darcy .
One darcy :- is define as that permeability permitting a fluid of one
centipoises viscosity to flow at of one cubic centimeter per second through
across – section area of square centimeter when the pressure gradient is
one atmospheric per centimeter.
Condition apply Darcy's law
:‫ششوط تطبيق قبوون داسسي‬
1- No reaction occur between the rock and fluid .
2- Laminar flow exist.
3- Incompressible fluid .
4- One fluid completely saturation the core .
5- Permeability a constant
6- Flow system steady – state

‫اٌّبئغ‬ٚ ‫ٓ اٌظخشح‬١‫عذ رفبػً ث‬ٛ٠‫ال‬-0

ٟ‫بث‬١‫بْ أغ‬٠‫اٌغش‬-2
‫ش ِٕؼغؾ‬١‫اٌّبئغ غ‬-3
‫اؽذ‬ٚ ‫ب ثّبئغ‬١ٍ‫اٌٍجبة ِشجغ و‬-4
‫بْ ِغزمش‬٠‫اٌغش‬-5
Classification of permeability
1- Absolute permeability: is permeability of rock to fluid when the rock is 100%
saturated with that fluid such as oil , gas or water .
2- Effective permeability : is permeability of rock when the rock containing more one
fluid .
3- Relative permeability : is the ratio of the effective permeability to absolute
permeability .
:‫اع‬ٛٔ‫ صالس ا‬ٌٝ‫ٗ ا‬٠‫رظٕف إٌفبر‬
‫ب‬١ٍ‫ْ ِشجؼٗ ثبٌّبئغ و‬ٛ‫ش رى‬١‫ٗ اٌظخشح ؽ‬٠‫ ٔفبر‬ٟ٘:ٗ‫ٗ اٌّطٍم‬٠‫إٌفبر‬-1
‫ اوضش ِٓ ِبئغ‬ٞٛ‫ٗ اٌظخشح ػٕذِب رؾز‬٠‫ ٔفبر‬ٟ٘:ٌٗ‫ٗ اٌفؼب‬٠‫إٌفبر‬-2
ٗ١ٍ‫ٗ اٌى‬٠‫إٌفبر‬ٚ ٌٗ‫ٗ اٌفؼب‬٠‫ٓ إٌفبر‬١‫ إٌغجٗ ث‬ٟ٘:ٗ١‫ٗ إٌغج‬٠‫إٌفبر‬-3
The primary reservoir characteristics that must be considered include:
• Types of fluids in the reservoir
• Flow regimes
• Reservoir geometry
• Number of flowing fluids in the reservoir

10
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫الخواص الرئيسيه للمكمن التي يجب ان تؤخذ بنظر االعتبار‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬نوع الموائع في المكمن‬
‫‪-2‬انماط الجريان‬
‫‪-3‬هندسه المكمن‬
‫‪-4‬عدد الموائع في المكمن‬
‫‪TYPES OF FLUIDS‬‬
‫‪• Incompressible fluids‬‬
‫‪• Slightly compressible fluids‬‬
‫‪• Compressible fluids‬‬
‫أ‪ٛ‬اع اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ غ‪١‬ش لبثٍٗ ٌالٔؼغبؽ‬
‫‪-2‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ لٍ‪ ٍٗ١‬االٔؼغبؽ‪ٗ١‬‬
‫‪-3‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ لبثٍٗ ٌالٔؼغبؽ‬

‫‪Incompressible Fluids‬‬
‫)‪An incompressible fluid is defined as the fluid whose volume (or density‬‬
‫‪does not change with pressure, i.e.:‬‬
‫اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ غ‪١‬ش لبثٍٗ ٌالٔؼغبؽ‪ ٟ٘:‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ اٌز‪ ٟ‬ال ‪٠‬زغ‪١‬ش ف‪ٙ١‬ب اٌؾغُ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌىضبفٗ ِغ اٌؼغؾ ا‪ ٞ‬اْ اٌزغ‪١‬ش ف‪ٟ‬‬
‫اٌؾغُ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌىضبفٗ ٔغجٗ اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌؼغؾ ‪٠‬غب‪ ٞٚ‬طفش‬

‫‪Slightly Compressible Fluids‬‬

‫‪These “slightly” compressible fluids exhibit small changes in volume, or‬‬
‫‪density, with changes in pressure.‬‬
‫الموائع قليله االنضغاطيه‪:‬هي الموائع التي يتغير فيها الحجم او الكثافه تغيرا قليال مع الضغط‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
Compressible Fluids
These are fluids that experience large changes in volume as a function of
pressure.
.‫ اٌؾغُ ِغ اٌؼغؾ‬ٟ‫شا ف‬١‫شا وج‬١‫ رؼشع رغ‬ٟ‫ائغ اٌز‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬ٟ٘:‫ائغ لبثٍٗ ٌالٔؼغبؽ‬ٌّٛ‫ا‬

FLOW REGIMES
There are three flow regimes:
• Steady-state flow
• Unsteady-state flow
• Pseudosteady-state flow
ْ‫ب‬٠‫أّبؽ اٌغش‬
:ْ‫ب‬٠‫اع ِٓ أّبؽ اٌغش‬ٛٔ‫ٕ٘بٌه صالصٗ ا‬
‫بْ اٌؾبٌٗ اٌّغزمش‬٠‫اٌغش‬-1
ٌٟ‫ االٔزمب‬ٚ‫ش اٌّغزمشح ا‬١‫بْ اٌؾبٌٗ غ‬٠‫اٌغش‬-2
‫ شجٗ اٌّغزمش‬ٚ‫ اٌىبرة ا‬ٚ‫بْ اٌضائف ا‬٠‫اٌغش‬-3

Steady-State Flow
The flow regime is identified as a steady-state flow if the pressure at every
location in the reservoir remains constant, i.e., does not change with time.
Mathematically, this condition is expressed as:

.‫لذ‬ٌٛ‫ش ِغ ا‬١‫زغ‬٠‫ صبثذ ال‬ٝ‫جم‬٠ ّٓ‫ اٌّى‬ٟ‫ وً ِىبْ ف‬ٟ‫اٌؼغؾ ف‬

Unsteady-State Flow
The unsteady-state flow (frequently called transient flow) is defined as the fluid
flowing condition at which the rate of change of pressure with respect to time at
any position in the reservoir is not zero or constant.
This definition suggests that the pressure derivative with respect to time
is essentially a function of both position i and time t, thus

: ٌٟ‫بْ االٔزمب‬٠‫ اٌغش‬ٚ‫ش اٌّغزمش ا‬١‫بْ غ‬٠‫اٌغش‬

‫لذ‬ٌٍٛ ٌٗ‫ْ ػجبسح ػٓ دا‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ً‫ال صبثذ ث‬ٚ ‫ظ طفشا‬١ٌ ّٓ‫ اٌّى‬ٟ‫ ِىبْ ف‬ٞ‫ ا‬ٟ‫لذ ف‬ٌٛ‫ اٌؼغؾ ِغ ا‬ٟ‫ش ف‬١‫اٌزغ‬
.ّٓ‫ اٌّى‬ٟ‫اٌّىبْ ف‬ٚ

12
‫احمد االسدي‬
Pseudosteady-State Flow
When the pressure at different locations in the reservoir is declining linearly as a
function of time, i.e., at a constant declining rate, the flowing condition is
characterized as the pseudosteady-state flow.
:‫ شجٗ اٌّغزمش‬ٚ‫ اٌىبرة ا‬ٚ‫بْ اٌضائف ا‬٠‫اٌغش‬
.‫ْ صبثزب‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ؽ‬ٛ‫ج‬ٌٙ‫ش ٘زا ا‬١‫لذ ؽ‬ٌٍٛ ٌٗ‫ٗ وذا‬١‫سح خط‬ٛ‫جؾ ثظ‬ٙ٠ ‫اٌؼغؾ‬

RESERVOIR GEOMETRY
• Radial flow
• Linear flow
• Spherical and hemispherical flow
:ّٓ‫ٕ٘ذعٗ اٌّى‬
ٟ‫بْ اٌشؼبػ‬٠‫اٌغش‬-1
ٟ‫بْ اٌخط‬٠‫اٌغش‬-2
ٞٚ‫ شجٗ اٌىش‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٞٚ‫بْ اٌىش‬٠‫اٌغش‬-3
STEADY-STATE FLOW
1-Linear Flow of Incompressible Fluids

2-Radial Flow of Incompressible Fluids

UNSTEADY-STATE FLOW
Basic Transient Flow Equation:

13
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫المعادالت التي تستخدم في اشتقاق معادله االنتشاريه‬
a. Continuity Equation
b. Transport Equation
c. Compressibility Equation
Radial Flow of Slightly Compressible Fluids:

:‫لحل هذة المعادله توجد طريقتين‬

A-Constant-terminal-pressure solution
This technique is frequently used in water influx calculations in gas and oil
reservoirs.
B-Constant-terminal-rate solution:
These are two commonly used forms of the constant-terminal-rate solution:
• The Ei-function solution
• The dimensionless pressure pD solution

The Ei-Function Solution:

Matthews and Russell (1967) proposed a solution to the diffusivity equation that
is based on the following assumptions:
• Infinite acting reservoir, i.e., the reservoir is infinite in size.
• The well is producing at a constant flow rate.
• The reservoir is at a uniform pressure, pi, when production begins.
• The well, with a wellbore radius of rw, is centered in a cylindrical reservoir
of radius re.
• No flow across the outer boundary, i.e., at re.
Employing the above conditions, the authors presented their solution
in the following form:

The Dimensionless Pressure Drop (pD) Solution

The importance of dimensionless variables is that they simplify the diffusivity
equation and its solution by combining the reservoir parameters (such as
permeability, porosity, etc.) and thereby reduce the total number of unknowns.

14
‫احمد االسدي‬
Radial Flow of Compressible Fluids
:‫معبدنه االوتشبسيه تكون ببنشكم االتي‬

there are three forms of the mathematical solution to the diffusivity equation:
• The m(p)-Solution Method (Exact Solution)
• The Pressure-Squared Method (p2-Approximation Method)
• The Pressure Method (p-Approximation Method)

Skin Factor
‫ػبًِ اٌجششح‬
‫ش٘ب‬١‫غ‬ٚ ‫ائً اٌؾفش‬ٚٚ ‫بد االوّبي‬١ٍّ‫ي اٌجئش ثغجت ػ‬ٛ‫ ؽ‬ٟ‫ٗ اٌز‬٠‫ إٌفبر‬ٟ‫ً ف‬١ٍ‫اٌزم‬
• First Outcome:
Δpskin > 0, indicates an additional pressure drop due to wellbore damage,
i.e., kskin < k.
• Second Outcome:
Δpskin < 0, indicates less pressure drop due to wellbore improvement,
i.e., kskin > k.
• Third Outcome:
Δpskin = 0, indicates no changes in the wellbore condition, i.e., kskin = k.

• Positive Skin Factor, s > 0

When a damaged zone near the wellbore exists, kskin is less than k and hence s
is a positive number. The magnitude of the skin factor increases as kskin
decreases and as the depth of the damage rskin increases.
• Negative Skin Factor, s < 0
When the permeability around the well kskin is higher than that of the
formation k, a negative skin factor exists. This negative factor indicates an
improved wellbore condition.
• Zero Skin Factor, s = 0
Zero skin factor occurs when no alternation in the permeability around the
wellbore is observed, i.e., kskin = k.

15
‫احمد االسدي‬
The five reservoir fluid:

Black Volatile Retrograde Wet Dry

Oil Oil Gas Gas Gas

16
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪17‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪18‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
Dry gas - gas at surface is same as gas in reservoir
Wet gas - recombined surface gas and condensate
represents gas in reservoir
Retrograde gas - recombined surface gas and condensate
represents the gas in the reservoir But not the total reservoir
fluid (retrograde condensate stays in reservoir)

19
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪20‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪21‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪22‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪23‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪24‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪25‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪26‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪27‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪28‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪29‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪30‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫اٌّغبِ‪ِ ٟ٘:ٗ١‬م‪١‬بط ٌٍفشاؽ اٌّز‪ٛ‬فش ٌخضْ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ اٌ‪١ٙ‬ذس‪ٚ‬وبسث‪ٗ١ٔٛ‬‬
‫‪ّ٠‬ىٓ رظٕ‪١‬ف‪ٙ‬ب ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اعبط رى‪ٕٙ٠ٛ‬ب اٌ‪:ٝ‬‬
‫‪ِ-1‬غبِ‪ ٗ١‬اطٍ‪ ٟ٘:ٗ١‬اٌز‪ ٟ‬ؽظٍذ ػٕذ رشعت اٌّ‪ٛ‬اد‬
‫‪ِ-2‬غبِ‪ِ ٗ١‬غزؾذصٗ‪ ٟ٘:‬اٌّغبِ‪ ٗ١‬اٌز‪ ٟ‬ؽظٍذ ِٓ ثؼغ اٌؼٍّ‪١‬بد اٌغ‪ٌٛٛ١‬ع‪ ٗ١‬اٌز‪ ٟ‬اػمجذ رى‪ْٛ‬‬
‫اٌظخشح‬
‫إٌفبر‪ِ:ٗ٠‬م‪١‬بط ٌمبثٍٗ اٌ‪ٛ‬عؾ الِشاس اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ِٓ خالٌٗ‬

‫‪31‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫ف‪ٛ‬ائذ ٕ٘ذعٗ اٌّىبِٓ‪:‬‬
‫‪-1‬ا‪٠‬غبد ؽغُ اٌ‪ٙ‬ب‪٠‬ش‪ٚ‬وبسث‪ٔٛ‬بد ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّىّٓ‬
‫‪-2‬ا‪٠‬غبد اٌّخض‪ ْٚ‬إٌفط‪ ٟ‬اٌز‪ّ٠ ٟ‬ىٓ اعزخشاع‪ٙ‬ب‬

‫‪32‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
‫اٌّغبِ‪ٔ ٟ٘:ٗ١‬غجٗ ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌؾغُ اٌىٍ‪ِ ٟ٘ٚ ٟ‬م‪١‬بط ٌمبثٍ‪ ٗ١‬اٌظخشح ٌخضْ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ‪ ٟ٘ٚ‬ثذ‪ْٚ‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬ؽذاد ا‪ٔ ٞ‬غجٗ ِئ‪.ٗ٠ٛ‬‬
‫رمغُ اٌّغبِ‪ ٗ١‬اٌ‪: ٝ‬‬
‫‪-1‬اٌّغبِ‪ ٗ١‬اٌىٍ‪ٔ ٟ٘ٚ:ٗ١‬غجٗ ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد اٌىٍ‪ ٗ١‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌؾغُ اٌىٍ‪ٌٍ ٟ‬ظخشح‬
‫‪-2‬اٌّغبِ‪ ٗ١‬اٌفؼبٌٗ‪ٔ ٟ٘ٚ:‬غجٗ ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد اٌّزظٍٗ اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌؾغُ اٌىٍ‪ٌٍ ٟ‬ظخشح‬

‫ِٓ ٘زا اٌشىً ‪٠‬ز‪ٛ‬ػؼ اٌّغبِبد اٌّزظٍٗ رظٕ‪١‬ف ع‪١‬ذا ‪ٚ‬اٌّغبِبد راد اٌزظٕ‪١‬ف اٌفم‪١‬ش‬

‫‪33‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫ششػ ِخزظش ػٓ اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ ‪ ٚ‬إٌفبر‪٠‬خ ‪ ٚ‬اٌؼاللخ ث‪ّٕٙ١‬ب‬
‫٘‪ ٟ‬اٌؾغُ اٌٍّّ‪ٛ‬ء ثبٌّبئغ (ِٓ اٌظخشح) إٌ‪ ٝ‬ؽغُ اٌظخشح اٌىٍ‪٘ .ٟ‬زٖ اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ ٘‪ ٟ‬اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌّطٍمخ‬
‫‪absolute porosity‬إِب اٌفؼبٌخ فزشًّ ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد اٌّزظٍخ ‪ interconnected pores‬اٌّشجؼخ‬
‫ثبٌّبء ا‪ ٚ‬اٌ‪١ٙ‬ذس‪ٚ‬وبسث‪ ْٛ‬اٌمبثً ٌإلٔزبط‪ .‬اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌز‪ ٟ‬رزى‪ ْٛ‬خالي ػٍّ‪١‬خ اٌزشع‪١‬ت ٘‪ِ ٟ‬غبِ‪١‬خ أ‪١ٌٚ‬خ ا‪ٚ‬‬
‫أطٍ‪١‬خ ‪٘ original or primary porosity‬زٖ اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ رمً ِغ ػّك اٌذفٓ ثغجت ص‪٠‬بدح ؽّ‪ٌٛ‬خ‬
‫اٌظخ‪ٛ‬س ‪٘ overburden pressure‬زا إٌمظبْ ثظ‪ٛ‬سح اع‪١‬خ ‪.‬‬
‫ف‪ ٟ‬اٌظخ‪ٛ‬س اٌشع‪ٛ‬ث‪١‬خ رى‪ ْٛ‬أػٍ‪ ٝ‬ل‪ّ١‬خ ٌٍّغبِ‪١‬خ ٘‪ ٚ %44 ٟ‬الً ل‪ّ١‬خ ٘‪ ٟ‬طفش‪.‬‬
‫اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ األ‪١ٌٚ‬خ رزؼشع إٌ‪ ٝ‬رغ‪١١‬ش ‪ ٚ‬رؾ‪ٛ‬ي خالي رى‪ٕٙ٠ٛ‬ب إصٕبء اٌزشع‪١‬ت ‪ ٚ‬ثؼذٖ ٘زٖ اٌؼٍّ‪١‬بد ٘‪: ٟ‬‬
‫‪compaction, cementation, solution, recrystallization, replacement and fracturing‬‬
‫ػٍّ‪١‬بد االٔؾالي ‪ ٚ‬االعزجذاي ‪ ٚ‬اٌزشمك لذ رؤد‪ ٞ‬اٌ‪ ٝ‬ص‪٠‬بدح اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ ؽ‪١‬ش ‪٠‬زى‪ِ ْٛ‬ب ‪٠‬ؼشف ثبٌّغبِ‪١‬خ‬
‫اٌضبٔ‪٠ٛ‬خ‪secondary porosity.‬‬
‫اٌظخ‪ٛ‬س اٌشٍِ‪١‬خ ف‪ٙ١‬ب ِغبِ‪١‬خ ا‪١ٌٚ‬خ فمؾ‪ ,,‬اِب اٌظخ‪ٛ‬س اٌىٍغ‪١‬خ فف‪ٙ١‬ب ِغبِ‪١‬خ ا‪١ٌٚ‬خ ‪ ٚ‬اخش‪ ٜ‬صبٔ‪٠ٛ‬خ‪,‬‬
‫اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌضبٔ‪٠ٛ‬خ رى‪ ْٛ‬ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اشىبي ِخزٍفخ ٘‪:ٟ‬‬
‫‪1- fracture porosity.‬‬
‫‪2- vugular porosity.‬‬
‫‪3- cavernous porosity.‬‬
‫‪4- channel porosity.‬‬
‫اْ اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌضبٔ‪٠ٛ‬خ راد اّ٘‪١‬خ وج‪١‬شح ِٓ إٌبؽ‪١‬خ االٔزبع‪١‬خ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّىبِٓ اٌىٍغ‪١‬خ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌىبسث‪١ٔٛ‬خ‪.‬‬
‫رمبط اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌىٍ‪١‬خ ‪ ِٓ total porosity‬خالي رغغ‪ ً١‬اي ‪ sonic log‬ثأعزخذاَ اٌّؼبدٌخ االر‪١‬خ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Øsonic = Δtlog – Δtmatrix \ Δtfluid – Δtmatrix‬‬
‫‪ ِٓ ٚ‬اي ‪ ِٓ density log‬خالي اٌّؼبدٌخ االر‪١‬خ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ødesity = ρmatrix – ρlog \ ρmatrix – ρfluid‬‬
‫‪ ِٓ ٚ‬خالي اي ‪neutron log‬ثظ‪ٛ‬سح ِجبششح‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٚ‬اِب اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌضبٔ‪٠ٛ‬خ فزؾغت ثبٌّؼبدٌخ‪: - Øsonic Øtotal = Øsecondary‬‬
‫إٌفبر‪٠‬خ‬
‫اِب إٌفبر‪٠‬خ ف‪ ٟٙ‬لبثٍ‪١‬خ اٌظخشح ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌغّبػ ٌٍّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ثبٌّش‪ٚ‬س ِٓ خالٌ‪ٙ‬ب ثؾ‪١‬ش رى‪٘ ْٛ‬زٖ اٌظخشح ِشجؼخ‬
‫‪ %144‬ثبٌّبئغ ‪٘ ٚ‬زٖ إٌفبر‪٠‬خ رؼشف ثبٌٕفبر‪٠‬خ اٌّطٍمخ ‪ ٚ‬رمبط ث‪ٛ‬ؽذح اٌذاسع‪ ِٓ ٚ ٟ‬خالي ِؼبدالد‬
‫داسع‪ ٚ ٟ‬و‪ٛ‬ص‪ ِٓ ٚ ٍٟ٠ٚ ٚ ٟٕ٠‬خالي عظ اي ‪ SP log‬اِب ارا ٌُ رى‪ ْٛ‬اٌطجمخ ِشجؼخ ‪ %144‬ثبٌّبئغ ا‪ٚ‬‬
‫وبْ ٕ٘بن ِ‪ٛ‬ائغ ِظبؽجخ (ٔفؾ ‪,‬غبص‪ِ ,‬بء) فبْ إٌفبر‪٠‬خ اٌّمبعخ رى‪ ْٛ‬إٌفبر‪٠‬خ اٌفؼبٌخ ‪ ٟ٘ٚ‬لبثٍ‪١‬خ اٌظخشح‬
‫ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اٌغّبػ ٌٍّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ثبٌّش‪ٚ‬س ِٓ خالٌ‪ٙ‬ب ث‪ٛ‬ع‪ٛ‬د ِ‪ٛ‬ائغ اخش‪ ٚ ٜ‬ثزٌه رى‪ ْٛ‬ل‪ّ١‬خ إٌفبر‪٠‬خ اٌفؼبٌخ ِؾظ‪ٛ‬سح‬
‫ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌظفش ‪ ٚ‬اي‪%.144‬‬
‫‪ ٚ‬اِب إٌفبر‪٠‬خ إٌغج‪١‬خ ف‪ٔ ٟٙ‬غجخ إٌفبر‪٠‬خ اٌفؼبٌخ اٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌّطٍمخ ‪ ٚ‬ثزٌه رى‪ ْٛ‬ل‪ّ١‬ز‪ٙ‬ب ِؾظ‪ٛ‬سح ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌظفش ‪ٚ‬‬
‫ل‪ّ١‬خ إٌفبر‪٠‬خ اٌّطٍمخ‪.‬‬
‫‪Porosity & permeability relationship‬‬
‫رؼزّذ ٔفبر‪٠‬خ اٌظخشح ػٍ‪ ٝ‬إٌفبر‪٠‬خ اٌفؼبٌخ فىٍّب صادد اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌفؼبٌخ وٍّب صادح إٌفبر‪٠‬خ‪ ٚ.‬رضداد اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ‬
‫اٌفؼبٌخ ِغ ص‪٠‬بدح ؽغُ اٌؾج‪١‬جبد ف‪ ٟ‬اٌظخ‪ٛ‬س اٌشٍِ‪١‬خ راد اٌزظٕ‪١‬ف اٌغ‪١‬ذ ‪well sorted grain‬‬
‫‪ٌ ٚpacking‬ىٓ ص‪٠‬بدد إٌفبر‪٠‬خ ِغ ص‪٠‬بدح اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌفؼبٌخ ٌ‪١‬ظ دائّ‪ ٚ ٟ‬اْ ٘زٖ اٌؼاللخ ٌ‪١‬غذ دائّب‬
‫طؾ‪١‬ؾخ ؽ‪١‬ش ِٓ اٌّّىٓ اْ ‪٠‬مً ؽغُ اٌؾج‪١‬جبد ‪ ٚ‬رجم‪ ٝ‬اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ صبثزخ ‪ٌ ٚ‬ىٓ إٌفبر‪٠‬خ رمً‪.‬‬
‫ِؼبًِ اٌزّؼظ ‪٠ coefficient of tortuosity‬ؤصش ػٍ‪ ٝ‬إٌفبر‪٠‬خ‪ ,‬ل‪ّ١‬خ ٘زا اٌّؼبًِ ‪٠‬غب‪ٚ ٞٚ‬اؽذ ارا وبٔذ‬
‫ِغبساد اٌّبئغ داخً اٌ‪ٛ‬عؾ اٌّغبِ‪ِ ٟ‬غزم‪ّ١‬خ‪٘ ٚ ,‬زا ‪٠‬ؼٕ‪ ٟ‬اْ إٌفبر‪٠‬خ رى‪ ْٛ‬ػبٌ‪١‬خ ‪ ٚ‬رمً إٌفبر‪٠‬خ ثض‪٠‬بدح‬
‫ل‪ّ١‬خ ٘زا اٌّؼبًِ( أ‪ ٞ‬ثض‪٠‬بدح رؼشط ِغبس اٌّبئغ داخً اٌ‪ٛ‬عؾ ٌّغبِ‪).ٟ‬‬
‫ف‪ ٟ‬اٌظخ‪ٛ‬س اٌّىّٕ‪١‬خ اٌىٍغ‪١‬خ رى‪ ْٛ‬اٌؼاللخ ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌفؼبٌخ ‪ ٚ‬إٌفبر‪٠‬خ ِزغ‪١‬شح عذا ‪ ٚ‬ال رؼزّذ ػٍ‪ٝ‬‬
‫ٔ‪ٛ‬ع ‪ ٚ‬دسعخ اٌزظٕ‪١‬ف‪ .‬لذ ٔغذ طخشح ٌ‪ٙ‬ب ِغبِ‪١‬خ لٍ‪١‬خ ‪ٌ ٚ‬ىٓ ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد اٌّزظٍخ وج‪١‬ش ‪ٌٙ ٚ‬زا اٌغجت‬

‫‪34‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫فبْ ٔفبر‪٠‬ز‪ٙ‬ب ػبٌ‪١‬خ‪ٕ٘ ٚ .‬بٌه طخ‪ٛ‬س ِىّٕ‪١‬خ وٍغ‪١‬خ ٌ‪ٙ‬ب ِغبِبد ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌؾج‪١‬جبد ‪ٚ intergranular pores,‬‬
‫ثشىً ػبَ فبْ اٌؼ‪ٛ‬اًِ اٌز‪ ٟ‬رؤصش ػٍ‪ٔ ٝ‬فبر‪٠‬خ اٌطجمخ اٌّىّٕ‪١‬خ اٌىٍغ‪١‬خ ٘‪:ٟ‬‬
‫‪1.‬طفبد اٌّغبِبد ‪ ٚ‬شىً اٌمٕ‪ٛ‬اد ‪ ٚ‬اٌّغبساد ف‪ّ١‬ب ارا وبٔذ ِغزم‪ّ١‬خ ا‪ِ ٚ‬زؼشعخ‪.‬‬
‫‪ِ2.‬ؼذي ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد‪.‬‬
‫‪3.‬اٌّغبِ‪١‬خ اٌفؼبٌخ‪.‬‬
‫‪4.‬شىً اٌّغبِبد‪.‬‬
‫‪5.‬دسعخ اٌزغّ‪١‬ذ ‪ٛٔ ٚ‬ػٗ‪.‬‬
‫‪ٚ6.‬ع‪ٛ‬د اٌشم‪ٛ‬ق ‪ِ ٚ‬مذاس٘ب‪.‬‬

‫٘زا اٌشىً عذا ِ‪:ُٙ‬‬

‫ؽ‪١‬ش ِٓ ٘زا اٌشىً ٔالؽظ أٗ رشجغ إٌفؾ االثزذائ‪٠ ٟ‬ى‪ ْٛ‬ػبٌ‪ ٟ‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌظخ‪ٛ‬س راد اٌّغبِ‪ ٗ١‬رظٕ‪١‬ف اٌغ‪١‬ذ‬
‫ؽ‪١‬ش رى‪ ْٛ‬إٌّطمٗ االٔزمبٌ‪ ٗ١‬لٍ‪ٚ ٍٗ١‬اٌؼاللٗ ث‪ ٓ١‬إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬إٌغج‪ٌٍّ ٗ١‬بء ‪ٚ‬إٌفؾ ِغ اٌزشجغ ع‪١‬ذح‬
‫اِب ف‪ ٟ‬اٌظخ‪ٛ‬س راد اٌزظٕ‪١‬ف اٌفم‪١‬ش ٔغزٕزظ أٗ رشجغ إٌفؾ االثزذائ‪ ٟ‬لٍ‪ٚ ً١‬عّه إٌّطمٗ االٔزمبٌ‪ ٗ١‬ػبٌ‪ٟ‬‬
‫ِٓ ِٕؾٕ‪ ٟ‬اٌؼغؾ اٌشؼش‪ٚ ٞ‬اٌؼاللٗ ث‪ ٓ١‬إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬إٌغج‪ٌٍّ ٗ١‬بء ‪ٚ‬إٌفؾ ِغ رشجغ اٌّبء غ‪١‬ش ع‪١‬ذح‬

‫‪35‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫اٌزشجغ‪ٔ ٛ٘:‬غجٗ ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد اٌّشغ‪ ٌٗٛ‬ث‪ٛ‬اعطٗ اٌّبئغ‬

‫إٌفبر‪ ٟ٘: ٗ٠‬لبثٍ‪ ٗ١‬اٌظخشح ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اِشاس اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ِٓ خالٌ‪ٙ‬ب‬

‫ر‪ٛ‬عذ ٔ‪ٛ‬ػ‪ ِٓ ٓ١‬إٌفبر‪:ٗ٠‬‬
‫‪-1‬إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬اٌّطٍمٗ‪:‬ػٕذِب ‪٠‬ى‪ٕ٘ ْٛ‬بٌه ِبئغ ‪ٚ‬اؽذ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌظخشح ‪ ٟ٘ٚ‬خبط‪ٌٍ ٗ١‬ظخشح ‪ٚ‬ال رؼزّذ ػٍ‪ٛٔ ٝ‬ع‬
‫اٌّبئغ اٌّغزخذَ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌم‪١‬بط‬

‫‪36‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪-2‬إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬اٌفؼبٌٗ‪:‬رؾذس ٘زح إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬ػٕذِب ‪٠‬ى‪ٕ٘ ْٛ‬بٌه اوضش ِٓ ِبئغ ِ‪ٛ‬ع‪ٛ‬د ف‪ ٟ‬اٌظخشح ‪ ٟ٘ٚ‬داٌٗ‬
‫ٌزشجغ اٌّبئغ ‪ٚ‬اٌخ‪ٛ‬اص اٌزجٍٍ‪ٌٍ ٗ١‬ظخشح‬

‫إٌفبر‪:ٗ٠‬رمبط ث‪ٛ‬اعطٗ عش‪٠‬بْ ِبئغ ر‪ٌ ٚ‬ض‪ٚ‬عٗ ِؼ‪ ٕٗ١‬خالي ٌجبة ر‪ِ ٚ‬غبؽٗ ِمطغ ػشػ‪ٚ ٟ‬ؽ‪ٛ‬ي ِؼ‪ٓ١‬‬
‫‪ِٚ‬ؼذي عش‪٠‬بْ ‪ٚ‬ػغؾ ‪٠‬ؾذس ث‪ ٓ١‬ؽشف‪ ٟ‬اٌٍجبة ‪ٚ‬رؼط‪ ٝ‬ثبٌؼاللٗ لبٔ‪ ْٛ‬داسع‪ٟ‬‬
‫ؽ‪١‬ش ر‪ٛ‬عذ ػاللز‪ٌٍ ٓ١‬غش‪٠‬بْ اٌخط‪ٚ ٟ‬اٌذائش‪.ٞ‬‬

‫‪37‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
‫اٌؼغؾ اٌشؼش‪ ٛ٘:ٞ‬اٌزبص‪١‬ش اٌّغزّغ ٌٍشذ اٌغطؾ‪ٌٍ ٟ‬ظخشح ‪ٚ‬اٌّبئغ ‪ٚ‬ؽغُ اٌّغبِبد ‪ٚ‬اٌزجٍٍ‪ٌٍٕ ٗ١‬ظبَ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ٛ٘ٚ‬اٌفشق ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌؼغؾ ٌٍط‪ٛ‬س غ‪١‬ش اٌّجًٍ ‪ٚ‬اٌط‪ٛ‬س اٌّجًٍ‪.‬‬
‫ؽ‪١‬ش ِٓ ِٕؾٕ‪ ٟ‬اٌؼغؾ اٌشؼش‪ّ٠ ٞ‬ىٓ اْ ٔؼشف ً٘ عّه إٌّطمٗ االٔزمبٌ‪ ٗ١‬وج‪١‬ش اَ لٍ‪.ً١‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫ػٍّ‪ ٗ١‬اٌزظش‪٠‬ف‪:‬اٌط‪ٛ‬س غ‪١‬ش اٌّجًٍ ‪٠‬ض‪٠‬ؼ اٌط‪ٛ‬س اٌّجًٍ‬
‫ػٍّ‪ ٗ١‬اٌزشجغ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌزششة‪:‬اٌط‪ٛ‬س اٌّجًٍ ‪٠‬ض‪٠‬ؼ اٌط‪ٛ‬س غ‪١‬ش اٌّجًٍ‬

‫‪39‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
‫اٌزجٍٍ‪ ً١ِ:ٗ١‬اؽذ اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ ٌالٔزشبس ا‪ ٚ‬االٌزظبق ثغطؼ اٌغغُ اٌظٍت ف‪ٚ ٟ‬ع‪ٛ‬د ِ‪ٛ‬ائغ غ‪١‬ش ِّزضعٗ اخش‪.ٜ‬‬
‫ثبالػزّبد ػٍ‪ ٝ‬صا‪ ٗ٠ٚ‬اٌزّبط ‪ّ٠‬ىٓ رؾذ‪٠‬ذ ً٘ اٌّىّٓ ر‪ ٚ‬رجٍٍ‪ٌٍّ ٗ١‬بء ا‪ ٚ‬إٌفؾ‪.‬‬
‫ػٕذِب رى‪ ْٛ‬صا‪ ٗ٠ٚ‬اٌزّبط الً ِٓ ‪ 04‬فبْ اٌّىّٓ ِجًٍ ثبٌّبء‬
‫ػٕذِب رى‪ ْٛ‬صا‪ ٗ٠ٚ‬اٌزّبط اوجش ِٓ ‪ 04‬فبْ اٌّىّٓ ِجًٍ ثبٌٕفؾ‬

‫‪40‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
‫إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬إٌغج‪:ٗ١‬ػٕذِب ‪ٛ٠‬عذ ِبئؼ‪ ٓ١‬ا‪ ٚ‬اوضش ف‪ ٟ‬اٌ‪ٛ‬عؾ اٌّغبِ‪٠ ٟ‬غش‪٠‬بْ ف‪ٔ ٟ‬فظ اٌ‪ٛ‬لذ ؽ‪١‬ش رّضً إٌغجٗ‬
‫ث‪ ٓ١‬إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬اٌفؼبٌٗ اٌ‪ ٝ‬إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬اٌّطٍمٗ‪.‬‬
‫ِٓ اٌشىً اٌّغب‪ٚ‬س ‪٠‬ج‪ ٓ١‬اٌؼاللٗ ث‪ ٓ١‬اٌزجٍٍ‪ٚ ٗ١‬إٌفبر‪ ٗ٠‬إٌغج‪ٌٍّ ٗ١‬بء‬
‫‪ٚ‬إٌفؾ ؽ‪١‬ش ف‪ ٟ‬اٌشىً اال‪ٚ‬ي ٔالؽظ اْ اٌّىّٓ ِشجغ ثبٌّبء الٔٗ‬
‫ٔغجٗ اٌزمبؽغ ف‪ ٟ‬إٌّؾٕ‪١‬بد ث‪ Krw ٚ Kro ٓ١‬رى‪ ْٛ‬اوجش ِٓ‬
‫‪ %54‬اِب ف‪ ٟ‬اٌشىً اٌضبٔ‪ٔ ٟ‬الؽظ اْ اٌّىّٓ ِجًٍ ثبٌٕفؾ الٔٗ‬
‫اٌزمبؽغ ث‪ ٓ١‬إٌّؾٕ‪٠ ٓ١١‬ى‪ ْٛ‬الً ِٓ ‪%54‬‬

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‫اٌؼغؾ اٌّىّٕ‪:ٟ‬اٌّ‪ٛ‬ائغ اٌّؾظ‪ٛ‬سح ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّغبِبد ٌٍظخ‪ٛ‬س اٌّىّٕ‪ ٗ١‬رؾذس رؾذ ربص‪١‬ش دسعٗ ِؼ‪ِٓ ٕٗ١‬‬
‫اٌؼغؾ ٘زا اٌؼغؾ ‪٠‬غّ‪ ٝ‬اٌؼغؾ اٌّىّٕ‪.ٟ‬‬
‫اػٍ‪ ٝ‬ػغؾ ‪٠‬غّ‪ ٝ‬ػغؾ لبع اٌجئش اٌغبوٓ ا‪ ٚ‬ػغؾ اٌطجمٗ اٌغبوٓ‪.‬‬

‫‪42‬‬
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 ‫فؾض االثبس‪:‬‬
‫ِشالجٗ اٌّىّٓ ٌٍزغ‪١‬ش ف‪ِ ٟ‬ؼذالد االٔزبط ا‪ ٚ‬اٌؾمٓ‪.‬‬

‫‪43‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫٘زح اٌّؼبدٌٗ رّضً ِؼبدٌٗ االٔزشبس‪ٌ ٗ٠‬ط‪ٛ‬س ‪ٚ‬اؽذ عش‪٠‬بْ دائش‪ٚ ٞ‬أؼغبؽ‪ ٗ١‬صبثزٗ ‪ٚ‬طغ‪١‬شح‬
‫‪ٚ‬ر‪ٛ‬عذ ِؼبدٌٗ ال‪٠‬غبد إٌفبر‪ٚ ٗ٠‬وزٌه ِؼبدٌٗ ال‪٠‬غبد ػبًِ اٌجششح‪.‬‬

‫‪44‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫فؾض اٌؼغؾ اٌزظبػذ‪:ٞ‬‬

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 ‫اٌخ‪ٛ‬اص اٌشئ‪١‬غ‪pvt ٗ١‬‬
‫اٌز‪ٚ‬ثبٔ‪:ٗ١‬ػذد االلذاَ اٌّىؼجٗ اٌم‪١‬بع‪ ِٓ ٗ١‬اٌغبص اٌّزاثٗ ف‪ ٟ‬ثشِ‪ ً١‬عطؾ‪ٚ ٟ‬اؽذ ِٓ إٌفؾ‬
‫ػبًِ ؽغُ إٌفؾ اٌطجمٗ‪:‬ػذد اٌجشاِ‪ ِٓ ً١‬إٌفؾ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّىّٓ اٌ‪ ٝ‬ػذد اٌجشاِ‪ ِٓ ً١‬إٌفؾ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌغطؼ‬
‫ػبًِ ؽغُ اٌغبص ٌٍطجمٗ‪:‬ػذد االلذاَ اٌّىؼجٗ ِٓ اٌغبص ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّىّٓ اٌ‪ ٝ‬االلذاَ اٌّىؼجٗ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌغطؼ‬

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 ‫أ‪ٛ‬اع ِ‪ٛ‬ائغ اٌّىّٓ‪:‬‬
‫ٔالؽظ ِٓ اٌزشو‪١‬ت اٌّ‪ ٌٟٛ‬ثبْ ‪ black oil‬رى‪ٔ ْٛ‬غجٗ اٌّ‪١‬ضبْ لٍ‪ ٍٗ١‬ا‪ٔ ٞ‬غجٗ اٌغبصاد اٌخف‪١‬فٗ لٍ‪ ٍٗ١‬اِب‬
‫اٌّشوجبد اٌضم‪ ٍٗ١‬وج‪١‬شح‬
‫اِب ف‪ ٟ‬اٌغبص اٌغبف فبْ ٔغجٗ غبص اٌّ‪١‬ضبْ ػبٌ‪ ٗ١‬عذا‬

‫‪47‬‬
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 ‫خ‪ٛ‬اص ‪ٚ‬شىً ِٕؾٕ‪black oil ٟ‬‬

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Comparison between flash liberation and differential liberation. Flash liberation,
which portrays the separation stage of production, involves a sudden pressure
change that causes the fluid to quickly separate, or „flash into gas and oil
components. In differential liberation, which represents pressure depletion ¡n
the reservoir, pressure gradually decreases and any liberated gas is removed
from the oil.
The formation volume factors and the solution gas-oil ratio, all functions of
reservoir pressure, are determined by reproducing in the laboratory the sequence
of differential and flash liberations that most likely occur during production
(left). It is widely believed that flow in the reservoir is best simulated by
differential liberation while flow up the well and through the separator Is best
simulated by a series of flash liberations called a flash separation.
The laboratory set up for a differential liberation test is identical to the flash
liberation test, except that the pressure reduction starts from the bubble point,
and the gas liberated after each pressure decrement is removed through a port
while mercury is injected at constant pressure (right). At each stage, the free gas
and reduced oil volumes are measured as well as the free gas volume at standard
conditions. Eventually, after four to eight pressure reductions down to
atmospheric conditions, the cell contains only residual oil at reservoir
temperature, which is then cooled to standard temperature and has its volume

62
‫احمد االسدي‬
measured. A flash separation test is used to establish optimal pressure settings
for the surface separator and the appropriate number of separation stages, both
of which are designed to keep the light hydrocarbons in the liquid phase and
maximize liquid recovery. The test involves a series of flash liberations of a
fluid sample injected into a small-scale separation system. The separation
pressures and temperatures are altered in steps, and at each stage, the volume of
gas liberated and the volume of liquid remaining are measured. Data from these
are combined to determine Bo, Bg and R that reflect actual production.

63
‫احمد االسدي‬
 ‫‪64‬‬
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 ‫‪76‬‬
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 ‫‪81‬‬
‫احمد االسدي‬