With more than 36 years ot petroleum in d us try experience in mud logging, core

analysis, and phase-behavior studies, Phillip L _ Moses , reservoir tluid analysIs

manager at Core Laboratories Inc. in Dallas, develops new equipment and
techniques tor gas/liquid analyses and phase-relationship studies at elevated
pressures and temperatures. He has directed phase-behavior studies trom
reservoirs in the US .. Canada, South America, and Indonesia . A graduate ot
Texas A&M U. with a BS degree in physics, he has completed basic and advanced
petroleum reservoir engineering courses at Texas A& M U. Moses has written
several technical papers and has given phase-behavior lectures to numerous
groups . He was a 1967-68 SPE Admissions Committee chairman .

Engineering Applications of Phase

Behavior of Crude Oil and
Condensate Systems
Phillip L. Moses, SPE, Core Laboratories, Inc.

I Summary. Fluid s:lmples must be t:lken earl y in the life of 3 reservoir to o bt3in s3mples truly represent3tive
of the reservoir fluid. The y should be t3ken only 3frer 3 c3refully pl3nned well conditioning 3nd testing
progr3m. When th e PVT d3t3 o btained from these samples 3re used, care should be t3ken to 3djust FVF's 3nd
, g3s.'oil r3tios (GOR's) for surface separator conditions.

Introduction
The prope r development. engineering. 3nd production
of 3n o il or g3S reser vo ir requires a consider3ble
:lmount of pl:lnning. At the S:lme time th:lt p13n s are
formubted to de ve lop the tield. pbns shouid also be
m:lde for :l d:lt3 -g :lthering progr:lm to f3ciliwte
. reservoir engineering months :lnd even yea rs into the
t future. ThI S d:lt:l-g:lthering plan should include a
·Me thods 3re available for e xt r:lpo l3ting fluid data
obtained afrer some pressure decline . Re me mber.
however, that ext rapolation is an educated man' s
word for guessing. Pbns for obtaining reservoir Iluid
samples and analyses should be made eJr ly in the life
of a reser voi r. Reservoir fluid samples should be
I taken before sig nificant reservo ir pressure decline h:ls

; s ufficient number :lnd v3riety of electric logs Jnd been ex perienced .

' cores o n ke y wells to des cribe th e reser voi r
adeQuatel Y. Electric logs ::lnd core :lnal yses e\3Iu:lte
th e reser voi r rock. If reservoir engineaing
j calcubtions are to be malk to optImize production
from a reservoir. in c luding EOR. then the properrres
of the reservoir fluids must also be kno\yn. The
propenies of th e res e rvoir water 1'311 w ithin narrow
range s and 3re seldom studied :It rescn'O lr pres s ures
:lnd temperatures. The prope nies of th e re~e nO lr
water determined are normally contined to chemlcJI
analysi s and poss ibl y compatibilit: tests in CJses or
injection prOjects This paper is concerned prrmarily
with the study of the h ydrocarbon tluiJ s contained In
J reserv OIr.
Coring Jnd logging progrJfll S s hould co ntinue
throughout the de ve lopment (11' a reservlli r . The dJ ta
ob ta ined from the las t well drilled Jre as valuable JS
the data obtained fr om the lirst we ll. This is usually
ItOt the case for reservllir tluids. Samples
; represe nwti ve o f the orig inJI rcsen o ir can be
I l)bt:lined only when the resen'o ir pressure is equal ll'
Illr higher than the orig inJI bubhlcpOint or dc\\pllint.
I noncritical oils : surt'ace sampling Jnu \ub~urt':l(c
Oil Reservoirs
Oil reservoirs can be divided into two c:ltegories:
ordin:lry oil reservoirs :lnd ne:lr-critica l resen'Olrs
The ordinary oil reservoirs :lre so metimes ca lled
black-oil reservoirs . This mi snomer does not retleet
[he color of the res ervoir tluid s. It is meant onl y to
distinguish them from ne:lr- cr itic:l1 o il resen o ir
tluids . The near-critical tluid s will bc di~cussed in
su bsequent paragr:lphs.
Ordinary oils :lre characteri zed by GOR's up to
approximately 2.000 ft J/ bbl (360 m) / mJj, oil
gr:lvities up [0 45" API [? 8 sicm j J. ;lIld FVF' ~ of
les s than 2 bbl/bbl (2 m " 1m "j RememiJcr th:lt [here
i ~ no s harp dividing line betwee n :In ordinary :lnd <J
near-critic:lI oi l. Such factors :lS composition :lnd
reser vo ir temper:lture greatly intluenee the beha vi or
ot- the reservoir fluid. It i ~ often impossible to
determine whether a tluid should be s tudied :lS a
near-critical oil or as an o rdinary oil until it is
actually in [he laboratory being o bscn·c d.
We h:lve t\yo methods for sampling ordin:lrv or

----------
 sampling. These methods were discussed by
Re udelh uber 1-3 and are not co vered in detai l in this
paper . but it shou ld su ffice to say that wells should
be care fully co nd it ione d befo re samp ling . I f wells are
no t co nd itione d pro perly and the sam ples a re not
re presentative of the reservoir fluid . then the res ult ing
fluid study may yield in valid data. In subs urfa ce
sampling , w ell condi tion ing usuall y co nsis ts of a
period of reduc ed fl ow followed by shut-in. In
separator sampling. it is im perative that the well be
stabilized. then tested for a sufficiently long period to
dete rm ine th e GOR accurately .
The reservoir fluid study on a nonc ritical oil should
consist of five tests .
Pressure/Volume Relarions. This is a conswnt­
composition expansio n of the reservoir fluid at the
reservOIr temperature dur ing which the bubblepoint IS
me:.lsured . Above the bub b!epoint. the compressibility
ot the si ngle-phase fluid is measu red. Below the
bubblepoint. the two-phase volume is measured as a
function of pressure .
Differential Vapori;:. arion. Thi s test measures the
amount of gas in solution as a function of pressure
and thl! resultant shrinkage of the oil as this gas is
rele ased from solution. Also measured are the
pro penies o f the evol ved gas. including the speci fi c
gravity and deviatio n factor . The density of the oil
ph:.lse is also measured as a function of pressure
Viscosin:. Viscos ity. which is resistance to flow.
should be measured as a function of pressure at
reservoi r temperature .
These three tests are all conducted at reservoir
tempaature. and the results describe the behavior of
the reservoir tluid as it exists in the reservoir.
S"pararor Tesrs. One or more separator tests should
be me:.lsu red to determine the behavior of the
reservoir tluid as it passes up the tubing. through the
~eparator or separators. and finally into the stock
tank . The FVF. 8 ". and gas in solution. R ,.. are
easurcd du ri ng thes e tes ts . It is usuall y
rccomm l! ndcd that four of these tests be used 10
( hexa ne . with the heptanes and hea vier components
ctermine the optimum separator press ure. which is
~USU:.lIlY considered the sep:.lrator pressure that res ults
,In the mInImum FVF. At the same pressure. the
'stock-tank-oil gravity will be :.I maximum and the
tot a l evolved gas-i.e . . the separator gas and the
stock- tank gas-will be at a minimum. For most
midco ntinent crudes. this optimum separator pressure
. us uall y occurs in :.I range from about 90 to 120 psi
[621 to 827 kPal. Ob v iously. some fiel d producing
co nditi ons do not allow the operation of the separator
:.It optI mum pressure. If the gas-gathering line in the
lidd is at 1.000 psig [68 95 kPal. the first- stage
se parator must be operated at this press ure or higher .
Thul!to re. :.I second separator must be placed in the
!lnw st ream to achieve a near-optimum FV F . The
nptimum sec ond-stage sep:Hator pressure may :.lisa be
determined by the PVT laboratory either
experiment:.llly or throu g h equilibrium ratio
calculations with the reservoir tluid composition and
computc:rs.
As reservoir press ure is depleted and gas is evolved
Irom sol u tio n within the rese r....oir. the FVF o f the
r~se r voi r oil gradu~lly becomes smaller. [deally . the
I ---- _. - -- -
FYF of the reservoir oil sho uld be meas u red as a
fu nction of rese rvo ir pressu re by placing a large
sample o f oil in a PYT cell and pressure-de pleting by
di ffe re ntial liberation at the rese rvo ir tem perature. At
each of se ve ral p ressure levels duri ng lh is di ffe rential
depletion, samples are remo ved and passed through a
separator or separators at surface co ndi tio ns . and the
F YF and gas in solution are measured. Suffic ie nt
pressure levels should be studied to obtai n the da ta to
plot a curve of FYF and gas in solution as a fu nction
of reservoir pressure. Thi s method, described by
Dodson et a1. ,4 is an excellent way to study
noncritical oils and should be cons idered the preferred
method . U nfortu na tely, most reservoir fluid studies
co nta in only the separator data on the reservoir oil at
its original bubblepoint. The reservoir fluid repon
does not conwin a curve of FY F as a function ot
reservoir pressure, but only the FVF' s at the
bubblepoint. The FVF curve and gas-in-solution curve
mu st be constructed with a correlation first desc ribed
by Amyx er al., 5 and later by Dake. 6 This
corre lation , the adjustment of the differential data to
tlash condi tio ns . works reasonably well in mo st
inswnces and is far superior to making no co rrec ti o n
at all. Again , Dodso n's method is superior.
It is my observation that 70 to 80 % of reservoir
engineers do not understand the conversion of
differential data to flash data; conse quent ly. the
relative-oil-volume curve from the diffe re nt ial
liberation is used instead of the !lash-Fo rmation-factor
curve . This C:1O lead to errors of 10 to 20 % or mo re
in calcula1i'Oi1Cif'15d In place l olp! ar1d'recove rable
oil. A n expl anation of the conversion from
differential to flas ' ese nte ' n th en
omposirion oj {he Resen -oir FLUId. Most of the
parameters measured in a rese rvoir fluid study can be
calculated wit h some degree of accuracy from the
compos ition. It is the most complete description of
reservoir fluid that can be made. In the past.
reservoir fluid compositions were usually me:.lsured to
include separation of the components methane throug h
grouped as a single component repo ned with the
a verage molecular wei g ht and densit y . With the
development of more sophisticated equations o f st:.lte
to calcul:1te fluid propenies. it was learned that :.I
more complete de sc ription of the hea vy compone nt s
was necessary . It is now recommended th:.lt
compositional analyses of the rese rv oir tluld include a
se parat io n of components through C 10 as a minimum.
The mo re sophisticated rese arch laboratories now use
equations of swte that re q uire compositions through
C: o or higher.
Near-Critical Oils
Near-criti cal o ils have often been referred to :.IS
volatile o ils. Vo latile oil is not an apt desc ripti on
becau se vi rtually all re 'er: oir tluids are vol:1t ile .
IW hat is really me:lOt is that the reservo i r t1uid
exhibits the properties of an oil existing in the
( eservoir at a temperature ne:.lr its critical
te mperature. These propenie s include a high
s h rinkage immediately bel ow the bubblepoint. In
ext reme cases. this shrinkage can be as much as 45 %
-­
 of the hydrocarbon pore sPJce within 10 psi [69 kPa)
below the bubblepoin! G OR ' s are usually 2. 000 to
3 .000 ft3 / bbl [360 to 540 m · /m 3 1. und the o il
1
grav ity is usua lly 40 APf [0,83 g/cm J] o r highe r
0
Near-cri tical oils have FVF s of 2 or h igher. The
compositions of ne::tr-critical oils are usually
charac ter ized by 12 ,5 to 20 mol'1o hep tanes plu s .
35 % or more of me thane through hexa nes. and the
remainder ethane,
Near-critical oils were fIrst discussed in the
literature by Re udelhuber and Hi nds 7 and by Jacoby
and Berry, 8 Near-critical oils must be studied
differently in the laboratory and by the reservoir
engineer to arrive at In accurate prediction of
reservoir pcrformance, To understand this. it is
necessary to consider that neJr-critical oils are
borderl ine to very rich gas condensates on J phase
diagram,
There is a fairl y sharp dividing line be tween oils
Jnd condensates from a composition;J1 standpoint
Reservoir tluids that contJin heptJnes and are heJvier
in concentrJtions 0 r' more than 12,5 mol % Jre al most
alwa ys in the liquid phJse in the reservoir. Those
with less than 12 ,5 mol% arc almost alwJys in the
gas phase in the reser\'oir , Oils have been observed
with heptanes and he;J"icr concentrations JS low as
1070 and condensates as high as 15,5 %. These cases
arc rJre. howe ver. ;Jnu usually havc very high t;Jnk
liljuiu gravities ,
As mentioned. a near -critical oil unuergoes a \'en
high shrinkage ;JS the pressure I'alls belo w the
bubblepoint, This high shrinkage cre;Jtes ;J high g~l'
saturJtion in the pore space. Because ot' the g;Js'oil
rebti ve-permeability charJcteristics ot' most reservoir
rocks. t'ree gas Jchieves high mobility almo:,t
immediately below the bubblepoint, [t is t'ortun;JlC
th;Jt this free gJS is a rich gas condensate,
Convention;J1 volumetric maleri;Jl-babnce techniljue"
on ordimry oils make no provisions for trcating th l"
mobile gas as .1 retrograue conuensate, [nsteau. thc
,calcubtlon procedures bring th is free gas t1o\\i ng 111
;the reservoir to the surt":!ce ;JS free gas ;Jnu add It t()
I the sol ur ion gas
A pro perly performed rescrvoir fluid stud:- lln a
near-critiC;J1 oil furnishes rhe d;Jt;J th;Jt will en;Jble the
reser voir engineer to paforrn ;J composition;J1
m;Jrerial b;Jl;Jnce, In this m;Jnner, he un ;Jccount for
prouuclion of retrogr~lue UlDUenS;Jtc. ;JS well ~IS oil.
from the reservoir Reudclhuber ;Jnd Hinu" ~ reported
that r'or the rescrvOlr rhe\ stuuieu. a compllSllion;J1
l11;Jteri;Jl-b;Jl;Jnee caicul;JliOn proceuure \v(lulu preuiL,t ;J
liljuiu recover\' I'rom the reser voir ;Jpproximatelv fllur
times hi;:her th;Jn conven tional \l)IUlllelriC m;Jteri;J1
oal;Jnce ~y()ulu, J~lCllby ;Jnu Berr\' ~ reporteu .1n
Jppro ,\im;Jre ly 2,5-flllu incrC:lse lor the rescf'l)ir the \
stuuieu , Jacob:- Jnu Berry's stuuy W;J~ uone l)n a
rCSl!r\oir in north LOllisl;Jl1;J that W;JS ui~co \ t:reu In
bte 195.3, Bv convention;J1 I1l~Heri;Jl-b;,danL' c
lechnlljues, J;Jcnb " .1nU Berrv preuicteu th;Jt :)SO,OOO
hbl 11-10 x 10 " 111'\ I oil wnulJ he prouuccu trom lhe
reser\"()ir. By compo,'iltional lll;Jtcri;Jl-bal;Jncc.
reL·hnJ<,';ucs. the y preuicteu Ih;Jt 2,::' million bbl
1.35(L< 10 ' Ill' I w\lulu he rrnduced By 1965 lhe tielu
h;JU he'cn uepletcU. Jnu Cllrdcll ,lnd Ebe rt') presenleu
a case h istory. Act ual recove ry from th e reservoi r
was 2 .4 million bbl [382x!03 m J ). The excelle nt,
agreement between the ac tual performance and the
p redicted performance confirms the theory behind me
composi tional material-balanc e approach .
Retrograde Gas-Condensate Reservoirs
A retrograde gas-condensate reservoir fluid is a
hydrocarbon system that is tOtally gJS in the
reservoir. Upon pressure reduction. liquid condenses
from the gas to form a free liquid phase in th~
reservoir. > ro2rade condensa te reservoirs are
characteri zed bv !laSI I Ul ratios 0 ap roxlmately
3 .000 to 150.000 fro / bbl 540 to 27x 10° m - .
Liquid graviti es usually range from about 40 to
60° API 0 ,83 to 0,74 2/cm 3 ). although condensate
gra vities as low as 29 ° API ' g/c m - have been
re o rted, 10 Color alone is nor a good indica tor of
whe th er a pa rtJCu ar y rOC;J1 n Iquld IS condensate
or oil. The 29 ° API rOo 88-g/cm 3 I condensate was
black. Hig h-g raVity cond~~s;Jtcs and oti s can b~
~white, W normally do not expec t to see
retro!!rade behavior at rese rvo ir res:u rcs ~IllW
a out 2 _500 pSI [I .2 M Pal, At these rela tively low
pressures. the conde nsate IS usually very light in
color and high in gravity, The lower gravities anu
uarker colors observed in condenS;Jte s Jre inuicators
of heavy hydrocarbons, High pressure is reqUired to
vaporize he;J vy hydrocarbons: con sequently. a
reservoir producing a dark condenS;Jte should be
\ expected to have a high dewpoint.
Gas-condensate reservoirs are ;Jlmost always
sampled at the separa tOr and recombined in the
producing gaslliquid ratio, Oil wells are conditioned
for subsurfJee sampling by a reduction in the flow
rate for a period of time anu then shut-in until static
pressure has been ;Jchieved, If we were to attempt to
I condition J gas-condens;Jte well in the same manner.
I we would finu that the liquid condens;Jtc in the tubing
wOlllu cO;Jlesce anu t'all to the bottom of the tubing
whcn the well was shut in, A ~ubsurbce sample
would then retrieve a sample of this liljuid. Thc
liquiu would exhibit ;J bubbl~pcint r;Jther than ;J
retrograde dewpoint, The composition of the liljuiu
woulu be totally different from the composition ot the
reservoir tluid,
To obuin samples r'or reservoir fluiu .1nalysis from
;J gJs-condensate well. the well shoulu iueally he
prouuced at ;J rate elju;J1 to or slightly .180\C the
minimum stable ratc, If. however. ;J well i1;JS been
proullcing at ;J stable ratc for somc time .1nu the ute
i, not excessi ve. then it is usually better to test Jt this
r;J(C than to ;Jdjust the rate to the minimum stJblc
rate, The most importJnt t"actor in a 110\\ test is
subiliz;J~ ThiS incluiJ~ s stjole wellhe;JJ pressure,
qablc gas production.;Jn s table II uiu pro uctlon ,
pro uClng with a su bsurbce [lowing
pressure below the dewpoint. thc liljuid sJrur;Jtions
anu compositions in the urainage area must ;Jlsll be
st::lbilizeu. Once stabilization h;JS been ;Jchievcu. as ;J
barrel of liquid condenses from the rcser\oir :luiu in
the vicinity of the wellbore. then ;Jl1othcr 8;Jrrel llj
liljuid must enter the wellbore, In this m;Jnner. lhe
satur;Jtions and compositions in the VIClnl[\' of the
 TABLE 1-DEPLETION STUDY AT 256°F.

Hydrocarbon Analyses of PrOduced W ell Stream. Mol%

Reservoir Press ure

(psig)
Component 6.010 5.000 4.000 3.000 2 . 100 1.200 700 700·
--­
Carbon dioxide 0,01 0,01 0,0 1 0.01 0.01 0 .01 0,0 1 Trace
Nitrogen 0.11 0,1 2 0.12 0,13 0. 13 0,12 0,11 0.01
Methane 68 ,93 70,6 9 73. 60 76.60 77.77 7704 75 , 13 11,95
Ethane 8,63 8,67 8.72 8,82 8.96 9,37 9,82 4,10
Propane 5,3 4 5 .26 5.20 5.16 5.16 5.44 5,90 4,80
iso-Butane 1.15 1,10 1.05 1.01 1,01 1,10 1.26 1.57
n-Butane 2,33 2.21 209 1,99 1.98 2. 15 2.45 3.75
iso-Pentane 0.93 0 .86 0.78 0.73 0,72 0.77 0,87 2, 15
n-Pentane 0 .85 0.76 0.70 0,65 0.63 0,68 0.78 2,15
Hexanes 1.73 1.48 1,25 1.08 1.01 1,07 1.25 6,50
Heptanes plus 9,99 8,84 6.48 3,82 2,62 2,25 2.42 63 ,02
--­ --­
100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00

Molecular weight of heptanes plus 158 146 134 123 115 110 109 17~

Density of heptanes plus 0,827 0 .817 0,805 0.794 0,784 0,779 0778 0,83;

Deviation factor
Equilibrium gas , 140 1,015 0,897 0.853 0 .865 0.902 0 ,938
Two-phase ,140 1.016 0,921 0 .851 0,799 0,722 0,612

Well stream produced

Cumulative percent of initial 0,000 6,624 17.478 32,927 49,901 68,146 77 .902

·Composltlon at eQu.h bnum IlqUIO pnase

f wellbore do not change. If the flowing rate is
changed. J months may be required to restabilize the
w ell. Once the w ell is stabl e . the gas and liquid
production rates should be me:J.sured for 43 hours or
more before sampling,
As is the case with oil reservoirs. g:J.s-condens::lte
reservoirs should be sampled early in their life.
before s ignificant pressure loss has occurred . Once
reservoir pressure has declined below the original
dewpoint. it is no longer possible to get samples that
represent the origin:J.] rese rvoir tluid, When the
reservoir pressure falls below the retrograde
dewpoint. liquid condensate forms from the reservoir
tluid, [nitial[y. there is no permeability to this liquid
phase. Jnd only the remaining reservoir gas flows to
the wellbore. [f we sa mple the well stream under
these conditions by taking samples of separator ga~
and liquid and recombining them in the produced
gas/liquid ratio. the dewpoint of the mixture should
f be expected to be the c urrent reser\'oir pressure
As reservoir pressure conllnues [0 t·al,l. more and
more retrogrJde liquid condenses in the formJtinn: Jt
some saturation point . this liquid will begin to tlo\\'
and enter the wellbore, If the well is tested and
sampled under these conditions. the resu ltant tluid
after recombination would y ield J dewpoinr higher
I thJn the current reservoir pressure Jnd could
conceivably be higher thJn the origin:li reservoir
pressure, When the recombined reservoir tluid is
e xamined :J.t the current reservoir pressure. some free
liquid will be found in the PVT cell. The Jmount t)f
gas in the cdl relJti ve to the Jmount of liquid is
usually Interpreted as J measurement of the mobility
ratio in the reservo ir at the drainage boundary.
A reservoir tluid stud\' on J condensate reservoir
should include the composition of the sepJrator gJs.
se parator liquid. and recombined reservoir fluid, [n
the past. these compositions were c:J.rried only
through hexanes. with hept:J.nes plus lumped togethe
as one fraction. I recommend th:J.( these composition
be carried through decanes :J.S a minimum . w ith the
undecanes :J.nd he:J.vier lumped together as :J. single
fr:J.ction. to facilit ate c o mpositional mode ling of gas­
condensate reservoirs. As indicated earl ie r. some o f
the more sophistic:J.ted m:J.]or producing comp:J.nies
now request an:J.lyses to C JO and higher.
The reservoir fluid study should include a
me:J.surement of the retrogr:J.de dewpoin r. the fluid
compressibility above the dewpoint. and the gas an d
liquid volumes below the de\ point dur ing a constaOi
compositIon expansion.
Finally. the fluid study should consist of a
s imula te d depletion. This depletion generally consist,
of a se ries of expansions and co nstant-pressure
displacements of the resavOlr tluid such that the
volume ot' th e ce ll remains c onst:J.nt al the ter minJtio
of each displacement. This procedure is reierred to ~i
a constant-volume depletion The reservoir gas
produced during e ach constant-pressure displacement
is charged to an:J.iytical equipment. and the
composition Jnd volume Jre det erm ined, The
de vi ation factOr of the gJS produced. the two-phase
devi:J.tion faclor of the hydrocJrbons rcmaining in thL'
cell. and the volume of liquid remaining in the eel!
should be measured at each of the deplclion
pressures . The two-phase deviation factor is nOI
understood well by most resen'oir engineers, The
most popular form of male rial balance on J
condensate reservoir is the P / Z-vs.-cumulativc­
production curve. The d e v iation factor used should b,
(he deviation factor of all of the hydrocarbons
remaining in the rcscn'oir. This includes the

I 71H )<lurnJI <>1 I'L'lroic ufll T cchn"I()~>, Jul' Ilj ~,

 TA BLE 2-CALCULA TED RECOVERY DURING DEPLETION

I Ca lculated Cumulative Recovery During Depletion

Reservoir Pressure
(psig)

,r
Cumulative Recovery per Initial
MMscf of Original Fluid in Place 5,010 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,100 1.200 700
i Well Stream, Mscf 1,000 0 55.24 174 .78 329.27 499 .0 1 581.45 779.02
Normal Temperature Separation'
f·
~
Stock-tank liquid, bbl
Primary-separator gas, Mscf
181.74
777. 15
0
0
10.08
53.18
21.83
145.15
31.89
283.78
39, 75
440.02
47 .35
508.25
51.91
595.75
r Second-stage gas, Mscf
Stock-tank gas, Mscf
38 ,52
38.45
0
0
2.25
2.29
5.17
5.38
8.03
8 .73
10.51
11.85
13 .21
15 .51
14 .99
18.05
Total "P lant Producls" in
Primary Separator Gas, gal
Ethane 1.841 0 125 344 574 1,050 1,474 1,709
Propane 835 0 58 153 331 525 749 873
Butanes (total) 358 0 25 73 155 256 374 441
Pentanes plus 179 0 12 35 73 122 177 205
Total "Plant PrOducts" in
Second-Stage Gas, gal
Ethane 204 0 12 27 42 55 70 80
Propane 121 0 7 17 27 35 47 54
Butanes (total) 53 0 3 8 13 17 23 27
Pentanes plu s 23 0 3 5 7 10 11
Total "Plant Products" in
Well Stream , gal
Ethane 2,295 0 153 404 757 1,1 71 1,52 5 1,880
Propane 1,451 0 95 250 458 707 979 1,137
Butanes (total) 1, 104 0 70 178 325 486 574 789
Pentanes plus 7,352 0 408 890 1,322 1,580 2,037 2,249

Calculated Instantaneous Recovery During Depletion

Re se rvOir Pressure
(ps ig)
5,010 5 ,000 4,000 3,000 2.100 1.200 700
Normal Temperature Separation­
St ock- tank liqUid gravity, °API at 60° F 49.3 51.7 55.4 50.4 54.5 57 .5 58.5
Separawr gas /well-s tream ratiO, MscflMMscf
Primary-separator gas only 77 7 . 15 802.85 847.45 89 7.28 920.44 92204 907 .14
Prim ary- and second-stage separator gases 8 15 .57 83704 874.25 915.77 93504 935.84 925.38
Separator-gas/stock-tank-liqUid ratio . scf/STB
Primary-separator gas only 4,275 5,277 7 .828 13,774 19 .853 22,121 19.475
Prlmary - and second-stage separator gases 4,488 5,502 8,075 14 ,058 20,178 22.476 19,857
GPM Irom Smooth Well -S tream CompOSitio ns
Ethane plus t2.212 10.953 9.175 7.509 6.851 5. 970 7574
Propane plus __ ~9917 8.648 6.856 5.154 4.469 4.479 4.953
Butanes plu s 8.455 7.209 5.434 3.752 3057 2.990 3.349
Pentanes plus 7.352 5 . 158 4.437 2.80 0 2.108 1.959 2. 171

'Pflmary seoa ra lor af ..ISO 0519 and 75°F. Se CQnd-slaqe separa lO( -)1 lOa oSlg Jnd 75°F SIOCk. lank al 75"F

remaining gas phase and the ret rogrJde li quid. The
two -ph ase deviation fa ctor furnishes thiS in to rma[lon .
On lean ga s-c onden sJ te reserv oirs. use of the wrong
dev iati o n factor will not result in serious erro r. but
use of the wrong deviation factor o n a rich­
condensate rese rv oir w ill C:lUse serious er rors and
will generJlly lead [() an understatement of re serves
Table I illustrates da ta typicallv mea:-.ured during a
depletron stud y .
The data measured during the depletion stu dy are
then used for a recover v calculation for a unit vol ume
reservoir. The results of these calculations are
illu st rated in Table 2. Th e unit vo lume c hosen wa s
MM ct [2~x 10 J m 3 ) original reser vo ir t1uid at th e
dewpoint pressure. Col. I in Ta b le ]. illustrates th e
amuunt o f :-. toc k- (Jnk liqUid. primar y-sepa ra tor gas.
seco nd- stage separator gas, stock-tank gas. etc., in
place in thi s unit vol ume rese rvoir. The am ount of
st oc k-tan k liquid in I M;-"lcf [2 8x 10 J m 3 i reservo ir
tluld depends o n the temperature and pressure u t' the
se parators at the su rfa ce. At this po int. the reservoir
tluid stud y can be tailored to a s pecifi c field cunditiun
by making th e recover y ca lcu lallo ns at the separator
conditions used in the tield _ Because th e data reported
in Table ]. a re th e re su lts o f computer calcu l:lli ons. a
variety of se parator co ndi tio ns can be inve stig ated
with a relatively sma ll additional investment in
com puter time. No te that in Col. 1 of the example,
181 .74 bbl [29 m J ) o f stOck-tank liquid were initially
in place in the unit volume reservoir. By the time the
reservoir pressure had be en de pleted to 700 psig [4.8
MPai (Col. 8). onl y 51.91 bbl [8.3 m 3 ) had been
71 Y
 produced. The difference between the init ial in place
and that produced at 700 psi [4 .8 M PaJ is 129.83 bbl
[20. 6 mJj. This amou nt rema ins in the reservoir at
this press u re as retrograde lo ss or un produc ed a t this
press urc. Simil ar figu res are availabl t: for the
primary -separator gas. second-stage g as. etc. (For a
more de taile d e,'( pl anat ion of these recovery
calc ul ations. refer to Ref. 11.) The reco ve ry
calcu lati ons of the gas-conde nsate reser voir are made
. with the assumption that the retrograde liquid does
not achi e ve mobility in the reservoir . which a llows
i for a finite solution of a recovery calculation as
opposed to the trial-and-error solution required for an
oil reservoir where two phases flow. This assumption
appears to be a good one for most gas-condensate
reservoirs. Only the ve ry rich gas-condens:.lle
reservoirs e ve r achi eve sufficient liquid saturation to
chieve liquid mobility in significant amounts. In
cases where liquid mobility is significant. a
compositional material-balance approach is required to
predi ct reservoir pert'ormance.
Conclusions
The two basic methods of collecting reservoir fluid
samples are subsurface and surface or ~eparator
samples . [n either case . the reservoir must be
sampled before a significant loss in pressure has been
experienced. and great care must be taken in
preparing a well for sampling. Bot h must be adhered
to if representative samples are to bc obtained.
T he studies perform ed in the bbor:Jtor y must
recogni ze the charac ter of the oil . For the l:Jborarory
personnel or the reservoir engineer to treat a near­
critical oil as an ordinary oil would gross ly understate
the producing porentlal of the tleld.
The reservoir engineer must make proper
adjustments in fluid data to :Jccount for the
differences in (he nash and differential proce sses.
Nomenclature
Bo = barrels of bubblcpoint oil required to Yield
I STB [016 stock-t:Jnk m } ] oil at 60°F
[16 ° C]. bblibbl[mJ/m '; ]
Bod barrels of oil at some reservoir pres sure
other than (he bubblcpoin( pressure re­
quired to yield I bbl [0 . 16 In "'] residual
oil :Jt 60 ° F [16 ° C] when ditlerentially
Iiberatcd ro atmospheric pres sure.
bbLbbl (m-;/mo/
B ddh barrels ot' bubblepoint 1lI1 reqUired to yield
I bbl [0.16 m J I residu:JI oil :Jt 60° F
[16 ° C] when ditlerenually Iiberatcd to
atmospheric pressure. bbl / bbl [m : / m"]
B "I o:Jrrels o f oil :Jt so me reservoir pressure
o ther than the bubb!epoint pressure re­
quired ro yie kl I STB [0 . 16 m J ]
at 60°F [ 16 ° C] w hen tbsheu
through the separator to srocJ.:-tank
conditions. bbl/bbl [m'\/m 3 )
B"II> barrc::ls of bubblcpoint oil requirecJ ro vicki
I STB [0 . 16 m J ] at 60°F [16°C)
when tlashed through the
separator to stock -tank condi tions.
bb l/bbl (m 3 1m J 1
cubic feet of gas in solution at any
pressure less than the bu bblepoint in I
bbl [0.16 m J ] res idual oil w he n meas ­
3
u red by di ffere ntial li beratio n . ft 1bbl
[m J / m 3 ]
R sJh cubic fee t of gas in so lut ion at the
bubblepoint in 1 bbl [0. 16 m J J residu~
oil when measured by differe ntial
liberation at reservo ir temperature.
ft 3 /bbl [m J 1m 3 )
cu bic fe e! o f separator and stock-tank ga ~
in solution at any pressure less than th ,
bubblepoint in I STB [0. 16m J I.
ft 3 / bbl (m 3 /m 3 ]
cubic feet of separator and stock-tank ga,
Rs;b
in solution at the bubblepoint in I STB
[0 . 16 m J ]. ft 3 / bbl [m 3 / m J I
References
I. Re ude lhuber, F .O.: " Separator Sampling of Gas·Conden ,
R ~ servoirs." Oil & Gus 1. (Jun e 21. 1954) 138-40.
, Reude lhub<!r , F.O . : "Bett~r SeparatOr Sampling of Crude'
R ~s ervoir s ." 0/1 & Gu s 1. (Nov. ~, 1954) 1~1-1)3
3. Reudelhuber. F.O.: "S ampling Procedurcs t'or Oil Reser v.
FlUids ," JPT(Dec . 1957) 15-18.
4. Drxl so n . CR .. Goodwill, D .. and ,\la yer. E.H.: '·.-'.ppliutl on
Laboralory PVT Data to Reservoir Engineering Probkm s .·· 1.
(Dec 1953) 287-298: Trans., AI\IE. 198 .
5. r\ m n. J.\1 . , Bass. 0 .\1 .. and Whiting. R . L.: P~ {ro l""m R"s~n "
Eng /neenn,! (1978) 67 - 70.
6. Dak e, L . P .: FlinJamen'rals of Resen'ntr Englneer/ng ( 1978 ) 67 - ­
7. Rcudelhuber. F.O. and Hind s . R.F .: . 'Compositional '"Iatcrial B
lIKC M.:thod for Prediction ot" Recovery from V,)btile Oil Depk li
Dm'e Reservoirs." JPT(Jan. 1957) 19-26: Trans., AL\lE. 21
8. Jacobv. R.H. and Berry. V.1 . Jr. "\lcthod for Prc<.iicting Depict:
Performance of a Re scrvoir Producin g Volatile Crude Oil." if
(hn 1957) 27-33: Trans . . AI:-'IE. ~IO ,
'! . Cord"ll, J.C and Ebert. CK.: "A C,se History-C umparison
Predicted and Actual Pert"u rm;}nce ot' a ReservOir Produc ing Volal
Crude Oil." JPT ( N ov. 1965) 1291-93.
10 . Kilgren. K.H .: "Phase Beha Vior of J High-Pre ss ure Condensa
Reserv(lIr Fluid," JPT(Aug. 1966) 1001-05: Tm!ls .. .-'-1'vIE. 23
II . .'.Ioses. P L.: "ConSideration of Retrog rade Loss in Determl n ::
the Optimum E:.conomic Operation of a Gas Cunden:klte ReservOir
18t h Southwes tern Petroleum Short Coursc. Dept. of Petroku
Engineering . Tens Tech U. (April 1971 )
Appendix-Toward a Better
Understanding of the Differential
Flash Process
R servoir depletion and production consist of t~·o
se parate processes or a combination a t' th e m:
differential liberation of gas and tlash liberation of
gas. The dit"ferential liberation is defined as a proces
whereby gas is remOVed from oil as it is re lc:Jsed
from solution, By contrast. in a nash liberati o n of
gas . al l of the gas rema ins in contact with all of the
o il until equilibrium betw een the two phases is
attained.
Most people be lieve that the differential liberation
process more nearly represents the process that
occurs in an oil reservoir. Ac[ually. the reservoir
process is a combination of differe ntial Jnd nash.
Immediately bel ow the bubblepoint. w hile there is
lillie o r no permeability to a gas phase. the process I,
Jo urn J I ,,( P~lmkum T~chn01"~y . Jul v I 'IS'
 TABLE A-1-DIFFERENTIAL VAPO RIZATION AT 220°F 100 a

Press ure So lu tion GOA . •

Relative
Oi l 90 a
I I I
(p slg) Vo lume. B <X1 ! I as.
i

I I
R Sd ••

2. 620 85 4 1.600 800

1/
? 2 .35 0 76 3 1.554
2.1 00
1.850
68 4
6 12
1.5 15
1.479 700
I AI
I
1. 600 54 4 1.44 5 I I
1.350
1.100
479
4 16
1. 41 2
1.382
:c
CD 600 I I
I
/V I

YI
850 354 1.35 1 u: i
600 292 1. 32 0 I I
~co
I
350 223 1.283 500
159
0
157
0
at 60°F =
1.2 44
1.075
1.000
a::
(5
,;, 400
I
,
I Y I
I I I
I

'CubiC feel o f gas at 1465 pSla ana 60°F per barrel o f reSidual a ll
al 60°F
co
CJ
300
I
;
/ 1 ,
I
j
I I
I I
L
•• Sarrels o t ad ar In Qlcatea pressure and temperat ure oer barrel 01
reSidual a ll a l 60° F
I
I
I I I
I I I
I
200
.
I
I
I
I
I I I ! I;

100
1 ! I I ( ;
1.80
: II I
I I I I I
: i

1.70 I I
I
I
I

a
I
I a 400 800 1200 1600 2000 24 00 28 00
<II Pressure: PSIG
1.600
E 1.60
:J i
>
0
0

1.50
i I
1 / Fig . A -2-Adju stment o f g as-i n-so lution cu rve to sep arat o r
condition s .

<I)
:>

co 1 .4 0 1/
~
<II
a::
1.30 '"
en
<tI
!
/.
-"
C
I ~

.c
1.20 U)
0 .8
: i :
I
0
1.10 0. 7
I

I
i
1.00 0.6 ~----------------------------~----~
a 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 JOOO J500

Pre ssure: PSIG Pressu r e: PSIG

Fig. A-1-R el ative oil lIolu m e li S. pres su re . Fi g . A- 3 -0il-shrinkage curve.

primarily a flash process. A s th e re ~ erv(Jir g:b
saturation reaches the critical .,>a tura ti o n . gas begins to
now and is removed fr o m th e reservoir o il . This IS a
uifferential liberation of ~as . \luch of the !.Cas.
however. remains in the -;'eser\oir wit h th e-oti as
pressure in the re servoir fall s Thi s is a tlJsh
liberatIon of gas. So the reser\'oi r process begIns as J
tlJsh process and soon be come s J combination tlash
Jnu ullTerentiJI process A s p ress ure continues to
decline. more and more gas tlows . bringing the
p rocess cl oser to a differe ntial process. Once n il J nd
~ a s e nter the tubin g . they n ow together until th ey
reJch the separato r . In the se p:lrator th ey Jre bro ught
( I ) eq uil ibrium . and the gas Jnd o il are separated .
ThIS IS J tlash separa ti o n.
The resen'oir proces s is simuiJted in the IJb o rJtory
h\· .1 ddk rentiJI liberatIon . The test is sometimes
referred to as a differe ntial vaporization. The tlash
liberation is simulated in th e labo rat o ry \vith separator
tests. It takes a marriage of the diffe re nti al
vaporization and separator tests to prepa re the
reservOir tluid data fo r engineer ing ca lcula ti o ns.
In the laboratory . th e differential libaation co ns ists
of a series -u sua ll y 10 to I S- of flas h IIbaati o ns. A n
infinite ser ies of tlas h liberations is th e eq ui va lent o f
a true differential li berati o n At eac h press ure leve l.
gas is evo lved and measured . The vol ume o f oil
re m aining is also measured at e3c h deple ti o n
pressure. Thi s process is co nt inued to atmos pheric
pressure. The oil remainin2 at atmos pheric pressu re IS
measured and converted to-a volume at 60°F [16°C ].
Thi s final vo lume IS refer red to JS the re si du a l o il.
T he volume of oil at each Df the hi g her pressures IS
divided by th e volume of re s idual o il a t 60°F [16 ° C]

721
 TABLE A-2-SEPARATOR TESTS

r· Stock-
--
Separator Tank Oil
Pressure Tem perature Gravi ty
(psig) (oF) GO A. R slO • (O API at 600F) FVF. BOlo··
50 75 737
to 0 75 41 40 .5 1.481
778

100 75 676
to 0 75 92 40.7 1.474
768

200 75 602
to 0 75 178 40.4 1.483
780

300 75 549
to 0 75 246 40 . 1 1.495
795

'GOR In cubIC feel 01 gas al 1465 PSI a and GO°F per barrel 01 S!OC)(-Iank 011 at GO°F
• °FVF IS barrels of saturated OJI al 2 .620 pSlg and 220°F per barrel of SlOCX·lank 011 al 60°F

1.80
,,
1000

I B. = B.. B_.
S." ; I
1.70
I
!
!
900
IR'=R".-(R~.-RN)t.:! 85 4

1.600
I I

.. :L ­
1.60 800

01)
E
::I 1.50
,
700
I I
0
>
-(3 1.40
· 7;/ 1i
CD

,,
600

/"~
<II u..
>
i .S!
<II
a; 1.30 -; 500

L~ .~
a: :~~
: a:
1.445 ( : ) , .­0
1.20 400
ci:t
,/ .r <II

1.10
I
I
I
BASIS : '00 PSIG

FVF = 1.H"
I
Seper.,or @ 7S·F.. _
" 300

I : !
I
1.00 200
a 400 800 120 0 1600 2000 2 400 2800
Pressure: PSI G BASIS: '00 PSIG
S.PI'l to(@ 7S-F.
100
TOII I GO A = 786
Fi g. A-4 - Adju st m ent of oil-rel ative -volume c urve to
separator co nditions .
I o ~----------------------------~----~
a400 800 12 00 160 0 2000 2400 2BOI
Pressure : PSIG
Table A-[ and Fig. A-I illu~tr~ltc these Oata. The
Fi g. A -5- Ad justment of gas-in-solution curve to separat ol
volumes of gas evolved are al so ui\iueu by the c ond iti o ns .
resioual oil vo lume to caie ulatc thc ~olution GOR data
in Table A-I and Fig A -2 . These Oata are reported
in this t·orm by long:s tanding. but unfortunate. relati ve oil volume factor. B" ". by th e relative oil
convention. The residual oil in the reservoir is nevcr volume factor at the bubblepoim. B""" .
at 60°F [16 °CI but always :ll rcserv o ir temperature. The shrinkage curve now has a value or I at the
Reporting these data relative to the residual oil at bubblepoint and J value of less than I at subsequent
60°F [16°CJ gives the re la tive-oil-volume curve the pressu res below the bubblepoint. as in Fig. A-J. As
appearance of an FVF curv e , leading to its misuse in pressure is reduced and gas is liberateo. [he oil
reserv o ir calculations. A better mcthoO of repo n ing sh ri nks . The shrinkage c ur ve ues c ribes [he volume o.
these data is in the for m of a shrinkage curve . W e [his original barrel of oil in thc reserv o ir as pressure
may convert the relative -oil-volume oata in Fig. A-I declines. It does not relate [ 0 a s tock-tank barrel or
ano Table A-I to a shrinkage curve by Oividing each surt'ilcc barrel.

I Juurna i Il( P'. .' trok ulll T~Lhn(}logy. Jul y 198

 We! now know the behJvior of th e oil in the
reservoir JS pressure decl ines. We m ust have a way
or' bri ngi ng this oi l to the surface through separato rs
:.lO d into a stock tank. Th is process is a flas h process .
:V1ost reservoir tlu id studies include o ne or mo re
separator tests to si mu late this flash process . Table
A -2 is a typicJI e xample of a set of separato r tests.
During this test. the FV F is measured . The F VF is
th e vo lu me o f o il and disso lved gas enter ing a
wellbore at res e rvoi r pressu re a nd te m perat ure
divided by the resulting stock -tank o il volume Jfter it
passes th rough a sepamtor.
The FV F is B 0'; because separators result in a flash
separatio n, we should add a subscript . B oJ . In most
fluid studies . these separJtor tests a re measured only
on the original oil at the bubblepo im . The FVF Jt the
bubblepoint is B oJh . To make solution-gas-drive or
other materiai-balJnce calculations. we need vJlues of
Bn] at lower reservoir pressures. From a technical
stJndpoint. the ideal method for obtaining these data
is to place J IJrge sample ot' rese rvoir oil in a cell.
heJt it to reservoir temperature. Jnd pressure-deplete
it with a differential process to simulate reservoir
depletion. At some pressure a few hundred psi below
the bubblepoint. a portion of the oil is removed from
the cell Jnd pumped through :.I separator to obwin the
flash F VF . B o/ ' at the lower reservoir pressure. This
should be repeJted at several prog ressively lower
reservoir pressures until J complete curve of B", vs.
reservoir press u re has been obtained. The se daui. are
occJsionally meJsured in th is mJnner in the
laboratory; this method. which is the best for
obtaining data. is sometimes cJlled the Dodson
method . 4 The process is time-consuming Jnd
consequently Jdds to the cost of a study. :Vlost studies
include only values of B o/ I,' the FVF :.It the
bubblepoint. The v:llues or' B ,y' :It lower pressures
must be obtJined bv other mCJns. A method has been
proposed for Jcco~plishing this mathem:ltically. 5.6 [n
essence. the method CJlls for multiplying the tbsh
FVF :.It the bubblepoint. B""" by the shrinbge
fJctors Jt various reservoir pressures obta ined c:lrlier.
The shrinbge factor W:lS cJicubted by d iv iding the
relJtive oil volume fJctors. B"d' by the relJtivc oil
volume betor :.It the bubblcpuint. B,,,,,,. [I' \ve
combine both CJlcubtions . we c:.In start with the
ditlerentiJI-rebtive-volume curve :.Ind :.Idjust it to
sepJrJtor or tbsh conditions by
B,"" . ( ..\ - I )
B" =B "J--'-.
B odh
This cJlcubtion is illustr:lted in Fig .-\--.+.
To perform mJte rial-bal:lnce c:llcul:.ltions. we mu st
:.Ibn h:l ve the separJtor :.Ind slOck-t:.lnk gas in so lution
as a fu nc t ion o f rese rvoir press ure. These values are
expressed as standard c ubic fe et per barrel and .
us ually are designated RsJ . T he se pJrato r tests gi ve us
this value at the bub blepoint. RsJb. As press ure •
decl ines in the rese rv oi r. g as is evolved from
so lution . The amou nt o f gas remaining in solutio n in
the oil is the n somewhat less. The di fferen tial
vapo r ization tells us how much gas was e volved from
the oil in the reservo ir : (R"lb -R sJ )' where R sdb is
the amo u nt o f gas in solution at the bubblepoint as
measured by differential vaporization at the reservoir
temperature and R sd is th e gas in solution at
subsequent pressures.
The units of R sdb a nd R sJ are standard cubic feet
per barrel of residual oil. Because we must have the
gJS in solution in terms of standard cubic fee t per
barrel of stock-tank oil . this term must be converte d
to a stock-tank basis. If we divide (RsJh -RsJ) by
BoJb ' we have the gas evolved in te rms of standard
cubic feet per bar re l of bubblepoint oil. If we then
multiply by B oJb ' we w ill have the gJS evolved in
terms of standard cubic feet per barrel of stock-tank
oil. This expression now is (R"dh - R rJ)( B ojb IBoJb).
The gas remai ning in solution then is Rr =R sJb ­
(R,Jb -RsJ)( Bo!bIBodb) standard cubic feet per stock­
tank barrel. For every pressure studied during the
differential liberation. Rs may be calculated from this
equation. This calculation is illustrated in Fig. A-5.
Ir is a fairly common practice to use differentiJI
vaporization data t'or material-balance cJlculations.
VJlues of BoJ and Rsd are almost Jlways higher than
t ~ corresponding values from se oarJror tests :
consequently . ..:ak"nlITuon s or OIP and reco verJble oil
w ill UsUall y De lowe r tha n is c o rrec t. T he ddlerenti:.ll
vapon ZatlOn data shoul d be conv eri;d to se oa rator
flasn c o nd it IOns before use In calculallo ns. The
methods presented in thi S pape r are ap prox imations.
For more accurate data. consider the method
proposed by Dodson e{ at. 4
51 Metric Conversion Factors
°AP! 141.5 /(1 31.5+ o APl) g/ cm 3
bbl x l. 5 89873 E-OI ~J
ftJ x 2.831 685 E -02 mJ
ftJ/bbl x 1.80 / 175 E-OI m 31m J
OF (OF-32)1I8 °C
gal x 3.785 -.+12 E-0 3 m'
pSI x 6.894 757 E+ OO kP:.I
JPT
ThiS paoer IS SPE ! 5835 . Distinguished Author Senes articles are general descrlp·
live preseniallons lhat Summarlz.e [he Siale 0 1me art In an area 01 t e Ch nol~y oy aescnb­
11"19 recent de veloomet11s 'or readers who are not specialisis In In e 100lC5 Clsc'Jssed.
Wrillen by InQI'''''duals recognlz.ed as experts In toe areas. theSe arllcles ;::>rov ide i<. ey
references 10 more dehnillve ·,...ork and presenl speclilc de[alls only [0 dlus(rJ. le Ihe
:eChnology . Purpose : To Inform 111e general readership o f recent advances In vanous
areas 0 1 ;::>e[rOleum englneenng A sot·lbouna 3nfhOlog y. SPE D1srmgulshea Mu :hor Ser.
les: Dec. '98 1-0ec. J 983. IS available from SPE· s 800 1( O rde r Dep[