Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

Electric Machines Principles Applications

and Control Schematics 2nd edition by
Dino Zorbas ISBN 1133628516
9781133628514
Download solution manual at:
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-electric-
machines-principles-applications-and-control-schematics-2nd-
edition-by-dino-zorbas-isbn-1133628516-9781133628514/

9W Electric Cars

Solutions To Exercises

EXERCISE 9W-1

a) Substituting the given data into Eq. (9W.8b) we obtain

12 X
En = π (5) [2 2 (120) −12 π] = 0.5
1000

From which

X = 2.17 h
b) The nominal energy is

50 (12)
En = = 0.6 kWh
1000

EXERCISE 9W-2

There will be a current flow during the period when the supply voltage is larger than the

battery voltage. The instantaneous value of the current is

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

Vm sin ! t " V
ι=
R

480 2 sin ! t " 300

=
10
= 48 2 sin ωt − 30

By definition, the rms value of the current is

1 2!
I2 = # "2
dt
2! 0

To establish the limits of integration

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

Vm sin ωt1 = V

or

300
sin ωt1 =
2 ( 480 )

From which

ωt1 = 0.46 Rad (26.23°)

and

ωt2 = π − ωt1

= π − 0.46

= 2.68 Rad (153.77°)

1 " t2
$ 48 2 sin " t 2 # 2 48 2 ( 30 ) sin " t + 900 ' d " t
I2 =
2! *" t1
( ) ( )
1 $1
(1 " cos 2# t ) " 2 ( 48 ) 2 ( 30 ) sin # t + 900 ' d# t
# t2 2
=
2!
#t1 * 2
( 48 2 )
1
)t2 * " 1%
= 4608 (1 ( cos 2) t ) ( 4072.94 sin ) t + 900 - d) t
2! 0)t1 ,+ 2 /
.

= 1 ,* 2304 $ (" t # " t ) # 1 ( sin 2" t # sin 2" t )' + 4072.94 ( cos " t # cos " t ) + 900 (" t # " t ) -
2! + 2 1
2
2 1 2 1 2 1 /
.

1 ) # 1 & ,
=
2! +2304 ( 2.68 " 0.46 ) "2 ( "1.5859 ) " 7307.08 + 1998.
* -

1
= 2304 (3.013) − 7307.08 + 1998
2π

1
= (1632.76) = 259.8613
2π

Ι = 259.86 = 16.12 A

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

The result should be multiplied by the factor 2 to account for the effects of the complete

cycle.

Ι = 2 (16.12) = 32.24 A

EXERCISE 9W-3

a) The chassis of the car is grounded and so is by standardization the negative

terminal of the battery.

When the negative terminal is disconnected and the wrench or cable

touches the chassis, there is no voltage across the loop formed. There is no current

flow and there is no danger.

When, however, the positive terminal is disconnected and this cable comes

into contact with the car’s chassis, a current loop is formed through the 12 V

! V$
battery. This will be accompanied by a severe arc flash I = because the
R

resistance of the loop is negligible.

The moral of the story is that when one works even at low voltage safety

precautions must be taken (such as the usage of goggles, gloves, etc.).

b) It isolates the ac distribution system from the dc voltage (electrical disturbances,

such as high transient currents, cannot pass through the transformer; it acts as a

transient voltage surge suppressor). The higher the transformer’s secondary

voltage the faster the battery will be charged.

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

EXERCISE 9W-4

For voltage Vbc: Q3 Q4 and Q5 Q2

For voltage Vca: Q5 Q6 and Q1 Q4

EXERCISE 9W-5

V
12 = T1
T

where T1 is the duration of the control voltage pulse.

Substituting, we get

V T
12 =
T 10

From which

V = 120 V

EXERCISE 9W-6

The functions of the coil are:

It smooths the development of the current. The latter starts at zero and

exponentially builds up to a steady state value.

The function of the free wheeling diode is to provide a path for the gradual exponential

decay of the coil’s current. When inductive electronic circuits are not supplied with a free

wheeling diode the coil’s energy will be dissipated instantaneously by the circuit’s

current interrupting device and thus, such a device will not last long.

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

Solutions To Problems

PROBLEM 9W-1

The incremental energy (d En) absorbed by the battery in terms of the instantaneous

power p(t) is

d En = p(t) dt (I)

where p(t)

= υι (dt)

The voltage and current are respectively

V = 12 V

# Vm sin ! t " 12 &

ι=
R
Thus,

# Vm sin ! t " 12 &

d En = 12 (' dωt (II)
R
and

( 2 )12 !t 2
En = # (V sin ! t "12 ) d! t
m
(III)
R !t1

=
( 2 )12 # !V " t2 " t2 &

% cos " t ! 12" t " (

(IV)
m
R $ " t1 t1
'

( 2 )12
= ( !V ( cos " t ! cos " t ) ! "t )) Watts-radians (V)
! 12 (" t
m 2 1 2 1
R

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

In order to average it over a complete cycle one has to divide by the duration of a

cycle in radians (2π). Then the units of Eq. (V) become watts (average power). To find

the corresponding energy the final equation should be multiplied by the time (t).

Thus, in general

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

V
En = #!V ( cos"t ! cos"t ) ! V ("t ! "t ) %t (VI)
$ m 2 1 2 1 &
R

where V is the battery’s voltage.

PROBLEM 9W-2

For

Vm = 2 V = 2(300) = 600 V
V V
sin ωt1 = = 2 V = 0.5
Vm

ωt1 = 0.5236 rad (30°)

ωt2 = π − ωt1

= 2.618 rad (150°)

Substituting into Eq. (9W.7), we obtain

P1 =
( 2 ) 300 [−600 (cos 150° − cos 30°) − 300 (2.618 − 0.5236)]
2! (10 )

=
( 2 ) 300 [1039.23 − 628.32]
! 1 $
2! (10 ) 1000

= 3.92 kW

For

Vm = 3 V = 900 V
and

V
sin ωt1 = = 0.3333
3V

ωt1 = (0.34 rad (19.5°)

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

ωt2 = 2.80 rad (160.5°)

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

Substituting we obtain

2 (300)
P2 = 2π (10) [−900 (cos 160.5° − cos 19.5°) − 300(2.80 − 0.34)]

2 (300)
= [1697.07 − 738.60]
2π (10)

= 9.15 kW

PROBLEM 9W-3

a) The Zener diode will clamp or will protect the battery from high transient

voltages and contribute to faster dissipation of the inductors energy when the

IGBT is switched OFF.

b) The function of the inductance is to provide a smooth increase of the current

through the battery.

PROBLEM 9W-4

Substituting into Eq. (9W.17) we obtain

80000
= 424.41 N⋅mT=
188.5
Substituting into Eq. (9W.18) we obtain

208 (122.49 ) ! 1 $
Td = sin11.4°
3 0.1 188.50

= 154.24 N⋅m/phase

= 462.73 N⋅m

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

! 424.41 $ # &
= 0.92 = η" 462.73 %

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

PROBLEM 9W-5

From Eq. (9W.29)

Vg = K1 ω

From Eq. (9W.31)

Vt ! Vg
Ιa =
Ra

V!
= t
K1"
Ra

From Eq. (9W.30)

T = K1 Ιa

or
# Vt ! K1" &
T = K1

Ra

= K2 − K3 ω

where K1 , K2 and K3 are constant.

PROBLEM 9W-7

Electric Car:

I) With 25 kWh the car travels 170 km. That is

25
= 0.1471 kWh/km
170

II) The corresponding costs are

= 0.1471(0.1)

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

= $0.0147/km

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

Gasoline Engine:

I) With 1 liter the car travels 25 km.

That is,

1
= 0.04 liters/km
25

The theoretical energy per liter is

0.04
( 37.5 ) = 0.4167
kWh
3.6 km

II) The corresponding costs (C) are

C = (1.5)(0.04)

= $0.06/km

PROBLEM 9W-8
10 kWh 14 ! 10 kWh 18 ! 14 kWh
a) M1 = 4 = 2.5 h , M2 = =4 h , M3 = =2
5!4 7!5 h

18 (0.6) kWh
b) Effective distance rate of energy used = = 0.0707
150 km

PROBLEM 9W-9

The inductive impedance of the motor’s windings will result in a current that starts at

zero and crosses again at the x-axis with some delay (Θ°) with respect to the voltage

pulses. One can determine mathematically the actual current waveform by using the

technique of Laplace transforms.

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Zorbas/Electric Machines, 2e 9W: Electric Cars

PROBLEM 9W-10

a) At unity power factor

P1 = 15 (0.8)(120) = 1.44 kW

with time t to charge the battery

1.44 (t) = 18

From which

t = 12.5 h

Similarly,

P2 = 40 (0.8)(240) = 7.68 kW
and

18
t= = 2.34 h
7.68

b) The temperature sensor is closed for all temperatures lower than 50° C and

becomes open for all temperatures higher than 50° C.

FIG. P9W-­­10(a)

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