Visi t w w w . a f r a t a f r e e h .

co m f o r m o r e
Chapter 7 l Basal Ganglia

Cortex
Note
Both basal ganglia pathways utilize
Glutamate 2 GABA neurons in series, and a
Indirect
Input center “disinhibition.”
Globus pallidus GABA/Enkephalin Striatum
external segment (acetylcholine)
GABA/
Dopamine Note
Direct Substance P Dopamine drives the direct pathway;
GABA
Substantia nigra acetylcholine (ACh) drives the indirect
pars compacta pathway.
Subthalamic Globus pallidus Substantia nigra
nucleus Glutamate internal segment pars reticulata
Sostanen migra

:
Output center GABA
⑯
Thalamus Ventral anterior/
ventral lateral Dopamine
thalamic nuclei
/ I S

Clear arrows: excitatory Supplementary

Shaded arrows: inhibitory motor area Dir D 28
*S
G:
↳s E
Figure III-7-2. BasalIII-7-2.
Figure Ganglia Pathways
b ⑯
Via Dirc ta
↑
Indirectl
Dopamine and cholinergic effects /planca to I no plancabol
In addition to the GABA neurons, 2 other sources of chemically significant neu-
rons enhance the effects of the direct or indirect pathways.

Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the midbrain project to the

striatum. The effect of dopamine excites or drives the direct pathway, increasing
cortical excitation. Dopamine excites the direct pathway through D1 receptors
and inhibits the indirect pathway through D2 receptors.

Cholinergic neurons found within the striatum have the opposite effect. Acetyl-
choline (Ach) drives the indirect pathway, decreasing cortical excitation.

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