28 _tecranns Angle between 4 and 5 ~ 180°— y= 90°, Angle between Band C= 140—a= 138, Angle between C and A= 180° = 125° GD FAs k BN Acconding to Lami’s theorem, \ ae eta sso FS in00% ” Gin150° ~ i120" or eee nth pag NEN fe and = V3N 1. Acar travels 6 km towards north at an angle of 45° to the cast and then travels distauce uf 4 kin wards north at an angle of 135° to the east. How far is the point from the starting point? What angle does the straight line joining its intial and final positon makes withthe east? em | Asm w en sin) ~27 and B= 67 4.8}, then find the magnitude and direction of 4 +B. 3. A truck travelling due north at 20 ms" turns west and travels atthe same speed. Find the change in its velocity. 4. If the sum of two unit vectors 18a unit veeror, then find the magnitude of aifrerence. 5. Two forces F, = 1 N and F, = 2N act along the lines -v=Oandy=0. respectively. Then find the resultant of forces, value of A—28-+36. 71. An object of m kg with speed of v ms strikes a yay tran angle Band rebounds atte same speed and sat angle Find the magnitude of change inthe momen, of object | i = Ti +24), find the vector having magnitude as B and parallel to 4 9 Vector A makesequalangles with:-,y-,andz-axes.Fing the value ofits components (in terms magnitude of 3 10, Find the vector that mnst he added to the vectr feaje2k and 3146)-78 50 that the resuliom ‘esto fo a uit yest alg he ani j tum) 2.55,00(4) 3.208 4s S.2i+j 6 20}-Sj—4k 7. 2m veos 8 Ree 4 8.157 +20) 9. 4 tna 3 -RODUCT OF TWO VECTORS SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS If we muitine a vector by 2 ecalar produces another vestr. Te scalar product is different from this maltpicaton. The scale product isa way to multiply two vevios (0 yield a scalar ret In physin, we defined some ecalar quantiics auch es wack power, flux, et. a6 the product of two veto. For example work done IF by a force #18 defined as the product af he displacement of a point at which the force is acting and the component of the foree along the displacement (direction of ‘motion of the point), ‘Symbolically, W =LF, || 51, where |F,|=|F] cos defined a8 prod af two vectors F and 5 , we oan cll his prot “scalar product.” In short, substituting cos @ by a dot (), we write = Fes Hence the scalar product can also be termed as a “dot product.”a ysis whe eal aga ee eatiane atoms ee eee se ero a special 2805 1 110-0, 4 2, 10180", 3. 1B (maximum value) £08 0°= 1] -AB (oegative maximum value) : [:, cos180° =-1] 4. 16=90°, 4-8 =0 (minimum value) [:. c0s90°= 0} Soiftwo vectors are perpendicular, then their dot product iszero. 4 tes acute ten, 2B is +e, {cs Bis +e when Bis ewe} is-ve [+ cos 8 is -ve when @ is obtuse.] DoT PRODUCT OF UNIT VECTORS: ‘The dat product of @ unit vector wth itelfs unity and with other speadcular unit vector i zero, 5. If Gis obtuse, then A: |ncomponeat form, the product is expressed as: le GeAi+4j+AhB=B,i40,)+8 Lit Aj Ab Oi 2) +8) = A\i(B,i + B,j + Bk) + A,j(Bi + Bj + BA) +4 4cn,i+R,j+R) )+ A,B j)+4,B,08) + AB, Gid+ 48,0) + 48,00 8 4B = 4,8, ¢. aki Aayiijy+ AR ed) = A.B, + A,B, + AB, Properties of Dot Product Product is commutative: 4. A property to unit vectors, we get Risié Vectors Dot product is distributive: 4.(3+€)= 48+ 4 ‘This may be extended to any number of vectors. BB+ HD+) = AB ACA D+ Dot product of perpendicular vectors is zero Proof. If A jis perpendicular to B then @= 90°. A.B ABeos 0? =0 This leads us to the following condition of perpendicularity of “Two given non-zero vectors will be perpendicular to each other ifand only if their dt product is zero.” ‘Applying the result to unit vectors, we get ij =0, j-£=0, and k-i =0. Dot product of a vector with itself: A vector is parallel to itself, So, angle ofa vector with itself is zero. AA =Adcos P= 4 [c0s0°= 1] Hence, the dot product of a vector with itself isthe square of its rapide Weeanalso write: f.4=[i) => lil= (ea PQ! +2PQcoso * +O? -2P-O Similarly, |P— 2, =P'+g'-2PQc080 Important Points: See 1. Angle between two vectors can be calculated from: 5. ahtahted 2 AB eased vat nereaei “bea bP 2, 1|d+H|=[4-A,tmenanglebetween 4 and Bis90° roa: Given [i+ = A+B -24- B= 44-B=0 Squaring both sides, we get [4+ Bf = Pe sth Hence, A ia perpendicular to B. 3. If (4+B)-(Z-B) = 0, then A and B are equal in3.20 Mechanics 1 | 4 We can find the addition of two vectors using: dot product. Rip | In (A+B) (A+B) ~ AP +B 424-8 or R= A+B +24B = VA +B DAB CSO ‘Similarly, we can find subtraction of two vectors also. Find the dot product oftwo vectors 4 = i —3j-68 or i +2j-4k and TED 1-8-3024 2x) + (4x64 Find the value of m so that the vector 3/— perpendicular to the vector 21 +6) + mk. HEIR Tee given vectore will be perpondioular if their dot product is zero. (i -2j+h)-Q+6j}+mk)=0 66-i)-12G-jy+ mk or 6-12+m=0 or Oorm=6 ‘What is the angle between the following pair of vectors ? 2j+k may be = ABcos® or cos: efi) (++i) (-2i -2}-24y 2-2-2246 Again 4 =|A|= Jay +0y +0? = v3; B=|B\= \(-2)' +(-2)' +(-27 = Vi2=2V3 Now, cost= peal = = 180° Ifthe sum of two unit veetors magnitude of their difference. ia (BRIM Let ji, and i, are the two unit vectors, then their sum a | fig =f +h ws nbn 403 42mm cos =1+1 +208 0 Since it is given that #, is a unit vector, so n, 1 = 120° +142 cos O=9 cos = 20 a 2 Now the difference vector is iy =f ~ ig => nb =n} +n} - Inn, cosO = 1 + 1-2 cos(120°)=3 = omaN3 Prove that (4-+2B)(24-38) = 24" + AB cos 0-662. [BOD (4+28).24-38) =24-A-34-B+4B-4-6(B-B) =2(A 14 B cos 0 +44 B cos 0 ~6(B-B) A + ABcos@ - 6B” ‘A body constrained to move along the z-axis dinate system is subjected to a constant force F 4+2}+3k newton where i, j.and& t vectors along x-, y-, and z-axes of the system, respect CCaleulate the work done by this force in displacing through a distance uf4 mt along the axis. Wi42j43k BAW Displacement = 44. Force: ‘Since work W is the scalar product of force and displacement, wee Fiapraiyat = 4487-04126 = 129 [Because 7. By vector method, prove that ifthe diagonals ofa intersect perpendicularly, then the parallelogram is [BORD Assuming the sides of @paruetogram as GB-= i and OR=B, its diagonals can be RP = A~ it, respectively,vectors 3.24 (a) Magnitude of f+ = VP HP + 2x11 e090? = V2 A14 units o=t= tand=7 o=4s° So, the vector j-+ makes an angle of 45° with x-axis. f 0, Hence, [4|=|B It means that OP = oR, stl ta the given parallelogram is athombus, a ee geomet Interpretation of Dot Product = Vi +1)? +2(1(-1) 00890" = V2 1 (b) Magnitude of 7 overt ooreiely inter de sear product, we daw A wand sn B drown with their tals together. we drop a perpendicular fom te tip of B to line containing .. The quantity B cos @ is ‘The vector / called projection of B or component of B on the line containing Let us now determine the component of =a" j makes an angle of -45° with x-axis 21+3] inthe { Imagine light shinning perpendicular to A then the shadow direction of i+}. cfvector B on the line containing 4, has length equal to the ‘then, B=i+} precio of B or component of B on ine of 4. aes = So component of A in the direction of B peendicaer ‘The line rrr 4.8 _@i+3p.d+)) Bee Component of J inthe dietion of Fj -2i+3).-) 1 ve | cotiog 7 Here PM isthe component of 2 in th diestion of B 0, dot product oftwo vectors d and B may be defied ss the product of the magnitude of Band the component oF A inthe dveeion of B units We can also take projection the other way around. A-B= A(Bcos) =(Acos®)B AB=BA VECTOR PRopUuCT (CROSS PRODUCT) andy-oxesrespectively, What Ifthe product of two vector quasts i vector quantity. then the products called vector producto eoss product. We express iccionaite vector f+ Jand i=]? eCopt ot dan Ba 4B rte hid vse of vector A=21+37 along the 8 whose magnitude is |4 x B|=14] |B] sin where @ is the : ‘smaller of the two angles between Atand B, (You must use the smaller of the two angles between the vectors because sin @ and sin (360°-0) differ in algebraic sign.) Because of the notation, Bis also known as the cross product, an in speech iti cross B:" We can write & = Axi. 1 evo vectors and Bare parallel or antiparallel then x =0.Hence i x = 0,)x}=0, éxk=0. Themagnitudeot 4 xB, which can be writen as 42) is maximum when 4 and Rare perpendicular to each ol WER Le us frst draw the vectors (/+ jyand (F—j)- Both the ‘Vectors make angle @ with x-axis as shown in figure. “The diteetion of resultant of cross product is perpendicular to the plane that contains 4 and B. The first figure shows how to determine the ditection of 4 xB with what is known as a== esnames 1 Fighthand rule, Place the vectors 4 altering their orientations, and imagine a to their plane where they meet. Pret hhand around that line in such a way that your fingers. would ‘Sweep 4 into 8 through the smaller angle between them. Your Outstretched thumb points in the direction of «0 B wail 10 tat swithout ine that is perpendicular tend to place your right ‘Sweep vector A into vector & with the fingers of vour riht ‘outstretched thumb shows the direction of vector fu A i _ We can completely write vector product (or cross product) as 4 xB = ((Al[B|sind) i, Ais the direction of unit vector normal to plane containing vectors A and B. Properties of Cross Product of Vectors ‘The order of the vector multiplication is important. In the figure below, we are determining the direction of B A, so the fingers sue placed t0 sweep A into B through the smaller angle. The ‘thumb ends up in the opposite direction from Previously, that is, Bxd=-(axB) In other words, the commutative law does not apply to a vector product. {Sema te pe Ito the p ane of Tandy ofa ant Plane of Fund F Right Hand Thumb Rule for Finding the Direction of Cross Product of Unit Vectors: To check whether any xy2 coordinate system is a right-handed coordinate system, use the right-hand rule for the cross product 7x j= with that system.If your fingers sweep (positive direction of x) into j (positive direction ofy) with the outstretched ‘thumb pointing in the positive direction of z (not the negative direction), then the system is right-handed. Unit Vectors and their Cross Product 3, j.and & are unit vectors along x, y, and 2 axis, respectively ‘The magnitude of each vector is | and the angle between any of twounit vectors is 90". : Fi Soi x j= Cyan a famhoe fe unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing, i and j. it westor, | 04 ye estat of any Unt ver In cro Pret use the following rulec. ate Mohipaon fay two ui triacs | direction gives the third unit vector with positin sin Rale2. Multiplication of any two unit vectors in clock direction gives the third unt vector with negative sg” From these rules, we obtain the following results: From Rule 1 wixjek 2 jxke 3. kxisj From Rule2 i Ljxis-k nk] 3 ixks—j Cross praduct met 11 Ustng component form AXB= i+ 4, J+, xB i+ B F486 = A,B, (ixi)+ A,B, (j Xi) + A,B (kxi) +4,B, Xj)+4,B, Gxj)+ 4,B,(kx,and z-axes of a coordinate system. Use vectors to compute ad, san (a) Lets ‘of the cube isd, then al Let angle between ab and cad is @. ft a -1 font monal (©) Wecan represent aé and ad as a=) +d, ad = di + dj + dk Let angle between ac and ad is 6”. then, cos @PO Hence, the displacement of the bind = PO=4Q- AP = 5i+2] P ond © are inclined at an angle 0. Prove that sin (62), ia JP|={O]=1oecause they are unit vectors tas [> 6] = \@-0.6-6 = JP +? -2 Peet" argene boanixiend) = 21-0056) = af asin®or2) =2.sin(@2)= RHS Q ‘east, 5 km 37° south of east, and cement. If the final displacement of point is 6 km due eas, determine the econ 25 IID iven thatthe rota daplacement is km de eat which may be expressed as 6i " Given displacements are: (a) 2km due east or 27 oar (b) 5 km 37 south of eas its components ‘Aton saniy = 30085 7°= 5x24) Serr (©) Letthe unknown displacemeng be ai +6j 2i+4i-3}+ai +6 Gi +ai~3)+6, ‘Comparing the two sides, we get a= 0 and 6 = 3. ‘Therefore, unknown displacement = 3 Three vectors as shown in figure have magnitudes Val=3,|5|=4, and j=10. vp (8) Find thex andy components of these ° vectors. (©) Find he numbers p and g such that e B= pas gb. ‘Along y-axis Shing = 5x3 3 — (wk B= 4, 4 2-4 sin 30% > e €¢08 120° = ex: (b) Given c= pa +gb p= pa, +qb, => -S=3p+2V3q 4 -p5 tab, > S=0rm 3 a= Replacing value of g, 53 sap bP or S=3p 415 oP 3 particle of m= 5 kg is momentarily atrestatx=0 at ¢= 0, Itis acted upon by two forces A and A. F =70jN ‘The direction and magnitude of F, are unknown, The particle experiences a constant acceleration, in the direction ‘as shown in figure, Neglect gravity. a= 10m? Na(8) Find the missin F; the missing force 7. (b) What is the velocity vector of the particle at = 10s? (©) What third force, F,, is required to make the acceleration of the particle zero? Either give magnitude and direction of F, or its components. HBRBD Acceleration of the particle G = 10c0853° i + 10sin53°j 3, 4, er =10x27+10x4j =¢68 5 oloxe!) (61 +87) mvs As Ra aRek= 0j+ Rit Fj 5(6i +8}) 301 +40) By comparing two sides, we get Fi=30i => Kj=-30j 2 -B=307-307 | Fy |= G0) +30" =30/2 N Atr= 10s v=ii+ at =0+(6i +8) x 10 = (60) +80j) m/s Acceleration will be zero if'a third force makes the resultant “A.epy plane is heing tracked by a radar. At i reported as (100 m, 200 m, 1000 m). 130 s later, its position is reported to be (2500 m, 1200 m, 1000 m). Find a unit vector in the direction of plane velocity and the magnitude uf its aveiage velocity. In 130 s, the displacement is _ (2500 - 100) + (1200 - 200); + 100100) ‘Magnitude of displacement = (2400)" +1000)? 2600 Average veloity= 28% = 20 ms papal oer “And unit vector along velocity = 5g (2400! + 1000/) _lai+5h “B [BRED Sum of all given forces = 15c0353% + 15sin53°} . xf -10j =yeos37"i ~ ysin37"j~0 + 3 xi-isx3i-y-Si=0 Isxsi-¥5 ; 42 35_ ~10j +15x3j-y = 0 4 4 —4y-92 x-ty=9 oto 3 I Sys Zy=2 or H10+12-Zy=0 or 5Y y and ‘Three boys are pulling a heavy trolley by means of ropes. The boy in the middle is exerting a pull of 1 other two boys, whose ropes both make an angle of the central rope, are pulling with forces of 503 N and 100V3 N. Find the magnitude of 30° the resultant pull on the trolley. {SQBD x-component F, - 100 — 50V3.c0330° 1 10/3 20930" =100+ 50vix 4 s100v5 x8 =s05n y-component 1003 xsin30° + 50V3 sin 30° = 25V3N In unit vector notation, we can write F = (323i -25V3])N Resultant = 1025) +255) = 107500 = 3279N= A -(component of 4 alone 8) po 7 stiti-g0- Fie diediey3.28 Mechanics 1 ia r Bitounaa Exercises ‘The sum and difference of two perpendicular vectors of equal length are (1) Perpendicular to each other and of equal length 2) Perpendicular to each other and of different lengths 3) OF equal length and have an obtuse angle between them (4) Of equal length and have an acute angle between them The minimum number of vectors having different planes ‘which can be added to give zero resultant is (2 Q)3 @4 as A vector pependicularto ++ j++ is winjee @ i-j-k @ -i-j-i ( si +2}sé From figure, the correct relation is Q) 6-B=-4 (4) Allof the above () +R Fai z ” ee (Out of the following set of forces, the resultant of which cannot be zero? () 10, 10, 10 2) 10, 10, 20 (3) 10, 20, 20 (4) 10,20, 40 The resultant of two vectors 4 and itis perpen lar to the vector A and its magnitude is equal to half ofthe magnitude of vector B figure. The angle between 4 and Bis i. Rk Bp Loo (1) 120° (2) 150° (3) 135° (4) None of these ‘The ratio of maximum and minimum magnitudes of th resultant of two vectors a andj is 3:1. Now, [al is equal to w @ ap] @ 3/5] 4] 8. Two forces, each equal to F, act as shown in Figure. Thy resultant is F Ae * F (Fe @r (@) BF ( BF 9, Vector A is 2 em long and is 60° above the x-axis in ty first quadrant, Vector B is 2 cm long and is 60° below th canis inthe fourth quadrant. The sum 4+ B isa vecory ‘magnitude (1) 2emalong positive y-axis (2) 2.em along positive x-axis (3) 2m along negative y-axis (4) 2 cm along negative x-axis 10. What is the angle between two vector forces of equal mag nitude such that their resultant is one-third of either of original forces? -if_17 fit oo) @e'(-4) @)4se (4) 120° M1. Theangle between 4+ and Ax B is ao @) m4 @) m2 Qn 12, Theprojectionofa vector 7=31+ +2 onthe x pie ‘has magnitude 3 @4 @) Via @) 0 13, 1 |4+ 8] then the angle between 4 and Bis (1) 120° @) oo (3) 90° ao 14. If vectors 4 F42]-+4i and B= Si represent the sides of a triangle, then the third side of the triangle have length equal to we ©) Fe (3) Both of the above (4) None of the above 1S. Given fl=2,Vgh= 3 and [+ 4y]=3, Find the OG 424).04 43) () 64 (2) 60 (3) -60 (64 Three vectors i, B, & satisfy the relation A-B =0# 4G =0.The vector 4 parallel wo