Solution Manual for Organizational Behavior 4th

Edition Hitt Miller Colella 1118809068

9781118809068
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Test Bank
Chapter Four

True/False

The Strategic Importance of Learning and Perception

1. At VF Asia, learning goals are tied into individual performance evaluations and to the
strategic goals of the organization.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

2. At VF Asia, associate learning, development, and knowledge sharing are some of the
crucial drivers of the VF Corporation’s new strategy.
Answer: True Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

3. Continuous learning based on trying new things plays a critical role in an

organization’s capability to gain and sustain a competitive advantage.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

Fundamental Learning Principles

4. Learning refers to relatively temporary changes in human capabilities that occur as a
result of experience rather than a natural growth process.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

5. Learning is defined as a process through which individuals maintain their behavior

based on positive or negative experiences in a situation.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

6. Intellectual skills can be considered a learning outcome.

Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

7. An example of learning is when past experience with a particular situation affects

future behavior when the situation occurs again.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

8. Learning is driven by experience with a particular situation.

Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.
9. Very few behaviors exhibited by associates and managers are intentional.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

10. Operant conditioning theory and social learning theory can both be used to explain
learning.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

11. Behaviorists adopted the position that all behavior is the result of simple
conditioning.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

12. B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who believed that people don’t need to think to learn.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

13. The Social Learning Theory was developed by Albert Bandura.

Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

14. The Social Learning Theory accepts the idea that higher mental processes are
extremely irrelevant in human learning.
Answer: False Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

15. The Social Learning Theory states that humans do not need to directly experience a
particular situation to develop some understanding of the behaviors that are rewarded
in that situation.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

16. The following is an example of positive reinforcement: if working harder and smarter
removes the frown from a manager’s face, then an associate may attempt to work
harder and smarter.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

17. Punishment results when the introduction of a negative consequence results in the
individual being less likely to repeat the behavior.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

18. Punishment is a form of negative reinforcement.

Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

19. Waiting for a considerable amount of time before punishing an individual’s

undesirable behavior is optimal when trying to extinguish that behavior.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

20. Delivering a punishment in an objective fashion is optimal when trying to extinguish

an individual’s undesirable behavior.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

21. Optimally, managers should listen to the offending party’s explanation before taking
any disciplinary action.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

22. The crash of a Korean Air 747 can be partly attributed to heavy-handed punishment
delivered by captains for unwanted subordinate input.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics, Group Dynamics
Blooms: Analysis
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

23. It is difficult to use extinction unless a manager has full control over all reinforcing
consequences.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

24. A reinforcement schedule in which a reward does not occur after each instance of a
behavior or set of behaviors is termed a spontaneous reinforcement schedule.
Answer: False Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

25. A continuous reinforcement schedule occurs when a reward is given after each
instance of a behavior or set of behaviors.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

26. Extinction is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is followed by the

presence of a previously encountered positive consequence.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

27. The Social Learning Theory rejects the idea that learning can also occur by
anticipating consequences of others’ behavior or by modeling others.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

28. The Social Learning Theory proposes that people also learn by observing others.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

29. Basketball players are reinforced through a variable ratio schedule each time they
make a basket.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

30. A variable ratio reinforcement schedule occurs when a reinforcement is introduced

after the desired behavior has occurred a fixed number of times.
Answer: False Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

31. Although the fixed-ratio schedule can produce a reasonably high rate of desired
behavior, it can also result in a short period immediately following reinforcement
when the desired behavior does not occur.
Answer: True Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

32. Overlearning means that performing the new behavior takes a lot of conscious
thought so that the performance becomes automatic.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

33. The concept of self-efficacy is part of the Operant Conditioning Theory.

Answer: False ` Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

34. Self-Efficacy is an individual’s belief that he or she will be able to perform a specific
task in a given situation.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

35. Employee motivation to learn is not increased when employees understand why what
they are learning is important.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

36. Associates need to use the experiences of others as the basis for learning.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

37. Research has revealed that feedback to employees can facilitate their learning
process.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

Training and Enhancing the Performance of Associates

38. OB Mod stands for Organizational Behavior Moderation

Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

39. The basic goal of OB Mod is to improve task performance.

Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.
40. OB Mod is also referred to as performance management.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

41. PIGS stands for productive, immediate, goal-oriented, and situational feedback.
Answer: False Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

42. OB Mod research reveals that performance improvements tend to be greater in

manufacturing organizations than in service organizations.
Answer: True Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

43. For jobs that are simple and routine OB Mod tends to be less effective.
Answer: False Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Analysis
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

44. OB Mod research reveals that performance feedback coupled with social
reinforcements can be as effective as feedback coupled with monetary reinforcers.
Answer: True Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

45. A simulation may be a useful tool for understanding the effects of a potential action.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

46. Although simulations are important they typically represent complex models of
reality.
Answer: False Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

47. A failure that does not result in learning is a mistake.

Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

48. A failure that results in learning is an unintelligent mistake.

Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

49. Learning from failure and OB Mod are ways that organizations can train their
associates.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

50. Perception is comprised of eight basic stages.

Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.
51. The first stage of perception is sensing various characteristics of a person, task or
event.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

52. Impaired hearing can affect perception.

Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

53. The Halo Effect is considered a problem in the person perception process.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

54. Research has revealed that an individual’s perceptions of another person cannot be
influenced by his own internal states or emotions.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

55. The perceptual process is influenced by factors associated with both the perceiver and
the general situation.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

56. People hold implicit person theories which are others’ theories about what personality
traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior.
 Answer: False Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

57. Those people who believe that people cannot change are called entity theorists.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

58. The Halo Effect occurs when a person makes a specific assessment of another person
and then uses this specific impression to interpret everything the person does.
Answer: False Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

59. Assuming that most other people have the same values and beliefs as we do is known
as projecting.
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

60. A perception problem in which an individual bases perceptions about members of a

particular group on a generalized set of beliefs is known as false belief.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

61. It is well documented that people associate those who are physically attractive with
negative qualities and those who are unattractive with positive qualities.
Answer: False Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

62. The process of deciding what caused a behavior is known as discernment.

Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

63. Interpreting another person’s behavior as being caused by internal or external factors
depends upon our perceptions of the consistency, consensus and diligence associated
with the behavior.
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

64. When an individual attributes the behavior of others to internal rather than external
causes, he or she is making what is called the “fundamental attribution error.”
Answer: True Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

65. When an individual attributes their own successes to external factors and their failures
to internal factors, he or she is using a “self-serving bias.”
Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

66. An example of a self-serving bias was the Great Bear Wilderness rescue team
blaming the crash survivors for the team’s failure to realize there had been survivors.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.
67. Factors such as age, intelligence and gender have been found to influence perceptions
of tasks.
Answer: True Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

68. Task perception does not seem to be related to job satisfaction.

Answer: False Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

Short Answer

The Strategic Importance of Learning and Perception

69. Learning is fully __________ into the culture at VF Asia Ltd.

Answer: integrated Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

70. The redevelopment of VF Asia Ltd.’s learning and development strategy

illustrates the importance of learning to the overall ________ goals of the
organization.
Answer: strategic Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

71. To be competitive in the twenty-first century an organization must have associates

and managers who can effectively ________ and _________.
Answer: Learn and grow Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.
Fundamental Learning Principles

72. Learning is defined as a process through which individuals ________ their behavior
based on positive or negative experiences in a situation.
Answer: change Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

73. Learning refers to relatively ___________changes in human capabilities as a result of

experience.
Answer: permanent Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

74. Specific outcomes associated with learning include verbal information, intellectual or
motor skills, attitudes, cognitive strategies, and _________.
Answer: new behaviors Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

75. _________Theory was developed by Albert Bandura.

Answer: The Social Learning Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

76. ____________ was a behaviorist researcher who applied the concepts of operant
conditioning theory to human behavior.
Answer: B.F. Skinner Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.
77. When behavior results in the introduction of a negative consequence, individuals are
less likely to repeat the behavior. This is called _________.
Answer: Punishment Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

78. Effective use of punishment in an organization includes _________ to the offending

party’s explanation before taking action.
Answer: listening Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

79. The textbook attributed the crash of a Korean Air 747 in part to ___________.
Answer: heavy-handed punishment delivered by captains for unwanted subordinate
input. Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Analysis
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

80. The simplest schedule of reinforcement is the ___________schedule.

Answer: continuous Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

81. When a reinforcement becomes available after a variable period of time it is termed a
________________schedule of reinforcement.
Answer: variable interval Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

82. According to the ____________Theory, people also learn by observing others.

Answer: Social Learning Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

83. An individual’s belief that he or she will be able to perform a specific task in a given
situation is termed______________.
Answer: Self-efficacy Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

84. ____________means that performing the new behavior takes little conscious thought,
so that the performance becomes automatic.
Answer: Overlearning Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

Training and Enhancing the Performance of Associates

85. ___________is a formal procedure focused on improving task performance through

positive reinforcement of desired behaviors and extinction of undesired behaviors.
Answer: OB Mod Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

86. PIGS stands for ____________________ feedback.

Answer: Positive, immediate, graphic, and specific Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

87. OB Mod research reveals that performance improvement tends to be greater in

_____________organizations.
Answer: manufacturing Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

88. A ________________is a representation of a real system that allows associates and

managers to try various actions and receive feedback on the consequences of those
actions.
Answer: simulation Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

89. Simulations represent _________models of reality.

Answer: simplified Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

90. People hold __________theories which are personal theories about what personality
traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior.
Answer: implicit person Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

The _________effect occurs when a person makes a general assessment of another

person and then uses this general impression to interpret everything that the person does.
Answer: halo Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

91. Assuming that most other people have the same values and beliefs as we do is known
as ________.
Answer: projecting Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

92. When an individual bases perceptions about members of a group on a generalized set
of beliefs about the characteristics of the group. __________can occur.
Answer: stereotyping Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

93. The process of deciding what caused the behavior is known as ________.
Answer: attribution Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

94. The __________occurs when an individual attributes the behavior of others to

internal rather than to external causes.
Answer: fundamental attribution error Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

95. When we attribute our own successes to internal factors and our failures to external
factors we are making what is called_______________.
Answer: a self-serving bias Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

96. Those people who believe that people cannot change are called________.
Answer: Entity Theorists Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.

Multiple Choice
The Strategic Importance of Learning and Perception

97. VF Asia’s unique approach to ____________ has certainly paid off.

A) learning
B) compensation
C) hiring
D) motivation
E) both compensation and hiring
Answer: A Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics, Strategy
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

98. Learning processes help VF Asia tie individual training, development, performance
evaluation, and rewards to the overall ____________ of the organization.
A) strategic goals
B) goal orientation
C) strategic vision
D) both goal orientation and strategic vision
E) financial performance
Answer: A Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics, Strategy
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

99. To be competitive, organizations must have associates and managers who can
effectively
A) learn
B) grow
C) compensate others
D) discern
E) both learn and grow
Answer: E Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

Fundamental Learning Principles

100. Newly hired associates bring their own unique experiences, perceptions, and
__________, with them into the organization.
A) ways of behaving
B) tasks
C) coping mechanisms
D) ideas
E) none of these
Answer: A Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

101. Learning refers to relatively ________changes in human capabilities.

A) permanent
B) temporary
C) intermittent
D) both temporary and intermittent
E) both permanent and temporary
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

102. Which of the following can be an outcome of learning?

A) attitudes
B) cognitive strategies
C) verbal information
D) intellectual skills
E) all of these
Answer: E Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

103. Learning is driven by experience with a(n) ________situation.

A) general
B) temporary
C) intermittent
D) specific
 E) both temporary and intermittent
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

104. __________ traces its roots back to a set of famous experiments involving cats,
dogs and other animals in the late 1800s.
A) Social learning theory
B) Conditioning theory
C) Operant conditioning theory
D) Social conditioning theory
E) Self perception theory
Answer: C Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

105. _________ proposed that all human learning is the result of simple conditioning.
A) Behaviorists
B) Social learning theorists
C) Self perception theorists
D) Both social learning theorists and self perception theorists
E) None of these
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

106. The Social Learning Theory was developed by:

A) Daryl Bem
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Albert Bandura
D) William Mason
E) Hugo Treanor
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

107. Punishment differs from ____________ in that an undesirable consequence is

introduced rather than removed.
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) continuous reinforcement
D) intermittent reinforcement
E) variable reinforcement
Answer: B Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

108. When behavior results in the introduction of a negative consequence, individuals

are less likely to repeat the behavior. This is called ______.
A) discernment
B) extinction
C) punishment
D) reinforcement
E) a reinforcement schedule
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

109. The crash of the Korean Air 747 was partly attributed to:
A) reinforcement
B) extinction
C) punishment
D) a reinforcement schedule
E) discernment
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

110. Organizations may desire to extinguish dysfunctional behavior by removing its

reinforcing consequences. This procedure is called:
 A) extinction
B) punishment
C) internal punishment
D) interval reinforcement
E) intermittent reinforcement
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

111. The four types of reinforcement contingencies used by organizations to change

employee behavior are:
A) extinction, negative consequences, positive reinforcement, punishment
B) positive reinforcement, punishment, extermination, negative reinforcement
C) internal punishment, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction
D) positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction
E) none of these
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

112. A manager attempting to increase the likelihood of an employee repeating a desired

behavior should use either positive reinforcement or ____________.
A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) extinction
D) encouragement
E) none of these
Answer: B Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

113. A manager attempting to decrease the likelihood of an employee repeating an

undesired behavior should use either punishment or ____________.
A) punishment
B) negative reinforcement
C) extinction
D) encouragement
 E) none of these
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

114. The simplest schedule of reinforcement is:

A) intermittent
B) continuous
C) temporary
D) interval
E) variable
Answer: B Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

115. ___________ is often used to maintain learned behavior.

A) Continuous reinforcement
B) Intermittent reinforcement
C) Temporary reinforcement
D) Interval reinforcement
E) None of these
Answer: B Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

116. When reinforcement becomes available after a variable period of time, this is
referred to as:
A) Variable ratio reinforcement
B) Fixed ratio reinforcement
C) Variable interval reinforcement
D) Fixed intermittent reinforcement
E) Variable intermittent reinforcement
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

117. The variable ratio schedule is very common in:

A) baseball
B) softball
C) basketball
D) fishing
E) All of these
Answer: E Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

118. Social Learning Theory posits that learning occurs through the mental processing
of:
A) thoughts
B) situations
C) information
D) ratios
E) specifics
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

119. According to the ____________ people also learn by observing others.

A) Social Learning Theory
B) Operant Conditioning Theory
C) Behaviorist Theory
D) Freudian Theory
E) Both Behaviorist Theory and Freudian Theory
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

120. The concept of self-efficacy is part of the _________ theory.

A) Social Learning Theory
B) Operant Conditioning Theory
 C) Behaviorist Theory
D) Freudian Theory
E) Both Behaviorist Theory and Freudian Theory
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

121. When associates have high self-efficacy toward a particular task, they believe that
they will:
A) perform poorly
B) perform well
C) perform below the norms
D) perform it efficiently
E) none of these
Answer: B Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

122. Overlearning means that performing the new behavior takes ______ thought.
A) little subconscious
B) little conscious
C) a lot of subconscious
D) a lot of conscious
E) none of these
Answer: B Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

123. __________ means that performing the new behavior takes little conscious thought,
so that the performance becomes automatic.
A) Overlearning
B) Underlearning
C) Rapid learning
D) Intermittent learning
E) Conscious learning
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

124. In addition to consequences and observation, other conditions that facilitate adult
learning include all of the following except:
A) Understanding why learning the new behavior or material is important
B) Being able to apply what is being learned
C) Being able to substitute one’s experience for learning
D) Being able to practice what is being learned
E) Being given feedback
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

Training and Enhancing the Performance of Associates

125. As highlighted in the text, three learning methods organizations use to train and
enhance the performance of associates are:
A) OB Mod, simulations, learning from failure
B) Empowerment, performance management, learning from failure
C) Performance management, simulations, learning from failure
D) OB Mod, experimentation, simulations
E) Both “OB Mod, simulations, learning from failure” and “performance
management, simulations, learning from failure” are correct
Answer: E Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

126. OB Mod stands for:

F)Organization Behavioral Moderation
G) Organization Betterment Management
H) Organization Behavior Modification
I) Organization Betterment Modification
J) Organization Behavior Management
Answer: C Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

127. OB Mod is also referred to as:

A) Management training
B) Management motivation
C) Performance management
D) Reinforcement management
E) Extinction management
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

128. PIGS stands for ___________ feedback.

A) Partial, immediate, gradual, specific
B) Partial, intermediate, gradual, specific
C) Positive, immediate, graphic, specific
D) Positive, immediate, gradual, sporadic
E) Partial, intermediate, graphic, sporadic
Answer: C Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

129. OB Mod research reveals that performance improvements tend to be greater in:
A) service organizations
B) sports organizations
C) educational organizations
D) manufacturing organizations
E) food organizations
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

130. OB Mod tends to be less effective in:

A) service organizations
B) sports organizations
C) educational organizations
 D) manufacturing organizations
E) food organizations
Answer: A Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

131. ________ is a representation of a real system that allow associates and managers to
try various actions and receive feedback on the consequences of those actions.
A) A simulation
B) OB Mod
C) OD Mod
D) A reinforcement model
E) An intermittent model
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

132. Simulations represent __________ models of reality.

A) complex
B) simplified
C) temporary
D) permanent
E) inexperienced
Answer: B Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

133. A failure that does not result in learning is ______.

A) wrong
B) a mistake
C) a learning error
D) a correction error
E) a correction tendency
Answer: B Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

134. A failure that results in learning is a(n):

A) temporary failure
B) permanent failure
C) mistake
D) intelligent failure
E) none of these
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

135. Organizations can train associates through:

A) OB Mod
B) Learning from failure
C) Simulations
D) Both OB Mod and learning from failure
E) All of these
Answer: E Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

136. _____ can affect perception.

A) Impaired hearing
B) Impaired sight
C) Prescribed medications
D) Alcohol
E) All of these
Answer: E Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

137. An individual’s perceptions of another person can be influenced by his own:

A) internal states
B) emotions
C) mood
 D) both emotions and mood
E) All of these
Answer: E Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

138. Implicit person theories are ____________ theories about what personality traits
and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested in behavior.
A) specific
B) general
C) personal
D) others’
E) none of these
Answer: C Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

139. The halo effect occurs when a person makes a(n) _______ assessment of another
person and then uses this impression to interpret everything the person does.
A) specific
B) general
C) personal
D) impersonal
E) probable
Answer: B Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

140. The ________ occurs when a person makes a general assessment of another person
and then uses this impression to interpret everything the person does.
A) Fundament Attribution Error
B) Social Learning Theory
C) Operant Condition Theory
D) Halo Effect
E) Self-Serving Bias
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

141. ________ believe that people cannot change.

A) Entity Theorists
B) Operant Theorists
C) Social Learning Theorists
D) Self Perception Theorists
E) Self Bias Theorists
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

142. Assuming that most other people have the same values and beliefs as we do is
known as:
A) stereotyping
B) prejudging
C) predisposing
D) projecting
E) none of these
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

143. When an individual bases perceptions about members of a group on a set of

generalized ideas about that group of people ________ can occur.
A) a reinforcement schedule
B) projecting
C) stereotyping
D) discernment
E) Both a reinforcement schedule and projecting
Answer: C Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.
144. It is well documented that people associate those who are physically _________
with positive qualities and those who are unattractive with negative qualities.
A) oriented
B) attractive
C) fit
D) unattractive
E) active
Answer: B Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

145. The less control we perceive ourselves to have over events, the more likely we are
to become:
A) motivated
B) reinforced
C) despondent
D) overlearned
E) underlearned
Answer: C Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO4: Describe how we make causal attributions about behavior.

146. The process of deciding what caused a behavior is known as:

A) attribution
B) overlearning
C) perception
D) internal perception
E) external perception
Answer: A Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO4: Describe how we make causal attributions about behavior.

147. When making internal-external attributions we depend on ________ associated

with the behavior.
A) consistency
B) consensus
C) distinctiveness
D) All of these
E) None of these
 Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make causal attributions about behavior.

148. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we attribute the behavior of others
to ___ rather than ____ causes.
A) external; internal
B) internal; external
C) consistent; temporary
D) temporary; consistent
E) none of these
Answer: B Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make causal attributions about behavior.

149. The self-serving bias occurs when we attribute our own success to ______ factors
and our failures to _______ causes.
A) external; internal
B) internal; external
C) consistent; temporary
D) temporary; consistent
E) none of these
Answer: B Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make causal attributions about behavior.

150. An example of an internal factor with regard to the self-serving bias would be:
A) hard work
B) a difficult task
C) bad luck
D) Both a difficult task and bad luck
E) All of these
Answer: A Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make causal attributions about behavior.

151. An example of an external factor with regard to the self-serving bias would be:
A) hard work
 B) a difficult task
C) bad luck
D) Both a difficult task and bad luck
E) All of these
Answer: D Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make causal attributions about behavior.

152. All of the following are used when making an attribution of behavior EXCEPT:
A) the consistency of the behavior
B) the consensus of the behavior
C) the distinctiveness of the behavior
D) the temporary state of the behavior
E) none of these
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO4: Describe how we make causal attributions about behavior.

153. Overweight women earning 7 to 30 percent less than normal weight women
performing at the same level in the same jobs is an example of the influence of
____________ errors.
A) Consistent
B) Discernment
C) Temporary
D) Perceptual
E) Learning
Answer: D Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

154. Falsely believing that other persons share our beliefs can lead to _____ behavior.
A) ineffective
B) effective
C) timid
D) aggressive
E) positive
Answer: A Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

155. Those theorists who believe that a person’s behavior can change are known as:
A) entity theorists
B) incremental theorists
C) social learning theorists
D) conditioning theorists
E) operant theorists
Answer: B Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

156. The perceptual process is influenced by factors associated with:

A) the perceiver
B) the general situation
C) the consistent situation
D) the inconsistent situation
E) Both the perceiver and the general situation
Answer: E Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

157. Which of the following is considered a problem in the person perception process?
A) implicit person theories
B) the halo effect
C) projection
D) stereotyping
E) All of these are considered problems
Answer: E Difficulty: Easy
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

158. Learning from failure, OB Mod, and simulations are three learning methods
organizations use to _______ associates.
A) motivate
 B) train
C) compensate
D) hire
E) both compensate and hire
Answer: B Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

159. OB Mod research reveals that performance feedback coupled with social
reinforcements can be as effective as feedback coupled with:
A) positive reinforcements
B) monetary reinforcers
C) interval reinforcement
D) variable reinforcement
E) fixed reinforcement
Answer: B Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

160. OB Mod research reveals that ________ coupled with ________ can be as effective
as feedback coupled with monetary reinforcers.
A) variable reinforcers; performance feedback
B) interval reinforcers; performance feedback
C) fixed reinforcers; performance feedback
D) social reinforcements; performance feedback
E) None of these
Answer: D Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

161. The basic goal of OB Mod is to:

A) train associates
B) compensate associates
C) motivate associates
D) improve task performance
E) Both train and compensate associates
Answer: D Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

162. OB Mod research reveals that performance improvements tend to be greater in

_______ than in _______.
A) manufacturing organizations, service organizations.
B) service organizations, manufacturing organizations.
C) Sports organizations, manufacturing organizations.
D) Manufacturing organizations, sport organizations.
E) Service organizations, educational organizations.
Answer: A Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

Essay Questions

163. Define and describe three common problems that can occur with the perceiver in
the perception process.

Answer: 1. Implicit person theories-which are personal theories about what

personality traits and abilities occur together and how these attributes are manifested
in behavior
2. The halo effect- occurs when a person makes a general assessment of another
person and then uses this general impression to interpret everything that the person
does
3. Stereotyping- occurs when an individual bases perceptions about a certain group
of people on a generalized set of beliefs about the group.
4. Students may also discuss projecting, which is assuming that most other people
have the same values and beliefs as we do.
Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO3: Discuss the three stages of perception. Understand the factors and biases
influencing our perceptions of people and tasks.

164. Describe and give an example of two out of the four schedules of reinforcement.

Answer: Answers will vary, discussing fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, or
variable ratio.
 Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO1: Describe the basic learning principles as described by operant conditioning theory
and social cognitive theory, as well as the conditions which facilitate adult learning.

165. Define OB Mod and identify the basic goal of OB Mod.

Answer: OB Mod (organizational behavior modification), is also known as

performance management and is a formal procedure used to improve task
performance through positive reinforcement of desirable behaviors and elimination of
reinforcements that support undesirable behaviors.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

166. Define the concept of a workplace “simulation” and give an example for two
particular professions when a simulation might be used.

Answer: A simulation is a representation of a real system that allows associates and

managers to try various actions and receive feedback on the consequences of those
actions. Some occupations that might use simulations would be pilots or surgeons.
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.

167. Identify and describe three different learning methods an organization can use to
train its associates.

Answer: Learning from failure, OB Mod, and simulations.

Difficulty: Hard
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Comprehension
LO2: Understand the basic elements of training and how training can be accomplished
through OB Mod, simulations, and learning from failure.
168. Summarize the degree of consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness (high or low)
that would result in attributing another person’s behavior to a) internal factors; b)
external factors

Answer: a) Internal factors: high consistency, low consensus, low distinctiveness; b)

External factors: low consistency, high consensus, high distinctiveness
Difficulty: Medium
AACSB Tier 1: Diversity
AACSB Tier 2: Individual Dynamics
Blooms: Knowledge
LO4: Describe how we make casual attributions about behavior.