UNITY

JOURNAL
VOLUME I

FEBRUARY 2020

Publisher
Directorate of Public Relations & Information
Nepali Army
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 UNITY JOURNAL
Volume I
February 2020 ISSN: 2717-4751

Editorial Board
Chief Editor
Maj Gen Shashi Chandra Bahadur Singh

Editors
Dr. Shambhu Ram Simkhada
Prof. Dr. Triratna Manandhar
Prof. Dr. Dayaram Shrestha
Prof. Kamal Raj Singh Rathaur
Prof. Dr. Dhruba Karki
Dr. Rabindra Khanal
Dr. Nischal Nath Pandey
Brig Gen Prem Shahi
Brig Gen Bigyan Dev Pandey
Brig Gen Sahadev Khadka
Brig Gen Shantosh Ballav Poudyal

Disclaimer
While every effort has been made to ensure the quality and accuracy of the information
contained in this publication, views expressed in the articles are of the contributors alone
and in no way reflect the official views of the Directorate of Public Relations & Information
or the Nepali Army.

Copyright
The articles rest within the authority of the Nepali Army. Only with the Nepali Army's
prior permission, any article in whole or in part from this journal shall be reproduced in
any form.

Publication Co-ordinator
T/Major Bijay Raj Pandey

Layout Design
T/WO1 Bishwo Nath Shrestha
T/WO2 Dhana Bhatta

Printed at
Press Section, Psy Ops, Nepali Army, Ph.No.: 01-4262162, Army HQ, Kathmandu
 Editorial
The Nepali Army shares with avid readers
the joy of publishing a peer–reviewed
Unity Journal to feature research articles
in specific fields of national interests
and strategic importance. An established
security body with strong credentials
and a high professional integrity, Nepal’s
Military Institution has consistently been
undertaking institutional responsibilities
and accountabilities from the formation of
a sovereign nation–state during the mid–
eighteenth century to the federation of the
country early in the twenty–first century.
In the backdrop of inception of National
Defense University (NDU), Federal
Republic Nepal’s National Army’s annual
publication presents articles both in Nepali
and English under the areas: national security
and development; nationality and national
unity; importance of geo–strategic position
of Nepal; civil–military relation; military
diplomacy. On the one hand, research–based
articles on topics of strategic and military
studies and strong nation–state building
from the elite and experienced researchers
offer scholarships, subjects of humanities
and social sciences, to expand readerships
and knowledge production to lead the
proposed university to right directions.
On the other hand, the Nepali Army, with
its regular publications of such scholarly
works, underscores the university’s primary
objectives of producing knowledge while
inculcating in citizens civic sense and
cultural awareness in the best interest of
nation building and institutional growth.
Publication of Unity Journal underscores
the incumbent Chief of the Army Staff
(COAS) General Purna Chandra Thapa’s
vision: promoting the Academia–Military
reciprocal relationships for nation building
and leadership preparation. The first ever
research publication in the initiation of the
Nepali Army offers space to young scholars
for their in–depth study, authentic research,
and knowledge production; while serving the
academic institutions, such as colleges and
universities in their mission accomplishment
processes.
Unity Journal aims envisions serving the
nation and people by integrating ideas and
values of the military and academia for the
greater cause of the humanity. This research
journal aims to:
• prepare reading materials on issues
and values in the military and academia
for the groundwork of the proposed NDU
in the country
• enhance the highest possible youth
development programs responsible to
people and loyal to the nation
• promote the military–academic bond
with trained, disciplined and motivated
youths, inculcating in them a high level
of civic sense and cultural awareness
• reinforce the Nepali Army’s roles
and responses to the world peace through
credible and reliable information in the
process of knowledge production and
dessimination
The Editorial Board highly appreciates
contributors to the journal with their
invaluable ideas and research design skills
to support the COAS’s vision to strengthen
the military institution with supports from
the academia prior to the operation of NDU
in the near future. We also invite articles
based on your in-depth research and
investigation on various fields, including
military diplomacy, development, security
and strategic studies for the next issue of
Unity Journal.
 UNITY JOURNAL

CONTENTS

SN Title Author Page

1. Nationalism and national unity in multi-ethnic Bihari Krishna 1

Nepal: Adopting integrative approach Shrestha
for managing national affairs

2. Assessing geopolitics as Nepal's national Bikash Dhakal 14

security challenge
3. Discourse of civil military relations Chiranjibi Bhandari 21
in Nepal Rajendra Sharma
4. Dissonance in the discourse: A consumer’s Chiran Jung Thapa 33
lens to national security
5. Geo-strategic importance of Nepal Dharma Bahadur 39
Baniya
6. Assessing Nepal’s military diplomacy: Gaurav Bhattarai 48
Neighborhood and beyond
7. Geopolitical rivalry of global powers Geja Sharma Wagle 57
and its implications in Nepal
8. Managing national security interests Kosh Raj Koirala 66
amidst military major powers' military
engagements

9. Building national security through Man Bahadur Khattri 74

human security: Seasonal migration
from Upper Mustang

10. Reviewing the civil military Manoj Barakoti 89

relations in Nepal

11. Hybrid threats in the national security Padam Kumar Angbo 96

context of Nepal
12. Mainstreaming of climate change risks Pashupati Nepal 103
security through mitigation and adaptation
strategies in Nepal

13. Sources of the Nepali Army’s military Phanindra Subba 114

effectiveness during the Anglo-Nepal war
 UNITY JOURNAL

14. Nepal's military diplomacy: Pragya Ghimire 120

Retrospect and prospect
15. Complex nature of humanitarian crisis: Ratindra Khatri 126
Unique dynamics of civil-military
relations in Nepal

16. Security and development: Sonika Adhikari 135

Role of the Nepali Army in the
nation building
17. Trajectories of social change in the Youba Raj Luintel 142
development of Nepal’s countryside:
Some sociological reflections
18. /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf ljsf;sf] kfZj{lrq c;kmn uf}td 152
19. gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwM jt{dfg cj:yf, c+u/fh ltldlN;gf 158
r'gf}tL / cj;/
20. /fi6«lxtdf ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] ;fGble{stf cZj:yfdf eQm v/]n 165

21. g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6««otf / /fli6««o Pstf emds k|;fb zdf{ 171

22. /fli6«o Pstfsf k|tLs k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx 7fs'/ k|;fb a/fn 179

23. gful/sd}qL g]kfnL ;]gf åfl/sf s'df/L clwsf/L 185

24. ;'/Iff / ljsf; M Ps /ysf b'O{ kfª\u|f kb\deQm v/]nf]kfWofo 191

25. cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/df ;]gfsf] e"ldsf j;Gt v8\sf 196

26. g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg eljZj/ l3ld/] 201

27. xfd|f] ;'/IffM xfd|f] ;d[l4 dl0f/fd zdf{ 208

28. /fi6« lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gf /d]z cof{n 214

29. g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf nIdL ljnf; sf]O/fnf 220

30. /fl{i6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;M cfwf/ tyf b[li6sf]0fx¿ ;'hg clwsf/L 227

31. /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df e"/0fgLlts ;'/IffM z}n]Gb| axfb'/ yfkf 233
cj;/ / r'gf}tL
32. ;lxi0f'tfjfbL g]kfnL ;dfh / o;sf r'gf}tLx¿ 1fgaxfb'/ sfsL{ 239
 UNITY
Nationalism and national unity in multi-ethnic Nepal: Adopting
integrative approach for managing national affairs
Abstract
The birth of the concept of nationalism and
national unity happened in Nepal, more
or less at the same time as in Europe, by
the second half of the Eighteenth century.
Nationalism is seen as an ideology that
demands loyalty and devotion to the notion of
authority from individuals or groups. While
Nepal has come a long way in the process
of growth of nationalism and national unity,
they have been nurtured by significant nation
building measures at important junctures in
Nepal's history. But recent events have shown
that they remain vulnerable to external
adversaries and influences and interventions.
Indeed, the founding father of the modern
Nepal, King Prithvi Narayan Shah's dictum,
“Nepal as a yam between two boulders”
remains equally valid ever for Nepal’s foreign
policy. A metaphor of “yam” in his maxim
connotes Nepal’s geo–strategic position
which, like a soft edible starchy staple food
in tropical and subtropical areas, has to
maintain its balanced relations with two big
powerful countries like boulders. Thus, this
paper argues that located in such an intricate
geographic position, Nepal has to protect
its existence as a nation–state internally
through integrative, participatory and
inclusive national development approach,
and externally, by balancing relations with
the two big neighbors to forestall their undue
pressures.
1
JOURNAL
Bihari Krishna Shrestha
Keywords: nationalism, national unity,
external threat, ethnicity, integrative approach
Introduction
Nepali nationalism and Nepali nation–
state evolved almost along the advent of
nationhood in Europe and America. The birth
of the Nepali state and Nepali nationalism
were nearly simultaneous and predated
by a few years in the eighteenth century
American Revolution of 1779 and the French
Revolution of 1789 which are taken as "first
powerful  manifestations" of nationalism in
the world (Kohn, 2019), King Prithvi Narayan
Shah had laid the foundation of the state of
Nepal in 1768 AD with his victory of the three
states in the Kathmandu Valley and defined it
as the "garden of four Varnas and 36 Jats"
in his Dibya Upadesh (The Great Guidance),
meaning, the new country belonged to all its
people. However, given Nepal's limitations in
academic advancement until in recent years,
the subject of Nepalese nationalism as of many
other subjects in such a multi-ethnic country
have been examined mostly by foreign
scholars and researchers, prompting Prayag
Raj Sharma to observe that "Nepalese have
learnt about Nepal more through the writing
of these foreign researchers than through
works written by the Nepalese themselves"
(Sharma, 1997, p. 473). However, there is a
danger to it, as observed by another Nepali
scholar, Harka Gurung, in that " the ethnic
minorities tend to view the printed exposition
 UNITY
of foreign researchers as more authentic"
even as such studies could suffer from what
he called a "nexus between the outside and
marginal perspectives" although there could
be "divergence in perception"depending on
"whether they (the researchers) subscribe to
dominant or marginal aspect viewpoints (sic)"
(Gurung, 1997, p. 497). This weakness seems
to manifest itself also in the discussion of
nationalism in Nepal when Oxford professor,
David Gellner criticized Prithvi Narayan
Shah for his "indifference to the question
of language" to which Sharma rebutted by
observing that "this sounds somewhat like
blaming Queen Elizabeth I for not allowing
women to vote in her time in England"
(Sharma, 1997, p. 480). Similarly, Frederick
H. Gaige, a young man, restless and looking
for adventure by his own admission, had
made into Nepal in 1966---that is, six years
after King Mahendra's takeover of the reins
of government in 1960---and based on what
clearly was a rushed study of "selected
villages" in the five Terai districts stretching
from Jhapa to Kailali assisted by a "Mithila
Kshyatriya interpreter" within a few months
between the "end of monsoon" and "before
the hot weather set in" in 1967–68 examined
King Mahendra's "leadership in formulating
and implementing domestic policies" as
"neither forceful nor progressive" (Gaige,
1975, p. 204). He was evidently oblivious
of the larger picture of the nation at the time
when many historic reforms propelled by the
monarch.
Whereas much of Nepal's history until
the breakdown of the Anglo-Nepal War in
1814 was characterized by conquests and
expansions of the country, a century (1846–
1951) under the Rana regime in Nepal was
marked by isolationism and authoritarianism.
Subsequently, the thirty years of the Panchayat
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system (1960–1990) was marked by attempts
at cultural homogenization and restrictions to
freedom of expression. However, following
the restoration of liberal democracy and
multi-party system, Prithvi Narayan Shah’s
dictum of “Nepal a yam between two
boulders" has received an ever –increasing
gravity and significance in Nepal’s foreign
policy. In such an escalating relevance of PN
Shah’s maxim, Nepal has been responding
new initiatives from both India and China,
boulders in the Founder King’s metaphor. In
such an intricate geo–strategic position, Nepal
should be able to maintain fair and balanced
relations with these two immediate neighbors
in line with the Founder King’s principle to
protect its existence and sovereignty. These
recent dynamics, thus, add new dimensions
to the discourse of nationalism particularly
when it comes to an ethnically diverse, poor
and landlocked country like Nepal. This
paper, therefore, briefly examines the nature
and challenges of the new dynamics.
Conceptual overview
It is observed that "throughout the history
people have been attached to their native
soil, to the traditions of their parents, and
to established territorial authorities, it was
not until the end of the eighteenth century
that nationalism began to be a generally
recognized sentiment molding public
and private life and one of the great,
if not the greatest, single determining
factors of modern history" (Kohn, 2019).
The American and French revolutions
are taken for the “first powerful
manifestations", and by the beginning of
the 20th century, nationalism flowered in
Asia and Africa too. (Kohn, 2019)
Published in 1983, a couple of prominent
works, including Serious literature on the
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subject of nationalism: Ernest Gellner’s
Nations and Nationalism and Benedict
Anderson’s Imagined Communities:
Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism explore issues of nationalism
and nationhood.
Gellner, a British Czech philosopher,
describes as "prolific and witty philosopher,
anthropologist, sociologist and multi-
lingual polymath", nations and nationalism
are "products of modernity and have been
created as means to political and economic
ends" (Gellner, 1983). According to him, "It
is nationalism which engenders nations."
Gellner postulates that "nationalism is
primarily a political principle that holds that
the political and the national unit should be
congruent". That is, the people in a state must
share a common sense of nationalism and vice
versa. From this perspective, "Nationalism
appeared and became a sociological
necessity only in the modern world (where)
work becomes technical" necessitating"
impersonal, context-free communication and
a high degree of cultural standardization".
Gellner's theory about nationalism has often
been critiqued. One such criticism pertinent
to this paper has it that "The suggestion that
nationalism cannot tolerate ethnic, racial
or religious differences is refuted by the
existence of multi-ethnic, multi-racial and
multi-religious nations" (Kakeyi, 2012).
Anderson defines nation as an imagined
political community. People of a community
have their fellow members outside somewhere
their geographic locations. At the same time,
those people who do not live in physical
proximity share much of their lifestyles and
worldviews with citizens of different nations
and communities. In Imagined Communities,
Anderson explicates:
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In fact, all communities larger than
primordial villages of face –to –face contact
(and perhaps even there) are imagined
communities are to be distinguished, not
by their falsity/genuineness, but by the
style in which are imagined. Javanese
villages have always known that they are
connected to the people they have never
seen, but these ties were once imagined
particularistically–as indefinitely
stretchable nets of kinship and clientship.
(2016, p. 6)
Anderson opposes the idea of nationalism
as an awakening of people of a particular
territory or nation in a literal sense of the
term. Nor does he agree with the concept of
nationalism as a strong feeling of nationhood
of people living in a particular nation–state in
a conventional fashion.
After the Second World War (1939–45),
nations and citizens across the world started
responding large corporate institutions, such
as World Bank and International Monetary
Fund for their saviors and missions to connect
themselves to the world communities.
Moreover, Europeans counties are connected
with European Union, whereas the world
citizens are connected through a process of
modernity and globalization.
Nationalism in Nepal: Some historical
antecedents
In view of the international experience briefly
discussed above, the growth of nationalism in
Nepal constitutes a category by itself even as
it also shares parallels with the experiences of
the West. Firstly, in contrast to the countries
in Europe in particular where, as per Gellner,
nationalism evolved as a necessary condition
of modernity, in Nepal, the birth of the state
of Nepal and its nationalism had been more
or less temporally co-terminus, and amidst
 UNITY
highly traditional context. As mentioned
earlier, the Nepali nation was put together
by King Prithvi Narayan Shah in 1768
AD through his conquest of numerous
principalities, and just a few years thereafter
he had gone on toenunciate the making of
the Nepali nationhood in his Dibya Upadesh
(The Great Guidance) in which he envisioned
the nation state as "the garden of four Varna
and thirty six Jat". This definition not only
demanded unquestioned loyalty of all its
countrymen; it was also to be the place for
prosperity for all of them, irrespective of
their caste status. While King PN Shah has
since been immortalized as the Founding
Father of the Nation, he had also fired the
imagination of his successors who continued
to carry on his campaign of conquest and
expansion for nearly another half a century
until Nepal'sdefeat in the Anglo-Nepal War
of 1814-16. Even thereafter, its military
ambition towards the north into Tibet
sustained and eventually resulted in the
acquisition of exclusive trading rights in
Tibet among others.
Although Nepal's unification as a nation
and its rise as military power in the lap of
the Himalayas were attained in a span of
less than half a century, it had also been
transformed into a nation state that formally
demanded Kohn's quote of "loyalty and
devotion" to the state, implicit in PN Shah's
Divya UpadeshIt is interesting to note that
long before Gellner' and Anderson's seminal
work on nationalism were written (in 1983)
the sixth chapter of one of the earliest Nepali-
authored history books on Nepal, Nepalko
Aitihaasik Rooprekha (The historical shape
and contours of Nepal), first published
in 1951,was titled Rastriyatako Bikas or
Growth of Nationalism, and dealt with the
rise of Shah dynasty and the establishment
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of Nepal as a nation state, and its sustained
expansion by PN Shah’s successors, Queen
Rajendra Luxmi Devi from 1777 to 1786
and her brother-in-law Bahadur Shah (1786
to 1795), both working as regents to the then
infant king, Rana Bahadur Shah (Sharma,
1951, pp. 198-321).
In some ways, Nepal's nationalism has some
parallels to that of the West in terms of its
external threats and people’s realization
of the power of unity to face any kind of
intimidation. For instance, Prithvi Narayan
Shah's characterization of Nepal as the "yam
between two boulders" in his Divya Upadesh,
just signifies this threat potentially posed by
China on one side and the then British India
on the other. The dictum was prophetic. Not
too long thereafter, Nepal did fight vicious
wars with China in 1792 and with British
India in 1814 that only consolidated the
perception of continuing threat from either
side. Ever since India became independent in
1947, the threat perception turns into a reality
in forms of several blockades and recurring
interventions in the internal –domestic
affairs. In fact, it was to insulate this "yam"
i.e. Nepal from possible mortal pressure
from India that King Mahendra took over the
reins of government from elected BP Koirala
government in 1960--to the widespread
criticism of the move internationally--and
as his very first act as country's head of
government, went on to China to get that
country's help to get a road built to the
northern neighbor too, by opening up what
was seen in India as Fortress Himalayas in
the north. While that did not deter India from
creating problems for Nepal particularly in
trade and transit to the world beyond, the road
precluded the loss of Nepal's sovereignty
as happened to Nepal's next door neighbor,
Sikkim, that was annexed to India in 1975,
 UNITY
Much of how India continued to interfere in
Nepal's internal affairs till the recent times
has been well described in the seminal work,
magnum opus, by Nepal's eminent journalist,
Sudheer Sharma, in his recent publication
fittingly called "The Nepal Nexus (Sharma,
2019). Lately, Nepal has managed to work
with China to open up alternative access to
third countries for international trade through
Chinese ports, thus, ending Nepal's exclusive
dependence on India for the purpose. All
these developments only show that on-going
external threat perception remains a potent
force in the making and managing of the
Nepal's nationhood
External players in recent dynamics in
nationalism and national unity
1. Nepal's ethnic diversity
While Nepal remains a highly diverse country
ethnically, it is this attribute that has been
at the centre of recent dynamics regarding
Nepal's sense of shared nationalism and
national unity. Nepal's cultural landscape is
comprised of some 100 plus ethnic and caste
groups living mostly in mixed multiethnic
settlements. According to the 2011 census,
the total population numbered 26,494,505
which is comprised of 125 castes/ethnic
groups of which only two (caste) groups
have double digit population namely, Chhetri
(16.6%) and Hill Brahman (12.2%). Of the
ethnic (tribal) groups, the most populous are
traditionally-hill-dweling Magars (7.1%)
followed by Tarai-dwelling Tharu (6.6%),
hill dwelling Tamang (5.8%), Kanthmandu
valley dwelling Newar (5%) and so on.
While, according to the government sources,
there are 59 different ethnic groups, now
officially designated as Janajati groups in
the country, another study in 2010 reported
the existence of more than 80 janajati groups
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(Onta, 2011). Besides, as mentioned above,
almost all of these caste/ethnic groups live
in ethnically mixed settlements, creating
over the centuries multiple institutions of
cooperation and coexistence, including a
shared pantheon that comprised of more than
the known Hindu or Buddhist deities. Almost
all village communities, while characterized
by mutual inequities and cultural differences,
lived in harmony that was essential for eking
out existence in their harsh environments. For
instance, the western terai district of Kailali has
43.3 percent ethnic Tharus who live alongside
Hindu caste groups of Chhetri (17.42%),
Brahmin (10.73%) and Thakuri (2.93%),
Tibeto-Burman Magar (3.88%), and the dalit
castes of Kami (6.81%) and Damai (2.10%)
plus “others” (12.41%) (Kailali DDC, 2009).
Similarly, the central hill district of Dhading
has 69 different caste ethnic groups in its total
population of 173,000 (2001), of whom the
numerically dominant ones are the Tibeto –
Burman –Tamang (73,000), Newar (32,000),
Magar (29,000), Gurung (26,000), Chepang
(11,000), and Kumal (4,000) and the Indo-
Aryan caste groups of Brahmin (57,000),
Chhetri (53,000), and the dalit caste groups
of Kami (11,000), Sarki (14,000), and Damai
(8,000) (Dhading DDC, 2002).
Of the total population of 13,318,705 (2011)
in the 20 districts comprising the Terai belt,
people of hill origin, generically referred to
as pahari or pahadi represented 39.86%,
Madhesi caste groups 38.71%, Tharus and
other Taraitribals 12.64 and Muslims 8.32%.
While the pahari population of the Terai
represented the kaleidoscope of 59 caste and
ethnic categories from the hills, the Madhesi
population comprised of 49 high, middle and
low caste groups, the latter two categories
constituting the vast majority of the Madhesi
population. Thus, both the hill and Terai
 UNITY
regions of Nepal represented a very vast
ethnic diversity, most settlements consisting
of a large plurality of the caste and ethnic
groups.
2. Primacy of external players in fomenting
divisive dynamics
But the yam between two boulders remains
a volatile entity. While there has been some
organizations along ethnic lines during the
early 50s and the restrictive Panchayat period
(1960-90), they were either just welfare-
oriented ethnic organization like Gurung
Kalyan Sangh and Tharu Kalyankari Sabha
of 1956 or the post-referendum (1937)
Magurali informal coalition (Gurung, 1997,
p. 526), conceived for some political leverage.
It was only after the restoration of the
libertarian democracy and multi-party system
in 1990 that an ethnicity-based movement
got under way in real earnest. The umbrella
organization of ethnic groups in Nepal, the
Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities
(NEFIN), composed of 59 distinct ethnic
groups, recognized by the government, was
first established in 1991 as Nepal Federation
of Nationalities, (NEFEN) representing 21
groups at the time, generically referred to
as Janajati or "people castes". However,
after the United Nations General Assembly
announced The International Decade of
the World's Indigenous People (1995-
2004) in December 1993, the then NEFEN
too organized a conference in 1994 and
renamed themselves The Nepal Federation
of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN).
Probably to be eligible for UN largesse, they
defined the term, "indigenousness" as being
"in opposition to Hindus". Other labored
criteria included: possessing their own
original lingual and cultural tradition, faith
based on ancient animism, not Hinduism,
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ancestors being the first settlers in the state
but now displaced from their own land for
the last 4 (sic) centuries and "whose society
was traditionally erected on the principle of
egalitarianism - rather than the hierarchy of
the Indo-Aryan caste system" and so on. But
since the leadership of the new movement
included social scientists too, they knew that
these criteria were contrived more to qualify
for the UN's "indigenous people" badge and
its funding, as well as to gain some political
clout in the libertarian atmosphere where
political parties vied for support by fair
means or foul.
Then there were bilateral donor agencies
whose largely Western officials came mostly
with colonialism-generated experience of
segregation and conflict based on color and
religious differences in their own societies.
They sorely lacked any serious acquaintance
with the distinctive sociology of Nepalese life
and therefore, found it easy to identify with
the contrived "indigenousness" and claim
of discrimination of the Janajati ensemble
and opened up their purse strings liberallyto
NEFIN to apply their newfound leverage as
political players of note too. They mainly
hounded the Bahuns (Brahmin) who were
branded as immigrants from India and, given
thelatter'srelative prosperity as a caste group,
were also termed as the main exploiters
responsible for keeping the Janajatis
impoverished and powerless. There were
academic voices that said that the ground
reality completely differed from NEFIN
claim but that did not make any difference to
their stance (e.g. Dahal, DR, 1995; Sharma,
PR, 1997: 489; Shrestha, BK, 2012) for a
long time. A British scholar even had gone to
the extent of expressing his frustration thus:
 UNITY
"there is a bitter irony in the fact that just when
a scholarly and anthropological consensus is
emerging that a Hindu-tribe dichotomy was
hopelessly flawed as a tool for understanding
Nepalese society, Nepalese intellectuals
themselves should begin to take it up with a
vengeance" (Gellner, 1997, p. 22).
Then came the Maoists, mostly based in India
(Sharma, 2019). While their earlier avatar as
a political party had only nine members in the
newly elected parliament in 1991, they took
violence for a fast track to resort to power.
They too found it convenient to support and
use the NEFIN demand for federalization
of Nepal based on ethnicity and find favor
with the Janajati organizations across the
country. In the First Constituent Assembly
of 2008, there were many members who
sounded and behaved as die hard NEFIN
representatives and tried to force the creation
of ethnicity-based federal provinces in the
new constitution, such suggested provinces
variously numbering 14, 12 or 11 at different
times at the whim of mainly the Maoist and
"Janajati" members. However, by the time
the second constituent assembly (2013) was
ready to pronounce a new constitution, the
donor funding sources--that had come under
severe criticism in the country--had dried up
and consequently, these "ethnic rebels" too
had gone out of steam with the major diehards
quietly relinquishing NEFIN leadership.
While the new Constitution of Nepal 2072
(2015) federated the entire country into seven
provinces, they are not based on ethnicity,
except Province 2 in the Terai which is the
product of another "ethnic strife" based on
the purported differences of the "Madhesi"
people.
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3. The Madhes turmoil
Until the fifties of the last century, the Terai
plains remained isolated from the rest of
Nepal because of the malarial forest belt.
Inhabited by indigenous ethnic groups, such
as Tharus and Majhis, the Madhes is isolated
between lower hills to the North and the
Terai to the South was also populated with
indigenous people from India during the
time of the Gorkha conquests This Madhesi
community comprises mainly the Maithili
speaking community in the eastern Tarai,
Bhojpuri in the mid-Terai and Awadhi in
the western and is the spillovers into Nepal
of the vast population of similar linguistic
background across India. As observed by
Claire Burkert regarding the Maithili culture,
who worked among these people:
The culture of Maithil people extends
from Nepal's eastern Tarai into Bihar
in India, and the region has unofficially
retained the name of Mithila. During the
age of the Videhan kings, Mithila was a
kingdom and Janakpur (now in Nepal) its
capital. (Burkert, 1997, p. 241)
This intercourse between the hills and
the Terai people, despite the control of
malaria and development of road and other
communication network remains woefully
limited, creating its own problems of
perception in the process. This problem is
most eloquently explained recently by a Terai
intellectual and activist, Rajesh Ahiraj, who,
speaking to online new portal, Desh Sanchar
in February 2018 (Falgun 29, 3075) said
that 90 percent of the Madhesis die without
reaching the Himalayas and more than that
proportion of the hill people die without ever
visiting the Janaki Temple in Janakpur. As a
result, the Madhesi do not know sufferings of
women in Humla and Jumla where they have
 UNITY
to spend some three hours just for fetching
a pitcher of water every day and that people
sometime die for want of even one single
table of citamol. He maintained that except
for a handful of people on either side, there
is absolutely no acquaintance between the
people of the hills and the Madhes. Therefore,
along with the geographical unification, there
is also a compelling need for promoting
emotional bond between the two people.
Eventually, only the interests of the individual
leaders of Madhes have been taken care of,
and the overall agenda of Madhes integration
remains undone. The people of the hills have
to know that the dhoti wearing people too are
Nepali as well (Ahiraj, 2018)
While much remains to be accomplished
in the Madhesi-hill integration in Nepal, it
has turned out a seriously sensitive political
problem, often punctuated by calls for the
Terai secession. Like the Janajati turmoil in
the hills, the Terai remains a paradox. In the
sixties on the last century, the aforementioned
American researcher, Frederick H. Gaige,
based on socio-economic study of the region,
had written:
The process of acculturation did not
extend to the people of the Tarai, partly
because of the country's geography. The
Tarai people were isolated from the hill
people by the dense and malarial forest
that separated the two regions of the
country. (Gaige, 1975, p. 96)
He had gone on to add that "Despite
resentment with Nepal government's
economic policies in the rural areas of the
Terai and resentment against the government's
efforts at Penalization in the urban centers,
the Terai is not a sea of discontent, ready to
drown the government in the high tide of
revolution" (Gaige, 1975, p. 193). However,
while writing an Introduction to the reprint
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of Gaige's work in 2009, Arjun Guneratne
(2009: xvi) observed, "Thirty years later, the
situation is different, and the new republic
faces the most difficult challenges in the
Terai".
The challenge has been summed up by Sudheer
Sharma recently in his aforementioned work,
The Nepal Nexus where he observed that
"For years, the region had been seething
with concealed anger over the tendency of
Kathmandu to lump together the natives
and Indian immigrants and treat them with
disrespect and discrimination." While they
also resented "the growing migration of the
people from the hills" the Madhesi community
"had been unhappy over difficulties in
getting Nepali citizenship, prohibition on
the official use of local languages, minimal
representation in organs of the state and so on
(Sharma, 2019, pp. 276-77)
Despite the passions raised in regard to the
Madhesi cause, the problem is much more
enigmatic in content. For one thing, compared
to the days of Fred Gaige, the Madhesi people,
who speak Nepali, are much more engaged in
the rest of the country. While there has been
more arrival of Indian immigrants, so has the
influx from the hill region too. According
to 2011 census, the Terai represents 50.3
percent of country’s population, a significant
increase from 36.4 percent in 1961 and
48.4 percent in 1991. However, of the total
population in 20 Terai districts (2011), the
people of hill represent 39.86 %, whereas the
corresponding proportion for the Madhesis is
38.71% (19.5% in the country's population)
and the rest comprise of Tharus represent
12.64%, Muslim 8.32% and others 0.48%.
Besides, as reported Chandra Kishore, a
widely respected journalist from the Terai,
in 2012, the roti-beti based "south-oriented
outlook' was undergoing change. The new
 UNITY
generation of Madhesis is now "more
inclined to embrace Kathmandu than the
traditional destinations like Darbhanga,
Madhuvani, Sitamadhi, and so on". Besides,
“there was dissatisfaction over the hegemony
of the new arrivals from across the border
who managed to acquire Nepali citizenship".
For him, the Madhes revolt (of 2007) itself
was "a process of “abharatiyakaran” (de-
Indianization). He concluded, “while living
in Kathmandu continues to involve some
challenges”, for the most part, "it has now
become sajhasahayatra" or a shared voyage
(Kishore, 2012).
Then, there is an issue of severe stratification
among the Madhesis themselves. For
instance, in the population given above, the
three high caste groups of MadhesiBahun,
Kayastha and Rajputs together represent
only 4.2 % in the total Madhesi population.
But they remain dominant economically,
socially and politically and appropriate
much of the government benefit meant for
the Madhesi people for themselves. In this
regard, a Madhesi professor complained
that the high caste Madhesis have all along
been getting appointments as Badahakim,
judges and officers from the days of the
Rana and Panchayat regime, had become
ministers, chief justice, ambassadors and
zonal commissioners in 2012. In democratic
and republican structures, Machesis have
become ministers, legislators, ambassadors,
and CEOs in various corporations. It is
these high caste people such as Maithili
Bahun, Bhumihar, Rajput and Kayastha
who appropriate the opportunities from
the government reservations made for the
Madheshi people in general. These same high
caste people have most of the land in the Terai
whereas the lower caste people are virtually
landless the author warns that if this problem
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is not addressed in time, there may eventually
be a new conflict between high caste people
and Dalits of the Terai (Dev, 2012).
If Frederick Gaige had not seen any possibility
of a revolution then, it should have been even
less likely in what is now more of a propitious
situation in the Terai. But as Gunaratne (2009)
put it, "Thirty years later…. the new republic
faces the most difficult challenges in the
Tarai". He added, "Why that should be the
case is a story waiting to be told".
There are considerable answers to be found
in the recent work by the aforementioned
journalist, Sudheer Sharma (2019). While he
too subscribed to the long-running "anger over
the tendency of Kathmandu to lump together
the natives and Indian migrants and treat them
with disrespect and discrimination" (Sharma,
2019, p. 276), we were told by Gaigesome
three decades ago that it is not a sufficient
condition for a revolution. While India has
been known to stir up problems in the tarai
all along, according to Sharma India's interest
in the Madhes "grew exponentially following
the appointment of Shyam Saran as Delhi's
ambassador in October 2002" who brought all
the India-assisted major projects to the Terai,
managed to spend up to NRs. 50 million
of development assistance directly in the
Madhes, and opening of the Indian Consulate
Office "in the heart of Madhes, at Birgunj"
that coincidentally "witnessed unanticipated
turmoil" in the Madhesh (Sharma, 2019, pp.
280-81). Sharma went on to add that "Less
than two months after the Gaur massacre,
on 27 May (2007), there was an attempt to
assemble all the armed and unarmed forces
of Madhes together at a meeting in Patna,
Bihar. Madhesi leaders of all hues, from
MJF (Madhesi Janadhikar Forum) Chairman
Upendra Yadav to Jwala Singh, the leader of
an armed outfit that raised separatist slogans
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and engaged in violence were present. The
unseen organizer of the meeting was the
newly opened Patna RAW station. The aim
was to form a common front of all Terai forces,
selecting a consensus leader of the front, and
start a campaign for an "independent Madhes"
by seeking international support" (Sharma,
2019, p. 289). Ram Raja Prasad Singh,
then a prominent republican leader from
Saptari, was projected as the leader of the
campaign. … But when he himself remarked
at the meeting that he 'could not even imagine
becoming the president of the Tarai by
disintegrating the nation', the Patna mission
collapsed" (Sharma, 2019, p. 290). Sharma
further added that In India the Congress party,
the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Indian army,
and domestic intelligence agency IB were
in favor of preserving Nepalese monarchy
in some form but the South Block, and
RAW were in favor of a republic. The then
Indian Ambassador Shiv Shankar Mukherjee
himself--who had often felt disrespected
during the royal regime--also favoured a
republic. When Pranab Mukerjee, a fellow
Bengali, stood in favour of a republic,'the
embassy was given instructions to carry
out policies and programmes accordingly"
(Sharma, 2019, p. 209).
However, there has been some very significant
changes in India's approach to Nepal after
Nepal turned to China, particularly following
India's extended blockade of Nepal in 2015.
Today, China's presence in Nepal is significant
and, going by the writings in the Indian news
media India does view it with concern. Now
that India's muscular diplomacy with Nepal
has become counterproductive for that
country, lately, it has become much more
conciliatory towards Nepal, tending more
towards a win-win relationship
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Conclusion
The preceding discussion lead to the
compelling conclusion that while the sense
of shared nationalism among the people
remain largely robust andthateven the
long alienated Madhesi people have come
around to share in and claim this common
nationhood, the recent events--the turmoil
set forth by the Janajati activists, the Maoists'
rise and rampage with India's support and
the Madhesi revolution of the last decade-
-show that nationalism as a binding force
in Nepal remains fragile and vulnerable to
external intervention, however unwitting
as in the case of the janajati activists' claim
to indigenousness of Nepal's ethnic groups.
Nepal's nationalism needs to be nurtured with
utmost care. In a sense, Nepal's experience
with its nationalism project is comparable
with that of Spain where, having made the
problem of Basque separatists go away, the
state is now struggling with the Catalonian
separatists. A recent report in the Foreign
Affairs magazine said,
Compared with neighboring states such
as France, the Spanish nation-building
project was unusually weak, in part
because the state spent its resources less
on the building blocks of a common
national identity, such as mass schooling,
and more on maintaining a financially
ruinous empire abroad. That historical
weakness shapes Spanish national
consciousness to this day. It is evident in
the country’s deep distrust of subnational
diversity and the widely held belief that
distinct national identities threaten rather
than complement the Spanish state.
(Ballcells, 2019)
In the case of Nepal, for many years, there
has been no strident call for strengthened
nationhood other than Prithvi Narayan's
exhortation of the "Garden of all four Varnas
and 36 castes" and his call for handling the
 UNITY
"yam between two boulders" with utmost
care. However, there has been significant
moves for strengthening nationalism during
King Mahendra's time in particular like
making Nepali currency the only legal tender
all over the country, introducing Nepali as
the medium of instruction and the abolition
of the discrimination based on the caste
system. However, the Janajati turmoil and
the Madhesi uprisings show that Nepalese's
sense of shared nationalism can easily be
destabilized through the spread of false
information designed to capitalize on the
inherent inability of the masses to discern the
sinister design largely due to lack of education.
This has been the situation capitalized by
the handful of Janajati activists, the Maoist
insurgentsorthe Madhesirebels in their
mission of destabilization.
There is a need for integrative approach to
national development and to foreign affairs
for protecting and nurturing nationalism and
national unity.
This is where Prithvi Narayan Shah's dictum
of Nepal being the "yam between the two
boulders" and "garden of four varnas and
36 castes" come in as a challenge to be
continuously managed and nurtured. That can
be done through the adoption of integrative
approaches to national development on the
one hand and managing Nepal's foreign
relations in a manner that would discourage
fomenting conflict and discord among the
Nepalese themselves by foreign players in
and outside Nepal.
In regard to foreign relations, Nepal must
constantly bear in mind the "yam and
boulders" analogy in that we have to manage
the two boulders in such a way that the health
of the yam in between is not compromised
with either of the two boulders leveraging
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undue pressure on it. Nepal's own recent
experience should illuminate the proposition.
While the 2015 blockade of Nepal, for
instance, represented undue pressure being
exerted by the "boulder" to the south, the
country's recent determined move to get
closer to the northern "boulder", China,
produced its own energy that seem to have
deter the southern boulder from putting
undue pressure on the squashy and delicate
"yam" in between, i.e. Nepal, thus, assuring
the Nepalese that India will no longer be
able to blockade Nepal again for one thing.
Similar policies will have to be adopted with
the wide variety of external agencies working
in Nepal, many of whom, through their
power of purse and acquiescent counterparts
in and out of the government have learnt to
take Nepal for granted and push their own
sinister agenda with complete impunity. The
external support for the contrived Janajati
case and Nepal's acquiescence to allow the
then Indian ambassador to disburse direct
grants of upto 50 million rupees resulting in
Madhes conflagration discussed above come
in handy as relevant lessons of experience in
this regard.
Nationally, our approach to national
development must be integrative in character.
For one thing, Nepal has already made a very
significant move to this end by changing
its national anthem to one that is highly
integrative in its letter and spirit. Unlike the
former one that extolled the magnificence of
the king in throne, the new one specifically
makes reference to three geographical regions
of Nepal, the Terai, hills and mountains as
well as to being a pluralist nation. But much
more needs to be done in this direction such
as making the list of national icons inclusive
too.
 UNITY
However, it is the development process that
has to be made inclusive and participatory, so
that all the citizens of the country can own up
and benefit from it, thus engendering a strong
sense of belonging and ownership. This can
happen only if the governance authority is
devolved to the grassroots, so that it comes
within reach of every single members living
in those ethically mixed communities.
Incidentally, such an approach is also very
effective in delivering the intended benefits
and accelerating the pace of progress.
Nepal already possesses such feathers of
success on its cap. These initiatives have
not only effective domestically but also
remain applauded around the world. Nepal's
community forestry project is one such
success story under which all the users of a
given forest are legally empowered members
of their Forest User Groups (FUG). To briefly
dwell on its astounding success, Nepal's
forest wealth was nearly totally denuded
to the point of near desertification by mid-
1980s due to its nationalization in 1957.
In 1988, Nepal introduced the FUGs and
empowered them by special legislation to
manage their own forest. The result was a
miracle. With the vast nationwide network of
FUGs at work, both formal and informal, the
latter awaiting official recognition by forest
authorities according to their convenience,
Nepal was able to restore its forest wealth
in about a mere decade's time. To give some
insight in its participatory management
system, an American researcher had observed
in her Ph D thesis in 2002 that 'many user
groups are equally distributing forest products
and, in some instances, even incorporating
concerns of equity by providing greater shares
to occupational and low caste members",
"women's confidence and participation in
user groups and collective processes of
decision-making is increasing", "User group
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chairmen are listening to the concerns of
group members" and that "Participation in
discussions and decision-making is increasing"
and so on (Britt, Charla Danelle, 2002, 204-
205). While the World Future Council based
in Hamburg, Germany had recognized Nepal's
forest policy as "one of the best in the world"
in 2011, the Nepal government itself had
officially offered to "share its successful
experience and expertise in community forest
management" with the rest of the countries in
South Asia in the 2016 Mini SAARC Summit
held in Nepal. Such approaches need to be
adopted across all sectors of development so
that everybody effectively benefits irrespective
of their difference in caste, ethnicity, gender or
economic status. This requires a fundamental
reformulation to our national polity, sooner the
better.
References
Ahiraj, R. (2018). Interview given to the news
portal Desh Sanchar on Fagun 29, 2075 BS
Anderson, B. (2016). Imagined Communities:
Reflections on the origin and spread of
nationalism. London: Verso.
Balcells, L. (2019). FOREIGN AFFAIRS 27,
2019,
Britt, C. D. (2002). Changing the boundaries of
forest politics; Community forestry, social
mobilization and federation-building in Nepal
viewed through the lens of environmental
sociology and PAR, A Dissertation Presented
to the Faculty of the Graduate School of
Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy
Burkert, C. (1997). Defining maithili identity:
Who is in charge? In David N. Gellner
et al (ed.) Nationalism and ethnicity in a
Hindu Kingdom: The Politics of culture
in contemporary Nepal. The Netherlands:
Harwood Academic Publishers
 UNITY
Dev, R. N. (2012). Tarai-Madheshma arakschyan
nitikasto hunu parchha?Kantipur, Baisakh 26,
2069 (May 8, 2012)
Dhading DDC (District Development Committee)
(2002). District profile of Dhading district,
Dhading
Gellner, D. N. (1997). Ethnicity and nationalism
in the world's only Hindu state. In David N.
Gellner et al (ed.) Nationalism and ethnicity
in a Hindu kingdom: The politics of culture
in contemporary Nepal. The Netherlands:
Harwood Academic Publishers
Guneratne, A. (2009). “Introduction”. Regionalism
and National unity in Nepal by Federick H.
Gaize, first published 1975, Reprint published
by Himal Books for Social Science Baha,
Kathmandu.
Gurung, H. (1997). State and society in Nepal. In
David N. Gellner et al (ed.) Nationalism and
ethnicity in a Hindu kingdom: The politics
of culture in contemporary Nepal. The
Netherlands: Harwood Academic Publishers
Kailali DDC. (2009). District development plan,
2009/10, Dhangadi
Kishore, C. (2012). Wariparika Bachhita, Kantipur.
August 16.
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Kohn, H. (2019). Nationalism. Encyclopedia
Britannica 2019.
Onta, P. (2011). Advasi/janajati: definititonal
politics of the past and the future, Republica,
July 29, 2011, Kathmandu
Pradhan, R. (2002). Ethnicity, caste and a
pluralist society, in state of Nepal, by Kanak
Mani Dixit and ShastriRamachandran (ed.),
Lalitpur: Himal Books
Sharma, B. (1951). Nepal ko Aitihasik Rooprekha,
Varanasi:
Sharma, P. R. (1997). Nation-Building, Multi-
ethnicity, and the Hindu state. In David N.
G. ed. (1998). Nationalism and ethnicity in
a Hindu kingdom: The politics of culture
in contemporary Nepal. The Netherlands:
Harwood Academic Publishers
Sharma, S. (2019). The Nepal Nexus: An inside
account of the Maoists, the Durbar and New
Delhi: Penguin Random House
Shrestha, B. K. (2012). Federalising back to the
Baise Chaubise days: An anthropological
perspective on ethnicity as the basis for
state restructuring in Nepal, Ethnicity and
federalisation in Nepal, Central Department
of Sociology/Anthropology, Tribhuvan
University, Kathmandu.
 UNITY
Assessing geopolitics as Nepal's national security challenge
Abstract
The increased geo-strategic interests and
concerns of great powers have posed serious
challenges to national security of Nepal.
This article objectively analyzes the impacts
of geopolitics on Nepal's national security.
It intends to examine the National security
within the framework of geopolitical rivalry.
Geopolitics is rather a crucial external
factor than the other internal factors of
insecurity. Thus, this article attempts to
justify how regional and global geopolitical
developments challenge Nepal's national
security. This article explains geopolitical
factors that can pose threat and challenge to
national security.
Keywords: geopolitics, national security
challenge, geo-strategy, geo-economics
Introduction
Security is one of the most important issues
in both national and international politics, so
the governments of powerful states around
the world spend a tremendous amount of
money on their national security. Yet, small
states like Nepal and South Korea cannot
just make attempts to ensure their national
security. On the one hand, Nepal does not
have capacity to deal with nuclear insider
militarily and financially. On the other hand,
its geographical setting is another major
factor in its "insecurity" in the global context.
Geographically, fact, Nepal is squeezed
between world's two rising powers: China and
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Bikash Dhakal
India. Moreover, China and India themselves
are rivals because of differences on several
fronts. With the economic and political rise
of China, Nepal has ever–increasing regional
and international interests. Due to its unique
geo-strategic location, the strategic intentions
of China, India and the US are deeply rooted
in Nepal. Unfortunately, Nepal has become a
gigantic area of triangular struggle for power.
National Security Policy of Nepal 2016
indicates to strategic interests of regional and
global powers as major security challenge to
the country. Big powers geopolitical moves
have defiantly created challenges on national
security. Among others, geopolitics is one of
the major factors to challenge and threat to
Nepal's national security.
The national security of any state can
be presented from geopolitical strategic
perspective. In addition to its power relations
and global behaviors, geopolitical framework
is an integrated study of geography of a state.
This article discusses geopolitical aspects of
Nepal’s national security in the following
sections.
New creed on the national security
National security's primary purpose is to
protect the state and its people from all sorts
of threats, both domestic and international.
Equally, it is an ability of state to protect
the internal values from the external threats
or aggression. But, the concept of national
security in the modern era does not only
 UNITY
denote conventional military-political
approaches only. Under the domain of non-
conventional security approaches, many
other entities tend to contribute to broaden
the concepts of security.
The conventional security approaches
applied exclusively to the military threat.
Nevertheless the non-conventional concepts
are now at the fore-front of the economic,
environmental, socio-cultural, technological
and other challenges to national security. On
an issue of national security, the new power
competition does not necessarily focus on
the direct territorial control, but on informal
influence. And the tool of influence on the
international relations from the part of the
small states like Nepal and Bangladesh could
be the "soft power" rather than hard power
or sharp power. In that case, a persuasive
approach to international relations, typically
involving the application of economic and
cultural influence, can be the right strategy
to influence the global power. Scholars of
international relations have long recognized
that differential rates of economic growth
lead to structural changes in the balance of
power (Gilpin, 1981 & Kennedy, 1989). In
the context of changing strategic facts on
this ground, there are various new creeds on
national security challenges.
Geopolitical organism of Nepal
Geopolitically, states political power and
security policy are determined by geographic
characteristics. Nepal's situations were
fragile through the prism of geopolitics even
from the days of formation of the modern
nation –state around the mid–eighteenth
century under the leadership of the Gorkha
King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Founder King
PN Shah, in his maxim, proclaimed that
"Nepal is a yam between two boulders". His
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perception of the country explicates Nepal’s
defensive strategy in the situation that Nepal
was facing external threats from the East
India Company along the powerful states
and principalities across India at that time.
King PN Shah’s proclamation toward the last
quarter of the eighteenth century has become
a vital guideline to Nepal’s foreign policy.
Despite Nepal’s defensive non –aligned
strategies of international relations, the
offensive policy of great powers towards
Nepal has great geopolitical implications
in Nepal. Nepal's geographic position has
undoubtedly affected its foreign policies
and external presence in the regional and
global arena. In recent years, Nepal's position
has  got to be  deliberately  more  significant
than in the past primarily because of the rise
of the two Asian giants, including India and
China. Because of its geography, Nepal is
suffering within the strategic rivalry of great
powers. In such a point in case, geopolitics
has consistently become a crucial determinant
to Nepal's foreign policy and international
affairs.
National security on geopolitical
framework
The external threat and the problem of
survival in the sense of national security are
closely related to the geopolitical objective
and subjective effects. In this context,
geopolitics is such a structural framework
that can provide ideas to identify external
threats to national security.
Geopolitical study is simply an emphasis on
the relationship between geographical facts
on the one hand and international politics
on the other (Colin, 2013, p. 1). Geopolitics
can, therefore, be defined as “the relation
of international political power to the
 UNITY
geographical setting” (Cohen, 1973, p. 24).
Classical geopolitical analysis affirms that an
"international system is a competitive arena
in which great powers play a disproportionate
role, struggling for security, resources,
position and influence" (Colin, 2013, p. 3).
Whereas critical geopolitics emphasizes
the ways images of the world are created,
transmitted and underpin geographies of
power and conflict (O'Tuathail, 1996, p. 60).
Traditionally, geopolitical perspectives are
only characterized by the rivalry of powers
and global demarcation of powers. However,
geopolitics in recent decades incorporates
analysis of non-political development
and cooperation with strong emphasis on
individual and community participation in the
changing geopolitical spheres.
Critical geopolitical discourse not only
analyzes traditional state and power centered
geopolitics but also applies social-scientific
critical thinking to inquire the power
dynamics. The geopolitical framework
should, therefore, be analyzed, and external
threats to non-conventional challenges to
national security should be identified. The
following discussion section responds to a
genuine research question why geopolitics is
vital to Nepal’s security.
Discussion
1. The global strategic shift
Today's international politics on both global
and regional levels are very different from
those of earlier centuries. International power
is shifting from the Pacific Ocean towards
Asia-Pacific gradually. Because of its
expanding economic power, Asia is expected
to play a prominent role in the twenty-first
century.
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According to Joseph Nye (2015) "China’s
size and its high rate of economic growth will
bring it closer to the United States in terms of
the basic resources for influence over the next
few decades" (Nye, 2015). Indeed, China is
upgrading its military, increasing its defense
budget and improving its alliances. Although
the US’s focus on China has reached a high
point in recent years, this change reflects a
longer-term recognition of the need to shift
America’s focus to Asia in general and China
in particular (Anthea, Henrique & Victor,
2018). The security policy and economic
interests of the US is shifting towards Asia.
The growing military and political stakes of
the US and its mere presence in the area is
a reflection of offensive realism’s growing
functioning (Khan & Amin, 2015, p. 15).
As China's economic and military power is
on rise, it is in the struggle for the new world
order. Accordingly, Belt and Road Initiatives
(BRI) initiated by Chinese President Xi
Jinping is a grand geopolitical strategy of
China. BRI is a large connectivity project
designed to merge separate plans with a grand
objective of connecting three continents Asia,
Europe and Africa through land and maritime
routes. It is an ambitious project with
geopolitical and geo-economic ambitions.
Under these circumstances, rise of China is
a great threat to the established super power
like the US and its liberal world order.
Consequently, the US is revolving around
Chinese territories to encircle it. Therefore,
the US President Donald J. Trump's Indo-
Pacific Strategy (IPS) forwarded new major
strategic plan, the composite iteration of
all earlier government's strategy is deeply
rooted in its geo-strategic interests. IPS is the
geo-strategic weapon to threat and counter-
balance the Chinese influence in the Asia
Pacific region.
 UNITY
Hence, the US foreign policy towards Nepal
reflects the border regional context. Since
Nepal is strategically important for the US.
Accordingly, China looks for the more
dynamic back of Nepal for its One China
approach. What China believes is that Nepal
is the guarantor of the Tibetan region's
security and stability and its strategically
important Belt and Road Initiatives.
Against the 'One China Policy', the US and
its allies intend to contain China by pushing
it into inconvenience by supporting free
Tibet movement and human right issues. To
this end, the US wishes to have a strategic
pact with Nepal, a strategically important
nation that sincerely endorses China’s official
recognition of its one sovereign state with
unalienable parts, including Tibet, Taiwan,
Macau and Hong Kong.
Apart from security and economic interests,
China has interest in containing the US
influence in Nepal. Consequently, the
prospect of potential confrontation rather
than possibility of cooperation in the global
geopolitical climate pose a great challenge to
Nepal's national security.
2. Convergence of geo-economics with
geopolitics
In the last couple of years, economic
power developed as one of the biggest non-
traditional challenges to national security.
Economic power has been one among other
asymmetric strategic tools that can easily
trickle down, even the military power also.
Geo-economics is mainly ‘the geo-strategic
use of economic power’ (Wigell, 2016, p.
137).
Geo-economics proceeds from the
assumption that power and security are not
simply coupled to the physical control of
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territory, as in classical geopolitical analysis,
but also to commanding and manipulating
the economic ties that bind states together.
Geo-economics provides a way for states to
conduct power politics that does not refer to
military means (Scholvin & Wigell, 2018, p.
74). As a foreign policy strategy, it refers to
the application of economic means of power
by states so as to realize strategic objectives.
Nepal is the one among other Asian strategic
core where Geo-economic strategies of big
powers are not separated from their security
policies. As weak infrastructures, less use
of resources and regional imbalance in
terms of development are the major sources
of conflict that may pose serious security
threat to the small countries (Khanal, 2010,
p. 101). Geo-economics is such powerful
instrument through which big powers can
easily influence small states, such as Nepal
and Bhutan to change their patterns of
behaviors and international relations. Geo-
economics can bring about disastrous shifts
in the regional geopolitics. The inherent
asymmetric contradictions and dependencies
in the international system make economic
power an effective means of achieving
strategic goals in Nepal.
China is using finance, investment and trade
to build alliances and influence countries
across Africa, Asia and Latin America (Yu,
2015, p. 1048). As in other areas of the region
, China has increased the volume of pledging
grant assistance to Nepal government and
expenditure in strategic sectors in Nepal.
In this state of affairs, not only China but
also India is increasing aid and investment in
various strategic sectors in Nepal. Nepal has
been benefited from the economic assistance
of both India and China considering the
economic raise of both countries such
 UNITY
assistance could provide substantial benefits
in the future (Thapa, 2012, p. 12). To take
geo-economic leverage and to compete with
China, India is also in desire to expand further
assistance and concessions. However, India's
ledge is not being fulfilled because India
lacks strong economic backup as China does.
By forwarding geo-economics as their
foreign policy instruments, the US and
China are increasing assistance to Nepal
in the strategic sectors. But in promoting
geo-economic movements on its spheres of
influence areas, India is far behind because of
its own limitations.
Big external powers 'soft power' foreign
policy instruments-economic policy that are
focused on achieving their strategic interests
has significant geo-economic implications in
Nepal. It refers to the use of economic power
means to achieve strategic goals. So the new
trend of convergence of geo-economics with
geopolitics poses threats to national security
of Nepal.
3. Immediate neighbors rivalry
The interests of China and India in Nepal are
mainly geo-strategic. Nepal is in the strategic
needs for both of its immediate neighbors;
China and India. Nepal's geographical
uniqueness makes it vital for its neighbors'
security.
The recent rivalry between China and India
in Nepal is aimed at minimizing China's
growing influence and keeping Nepal friendly
to India in all areas of interest and China's
geo-economic strategy of enhancing strategic
alliance and partnership by increasing
economic clout. Professor Hunag argues
that "with Belt and Road Initiative going on,
South Asia is an area that China must engage
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in , so if China wants to open up further to
south Asia , Nepal is an important channel"
(Hunag, 2018).
China looks towards Nepal first with its
security concerns. Whereas India is also an
ambitious and strong regional power, its
major concern in Nepal lies on its domestic
security sensitivity. As Nepal and India share
open and absorptive borders, the former’s
political stability and security are the latter’s
major concerns. Similarly, China primarily
intends to reduce Nepal's reliance on India
and to maintain Nepal as a strong and
independent neutral state. Nepal has a vital
strategic importance to India, so it obviously
feels worried about any foreign presence and
interests in Nepal. Together with its political
and security concerns, India has prominent
financial maneuvers in Nepal.
Despite their strong bonds over multiple
aspects, India and Nepal share concerns
over the 1950 Treaty that places Nepal on
a common defense framework with India.
India barely responds to Nepal's voice on the
revision of the treaty. As a strong regional
power with an ever growing economy along
with the military capability, India invariably
sustains its hegemonic engagements in South
Asian countries, including Nepal, Bhutan and
Bangladesh, which underlines New Delhi's
inability to be a proactive shaper of regional
security is the fact that it lacks a strategic
vision of its regional role (Thapa, 2012, p.
11).
The Indian and Chinese rivalry persists
over decades because of their geographic
proximity as well as strong military
capabilities. In this backdrop, Nepal should
be able to maintain its neutrality in respect to
its neighbors’ concerns in line with Manish
Thapa’s argument:
 UNITY
It is necessary for Nepal to understand
the sensitivity of India and China in
terms of their security related issues and
adopt policies wisely, following a middle
path, that respects the interests of both
neighbors without endangering its own
sovereign and independent position.
(Thapa, 2012, p. 11)
Realizing these geopolitical strategies,
Nepal can justify its strength in respective
its neighbors’ security concerns. As a small
state, Nepal respects their sovereignty while
consistently cooperating with them to settle
issues on multiple fronts.
Conclusion
Geopolitics is not much of Nepal’s interest,
but geopolitics definitely affects Nepal’s
international relations and national security.
Nepal's national security is in vulnerable
situation in terms of geopolitics, where
geopolitical rivalry between major powers
obviously persist this small’s state’s
diplomacy and relationships with other
countries across the world. Competitive
strategies in geopolitics do not rule out the
possibility of cooperation in geopolitical
grappling rather they lead to a sharp increase
in geopolitical challenges to the national
security of small state Nepal.
Under these circumstances, geopolitics in its
growing threats stands major national security
challenge. In the meantime, internal balance
along with external cooperation is Nepal’s
major challenge. In response to the challenges
created by new geopolitical developments,
Nepal has to identify pragmatic strategies to
stabilize big powers.
Nepal's comprehensive national security
strategy basically depends upon capacity
of political leadership. Indeed, political
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leaders and diplomats need to have proactive
foreign policy and pragmatic diplomacy in
order to cope with geopolitical intricacy for
safeguarding national interests.
National security is a complex and multi-
faceted topic. National security concerns
should be reviewed from broader perspectives.
In Nepal’s case, new geopolitical situations
are more complex today than in the past.
Today's world is more interdependent and
intertwined in history than ever before. So,
geopolitics has become one of the prominent
phenomena that poses a great challenge to
Nepal's national security. Geopolitics can
immensely affect Nepal’s national security.
To defend its national interests and safeguard
the future, it is a high time to formulate
new perspectives on pragmatic diplomatic
strategy. Nepal must, therefore, reframe its
mindset of small country syndrome and bring
the renaissance of proactive diplomacy.
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Discourse of civil military relations in Nepal
Abstract
A sovereign nation –state requires a strong
military institution and the Nepali Army
demands its personnel’s obedience, loyalty,
sacrifice and discipline to maintain command
and control. However, as an established
principle, civilian control of the military is
desirable to the military control of the state.
The concept of Civil Military Relations
(CMR) is dynamic, evolutionary and country
specific. Such a bond between an official
security organization and the public in
general change with regime shifts, external
imperatives and technological innovations.
The impact of regime changes and political
movements has been observed in various
aspects of politics, society in Nepal is not an
exception. In this line, this article deals on
the theoretical discourse of CMR, reviews
the constitutional and legal provisions and
examines the factors influencing CMR in
Nepal from the period of modern nation-
state formation to present days. Along with
existing debates around the role of the
Nepali Army in various non-military jobs,
this paper proposes multiple perspectives on
how different entities, including bureaucrats,
politicians and military leaders perceive
CMR. Likewise, the writers argue that
sharing the responsibilities among the civil
society, citizenry and military organizations
is one of the most suitable approaches in
response to balancing CMR in Nepal.
21
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Chiranjibi Bhandari
Rajendra Sharma
Keywords: civil military relations, the
Nepali Army, regime change, nation–state,
dynamics
Introduction
It was commonly believed that the state army
was established prior to the unification of
Nepal. King Prithivi Narayan (P.N.) Shah, the
founder of modern Nepali nation-state, had
played a significant role in the establishment
of the military and the modern Nepal and
named the army as ‘Tilanga’. It was changed
to the ‘Gorkhali Army’ after the Gorkha
conquest of Nuwakot. Chandra Shumsher
named it ‘Nepal Army’ and the title “Royal
Army’ was given by King Mahendra, later
on King Birendra named it as ‘Royal Nepal
Army’ (Acharya, 2009, p. 128). It was re-
named ‘Nepal Army' after the proclamation
of the House of Representatives (HoR), on 18
May 2006 (ASPECT, 2011, p. 8). 
Besides King, civilian leaders like Bhimsen
Thapa (1775-1839) and Jung Bahadur
Rana (1816-1877) have made significant
contribution to modernize of the Nepali Army.
Mukhtiyar Thapa took remarkable measures
to advance the military administration and
institutional organization. The Lal-Dhadda,
the systematic maintenance of military
records, was initiated under his instruction.
Then Prime Minister Thapa also developed
a classified military organization with
designations, adding the post of General and
Colonel (Adhikari, 2015, p. 102).The Prime
 UNITY
Minister and Commander-in-Chief Jung
Bahadur Rana (1846-1856) and (1857-1877)
placed all the male members of his family on
the rolls with military titles and the rank of
Lieutenant Colonel. He further introduced
a rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and adopted a
more inclusive recruitment policy (Adhikari,
2015, p. 108).
Interestingly, after each political change,
the Nepali Army was forced to transform
to cope with the aspirations of the political
changes and leaderships in the military. In
the 1950s, the Nepali Congress–led struggle
was concluded with the tripartite agreement
among the Ranas, the pro-democratic force
led by Nepali Congress and the King that was
mediated by India. However, the military was
then downsized in a process of modernization
of the Nepali Army upon the recommendation
of the Indian military mission (Basnyat,
2018, p. 48).
In 1960, then King Mahendra Shah imposed a
state of emergency, which outlawed political
parties and dissolved the parliament in the
backing of Royal Nepal Army (RNA). The
Party-less Panchayat system continued till the
1990. With restoration of democracy in 1990,
the country became a multi-lingual, multi-
ethnic but a Hindu state and Constitutional
Monarchy remained unchanged in the
Constitution of Nepal (1990). In 1996, six
years after the restoration of the democracy,
country entered into an armed conflict, led
by then Communist Party of Nepal-CPN
(Maoist). The Royal massacre of 2001 and
the king’s direct rule (2004-2005) contributed
to weaken the faith of Nepalese citizens on
monarchy and nurtured the synergy between
the then mainstream political parties: Seven
Parties Alliances (SPA) and the Maoist.
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The 12-point understanding, between then
mainstream political parties and then CPN
(Maoist) signed in India on 22 November
2005 paved the way to the Comprehensive
Peace Accord 2006 along with subsequent
political agreements. The Communist Party
of Nepal–CPN (Maoist)’s with 220 out of
575 seats, became the largest party in the
Constituent Assembly Election I of 2008. The
Maoist–led incumbent Government created
turmoil in the Civil-Military Relations in
Nepal. Then Prime Minister Puspa Kamal
Dahal’s move to sack the Chief of the Army
Staff (COAS) Rookmangud Katuwal and the
President’s intervention against the elected
Prime Minister's decision unfolded a new
discourse in the Civil-Military Relations
in Nepal. The Constituent Assembly II
promulgated the constitution in September
2015. The successful completion of three
tiers of election in 2017 and practices of three
forms of government at federal, provincial
and local level further unraveled the discourse
in CMR in Nepal.
In this background, this article briefly
examines the discourse of the Civil-
Military Relations, its constitutional and
legal provision in Nepal along with factors
influencing this bond during the different
regimes. This article is based on both primary
and secondary data from different sources.
For the primary information, interview were
taken with 20 key individuals, including
military personnel and civilian. Various
resource materials, such as books, articles
and newspapers stories were used as the
source of secondary information.
Discourses of CMR
CMR is an interaction between the armed
forces of a state as an institution, and the
other sectors of the society the armed force
 UNITY
is rooted in. It is perceived as power sharing
between the legitimate civil authority of
a state and its security forces (Sharma &
Thapa, 2010, p. 970), encompassing the
entire range of relationship between military
and civilian society (Feaver, 2003, p. 54).
Theoretically, the security forces in the
countries with liberal democracies are placed
under the command of the civil government,
carry out orders and are accountable to it.
The evolution of CMR discourse dates back
to 1950s. Institutional theory remains the
dominant paradigm for examining civil-
military relations (Huntington, 1957, pp. 81-
83). As civilian control of the military, Samuel
P. Huntington’s subjective and objective
control of the military seems antithetical with
themselves. Peter Feaver's agency theory
stands on different position in Huntington’s
notions of CMR. In objective civilian control,
Huntington had prescribed for autonomous,
apolitical, neutral professional military,
which is not possible in liberal democracy
(Feaver, 2003, pp. 16-18).
As alternative to Huntington’s institutional
set up, Michael C. Desch described 'structural
environment' as determinant for military
organization (Desch, 2001, pp. 8-21). In The
Professional Soldier, Morris Janowitz argues
for the civilianization of the military by
converging civilian and the military society.
Janowitz further claims that distinction
between the civilian and military roles
(Janowitz, 1960, p. I) that lay at the heart of
Huntington’s theory had been blurred by the
emergence of nuclear weapons and limited
war. As an alternative, Rebecca L. Schiff
offers a new theory—Concordance—in the
Civil-Military Relations. The concordance
theory has an argument in a similar line
with a proposition of the partnership within
a polity-the military, the political elite,
23
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and the citizenry-on four issues; the social
composition of officer corps, the political
decision-making process, the method of
recruiting soldiers, and military style (Schiff,
2001, pp. 32-33).
Also, the rising ethno-national civil wars
after the end of Cold War (1945-89) on the
one hand and the internationalization of the
military as peace keeping force on the other
hand, ‘who controls who’ in the thesis of
civil-military relations is itself problematic.
It was clearly proposed to share roles
and responsibilities among civilians and
the military society for an effective Civil
Military Relations (Bland, 1999, pp. 7-26).
Similarly, in order to cover the full scope of
CMR, six interdependent and interpenetrated
dimensions have been proposed including
economy, finance, technology, culture,
society and politics (Kummel, 2002, p. 69).
Therefore, the extent to which the civilian
authorities actually exercise control on the
military differs based on characters of states
as well as forms of the regime.
Constitutional and legal provisions related
to CMR
The history of documented legal provisions
for CMR is fairly short in Nepal. It started
in the late eighteenth century with Dibya
Upadesh (Nepal Law Commission, 2018,
p. 9). Dibya Upadesh prescribed certain
privileges and incentives to the military and
clearly differentiated the military and civilian
spheres, valorizing the importance of the
military in Nepal. Prominently, monarchy had
played a key role in establishing the Army as
well as national security related issues from
the unification to 1990s. For instance, even
after the 1950s political change with the fall
of the Rana regime along with the transfer of
the Bijuli Garat, guns and ammunitions from
 UNITY JOURNAL
Singha Durbar (the residence of Rana Prime S. Documents Introduced/Enacted/
Minister) to the Narayanhiti Durbar (the N. Promulgated by
residence of the King), the Army forces also
shifted their loyalty back to the monarchy 1. Dibya King P. N. Shah
and King Tribhuvan assumed the title of Upadesh (1742-1774)
Supreme-Commander in Chief in April 1952 2. JangiAin PM Jung Bahadur
(Kumar, 2009, p. 140). (Military Rana, 1854
Law)
During the Panchayat regime (1960-1990), 3. Military Ain Interim Government,
the relationship between the Army and the 1951
King was further consolidated with the 4. Military Act King Mahendra, 1959
adoption of the Military Act in 1959. It was 5. Constitution King Mahendra, 1959
further deepened with the Act on Right, 6. Act on King Mahendra, 1959
Duty, Function and Terms of the Service of Right, Duty,
Commander-in- Chief 1969’ made the Chief Function and
of the Army Staff (COAS) responsible and Terms of the
accountable to His Majesty (Kumar, 2009, p. Service of
140). The Military Act 1959 was amended for Commander-
the first time after a long gap in September in- Chief
2006 that unties the embryological cord of the 7. ConstitutionConstitution Drafting
Army with the King. One of the key features of 1990 Committee, 1990
of the amendment was the severing of age old 8. Military ActReinstated Parliament,
ties between the Army and the King. Except 2006
for this, the amendment introduced no major 9. Interim Reinstated Parliament,
changes in the structureor functions of the Constitution 2006
Army (Sharma and Thapa, 2010, p. 991). 10. Constitution Constituent Assembly,
In new Military Act, chapter 3, ‘It mainly of Nepal 2015 2015
focuses on fiddling with the term of office 11. National Government of Nepal,
of senior officials.1 The 2006 amendments Security 2016
limit to four years, which could be extended Policy
once for another three years’ (Government of 12. National Government of Nepal,
Nepal, 2006, p. 10). Security 2019 (Unpublished)
Policy
Source: Compiled from various sources by the
authors

The Constitution of Nepal (1990), article

1 For example, the 1959 Act provided for the
General’s term of office fixed at five years, which
could be extended first time for three years, then if
necessary for another two years (Ibid). This way
a General of the Army could stay in office for 10
years.
118 and 119 provisioned that the King,
as the Supreme Commander of the Army,
would mobilize the troops as per the
recommendation of the three-member
National Defense Council (NDC) consisting
of the Prime Minister, the Defense Minister

24
 UNITY
and the Army Chief (p. 51). Until 2005, the
regime projected the King as a symbol of the
national unity, and any threat to institution
would ultimately means a threat to the security
of the nation. Whatever directives the palace
decided were taken as guiding principles for
the Army on security issues, and whatever
policy the Army declared was considered to
be national security policy (Wagle, 2009, p.
76). The security and the military landscapes
remain unchanged; however, national
security was still the exclusive domain of the
place and the elected government followed
the same traditional security policy (Wagle,
2009, p. 77).
After the political change of 2006, Nepal's
security system saw paradigm shifts. These
significant changes include the historical
proclamation of the then reinstated House
of Representatives on 18 May 2006
and incorporation of the spirit of peace
agreements in the Interim Constitution (IC)
of 2007; the armed forces automatically
came under democratic control (UNDP,
2009, pp. 228-230). Similarly, IC had a
robust provision for an action plan for acts
of right sizing the Nepali Army, building its
democratic structures, national and inclusive
character and imparting training to the Army
in accordance with the values of democracy
and human rights (ibid).‘Article 144 also
incorporated the provisions regarding the
President as Supreme Commander of the Army
with an authority of appointing the COAS,
controlling, mobilizing and managing the
Army on the recommendation of the Council
of Ministers (fourth amendment of Interim
Constitution, 2007). The fifth amendment of
IC introduced the provisions as 'in order to
give the Nepali Army a national Character
and make it inclusive, enlisting of Madhesi,
indigenous ethnic groups, Dalits, women,
and people from backward regions into the
25
JOURNAL
armed forces on the basis of the principles of
equality and inclusiveness shall be insured by
laws' (Article 4A) (UNDP, 2009, p. 37).
The IC (2007) had provision of an expanded
National Defense Council (NDC) with
Prime Minister as chairperson, and Defense
Minister, Home Minister and three nominees
of the Prime Minister as member (Article
145) (UNDP, 2009, p. 230). Interestingly,
the Interim Constitution 2007 paid less
attention to the roles and functions of the
armed forces. Focused mainly on how they
are controlled, mobilized and managed
and how the COAS would be appointed.
Nowhere did it deal with the fact that the
primary objectives of the armed forces are
to defend and protect the country, its citizens
and its territorial integrity in accordance with
principle of international law regulating the
use of forces (Kumar, 2009, p. 149). Instead,
the Constitution had given responsibility to
prepare a comprehensive program for the
democratization of the Nepali Army on the
basis of political consensus to the Council
of Ministers and then recommendation to the
parliament (in National Gazette 2007 as cited
in Kumar, 2009, pp. 145-150).
In Constitution of Nepal 2015, part 28 is
related with ‘provision related to national
security’. The article 266 deals with the
provision related to the National Security
Council (NSC). The provisions of NSCis
further clearer than the provision of
NDC in Constitution of Nepal 1990. The
objective of NSC is being extended in the
existing constitution, it can recommend to
government for the formulation of a policy
on overall national interest, security and
defense, for mobilization and control of the
Nepali Army it had to recommend to the
Council of Ministers (Government of Nepal,
2015, p. 176).
 UNITY
Principally, the National Security Policy has
to be formulated by the National Security
Council. In the context of Nepal, the
government of Nepal had formed a committee
headed by the then Defense Minister which
designed and formulated the NSP in 2016.
In order to adjust the federal set up, it was
reported in media that the new security
policy was enacted in 2019 as well, but this
document was concealed until then. Despite
its limitations in defining national goals,
objectives and vital national interest intersect.
It has different sections dealing with the roles
and responsibilities of the law enforcement
agencies in line with the Constitution of 2015.
The NSP has not precisely mentioned CMR
in any chapter. However, the terms civilian
control of the military and civilian supremacy
have been used in the policy (Government of
Nepal, 2016, pp. 49-55).
Different views on CMR
The uncommon understanding on the roles and
responsibilities, and acute skepticism among
representatives of civilian and military was
observed during the primary data collection
process. For instance, bureaucrats shared that
‘Government’ as the custodian of the security
organizations, whereas the Nepali Army
upheld ‘Constitution’ as their guardian. The
spokesperson of the Nepali Army shared his
understanding, ‘CMR means the relationship
between the civilian authority and the
military.2 Interestingly the spokesperson
of the Armed Police Force, one and only
paramilitary force in Nepal, viewed ‘CMR
is more related to the Army, this is not our
concern and I don’t have proper ideas on
this regards3. However, the retired Assistant
Inspector General from the Paramilitary
2 Interview on 4 November, 2018
3 Interview on 13 November,2018
26
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Force realized CMR as ‘an instrument or
framework that clearly defines the position
of civilian, military and the government. We
don’t have any defined position about these
actors4’.
Also, the involvement of the Nepali army
in infrastructures, construction of national
pride projects, protecting forest, mines,
conservation areas etc. are the indicators
of good CMR for the spokesperson of the
Ministry of Defense5;. Whereas a former
defense secretary only mentions that, ‘CMR
in Nepal's context deals with how civilian
and the military treat each other'6. Politicians
from major political parties perceived CMR
as a tool to control the military and stuck in
rhetoric explanation of civilian control over
the armed forces. However, experts in the
field of security studies and CMR opined
that CMR has lack of conceptual clarity in
Nepal, and proposed the understanding of
CMR as enhancing the performance of the
military, military’s recognition, increment of
military’s reputation.
It is visible that the understanding of the CMR
among the civilian and the military is distinct.
It is fair to highlight that the understanding of
the CMR is distinct among the civilian and
the military. The bureaucratic setup enjoys
with ‘civilian supremacy’, politician with
‘democratic principle and civilian control’,
and many more. By and large, it depicts that
the Nepalese CMR is somehow familiar and
affiliate with the aforementioned discussed
Samuel P. Huntington’s popular notion of
‘Subjective Civilian Control’ of military,
which simply mean 'minimizing the military
4 Interview on 16 November, 2018
5 Interview on 21 November, 2018
6 Interview on 21 November, 2018
 UNITY
power and maximizing of the power of
civilian groups in relation to the military'
(Huntington, 1957, p. 80).
Even in the international practices, the
CMR is lunacy; it is contextual and varies
from state to state. The degree of interplay
between the civilian and military determines
its equilibrium. These degrees were highly
influenced by the understanding of the CMR
itself. Based on these understanding, the
civilian visualizes the legal and institutional
set ups. These set ups in other are cemented
by the international factors and the history of
the military itself.
Factors influencing CMR
Theoretically, the functional CMR is the
benchmark of a stable regime that balances
JOURNAL
military-civil polity and strength of national
security. The robust patterns of the CMR in
a particular country determine the stability
of that country, and vice-versa. Therefore,
it is important to focus on ‘who controls the
military and how, degree of military influence
in national and foreign policy, appropriate
role of the military in a given polity,
composition of the military, and impact
of the societal structures on the military
effectiveness. Below mentioned table
provides brief overview of who controlled
the military, and how, degree of military
influences, role of military in given polity,
who served in military and effectiveness of
military instrument in different time period
in Nepal.

Questions Regime –different time period

Unification 1846- 1950-1960 1960- 1990- 2001-2005 2007- 2015
1846 1950 1990 2001 2015 onwards
Who  Monarch Rana PM Monarch Civilian Civilian
controlled (Shah (Military
the military, Kings) leader)
and how?
Degree of High High Moderate High Moderate Moderate- Moderate Moderate
Military High
Influence in
Nepali
Society
Role of the Royal Rana Semi- Constitutional
military in a Decree PM’s Constituti-
given polity Decree onal
Who served Certain Shumsher Individuals from Shah, Rana, Kshetri and Inclusive- Inclusive-
(Primarily) families and hill caste and other ethnic groups ness ness
in military? Rana Kin
Effective- Highly Highly Effective
ness of effective effective
Military?
Source: The framework was customized from Mackubin Thomas Owens's Civil Military Relations.
Oxford Research Encyclopedia, online publication date, 2017

27
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In addition to the information added in this
table, it is important to discuss other factors
influencing the CMR in Nepal. In the case of
Nepal, Ministry of Defense is an important
structure to facilitate the role of the Nepali
Army. However, regarding the effectiveness
of role of Ministry of Defense, questions
have been posed time and again. Many
of the analysts have dubbed that Nepal’s
defense ministry simply as a powerless
‘post-box’ for the Army, with real power
and responsibilities of the ministry vested
in and exercised by the Principal Military
Secretariat (PMS) at the Royal Palace until
mid-2006 (Sharma and Thapa, 2010, p. 985).
The National Security Council can be a prop
for balancing the democratic civil-military
relations (Bruneau and Sakoda, 2009, p. 225)
since it has an important role to play in terms
of making security policy and analyzing
security dynamics and challenges, as the
research oriented policy making body of the
government (Wagle, 2009, p. 85).
Past track records show that, the NSC in Nepal
was not constituted even during most of the
democratic period. It was finally constituted
in 2001 when the armed conflict was at its
height, but it didn’t work as effectively and
independently as it should have done as
per the constitutional spirit. After NSC, the
democratically elected representatives in
a country’s legislature have an important
role in controlling the military; formulating
defense legislation, policy, and budgets; and
monitoring their implementation (Giraldo,
2006, p. 34). It is widely accepted that with
the parliamentary involvement and debates,
civilian oversight becomes democratic
oversight (Born, Fluri and Lunn, 2010, p.
5). In Article 64 of the 1990 Constitution
of Nepal, parliamentary committee system
28
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was introduced in 1990. But in our practice,
there is a lack of independent parliamentary
committee on defense; the State Affairs
Committee (SAC) which is equivalent to
security committee oversees the multiple
issues including the Prime Minister and
Council of Ministers, Home Ministry,
Defense Ministry, NA, Nepal Police, APF.
Beside these factors, the Nepali Army
confronts with the military wing of the
regime or political party (whether it is Mukti
Sena of Nepali Congress, PLA of CPN-
Maoist). Army was deployed by different
regimes to repress the movement inside the
country. Later on the same faction, after
getting the verdict of people, the government
initiated working in line with the constitution.
This is one of the psychologically diverge
experience of the civilian and the military.
For instance, the downsizing of the then
Nepali Army after the political change of 1950
on the recommendation of the Indian Military
Mission, the military personnel always have
the susceptibility over the political masters.
The post 2006 agendas in security such as
the democratization, right sizing, national
character in NA and the CoAS Katuwal Case
of 2008 in particular are some of the examples
of visible and invisible clashes of the civilian
and the military culture.
As an established national institution, the
Nepali Army deserves great respect, faith and
trust from the civilians for its contribution
to the process of nation building and public
security. Leaders and public have invariably
applauded the NA personnel’s roles to protect
lives and property from natural and man-
made disasters, its contribution to the UN
peacekeeping mission is always exemplary.
However, the engagement of the NA in non-
military activities and its welfare fund has
 UNITY
generated controversy in the public. After
2001, different regimes have made the NA
more ambitious by granting lucrative non-
military programs and projects. For an
instance, the government’s permission to
the NA to open a commercial bank, operate
industries, set up companies, and lunch projects
in partnership with national and international
companies (Adhikari, 2015, p. 242) has made
the Nepali Army as a ‘corporate army”. The
recent commercialization of Tri-Chandra
Military Hospital, issue of Tundikhel, and
involvement in Fast Track road construction
projects are some of the NA’s engagements in
recent years. The NA’s involvements in such
fields which are not necessarily related to
security have become some issues for serious
discussions and critical speculations. These
issues are brought the NA to controversy on
grounds of overstepping its core mandate of
safeguarding territorial integrity, sovereignty,
national unity and independence.
Geo-strategic location: BRI and IPS
Nepal’s geostrategic location is sensitive.
The Founder King Prithvi Narayan Shah
had limited military as a defensive force,
maintaining friendly relation with its two
neighbors: India and China. He stated that
'Nepal is like a gourd between two rocks and
advised to maintain a treaty of friendship with
the Emperor of China and emphasized the
significance of a treaty of friendship with the
Emperor of the southern sea (the British India
Company). He was clear in his advice that
Nepal should not launch military initiatives
against them. Its preparedness should only be
for defensive wars’ (Nepal Law commission,
2018, pp. 9-10). Until 1989, India was the
primary armorer to Nepal but the 1988
arms purchase issues with China, and King
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Birendra’s proposal of 'Nepal as the Zone-of-
Peace'. However, the Indian establishment
perceived this proposal as the unstated
purpose of the plan to extricate Nepal from
its security obligations to India assumed
under the treaty of 1950 (Garver, 1991, pp.
958-963). Thus, New Delhi not only failed to
endorse the Zone-of-Peace proposal but also
unofficially imposed the economic embargo
in 1989 in order to pressure King Birendra
Bikram Shah and his government to withdraw
the arm purchase deal and to sign new treaty
on trade and transit (ibid). This is the one
representative instance of the geopolitical
sensitivity of Nepal.
After the abolition of the Monarchy, the
international regime has portrayed the NA
as one of the most stable states bearing
institutions in Nepal because of which, the
involvement of the foreign actors in the name
of military assistance is contending in Nepal.
Among them, China, India and USA were
seen in forefront. The recent engagement of
international actors in other security agencies
sounds interesting. Some of the representative
cases include Chinese government's
investment in APF Training Academy and the
Indian government’s support in Nepal Police
Training Academy.
This global interest in Nepal certainly
influences its CMR on the one hand and the
national security on the other. Traditionally,
the COAS of the NA is the Honorary General
of the Indian Army, and the COAS of India
is that of Nepal. Further, the geopolitical
interplay in Nepal can easily be analyzed
by the recent dilemma on the participation
of the Nepali Army in the Bay of Bengal.
Initiatives for Multi-Sectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation (BIMESTEC) level
 UNITY
military drill, hosted by India7. Likewise, the
Indo Pacific Strategy Report of Department
of Defense, the US has included about the
defense partnership with Nepal along with
other South Asian countries, such as Maldives,
Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in its Indo-Pacific
strategy. It is clear that, geo-strategic location
of Nepal is important and Nepal has to decide
cautiously on Belt and Road Initiatives (BRI)
led by China and Indo-Pacific strategy led by
USA in the days to come. Otherwise, country
may enter into other forms of instability.
Conclusion
CMR in Nepal is dynamic, not static, and
unique in terms of understanding and
practices. It has direct impact of regime
changes and other subsequent political
movements. At some point, the Nepali
Army was under the control of palace and it
was fully controlled by King ever since the
modern nation –state formulation to 2005.
But after the 1990's political transformation,
civilian came up with the antagonistic
behavior towards the NA until 2008. After
the Katuawal case in 2009, the Nepali Army
is commonly perceived as the ultimate
guarantor of sovereignty, territorial integrity,
national unity and independence. Reviewing
the documents and interacting with people, it
has clearly shown that military was always
under the control of civilian institutions in
Nepal. However, to be effective civilian
7 Regarding this incidence, the spokesperson of
NA highlighted that the army has to be abide by
the decision of the government. At first ministry of
defense has decided to participate in joint military
drill and three NA officers were already there
meanwhile the government withdraws its decision
and NA participated as observer, interview on 4
November, 2018
30
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control, political leadership must be aware
of its importance as core aspect of CMR
and national security, and military should
cope with the aspiration of the peoples
simultaneously. But the unwillingness of the
political leadership to own the Nepali Army,
and their reluctance in demarcating the roles
and responsibilities of law enforcement
agencies not only ruins the civil-military
relations but also deteriorates the national
security and national stability at large.
Furthermore, the geopolitical sensitiveness of
Nepal demands the farsighted creative state
craft in terms of balancing CMR as well as
foster national interests and national security.
Therefore, the sharing of the responsibilities
among the civilians and the military spheres
can be effective solution to balance the CMR
in Nepal.
References
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Sapkota, B. (Eds) (2009). The Nepali security
sector: An almanac. Hungary: Brambauer
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Adhikari, I. (2015). Military & democracy in
Nepal. New Delhi: Routledge.
Asian Study Center for Peace and Conflict
Transformation (ASPECT) (2011). From
conflict to peace in Nepal: Peace agreements
2005- 2010. Kathmandu: ASPECT.
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of vices against national security of Nepal.
Kathmandu: Hisi Offset Printers.
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Born, H., Fluri, P. & Lunn, S. (Ed.). (2010).
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amendements.pdf on 5 October, 2018.

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Dissonance in the discourse: A consumer’s lens to national security
Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate the
dissonance between the highlighted themes
placing people at the epicenter and yet
excluding the general public and their actual
security needs, examines national security
from a consumer’s perspective. To underscore
a dissonance in the discourse on national
security, the writer explores the paradigm of
national security policy. Then, it illustrates
the discord between the public security
needs in their everyday life and the outlined
threats in the national security documents. To
validate the above argument, the paper offers
a new avenue on the overlooked consumer
identity of human beings and demonstrates
the probability and impact of threats to
national security by means of the qualitative
data analysis.
Keywords: dissonance, human existance,
national security, threats, consumer security
Introduction
The paradigm of national security evolves
itself steadily. Such an evolution process has
been primarily influenced by the unyielding
nature of national interests, changing nature of
threats, the national and international context,
the varying national capacities, priorities
accorded to threats and the exploitation of
useful opportunities. During the Cold War
(1945-89), national security was calibrated
primarily through military metrics because
the martial realm dominated the national
security outlook while security was highly
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Chiran Jung Thapa
deemed as a state and regime centric. The
end of the Cold War, however, ushered a new
comprehensive concept of national security.
A rather idealistic and utopian concept
labeled as “Human Security” was envisaged
and widely peddled (UNDP, 2004). The
concept of human security championed the
idea of a world devoid of “want and fear.”
Then, Y2K episode that augurs the collapse
of the computer operating systems around the
world at the end of the millennium added a
whole new dimension to the national security
discourse. The September 11 terrorist attacks
on the United States in the year 2001 and its
subsequent actions totally altered the national
security priority the world over.
National security framework
The theoretical framework of national security
is derived from an aggregate of two separate
concepts: nation and security. The basis of
what constitutes a nation in recent years is no
longer confined to a traditional formulation.
It has clearly transcended beyond the realm
of being just a social community with certain
historical and cultural commonalities. "We
are a nation of Christians and Muslims,
Jews and Hindus, and non-believers. We
are shaped by every language and culture,
drawn from every end of this Earth” (Phillips,
2009). These afore-mentioned lines from the
President Barack Obama’s inaugural speech
best illustrate the evolving nature of a nation's
concept as it accommodates diversities.
Likewise, the concept of security too has
expanded. In the past, security generally had
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a military connotation and mostly entailed
an element of force. Now, it encompasses
various other elements as it transcends
beyond just protection and preservation of an
identity from physical harm. It now entails
the ideas of economic, social, environmental
and even psychological well-being.
Another fundamental change stems from the
nature of threats. During the Cold War, the
threats that dictated national security agenda
were primarily military in origin and it
emanated from beyond the national borders.
Following the end of the Cold War, however,
the threat of inter-state war with military
confrontation particularly between two major
rivals diminished. Instead, other threats that
are more nuanced, complex, asymmetric
and trans-national in nature became more
palpable. National security discourse remains
predominantly centered on the anticipation,
prevention and mitigation of large-scale
threats to the nation (The White House,
2015). These threats are prioritized mainly
because the probability and the impact it
would have on the nation. These threats have
the potential to cause significant disruption
and devastation on the nation and a national
response is warranted to counter/mitigate
these threats. A diverse range of threats like
global warming, natural/manmade disasters,
nuclear proliferation, health epidemics,
resource depletion, terrorism, and cyber
intrusions, misuse of artificial intelligence
have now begun to dominate the national
security agendas (The White House, 2017).
Similarly, the notion that national security
can be attained unilaterally through national
ways and means is increasingly becoming a
less viable option. The world is now highly
interdependent and interconnected. The
global fabric is woven by an intricate web
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of dependencies through the relentless flow
of goods, services, information and people.
Even the major threats that afflict the nations
are complex and transnational in nature. Such
interdependency and inter-connectedness
and the trans-national nature of threats limits
the nations’ ability to unilaterally provide
comprehensive security to its denizens. Even
the most endowed nations are unable to
unilaterally tackle threats that are global in
nature. Therefore, it renders cooperation as an
indispensable variable for threat mitigation.
Therefore, it would not be an over statement
to postulate that the hallmark of national
security in now “coordination, cooperation
and collaboration.”
The formulation of a national security strategy
comprises of several undertakings (Staal,
2017). It involves a sober and dispassionate
appraisal of the internal and external context.
Threats and opportunities are identified.
National interests, priorities and objectives
are listed national (Security Concept of
Mongolia, n.d). Means/resources to realize
those objectives in the most optimal manner
are outlined. Feasibility, affordability and
sustainability of the strategy are calibrated. All
of these are then intersected with the national
vision of the government while considering
national interest, national power and national
will. Ultimately, a national security strategy
that is holistic in nature is engineered from
the above. Since the objective of a national
security is to strengthen the nation on all
possible realms and reduce vulnerabilities,
it will comprise of all sectors. Education,
Environment, Economy, Energy, Health,
Diplomacy, Social, Information-Technology,
Agricultural, Defense and many other sectors
dovetail seamlessly to form the national
security composite.
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Encompassing exclusionary exercise
The first line in President Barack Obama’s
national security strategy of 2015 outlines:
“The United States government has no greater
responsibility than protecting the American
people” (The White House, 2015). Similarly,
under a different political dispensation,
President Donald Trump’s National Security
Strategy of 2017 explicitly mentions: “This
National Security Strategy begins with the
determination to protect the American people,
the American way of life, and American
interests” (The White House, 2017). These
sentiments reflect that the people are at core
of the national security agenda and protecting
the people from any kind of harm remains the
primary national goal.
Is national security policy/strategy a true
reflection of the priorities of the populace
belonging to a particular nation while the
people should be at the core of any national
security agenda? Does the prioritization of
threats and opportunities by the government
align with that of the public sentiment? Is
there is a process whereby a majority of public
viewpoints and priorities are duly assimilated
during the formulation of such policy?
The prevailing approach to national security
posits the duly elected government as the
true representatives of the people thereby
rendering them the sole prerogative of
formulating and enacting policies on behalf
of the people they serve. National Security
Strategy formulation is most of countries
reviewed appears to be an exclusive
affair. Only a handful of people from the
government and/or government ministries
and departments, a few related outside
experts are consulted in the formulation
process (U.S. GAO, 2018). Generally, it is
spearheaded by the members and staff of the
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National Security Council. In addition, there
are instances where the endorsement of the
parliament is imperative for accountability
and acceptance purposes.
Due to these limited consultations, there is
a clear disconnect in the National security
strategy formulation and the actual public
sentiment. The national security formulation
process is an elitist and exclusionary affair
as most of the process is discreet. The only
those with access to power and educated can
have access and can influence the discourse.
The U.S. Government Accountability Office
(GAO) report explicitly mentions that “to
identify long-range emerging threats, GAO
administered a questionnaire to 45 government
organizations that assess emerging threats
across DOD, State, DHS, and ODNI, and had
a 78-percent response rate (U.S. GAO, 2018).
Even from a mathematical point of view, the
maximum majority of the populace will have
no say, no role but will have to shoulders the
burden and/or be impacted by the national
security agenda. No such priority, however,
seems to be accorded to intimately connecting
with the larger public to acquire their true
security needs. On a topic that is so critical
to every human’s existence, the national
security framework remains critically
deficient in accommodating the larger public
requirements. The dissonance becomes
apparent when an agrarian community
dwelling in the remote village is intersected
with the threats outlined in the national
security outlook. Most of the village dwellers
would most likely not even be acquainted
to issues such as nuclear security, terrorism
that are emphatically outlined as the gravest
national security threat. Most denizens will
neither have the aptitude, interest or the reach
to influence in these affairs.
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Consumer lens
The fundamental principle of security is the
protection and preservation of life. Aside
from exceptional cases where certain cause,
belief or priority that may trump over the
priority of life, the inception point for human
pursuit of security has exclusively remained
anchored in preservation of life. The other
security imperatives, such as liberty and
property follow thereafter.
Any human existence is contingent upon
three indispensable requisites. A human being
requires air/oxygen, water, and food the most
to sustain life. With rare exceptions aside, an
average human being can survive without
oxygen for up to a few minutes, without
water for a few days and without food for up
to few weeks (Kane, 2016). This illustrates
how human security is inextricably linked
to the consumption of basic essentials. The
whole identity of a human ceases devoid of
these basic life sustaining imperatives.
At the core, the purpose of any national
security strategy is to protect, preserve and
perpetuate national identity. This essentially
means the protection of individuals that dwell
in the nation. Currently, an innate identity of
all humans regardless of nationality, race,
religion, class or age is the consumption
pattern. All humans now are inextricably
consumers of goods and services. Any
disruption, distortion or deficiency in the
consumption pattern would pose a serious
threat to most human beings.
One example suffices to underscore how
significant consumption is to National
Security. The sheer magnitude of impact
andprobability can be weighed through
some of the food recalls that have been
made in human history. On August 2011,
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the ground turkey costing £ 36 million was
recalled in the United States on the suspect
of contamination of a drug-resistant strain of
salmonella (Reuters, 2011). Salmonellosis
is life threatening disease. Even considering
the minimalist threshold, with a consumption
rate of 10 pounds per person, those affected
would be 3.6 million people. Given this
magnitude, the threat to national security is
apparent.
Besides, the example above we human
intersect with innumerable products on a
daily basis. The probability, impact and
permutation analysis are sufficient to infer
the threats to humans on a daily basis. More
than the threats that are so dominant on the
national security agenda such terrorism or
cyber-attack, the likelihood of larger people
being impacted as a result of adulterated
and/or sub-standard product is exponentially
higher.
Moreover, most of the security concepts
envisaged have human consumption at the
core. Today nations are greatly engrossed in
the security themes, such as maritime security,
financial security, energy security, food
security, cyber security and environmental
security. These themes are innately connected
with human consumption. These are all
geared towards ensuring the undisrupted
continuity of the national consumption cycle.
Even climate crisis that is now being labeled
as an existential threat has its origins in
human consumption. The alarming climate
crisis is not a cause rather a consequence of
voracious human consumption.
Similarly, intersecting consumption with
the capability of security agencies can
shed enormous light on the significance of
consumption perspective to national security.
National security entities are ordained with
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the principal task of deterring and defending
against all hostile threats. All security
agencies currently are intrinsic consumers
of innumerable consumable products and
services. To fulfill the national security
objective, security providers first need to be
physically strong, well trained, persistently in
high morale and equipped with the befitting
wherewithal. Strength is derived from
nutritious food intake and rigorous training.
Personnel require the essentials which range
from personal items, such as uniforms, gear
and service arms to transportation. The
deficiency and/or downgrades of any of the
vital consumable products will certainly have
an impact on the overall capacity to deliver
on the objective.
Conclusion
As postulated in the “Social Contract
Theory,” every government derives the
authority to govern based on the consent of
the governed in return for security. Ideally,
the primary obligation of every government
is to ensure security of the populace through
the national security framework. No other
obligation supersedes this responsibility.
Although national security agenda the
world over encapsulate the range of security
imperatives, there is an irrefutable dissonance
in the discourse. The discourse is deficient
because it limits greater public participation
which essentially means the public’s security
priority may not always be accommodated.
Also, it omits the consumer security lens to
national security. The predominant variable
in every national security is not the deterrent
deployed to neutralize the security threats,
but the enduring will and the capacity of the
people and their perpetual desire to remain
secure. The people serve a dual purpose: they
are both the benefactors and the beneficiaries
of national security. It is, therefore, imperative
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to duly incorporate the people’s actual
desires and needs into the national security
composite.
References
Collins, A. (2013). Contemporary security studies.
United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Government of Nepal Ministry of Defense. (2016).
National security policy 2016. Retrieved from
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National%20Security%20Policy,%202016.
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Kane, S. (2016, June 9). Here's the longest
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turbulence. Rand National Defense Research
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National Security Concept of Mongolia. Retrieved
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files/images/National%20Security%20
Concept%20of%20Mongolia%20EN.pdf on
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Phillips, M. (21 January 2009). President
Obama’s inaugural address. Retrieved from
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inaugural-address on 16 January 2020
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Austria-2001.pdf on 16 January 2020
Reuters. (2011, August 4). Cargill recalls 36
million pounds of turkey over Salmonella.
Retrieved from https://www.reuters.
com/article/us-salmonella-turkey-recall-
idUSTRE77301020110804 on January 16,
2020,
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Staal, T. (2017, January). The national security
strategy formulation process. Retrieved
from https://issat.dcaf.ch/Learn/Resource-
Library2/Videos/The-National-Security-
Strategy-Formulation-Process on 15 January
2020
The White House.(February 2015). National
security strategy 2015. Retrieved from https://
obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/
files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2.
pdf on January 17, 2020
The White House. (December 2017). National
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America. Retrieved from https://www.
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NSS-Final-12-18-2017-0905.pdf on 16
January 2020
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UNDP. (1994). Human development report 1994.
New York: Oxford University Press.
United Kingdom Cabinet Office. (July 2019).
National Sscurity strategy & strategic
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www.gao.gov/assets/700/695981.pdf on 17
January 2020
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Geo-strategic importance of Nepal
If you know a country’s geography, you can understand and predict its foreign policy.
Abstract
The destiny of a country, to a great extent,
depends upon its geo-strategic position in
the world. Nepal’s unique geo-strategic
position has contributed to expand its roles
and enhance its strategic significance in the
regional as well as the global affairs. Our
neighbors are taking interest in Nepal mainly
because of its connectivity potential, natural
resources and their security concerns. By
realizing our geo-strategic importance,
immediate neighbors and some established
powers are trying to expand their influences
in various forms, over Nepal. With this
background, this article forwards relevant
recommendations to exploit maximum
benefits by analyzing the importance of geo-
strategic position of Nepal.
Keywords: balance, connectivity, foreign
policy, geo-strategic, linked state, security
Introduction
Geo-strategy, a subfield of geopolitics (Couto,
1988) demonstrates the importance of a
country or a region by virtue of its geographical
location. It is concerned with matching means
to ends — in this case, a country's resources
with its geopolitical objectives (Garafano,
July 2004). Geographical factors of a state
bring both, some risks to evade and some
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Dharma Bahadur Baniya
Napoleon Bonaparte
strength as well as opportunities to avail.
When a state learns to exploit its geography
to the best of its strategic interests, then it
will be able to ensure enduring survivability.
Geo-strategy can direct how foreign policy of
a state is shaped by its geography. Strategy is
interconnected with geography as geography
is with nationhood. Hence, geography is the
mother of strategy (Gray & Sloan, 1999,
p. 3). Geography is the most fundamental
conditioning factor in the foreign policy
of states because it is the most permanent
(Spykeman, 1944, p. 7).
As proclaimed by King Prithvi Narayan
Shah, Nepal is a “Yam between two
Boulders”. Nepal is well known for its geo-
strategic position and natural resources in the
world. Our immediate neighbors as well as
established powers have taken keen interest
in expanding their sphere of influence in
Nepal. Geo-strategic significance has always
been an important factor in shaping foreign
policy, security and development of Nepal.
Geographical description
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is
situated in South Asia between two oversized,
economically and militarily mighty neighbors,
China and India. It has an area of 1, 47, 181sq
km (fourty-fifth biggest country in the world)
with 29 million populations (Sigdel, 03 Oct
 UNITY
2018). With average length and width of 885
km and 193 km, it is 65 times and 22 times
smaller than China and India, respectively
(Kumar, 2017, pp. 30-31). Nepal shares
1414 km border (15 districts) with China’s
Tibet autonomous region (TAR) from north
and 1880 km border (23 districts) with
India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh & Bihar,
West Bengal and Sikkim) from West, South
and East. There are few land connectivity
passes towards China due to the high altitude
terrain configuration, whereas southern
border enjoys with a number of all seasoned
transportation infrastructures. Nepal’s geo-
strategic orientation is approximately north-
west to the south-east with a rectangular
shape having limited strategic depth with
abrupt altitude variation.
Geo-strategic importance of Nepal
Nepal, with its strong geo-strategic position
between two Asian giants, constitutes an
integral part in their strategic interests in
South Asian Region (SAR). The analysis
of the important geo-strategic factors is
presented in subsequent paragraphs.
Geopolitical competition
In bilateral political relations, regional affairs
and international forums… China treats
Nepal as its closest neighbor and best friend
(Dahal, 2018, p. 50). Enduring cordial Sino-
Nepal relation has provided an opportunity
to China to expand its multi-faceted
engagements in Nepal; those were earlier
enjoyed by southern neighbor. Nepal with its
limited strategic depth also provides shortest
China – SAR gateway, particularly to a large
Indian market of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and
Bihar. President Xi Jinping’s commitment
during his recent visit to fully support Nepal
becoming a “land-linked” also demonstrates
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that China is willing to play a dynamic role
in Nepal.
Indian hegemonic behavior along with the
number of problemsin Indo-Nepal relations
such as unequal treaties (1950 India-Nepal
Treaty of Peace and Friendship), border
encroachments (Limpiadhura, Kalapani,
Lipulek, Susta…) and other controversial
issues (political insecurity in Terai /Madesh,
Trade and Commerce, water resources –
Koshi, Gandaki, Mahakali…) has created an
opportunity in the rise of Chinese influence
over Nepal (Kavita, 2016, p. 12). This situation
could undermine both India’s influence and
its strategic equations with Nepal and the
SAR. This kind of competition has made
Nepal as an indispensable component of their
strategic interests, and thus, enhancing our
values not only within SAR but also in the
Indo-Pacific region.
Nepal is also immensely important for the
strategic interests of the United States of
America (US) and wants to keep on its
radar by helping in its socio-economic
development, democracy and security. The
US security interpretation is highlighted as
a result of Chinese investment to build deep
sea ports along the rim of Indian Ocean from
Gwadar (Pakistan, China-Pakistan Economic
Corridor-CPEC) through Kyaukpyu
(Myanmar), Chittagong (Bangladesh) to
Hambantota (Sri Lanka), also referred as
‘String of Pearls’. The US anticipates the
‘String of Pearls’ as a strategic alliance of
China for the containment of the US along
Indo–Pacific region. Therefore, the US has
offered a dominant role to India in Indo–
Pacific Strategy (IPS) and ‘Quad’ consisting
of Australia, India, Japan and the US.
Further, India’s Act East Policy and Modi’s
visualization of ‘security and growth for the
entire region (SAGAR)’ also reveals a strong
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Indo–US strategic alignment (Bhardwaj,
23 Jan 2020). In this emerging strategic
environment, Nepal’s strategic significance
has been further enhanced by the US–led
West’s efforts to include Nepal, so that it
could be used as a lever in the IPS targeting
Chinese influence including belt and road
initiative (BRI).
Security concerns
The primary concern of China and India in
Nepal is that any security problems in Nepal
would have spillover effects to their security.
China understands any instability in Nepal
might strengthen anti-China elements and
seeks supports in controlling Tibetan exiles
in Nepal (Rajagopalan, 17 Oct 2019). China
perceives that cordial and friendly Sino-
Nepal relations could support them resolve
genuine problems in the future in TAR,
including the Indo–US’s potential threat in
the region. Nepal’s geo-strategic position
comes in the front in these equations where
China respects Nepal as a reliable neighbor.
Next to Pakistan, Nepal receives the second
priority in China’s strategic calculation in the
region.
Nepal has an immense strategic relevance to
the Indian security as well. India’s anxiety is
that any overwhelming foreign interests have
the possibility of Nepalese territory to be
used in anti–India activities, including their
security and strategic interests (Dorji, 17
Oct 2019). India also visualizes that Chinese
influence in Nepal and deep Sino-Pak relations
would threaten India and provide greater
concealment to Pakistani terrors aiming India
through weakly regulated Indo–Nepal border.
Further, Nepal shares a 1414 km long border
with TAR, where Nepal is virtually helping
India not to deploy substantial border security
forces. Perhaps this is the only section in the
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Himalayas, where there are no / negligible
security threats to India from Nepal.
China’s main concern in Nepal is primarily
the US not India. China suspects that the US
and its allies are trying to use Nepal in their
larger strategy of encircling China. This has
led China to be more active in Nepal in recent
years.
Balance of power considerations
Nepal always supported China’s admission
to the United Nations, other international
agencies and “One China policy”.
China perceives that Nepal provides an
opportunity of balancing India within the
SAR itself. India’s unpredictable relations
with Nepal make an attractive partner
for China. Being the gateway to China’s
problematic SAR, a viable bridge connecting
TAR and a BRI partner, Nepal is strategically
important in the Chinese South Asian policy.
Nepal wants to reduce over dependency
on India by building connectivity linkages
with China. Acloser Sino-Nepal relationship
compels India to be more careful to Nepali
concerns, asserts India to be more attentive
in alienating Nepal, pays more attention
to Nepali connectivity requirements and
hydroelectric exploration. China’s role in
Nepal has had positive results, forcing India
to deliver more, as the recent completion of
an oil pipeline ahead of schedule.India, to
its credit, is realizing that it can no longer
treat Nepal and other states like colonial
dependencies (Stone, 2019).
India perceives a growing Chinese influence
in SAR, particularly in Nepal, as a part of
Chinese larger strategy to encircle India. India
wants to maintain its influence in Nepal while
China endeavors to increase its influence and
space to make stronger foothold. 
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North–South connectivity
Nepal’s participation in the BRI on May
12, 2017, includes connectivity with the
overarching framework of trans-Himalayan
Multi-Dimensional Connectivity Network
of ideas, trade, energy, people, finance and
the whole spectrum of connectivity (Singh,
23 April 2019). The strategic agreement will
give rights to Nepal’s access to the Chinese
seaports. If implemented cautiously, the BRI
can potentially project Nepal to a strategic
force in the region.
The Qinghai–Tibet railways extension
from Lhasa-Sighatse (253 Km), the closest
Tibetan city to Nepal, has been completed
by 2014. China has agreed to extend 72
km railway from Sighatse–Kathmandu and
then to Pokhara and Lumbini. The proposed
Sigatse–Kerung–Kathmandu railway as a
part of BRI is considered a game changer in
Nepal's aspiration for economic prosperity as
it will end India’s monopoly in Nepal’s sea
transportations.
To prevent Nepal’s inclination towards
China, India also has announced to
construct Raxual-Kathmandu and east-west
railway (Kakarvitta, Jhapa – Gaddachauki,
Kanchanpur, 924.80 km) lines parallel to
the east-west highway (Shah, 18 Dec 2019).
With 72 km between Sighatse–Kathmandu
and 200 km between Kathmandu – Birgunj,
the road distance between the northern to
southern borders is not more than 300 km.
Hence, Nepal can comfortably link two
giant economies through its land territory.
At present, Sino-Indian trade is taking place
by over 5000 km of rails / roads plus sea
transportations. This connectivity through
Nepal would create wonders to all the
countries involved.
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Over the past decades, the volume of Sino-
Indian bilateral trade has increased by many
folds. But, there are no all seasoned trade
routes to connect their geography (Sinha,
2005, pp. 27 -30). The Nathu La Pass
(Sikkim) located at an altitude of 4400 meter
closed after the 1962 Sino-Indian war and
reopened in 2006, is the only operational
land route between them. It is mostly
snowbound, risky, far from major industrial
bases and not operational in all seasons.
India also have unsettled border problem
in the north–east (Arunachal Pradesh) and
north-west frontiers (Ladakh). Now, China
is concentrating its development activities
in TAR and Xinjiang and India on north–
east and the north-west frontiers, which
are relatively backward. Having unfeasible
Nathu La Pass, unsettled territorial disputes
and dependency on expensive air / maritime
transportations, Nepal corridor provides
tremendous connectivity opportunity of trade
between these new growth centers (Mitra &
Roy, 2005, pp. 286-303) of China and India.
Bridging South Asia and Central Asia
China is making big investment on its western
region as well as into the Central Asian
Republics (CAR). Its plan of connecting
its trouble ridden Xinjiang to Lhasa by
High speed train within 2020 opens up the
opportunity of linking resources laden CAR
with resources deficit SAR through Nepal.
Nepal corridor will open up a new landscape
for inter-regional economic cooperation.
China from its western border, India via Iran –
Afghanistan and the US via Pak-Afghan land
corridor, are having geopolitical competition
in SAR. Since China and India are the two
rising trade partners, Nepal’s connectivity
corridor could provide transit link to fulfill
 UNITY
India’s ambition in Central Asian investment,
trade, energy, security and geopolitics (Nepal,
2006, p. 22).
Hydroelectric potential: Nepal’s
hydroelectric potential is estimated to be as
high as 83,000 MW, out of which 42,000 MW
is considered technically feasible. Nepal’s
hydroelectricity can support the Sino-Indian
industrialization and economic growth.
Recent discussions reveal that India and
Bangladesh plan to buy 15600 MW by 2034
and 9000 MW by 2040 respectively from
Nepal. Sri Lanka also has shown interest in
our hydroelectricity via India. China would
need energy for the development of TAR
and in the implementation of BRI in Nepal.
If our diplomacy takes proper directives,
possibilities are there of integrating our
hydroelectricity not only within SAARC and
BBIN countries, but also to TAR, BIMSTEC
and ASEAN countries with land connectivity.
Tourism: Nepal has a tremendous potential
to become a top destination for tourists as
the nation is famous for its snowcapped
mountains with eight of 10 highest mountains
of the world including Mt. Everest, abundant
flora and fauna, exciting trekking routes and
rich cultural and religious diversity. Nepal is
located between the most populous countries
China and India 1.42 and 1.35 billion
respectively, totaling 2.8 billion, together
comprises of 36 percent of world population.
Even if just 0.50 percent (14 million) of them
visit Nepal every year, it will give wonders
to Nepalese economy. This has been possible
only because of our unique geo-strategic
position.
Experimental place for global climate
change: There is a common agreement
that climate change is impacting Nepal
disproportionately compared to its size and
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its negligible contribution of the greenhouse
gases. Our mountains are becoming
more vulnerable due to increased carbon
emissionand extreme altitude variation over
small distances. Nepal's central location in
the Himalayas with altitude variation from
52 – 8848 meter within the average width of
193 Km between two industrial giants could
be an ideal location for global climate change
experiments.
Mountain economy: Most of the large
rivers in the SAARC/BBIN/BIMSTEC region
originate from the Himalayas and mountains.
Mountains, with their tremendous sources
of hydroelectricity and vital ecosystem, play
significant roles in economic development,
environmental protection, ecological
sustainability and human wellbeing. Like
“blue economy” for maritime nations,
mountains of Nepal possess remarkable
potential for “mountain economy” and
benefit lowland nations in the region.
Recommendations
No nation can be regarded as truly independent
if is not economically independent. No nation
can be really sovereign if it is not able to solve
its problems on its own. Nepal’s independence
and sovereignty have been challenged by the
economic realities and political conditions
(Acharya, 2008, p. 15). Economic independence
is not possible without development, which, in
turn, is impossible without mobilizing internal
human and natural resources. Therefore, Nepal
must endeavor to be economically sound and
politically stable if we are really going to take
maximum advantages from our unique geo-
strategic position.
Nepal’s global image has been enhanced with
the participation in BRI and the US appeal
into its IPS. Nepal needs its engagement
 UNITY
with the US without harming the interests
of immediate neighbors. Our geo-strategic
position demands that Nepal cannot be a
part of any strategic alliance / bloc which
ultimately destabilizes equi-proximity
relations with immediate neighbors (Giri, 11
Sept 2019) and cordial relations with other
nations.
Our foreign policy starts with China, India
and the neighborhood but it continues further.
“Active involvement in the United Nations
and its instruments, multilateralism, non-
alignment and equi-proximity relations with
immediate neighbors” are the fundamental
aspects of Nepal’s foreign policy (Baral,
29 June 2018, pp. 37-38). We must develop
this nation with the goodwill, support and
cooperation of neighbors and established
powers.
Nepal must put an end to the diplomatic card
play of using one neighbor against the other.
We must have balanced diplomacy with both
neighbors, a strategy severely constrained
by a weak Ministry of Foreign External
Affairs. This is further aggravated with the
appointment of party indoctrinated diplomatic
cadres with no or limited diplomatic exposer.
Nepal must make strategic maneuver to
bring giant economies into its confidence by
demonstrating diplomatic agility. Nepal has
never believed in alliance and bloc politics
and it should not. We should maintain
our neutrality, compliant, trustworthy and
bigness values (Acharya, 2018). Sino-Indian
competition in diplomacy, economy, trade and
connectivity here shows the bigness of Nepal.
BRI is gaining wider acceptance in Nepal
and the region in spite of India’s anxiety
and its non-membership. China along
with India wants Nepal into the ‘Two plus
44
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One’partnership. However, Prime Minister
KP Sharma Oli has made clear on Nepal’s
stand on equal partnership of ‘Three’ instead
of ‘Two plus One concept’. The future of the
Sino-Nepal relation will depend on Nepal’s
foreign policy skills and the nature of Sino-
Indian relations. Neither can we move too
far from India nor should we irritate China.
Nepal must assure India that its engagement
with China is purely on the dimension of
economics and development. If India wants
to keep goodwill and influence in Nepal, we
have to take advantage of the socio-cultural
and religious similarities between two
countries.
Nepal is an important partner in the BRI.
Feasibility study for the construction Kerung
–Kathmandu railway (US $ 3 - 3.5 billion
in 9 years) is on the process. There is a
growing anxiety in Nepal on the possibility
of being victim of debt-trap. Debt trap is
real, but could be minimized by aligning
infrastructure development along BRI plans
and proactive diplomacy. We must compare
the consequences of over-dependency on
one neighbor with likely dividends from our
north-south land connectivity potential.
Since the US led IPS being the alliance
comprising of quad and other militaries of
the greater Indo-Pacific region, Nepal has
diplomatically rejected to be its party just
because it violates our non-aligned foreign
policy. Similarly, the US government’s
Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC)
compact is offering US $ 500 million in
grants to Nepal for building electricity
transmission lines and roads. We should not
forget the US assistance in the field of our
development, security and democracy since
the establishment of Nepal–US diplomatic
relations on 25 April 1947. The US being
a P5 member and largest fund provider
 UNITY
(contributes 22% of the United Nations
general budget and 28% of the peacekeeping
budget), can help Nepal in various platforms
of the United Nations as well. The MCC
compact being solely a development package
(not like the quad arrangement), it will not
be wise to lose MCC grant by US. If Nepal
rejects MCC support now, our diplomacy
with the US as well as international credibility
will be damaged. The donors will doubt the
ability of government and the leaders before
providing any kind of assistance to Nepal.
By carefully evaluating the opportunities and
threats, we should accept MCC grants by
ensuring that it respects our sovereign status
and does not violate our non-alignedforeign
policy goals. On the other hand for the sake of
development and security, neither we should
be the member of any military alliance nor
allow any foreign military presence/bases in
our territory.
Sino–Indian trade and commerce is relying
on time-consuming sea transportation
Networks. Having unfeasible Nathu La
Pass due to high altitude ruggedness and
unresolved Sino-Indian territorial disputes,
land connectivity via Nepal would economize
their transportations and turn Nepal from a
“land-locked to land-linked status”.
Nepal’s dream of becoming a transit/linked
state cannot be significantly affected by
the Sino-Indian political differences. It will
open South Asia door to China and support
India to expand their reach to TAR and CAR
by significantly reducing transportation
costs. To achieve this goal, we should
coordinate to bring giant neighbors together
to forge trilateral cooperation in a mutually
constructive manner (Adhikari, Chaulagain,
Dahal & Subedi, 2070, p. 48).
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Spearheaded by China and India, Asia is
emerging as the dominant global economy in
the twenty–first Century. Land connectivity
between these countries is central to the
development of intra-Asian trade networks.
There is also a possibility of inter-regional
trade and commerce between SAR, ASEAN
and CAR. The India-Nepal-China corridor
becomes an integral part of this larger
strategic space.
The geopolitical risks for Nepal due to its
geo-strategic position are high. In the New
World Order, it is extremely difficult for small
states to remain distant, non-committal, non-
aligned or neutral to the gravitational pull
of powerful states. Therefore, we must soon
transform our dynamic geo-strategic position
into asoft power asset and avoid possibilities
of being the victim of great power politics by
means of smart diplomacy and cooperative
partnership in regional as well as global
affairs.
India has realized not to interfere to its smaller
neighbors. Nepal has also learnt the danger of
depending too much on one neighbor. China
has become a reality in SAR. It would be a
great mistake if we ignore this reality.
Our abundant natural resources have
drawn immense strategic relevance to our
neighbors demanding collective efforts for its
utilization. Therefore, economic diplomacy
must go together with political and security
diplomacy for our prosperity.
We must exploit tourism and huge
hydroelectric potential gifted by our unique
geo-strategic position. It will contribute to the
transit aspiration of Nepal.
BBIN and BIMSTEC are not the substitutes
of the SAARC. Nepal must put effort to make
the SAARC more effective. Nepal also being
 UNITY
the dialogue partner (Baral, 14 June 2019)
bordering with founding member (China) of
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO),
joining the SCO will further enhance our
strategic importance beyond the region.
Again, we should be careful not to be the
victim of any military alliance.
Conclusion
Nepal’s unique geo-strategic position as its
soft power asset has become strategically
important due to the rise of China and India
with their global power ambitions. By active
participation in the United Nations and its
instruments, maintaining equi-proximity
relations with immediate neighbors and
cordial relations with established powers, we
must exploit our bigness values presented by
our geo-strategic position in the regional as
well as in the global affairs.
Our geo-strategic position has offered greater
possibilities of closer China-Nepal-India
cooperation by means of trans-Himalayan
Multi-Dimensional Connectivity potential.
This would not only benefit to these nations
but also enhance inter / intra-regional trade
and commerce. We are no more land-locked
country now rather; we are a vibrant bridge
between two emerging economies. We must
endeavor to take maximum advantages
from our geo-strategic position by means
of political consensus, stability, economic
development, good governance and smart
diplomacy.
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 UNITY
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Assessing Nepal’s military diplomacy: Neighborhood and beyond
Abstract
People often speculate that small countries
hardly ever exercise military diplomacy since
the latter presume that hard power instruments,
including security forces and coercion are the
apparatus of powerful countries. Because of
its geopolitical location between two bigger
countries, Nepal has been successfully
exercising military diplomacy in the course
of history. Owing to the same fact, this paper
aims at assessing Nepal’s military diplomacy
towards its immediate neighbors—India and
China, and even beyond its neighborhood.
In this paper, beyond neighborhood refers
to the Nepali Army’s role in United Nations
peacekeeping missions in different conflict-
afflicted countries. Thus, the article
concludes with a note that Nepali Army as
an established institution of the country
has reposed its exceptional capability of
exercising the modern-day diplomacy at both
levels—neighborhood and beyond.
Keywords: military diplomacy, India, China,
UN Peacekeeping, neighbourhood
Introduction
Diplomacy is all about managing relations
among states. It is the communication
systems of the international society, as an
attempt to promote international negotiations,
whether concerning inter- or intra-state
conflicts (Berridge, 2000, pp.1-3). But, there
is no universally accepted definition of what
constitutes military diplomacy or defense
diplomacy. By its broadest definition, almost
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Gaurav Bhattarai
every externally-oriented military activity can
be considered military diplomacy, as it would
constitute an extension of international policy
(Jaishankar, 2017). Precisely, military force
is a true political instrument, a continuation
of political intercourse, carried on with
other means (Clausewitz, 1976, p. 87).Still,
military diplomacy can be defined as a set of
activities in operation by the representatives
of the defense department, as well as other
state institutions, aimed at pursuing the
foreign policy interests of the state in the field
of security and defense policy, and whose
actions are based on the use of negotiations
and other diplomatic instruments. Military
diplomacy differs from gunboat diplomacy
or coercive diplomacy (Pajtinka, 2016, p. 1).
Military diplomacy as such performs
several basic functions. First, gathering and
analyzing information on the armed forces
and the security situation in the receiving
state. Secondly, promotion of cooperation,
communication and mutual relations
between the armed forces of the sending
and the receiving state. Thirdly, organization
of working visits of representatives of the
defense authorities and of peaceful stay of
the military units of the sending state in the
receiving state. Fourthly, support of business
contracts with arms and military equipment
between the sending and the receiving state.
Lastly, representation of the sending state and
its armed forces at official ceremonies and
other events in the receiving state (Pajtinka,
2016, p. 1).
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Military diplomacy is a  specific field of
diplomacy, which focuses primarily on the
pursuit of foreign policy interests of the
state. Still, in the theory of international
relations, and specifically within diplomatic
science, military diplomacy has received
much inadequate attention in comparison
to public diplomacy, economic diplomacy,
Mega-diplomacy, among others. Equally, in
the domain of security studies, the military
diplomacy is not a widely studied subject.
In practice, the field of military diplomacy
often tends to be closely linked with the
intelligence activities of military intelligence.
In many cases, there are a limited scholarship
in military diplomacy, because the concerned
authorities would maintain restricted to the
classified materials in the field (Pajtinka,
2016, p. 1).
Military diplomacy of Nepal: Retrospect
and prospect
For centuries, Nepal, has been diligently
involved in military diplomacy. The Rana
regime, which lasted in Nepal from 1846-
1951, had strong bonds with the British.
During the Indian Sepoy Mutiny of 1857–58,
Nepal’s Prime Minister Jung Bahadur Rana
himself commanded a contingent of Nepali
soldiers to assist the British, eventually
commencing a tradition of Nepali military
assistance to the British Empire. During the
Rana regime, the Nepali Army (NA) remained
strategically vital to the British Empire. It
was very hard for East India Company forces
to tackle the rebellion in the beginning. A
Nepalese soldier at the front has been quoted
as saying: "This war will soon be over. Jung
Bahadur is going to march down to Lucknow
with his army….He is our prime minister and
commander-in-chief in Nepal. He offered to
bring an army down to help you English two
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months ago, and now the government has
accepted his offer” (Adhikari, 2015).
Later, Nepal aided the Young husband
expedition to Tibet in 1903-1904. Chandra
Shumsher, who had recognized British
supremacy in much the way Jung Bahadur
had, understood Nepal’s relationship with
Tibet no longer had the same importance as it
did earlier. Thus, he offered Lord Curzon, the
Nepali troops for the 1904 Young husband
expedition. A year before the Young husband
expedition, Chandra Shumsher had met
Curzon at the Coronation Durbar. A few days
after the meeting, Curzon reveals that:
We believe that the policy of frank
discussion and co-operation with
the Nepalese Durbar would find
them prepared most cordially to
assist our plans [in Tibet]. Not the
slightest anxiety has been evinced
at our recent forward operations on
the Sikkim frontier; and we think
that, with judicious management,
useful assistance may confidently be
expected from the side of Nepal…the
Maharaja is prepared to co-operate
with the Government of India in
whatever way may be thought most
desirable. (Mulmi, 2017)
Unforgettably, Nepal assisted the British
government during the World Wars. This
long history established military diplomacy
as a major technique for Nepal’s diplomatic
relations. Also, Nepalis have a long history
of engaging in foreign battles. In particular,
the Nepali Army is renowned for their martial
culture around the world (Amatya, 2018).
More than 200,000 Nepali men participated
in the Second World War on various fronts,
at a time when the call for total independence
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in the subcontinent had reached far and wide
(Mulmi, 2017).
Historically, Nepal’s relations with its
neighbors were determined by war and
military affairs (Amatya, 2018). Now, there
is a shift in Nepal’s military diplomacy. At
present, Nepal is increasing its military
outreach to China. Even in 1989, when
India had imposed a blockade on Nepal,
the real reason for the blockade was that the
government of Nepal had purchased weapons
from China. Within a few years the Panchayat
regime fell apart and multiparty democracy
was installed in Nepal. In 2005, Nepal’s King
Gyanendra had also purchased weapons from
China — a few years later he was deposed
and Nepal was turned into a republic. Clearly,
Nepal’s efforts to enhance military relations
with China have always sparked India’s
concerns, as New Delhi resents to the 1962
Sino-Indian War (Amatya, 2018). Nepal still
continues to conduct joint military drills
with India, with the latest being Surya Kiran
XIII, which was held in June 2018. However,
Nepal has also started military drills with
China, with gives an entirely new image to
Nepal’s military diplomacy. In fact, Nepal
recently backed out from a new joint military
exercise in India planned for BIMSTEC states
but continued its military drill with China, in
Sichuan province (Amatya, 2018).
Military diplomacy: Neighborhood and
beyond
Initiating Nepal’s entry into different
multilateral forums, King Mahendra,
particularly after the 1962 India-China War,
started reaching out to western countries
for military assistance (Bhattarai, 2019).
Western countries, mainly the US and the
UK, responded positively to Mahendra’s
request for military assistance, and in 1964,
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Nepal signed an agreement with the US,
under which the Americans agreed to provide
logistic support to the then Royal Nepali
Army. Subsequently, the UK also started
providing some military assistance to Nepal.
India was already a major defense supplier
to Nepal. Since 1950, Nepal and India have
also been awarding the Army chiefs of
each other the honorary rank of General in
recognition of the harmonious relationship
between the two armies. Three countries—
India, the US and the UK—have long been
Nepal’s major defense partners, in terms of
grant and sale, and have helped meet the
requirements of the Nepali Army. But in the
last three decades, there have been many
changes in Nepal’s defense cooperation.
China has emerged as another major defense
partner. Recent engagements between the
two countries suggest China is all set to
overtake Nepal’s traditional defense partners
(Bhattarai, 2019). Since the establishment
of diplomatic relations between Nepal and
China in 1955, the armies of the two countries
have had cordial ties. Although Nepal and
China signed an understanding on military
cooperation in 1988, bilateral defense
cooperation gained momentum mainly after
King Gyanendra’s royal takeover in 2005,
and particularly after the abolition of the
monarchy in 2008. For instance, on 24 Oct
2005, China pledged military assistance
worth $989,000 to Nepal, primarily to curb
the Maoist insurgency. Between 2001 and
2005, the Nepal government also purchased
military hardware from India, the US, the UK
and Belgium to fight the rebels. But after the
2005 royal takeover, India, the US and the
UK suspended their military aid to Nepal,
demanding the restoration of democracy. The
NA faced a shortage of military hardware
to be sent to its peace missions abroad. In
order to address its security interest in Nepal
 UNITY
after the abolition of the monarchy, China
adopted a policy of accelerating collaboration
with Nepal’s security forces. Officials from
China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
started cultivating relations with Nepal’s
defense minister and army chief—something
which continues to date. In June 2017, China
handed over the National Armed Police
Force Academy, which it built, to the Nepal
government. In the handover ceremony, then
Chinese Ambassador to Nepal Yu Hong said,
“China is always willing to conduct pragmatic
cooperation with Nepal in the field of talents,
development and national security.” Even
before 1990, both Nepal and China had made
efforts to enhance military collaboration,
but those moves were opposed by India. In
1989, Nepal bought various military weapons
from China—much to the chagrin of India,
which argued that the purchase goes against
the spirit of the 1950 Peace and Friendship
Treaty. After the restoration of democracy
in 1990, during the visit of interim Prime
Minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai to New
Delhi, Indian officials asked him why the
Nepal government purchased weapons from
China. “Because we got them cheap and
India did not meet all our requirements”
(Bhattarai, 2019). Bhattarai reportedly told
the Indian officials. After 1990, the defense
collaboration between Nepal and China did
not gain much momentum. However, Nepal
continued to convince. India that it has the
right to purchase military hardware from
third countries. Along with regular military
assistance from China, it would be worthwhile
to discuss some vital developments that
contributed to increased military cooperation
between the two countries in the past decade
(Bhattarai, 2019).
After the first Constituent Assembly (CA)
elections in 2008, then Defense Minister
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Ram Bahadur Thapa signed an agreement
with China on military assistance worth $ 2.6
million for the modernization of the NA in
December 2008. After that, Chinese military
officials, including the PLA chief, have
continued to visit Kathmandu. A close analysis
of trends shows that soon after the formation
of a new government in Nepal, either China
invites our defense minister for a visit or high
level Chinese officials come to Kathmandu.
In the case of the NA chief, there is a
tradition of visiting India first after assuming
office. Another turning point, according to
observers, is the Indian blockade in 2015-
16. General Rajendra Chettri reportedly was
in a great quandary prior to his maiden visit
as Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) to India.
In line with a long tradition, he was invited
to receive the title of the Honorary General
of the Indian Army. But, since India had laid
a siege on Nepal by imposing an economic
blockade at that time, visiting India then
was excruciatingly difficult to justify back
home. General Chhetri however, saw it
as a rare opportunity to hold direct talks
with various constituencies in India to end
Nepal’s predicament. He consulted the then
Nepali Prime Minister, who gave him a
nod to proceed. It was, of course, a genuine
undertaking from the part of COAS but
that was ultimately paid off. The economic
sanctions were still in effect for which he had
embarked on a national mission but it was
eventually lifted just a day before his arrival
back in Kathmandu. According to some of
the reports, prior to his visit, General Chettri
had already quietly dispatched his military
emissary to Delhi. A team comprising of
two of his most trusted aides, including NA’s
Director General of Military Operations
accompanied by one of the Colonels, in
efforts to persuade their Indian counterparts
towards a propitious resolution, reportedly
 UNITY
set up a camp in the Indian capital for ten
days and met with civilians and military
brass and apprised them of dire consequences
of the Indian economic embargo. Reportedly,
the Indian Army was very receptive to NA’s
reasoning and rendered unequivocal support
to the two senior Nepali officers in their
mission. The Indian Army facilitated all the
dialogues with other civilian counterparts in
the Indian establishment and buttressed the
NA’s position. When the political realms of
both countries collided, it was the militaries
that were conciliatory and played a uniting
role (Thapa, 2016). In the same way,
relationship with the government of China, is
another significant endeavor that the Nepali
Army has made in recent years.
Two vital developments in 2017 deepened
the military cooperation between Nepal
and China. After a long hiatus, Chinese
Defense Minister and State Councilor Chang
Wanquan paid a three-day visit to Kathmandu
in March. He announced a grant assistance
of $ 32.3 million to Nepal, to be spent on
building Nepal’s capacity to deal with natural
calamities and purchasing equipment for
Nepali Army peacekeepers deployed in
conflict-affected areas. In the same year, the
armies of the two countries conducted the
first-ever joint military drill, paving the way
for further collaboration. After the formation
of the new government led by Nepal
Communist Party (NCP) Chair KP Sharma
Oli, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for
Foreign Affairs Ishwor Pokhrel visited China
in October 2018. During the visit, Pokhrel
and Chinese State Councilor and Defense
Minister Wei Fenghe signed a Memorandum
of Understanding (MoU) to consolidate
relationships between two countries through
their military institutions. “Minister Pokhrel
mentioned the importance of military co-
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operation in military training, hardware in
humanitarian and disaster management,
and medical equipment and peace-keeping
operations, and requested for Chinese support
in establishing Defense University in Nepal,”
reads a press release issued by the Nepali
Embassy in Beijing after the visit (Bhattarai,
2019). In respect to the agreement, China
increased its military support to Nepal by 50
percent to strengthen Nepali Army’s capability
in disaster management and to better equip
Nepal’s UN Peacekeeping missions. China
also announced an assistance worth RMB
150 million (Rs 2.53 billion) for the NA for
the next five years (Bhattarai, 2019). But the
Chinese military influence should be taken
for larger context of the Science of Military
Strategy unveiled by China in 2013, which is
directed to developing a modern and capable
military. China has since been assertive in
all areas of foreign policy, including military
diplomacy.
Between Nepal and China, bilateral military
cooperation started in 1988. Nepal purchased
military hardware, such as anti-aircraft guns,
medium range SSM, among others in 1989.
Soon after the royal takeover in 2005, China
pledged military assistance of $989,000
to Nepal to fight the Maoist insurgency. In
December 2008, Nepal and China signed
an agreement on military assis­tance worth
$ 2.6 million for the modern­ization of the
Nepali Army. In 2009, China agreed to
provide military aids worth 20.8 million
Yuan (approximately Rs 220 million). In
2011, during his visit to Nepal, then Chinese
Army Chief Chen Bingde announced military
aid of $7.7 million for the Nepali Army.
In June 2013, Nepal and China agreed to
construct the National Armed Police Force
Academy during Chinese State Councilor
Yang Jiechi’s visit to Kathmandu. In 2017,
 UNITY
China pledged an assistance of $32.3 million
to the Nepali Army Also, in 2017, Nepal and
China began the first ever joint military drill,
which was a major turning point in bilateral
defense cooperation. In October 2018,
China announced to provide an assistance
worth RMB 150 million (Rs 2.53 billion)
to the Nepali Army for the next five years
(Bhattarai, 2019).
Acceptance of military assistance from
friendly neighboring countries to the Nepali
Army has played a significant role in keeping
bilateral and military-to-military relations
intact and active (Khatri, 2017). The level and
volume of military assistance from neighbors
along with the UK and the, especially after
the post-Monarchy period in 2008 and post-
earthquake of 2015 in Nepal. The level
of military assistances from the People’s
Liberation Army (PLA) of China has gone up
after the Chinese Defence Minister and Sate
Councilor General Chang Wanquan paid a
three-day official visit to Kathmandu during
23-25 March, 2017. General Chang’s was the
first defense ministerial visit since the two
countries established diplomatic relations
in 1955 (Khatri, 2017). Chang’s visit to
Kathmandu saw PLA extending a grant
assistance of USD 32.3 million to the NA
for strengthening NA’s capacity to deal with
natural calamities and providing equipment
for the United Nations peacekeeping missions.
The grant assistance was 10 times higher than
the China’s previous military assistance to
the NA before the post-Monarchy period. The
visit of Chang had taken place on the eve of
the first ever joint military exercise entitled,
‘Sagarmatha Friendship’ which was held
on 16 April 2017 in Kathmandu. In 2011,
China had signed an agreement for providing
military aid to the tune of USD 7.7 million
to the NA when the Chinese Army Chief
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General Chen Bingde made his visit to Nepal
in 2011. Besides financial assistance, the PLA
has also increased the number of war college
seats and National Defence Course (NDC)
quotas for the NA officers. The current ratio
of Chinese to the NA personnel in China’s
War College short term training programmes
is around 4:1 (Khatri, 2017). The military
assistance has become a strategic step of
military/defense diplomacy between any
two countries. Recently, during the official
visit of China by Chief of Army Staff Purna
Chandra Thapa, a protocol of signing was
held on June 19 to receive an assistance of
RMB 150 million over a period of next five
years for humanitarian and disaster relief
equipment. The protocol signing was held
as per the agreement reached on October
27, 2018 during Deputy Prime Minister and
Defense Minister Ishwor Pokharel’s official
visit to China. The agreement was inked
between Chinese State Councilor Wei Fenghe
and DPM Pokharel. The PLA had provided
a total of 118 million RMB assistance to
Nepal during the time of earthquake in
2015. The Chinese supports to Nepal and
the earthquake victims include medical
equipment, mobile field hospitals, and tents.
There was no any military assistance from
China in the year 2016. In the year 2017,
China had agreed to provide 230 million
RMB, which the NA would have received by
the end of 2019 (Khatri, 2017). Similarly, in
the year 2018, China had provided materials
and equipment worth 150 million RMB that
include mechanic bridges, vehicles, rescue
kits and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD).
Nepal has also been receiving supports from
friendly countries beyond the immediate
neighbors.
The U.S had provided mainly four Acrow
bridges in the year 2014 that continues to date
 UNITY
in Jitpur of Bara, Jure of Sindhupalchowk,
Thankot bordering Kathmandu and Dhading
districts (Khatri, 2017). Subsequently, in
the year of earthquake in 2015, the U.S.
government had provided mainly heavy
vehicles, generators worth USD 3.67 million,
radio sets worth USD 1.6 million, disaster
related rafts and motorboats worth USD
245,000 and USD 1 million assistance for
constructing one hospital for Birendra Peace
Operation Training Centre of Dhulikhel in
2016 and explosive ordnance disposal worth
USD 82,845 in 2018. Similarly, India’s
military assistance to Nepal is based on both
loans and grants in a ratio of 60-40. If India
provides any arm logistics, the NA has to bear
40 per cent of its total cost. NA had to pay Rs.
3.21 billion of loans to the Indian government
or Indian Army as per the record of 2010
(Khatri, 2017). But usually, such due amount
has a trend of receiving waivers from India
based upon two nation’s bilateral talks and
agreements (Khatri, 2017). India’s military
assistance level and its mode of assistance are
different from that of China and the U.S. As
mentioned in the 1950 India-Nepal Treaty of
Peace and Friendship, the Nepal government
has been purchasing arms and ammunition
only from India till date. In 2015, Nepal
had purchased and received some military
weapons, including binoculars from India.
Nepal purchased and received grants in
the forms of weapons and ammunition and
military vehicles in 2017 and 2018. In 2019,
NA got over 50 light vehicles from the Indian
government (Khatri, 2017). Annually, the
level of Chinese military assistance to NA is
on rise by over 50 per cent. China is the only
country which has been providing the highest
number of quota (five) to NA for conducting
National Defense Course (NDC) every year,
whereas the India provides only one quota
every year to NA for the same course. It costs
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around Rs. 10 million to NA for sending its
one officer to attend and complete the NDC
course abroad (Khatri, 2017).
Most importantly, the Nepali Army is one of
the vital contributors to the UN peacekeeping
missions. Apart from serving in Britain,
India and in the UN missions, the Gurkhas
of Nepal till this day serve in the Singapore
Police as the Gurkha Contingent and in
Brunei as the Gurkha Reserve Unit. Today,
Nepal’s military diplomacy with China may
strain Indo-Nepal relations. If China supports
Nepal in increasing its presence in UN
peacekeeping missions and continues to assist
Nepal in upgrading its security forces while
providing training to the military as well
as police officials, this may indeed deepen
the relationship between the two countries
(Amatya, 2018). As of 13 January 2020, the
Nepali Army has deployed across 12 missions
around the world. As one of the imperative
troop contributors, Nepal ranks fifth in
the world. Currently, the Nepali Army has
around 5095 soldiers, including 170 female
armed forces serving in 12 different missions
around the globe. Nepal has a commitment to
provide up to 5000 peacekeepers should the
UN so request (NA Peacekeeping Mission,
2020).
Nepal became a member of the United Nations
in 1955 and since then, has been an active
participant of most UN peace operations.
The participation of the Nepali Army in
the UN peace support operations spans a
period of over a half century covering some
43 UN missions, in which over 1, 29, 890
personnel have participated. The army’s
long association with the UN peace support
operations began with a modest deployment
of five military observers in Lebanon (United
Nations Observer Group in Lebanon) in
1958. The first Nepali contingent, Purano
 UNITY
Gorakh Battalion was deployed in Egypt
in 1974. The Nepali Army has contributed
to senior appointments at UNDPKO and
Force Headquarters while deploying military
contingents, military observers and staff
officers. The Nepali Army has also rendered
tremendous services to the provision of niche
capabilities, such as engineers, medical
teams and Special Forces contingents. Their
Source: https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/
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devotion to duty and excellent performance
have been widely acclaimed. The
Nepali Army has always accepted challenges
and participated in most difficult operations.
This has had a heavy toll on its personnel, and
to date, 65 personnel have made the ultimate
sacrifice at the altar of world peace and another
66 have been disabled (NA Peacekeeping
Mission, 2020).
 UNITY
Conclusion
Different states use diverse channels of
diplomacy. Quintessential and valued to
enhance country’s image and security,
however, is the military diplomacy.
Besides safeguarding the national border
and shielding the national sovereignty,
the modern-day military institutions are
exercising diplomacy as well. Thus, when it
comes to Nepal’s military diplomacy towards
the neighborhood and beyond, it’s better to
acknowledge the fact that Nepali Army has
been conducting joint military drills with
different countries, most importantly with
the United States, India, and China for many
years. Essentially, Nepal’s vibrant role in
exercising the military diplomacy with the
great and emerging powers, is immensely
triggered by neutrality and non-alignment,
which are also the foreign policy objectives
of Nepal. Unforgettably, having almost
six decades of experience in peacekeeping
operations around the world, Nepali Army
has effectively enhanced the image of Nepal
through the UN Peacekeepers.Thus, it
indicates that as one of theoldest institution of
the country, Nepali Army has demonstrated
its competence to exercise the modern-day
diplomacy at the global stage, of course, not
being limited to immediate neighborhood.
References
Adhikari, B. (April 9, 2015). Gurkhas in the
Indian mutiny. Spotlight Nepal https://www.
spotlightnepal.com/
Amatya, K. (September 25, 2018). Nepal's
military diplomacy. The Diplomat. https://
thediplomat.com/2018/09/nepals-military-
diplomacy/
Berridge, G. R. (2002). Diplomacy, theory and
practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan:
New York, pp. 2 – 3.
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Bhattarai, K. D. (May 19, 2019). A brief history
of Nepal-China defense ties. Annapurna
Express. https://theannapurnaexpress.com/
news/ a-brief-history-of-nepal-china-defense-
ties-1560
Clausewitz, C. V. (1976). On War., trans. Michael
Howard and Peter Paret. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, p. 87.
Jaishankar, D. (January 12, 2017). India's military
diplomacy. https://www.brookings.edu/
opinions/indias-military-diplomacy-taking-
the-leap/
Khatri, P. (July 7, 2017). Aid keeps relation
between NA, foreign army afloat. The Rising
Nepal. http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/
32769
Mulmi, A. R. M. (October 1, 2017). Why did the
British not colonize Nepal? Record Nepal.
https://www.recordnepal.com/wire/features/
why-did-the-british-not-colonize-nepal
NA Peacekeeping Mission. (2020). The Nepal
Army in UN Peace Support Operation. https://
www.nepalarmy.mil.np/
Pajtinka, E. (2016). Military diplomacy and its
present functions. Security Dimensions.
Issue 20 (20), p. 1. ISSN: 2353-7000 | ICV: 100,00
| MNiSW: 20. https://securitydimensions.
publisherspanel.com/resources/html/article/
details?id=177139&language=en
Thapa, C. (November 11, 2016). Nepal-India
relations in the military realm. SouthAsia.com.
au. http://www.southasia.com.au/2016/11/11/
nepal-india-relations-military-realm/
 UNITY
Geopolitical rivalry of global powers and its implications in Nepal
Abstract
National unity and independence, territorial
integrity, people's sovereignty and national
security are the supreme priority for any
sovereign and independent country across
the world. The essence of national unity and
security is the most important and highly
sensitive issue for Nepal in account of its
geopolitical sensitivities and geostrategic
balance as Nepal is located between two
giant nuclear countries and rising global
powers – India and China. Analyzing the
national interests and national security
policy of all three countries – India, China
and the US, it is open secret that they have
direct strategic, defense and security interests
in Nepal. They, therefore, have strategic
rivalry to extend their political, diplomatic,
economic, strategic, defense and security
and cultural influence in Nepal because of
its geopolitical importance and geostrategic
sensitivity. The emerging triangular strategic
rivalry may undermine Nepal’s national
interests and national security in the future
as their rivalry gets intensified. It is a grave
situation for Nepal which will have significant
immediate as well as long-term implications.
Nepal, therefore, should thoughtfully study to
analyze the emerging global powers’ defense,
military, security and foreign policies and
strategies and should protect and preserve
Nepal’s national interests and national
security maintaining diplomatic and strategic
balance among them.
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Geja Sharma Wagle
Keywords: national security, strategic
rivalry, geopolitical, geostrategic, Indo-
Pacific strategy, belt and road initiatives,
diplomatic balance
Understanding security
Security is ‘essentially a contested concept’
and it does not have a universally accepted
definition (Galle, 1962, pp. 121-123).
Security scholars agree that there is not even
an agreement as to what 'security' means
(Terriff, 2001, p. 1). The term ‘security’
has proved too complex and abstract, and
there is much dispute about its meaning and
definition. Writing as early as 1952 about
the concept of security, a prominent security
scholar Arnold Wolfer (1952) even argued
that 'it may not have any precise meaning
at all' (p. 149). Another noted security
thinker Barry Buzan (1991) claims that the
nature of security defies pursuit of agreed
definition. It, therefore, is an underdeveloped
and contested concept (pp. 3-5). The idea of
security is defined through in terms of the
state and the military-centric approach rather
than people’s perspective, so it has acquired a
heavy military emphasis and domination.
Scholars like Hedley Bull, Bernard Brodie,
Frank Trager, Frank Simonie, Hugh
Macdonald, E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau
have broadened its definition. Scholars, in
particular, E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau,
who were the proponents of realist school
of thought, were dominant after the Second
World War and defined security as a derivative
 UNITY
of power. They define security in terms of
protecting territorial integrity and core values
of states against foreign intervention.
Concept of national security
In social sciences, national security is
‘more controversial than the term ‘security’
without its specific authoritative definitions.
In fact, national security is a ‘recent notion
and under-developed concept’. In line with
Buzan’s argument, Baldwin and Milner
(1992) consider national security ambiguous,
sensitive and value-laden terms in social
science (p. 29). But national security is a
quite important and sensitive issue that is
directly inter-related to protecting national
unity, territorial integrity and sovereignty
of nation-states (Buzan, 1991, pp. 3-5).
The theme of national security, therefore, is
guided by a range of unique and traditional
perceptions and realities, which are rooted
in the history of an evolutionary process
of nationhood. National security in its
conceptual framework cannot be observed
independently since it is closely related to the
concept of national interest, national power
and national stability (Sheeham, 2006, pp.
6-7). Howsoever, controversial, ambiguous
and abstract it may be, it is a very important
notion in social science because it studies
the national unity, territorial integrity and
political independence of a nation and the
sovereignty and safety of its people.
Given the gravity and sensitivity of the issue
that is related to sovereignty and independence
of nation-states, security scholars had focused
on state and military-centric approach.
Defining from the traditional perspective of
national security, some scholars who belong
to the realist school of thought argue that the
referent of security is the state and that it is
the primary provider of security. If the state
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is secure, then those who live within it are
secure (Bajpai, 2002, pp. 4-5). The national
independence and territorial integrity are the
most important requirements for a nation
and these two values must be protected.
If any state is attacked on these two values
with violence, it must be responded with
violence. There was a domination of the
realist and the neo-realist schools of thought
in the post-war fragile environment that have
been advocating a state and military centric
policy emphasizing on territorial integrity
and military power.
Following the end of World War II, the concept
of national security brought significant
changes. In fact, the concept of national
security developed following World War II
when national security was emerging as the
main challenge to the small and developing
countries. However, security scholars have
divergent thoughts regarding the changes.
According to one of the prominent thinkers,
David Baldwin (1995), there are three
important elements for the change: 'First, it
is the decline of the military power in the
international politics. Second, it is the concept
of international relations and national security
which needs to be reexamined. Third, it is the
national security, which appears to be viewed
in broader terms’ (pp. 117-18).
The implications of globalization and
emerging multi-dimensional challenges of
national security in the post-Cold War era
have widened and broadened the definition
of national security. There are many new
dimensions, which have now become
critical issues in security studies. Scholars
have redefined security as a broader term
that includes the citizens’ security. Scholars
belonging to Copenhagen school of thought
contributed to broadening security studies.
 UNITY
National security, therefore, moved ‘beyond
a narrow agenda, which focused on military-
centric concept’ (Huysman, 1998, pp. 229-30).
The Human Development Report of 1994
prepared by Mahbub Ul Haq urged that the
definition of security should be changed from
the state-centric security to human security.
According to the report, the concept of
security should change in two ways: from
an exclusive stress on territorial security to
much greater stress on peoples' security, and
from security through armaments to security
through sustainable human development
(UNDP, 1994). The threats to human security
were synthesized in the report under seven
broad categories – economic security, food
security, health security, environmental
security, personal security, community
security and political security. Considering
people's right to live, the United Nations
developed an alternative concept that is
human security. The concept of security has
transformed into human security from state-
centric approaches. In fact, national security
is not only safety and security of the country
and its citizens, but also is a universal process
of safeguarding national values and interests
against both internal and external threats that
have the potential to undermine the security
of the state and citizens.
National security in the Nepali context
National unity and independence, territorial
integrity, people's sovereignty and national
security are the most important priorities for
any sovereign and independent country. The
essence of national unity and security is the
most important and highly sensitive issue for
Nepal considering its geopolitical sensitivities
and geostrategic balance as Nepal is located
between two giant nuclear countries and
rising global powers – India and China.
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Moreover, Nepal shares an open border with
its southern neighbor, India, and there are
several border disputes between them. Nepal
doesn’t share open border with its northern
neighbor, China, but has an equally important
and sensitive relation. Nepal never became
a colonial country, even during the adverse
situations of the World War and the Cold
War, and safeguarded its sovereignty and
territorial integrity. But given its geostrategic
importance and geopolitical sensitivity,
national security is the most important and
sensitive issue since Nepal’s inception for
centuries. The geostrategic dimensions and
the relations with India and China are the
crucial factors of national security of Nepal
(Bhattarai, 2005, pp. 6-7).
Considering its geostrategic location, King
Prithvi Narayan Shah, the founder of modern
Nepal who laid the strong foundation for
national unity and security, defined Nepal as
a 'gourd between two rocks' and advocated a
defensive strategy as the best way for Nepal
to protect its territorial integrity and people’s
sovereignty in the DibyaUpades. He defined
national security policy as a defensive policy
that has been the guiding principle of security
policy. It has been so long since King Shah
defined the security policy and political,
military and international contexts have
significantly changed. Nepal has hitherto been
following the very defensive policy as defined
by Prithvi Narayan Shah. The Shah Dynasty
and Rana regime followed the same theory
as guiding principles for national security
and followed state and military-centric policy
regardless of changing political, social,
economic and military context. In fact, they
used the state and military-centric security
policy to protect their regime rather than
territorial integrity and sovereignty (Acharya,
2019, pp. 6-7).
 UNITY
Following the establishment of democracy
in 1950, Nepal emerged as a real nation-state
and maintained good diplomatic relations
with neighboring countries. Nepal became
the member-state of the UN on 15 December
1955 and established diplomatic relations
with the US, India, China, Germany, the
USSR, Pakistan, Japan, France etc. Nepal's
sovereignty, national unity and territorial
integrity thus became more secure during
the democratic era between 1950 and 1960.
At that time, King Mahendra abolished
multiparty democracy and dissolved the
people's elected government in 1960, took
power, and imposed the partyless despotic
Panchayat system in the name of nationalism
(Kumar, 2003, pp. 321-323).
National security policy of Nepal
National security and people’s security are so
critical and challenging issues for Nepal. But
unfortunately, Nepal did not have a written
comprehensive national security policy until
2016. If Nepal had a well-defined, written
and appropriate security policy, Nepal might
have been able to protect its national interests
and citizens’ security. The successive
governments and political parties did not
pay heed to the national security policy even
after the restoration of democracy in 1990.
But they merely beat the drum of ultra-
nationalism and national independence for
public consumption and political interests.
In fact, in the absence of a written security
policy, successive governments have been
misusing the security agencies for their own
political interests and convenience. Had the
government promulgated a security policy
clearly defining the roles and responsibilities
of the security agencies, then there would
have been fewer chances to misuse and abuse
security agencies in the past.
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Given the urgency of policy, the then
government led by Madhav Kumar Nepal
constituted a five-member Cabinet Committee
under the leadership of then Defense Minister
Bidhya Devi Bhandari in December 2009
to draft policy papers on national security
policy, democratization of the army and
strengthening and reforming law enforcement
agencies under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
The members of the committee were then
Home Minister Bhim Rawal, Culture
Minister Dr. MinendraRijal, Law Minister
Prem Bahadur Singh and Minister without
portfolio Laxman Lal Karna. The committee
submitted its reports in August 2010.
Following the promulgation of the constitution
in 2015, the government promulgated a
written national security policy for the first
time in the history of Nepal in 2016 (Ministry
of Defense, 2016). Promulgating a new
national security policy was seen as a positive
step for ensuring national security and
citizens’ security but was also abstract and
incomplete. Therefore, the first-ever security
policy could not address the emerging internal
and external security challenges of Nepal.
The government did not consult with political
parties, security agencies, security experts
and concern stakeholders with regards to
security policy, so the policy is dominated by
the government’s perspective. The new policy
should have been redefined in line with the
changed political and security contexts for
three reasons. First, Nepal is in the process
of transforming into a federal republic state
from a feudal and unitary kingdom, and
security threats for these two systems are
fundamentally different. Second, the new
constitution has defined human security
as a guiding principle of national security,
according to which, the role of the state is
not only limited to defending its territory,
 UNITY
but also to ensure freedom, human rights,
peace and security of its citizens. Third, the
internal and external threats to Nepal seem
to be more complicated and challenging than
before so that the new policy should have
clearly identified both threats and outlined
strategies to address them. But the policy did
not address these serious issues.
Following the formulation of the government
under the leadership of K P Oli in February
2018, the government promulgated a new
national security policy in March 2019 taking
into consideration the emerging internal and
external security threats of Nepal (Ghimire,
2019). Analyzing both traditional and non-
traditional security challenges, the new policy
has identified foreign interference, open
border, blockade, and border encroachment,
cross border crime, terrorism and strategic
rivalry of super powers and emerging global
powers and others as the serious external
threats of Nepal. But the government has not
been made public the new policy, terming
it a confidential and secret document. The
security policy is not a secret and confidential
document and it should make public like
other policies of the government. Even the
earlier security policy was made public by
the government. If the previous one was
made public, why not the new one? Unlike
communist countries like China, North
Korea, Cuba, every democratic country
makes public their national security policy.
Anybody can find on internet the national
security strategies of countries like the US
and the UK. Transparency and accountability
ensuring the participation of people in
law making process are the fundamental
practice of democratic system so keeping
any law confidential is against the democratic
principles and spirit of the constitution. The
government, therefore, should make the new
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security policy public without further delay
under any pretext.
Triangular geostrategic rivalry
Given Nepal’s geopolitical sensitivity and
geostrategic importance, the super power
– the US – and emerging global power and
immediate neighbors – India and China –
have been giving a high priority to Nepal for
a couple of decades to extend their political,
diplomatic, strategic, security, economic and
cultural influence in Nepal as per their own
national interests. In fact, they have not only
given a high priority, but also have increased
their financial assistance, and development
and military budget to Nepal. They, therefore,
have been promulgating a number of policies
and strategies focusing on Nepal and Asia,
and have declared some financial support and
development projects for Nepal for obvious
reasons.
The US promulgated the much-media hyped
strategy – Indo-Pacific Strategy (IPS) in
June 2018 in order to extend its political,
diplomatic, economic, defense and strategic
influence in the entire Indo-Pacific region
including Nepal in line with the American
interests as stated in their national security and
foreign policy. Following the promulgation
of the IPS, it has been a much-debated issue
in Nepal because the report has mentioned
Nepal as an emerging defense partner for the
first time. The IPS report (2019) mentions on
Nepal –
The United States seeks to expand our
defense relationship with Nepal, focused
on HA/DR, peacekeeping operations,
defense professionalization, ground force
capacity, and counter-terrorism. Our
growing defense partnership can be seen
in the establishment of the U.S. Army
 UNITY
Pacific-led Land Forces Talks in June
2018, our senior-most military dialogue
with Nepal. This year has already seen
several senior-level visits to Nepal by
the USINDOPACOM Commander and
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
for South and Southeast Asia to further
advance our defense relationship. (p. 36)
The US have also promulgated a new law
–Asia Reassurance Initiative Act (ARIA)
– in 2019 focusing on the growing security
challenges such as North Korea, the South
China Sea, terrorism in Southeast Asia,
human rights situation, and refugee issues
of Tibet that will have direct security and
strategic implications in Nepal. Likewise,
the US has already agreed to provide $500
million as grant as part of Millennium
Challenge Corporation (MCC) for Nepal’s
infrastructure development as requested
by the Government of Nepal. The much-
debated MCC compact was signed between
Nepal and the US government in September
2017 in Washington DC. Likewise, the US
government had officially invited Nepal’s
Foreign Minister Pradeep Kumar Gyawali
in Washington in December 2018 and urged
Nepal to play a central role in Indo-Pacific
region that reflects the policy and priority of
the US toward Nepal. The US has given such
a high priority to Nepal for the first time in
the history of Nepal-US diplomatic relations.
Likewise, the US is the traditional supporter
of the Nepali Army to make it well-trained,
well-equipped, and professional; hence the
US has been increasing its military budget
to support the Nepali Army. The US had
also significantly supported the Nepali Army
during the decade-long armed insurgency
in Nepal to control the then Maoist party’s
armed activities.
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Not only has the US, China also significantly
given a high priority to extend its influence
in Nepal in line with the Chinese interests.
President Xi Jinping visited Nepal this year
and announced a significant policy outline
during his visit. Nepal and China decided to
upgrade its comprehensive partnership to a
strategic partnership that depicts the strategy
of China and priority of Nepal (Giri, 2019).
In fact, Nepal has upgraded the much-hyped
strategic partnership with China for the first
time in the history of Nepal. According to
the definition and objective of international
relations, the strategic partnership is a
broader and multi-dimensional cooperation
in strategic, defense and security affairs in
addition to social, economic and cultural
dimensions. President Xi announced the
substantial financial support to Nepal
including rail and road connectivity as
requested by Nepal. He had emphasized
security and defense cooperation with Nepal
during his visit so that Nepal and China
signed on the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty
(MLAT) and agreed to sign an extradition
treaty in the near future. President Xi had
even highlighted the defense and security
cooperation with Nepal in his article that was
published in The Kathmandu Post on the eve
of his visit.
In 2017, Nepal has already signed the Belt
and Road Initiatives (BRI) – the highly
ambitious and signature project of President
Xi Jinping for infrastructure development and
connectivity (Giri, 2017). According to the
official document of BRI, it aims at enhancing
policy coordination, connectivity, unimpeded
trade, financial integration and people-to-
people contact. The BRI is considered the
mega project for infrastructure development
and connectivity for and between Asia and
Europe that has the potential to change the
 UNITY
traditional geopolitical and geo-economics of
the world. It, therefore, is both an opportunity
and a challenge for Nepal. But Nepal needs to
transform those challenges into opportunities
and should implement the BRI projects in line
with the national interest and national priority
of Nepal to achieve its dream of development
and prosperity maintaining good relations
with India and the US.
Like the US, China has also promulgated
some policies and strategies focusing on the
Asia-Pacific region taking into consideration
the US’s growing strategic interests in the
Indo-Pacific region. China analyses the
increasing interests and influence of the
US in the Asia-Pacific region as threats
for China hence China wants to control or
minimize the US’s interests and influence.
Taking into consideration the US’s growing
interests and influence, China promulgated
a comprehensive security policy focusing
particularly on the Asia-Pacific region for the
first time in January 2017, ‘China’s policies
on Asia Pacific security cooperation’, which
is similar to the IPS for the US (Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, 2017). Likewise, China
has also issued another important security
document ‘China's National Defense in the
New Era’ following the promulgation of the
IPS (Hui, 2019). China has been establishing
a close military and security cooperation with
Nepal’s security agencies – Nepali Army,
Armed Police Force and Nepal Police – and
has been increasing its military assistance
to Nepal every year. Until few years ago,
China was far behind with regards to military
assistance to Nepal with India and the US,
but today China has become the top donor of
military assistance to Nepal.
India claims that it has the traditional sphere
of influence in Nepal, therefore India has
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higher stake in Nepal compared to China and
the US, given its centuries-old close, cordial
and special political, diplomatic, economic,
social, religious and cultural relations with
Nepal. Nepal-India share an 1,800 km long
open border and both countries have equally
high security concerns and threats. India’s
concerns are not just limited to the strategic,
defense and security affairs, but equally have
important political, diplomatic, economic,
social, religious and cultural interests in
Nepal. India, therefore, wants to further
extend its influence in Nepal and wants to
control or minimize the growing influence
of China and the US in Nepal. Given India’s
national interests and national security, Nepal
is in the high priority of India and Prime
Minister Narendra Modi himself has visited
Nepal four times during his five-year tenure.
Prime Minister Modi has been reiterating,
time and again, that he will further deepen and
widen the special and unique relations with
Nepal for the best interests of two countries.
Prominent international relations thinker and
Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Henry Kissinger
(2014), has opined that India and China are
the center of gravity of the emerging new
multipolar world order, which will have
significant implications in global politics (pp.
178-790). Likewise, noted geopolitical and
strategic affairs scholar, Robert D Kaplan
(2012), has highlighted heightening strategic
and geopolitical gravity of Asia, and its
implications in Nepal as Nepal is the epicenter
of the emerging geopolitical rivalry of global
power (pp. 252-53). Nepal, therefore, should
understand the serious geostrategic and
geopolitical realities of Nepal and should
plan accordingly to ensure national unity,
territorial integrity, people’s sovereignty and
independence of Nepal in the emerging world
order.
 UNITY
Analyzing the national interests and national
security policy of all three countries – India,
China and the US –it is obvious that they
have direct strategic, defense and security
interests in Nepal. They, therefore, have
strategic rivalry to extend their influence in
Nepal because of its geopolitical importance
and geostrategic sensitivity. The emerging
triangular strategic rivalry may undermine
Nepal’s national interests and national security
in the future as their rivalry gets intensified.
It is a critical issue for Nepal which will
have significant immediate as well as long-
term implications (Wagle, 2012, pp. 268-69).
Nepal, therefore, should thoughtfully study
and objectively analyze the emerging global
power’s strategic, defense, military, security
and foreign policies and strategies and should
protect and preserve Nepal’s national interests
and national security maintaining diplomatic
and strategic balance in the given context.
Conclusion
Analyzing the evolving global and regional
context, there is a geopolitical power play
among the global powers. Against this
backdrop of the triangular strategic rivalry,
Nepal should maintain the diplomatic and
strategic balance among the super powers
and emerging global powers taking into
consideration its national interests and
national security. Otherwise, Nepal will
turn into a geopolitical and geostrategic
playground of the global powers undermining
Nepal’s national interests.
The national security policy of Nepal should
be comprehensively reviewed and revised
taking into consideration the emerging
internal and external security threats. The
government must make public the new policy
that aims to safeguarding national unity,
territorial integrity, people’s sovereignty
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and national interests based on national
consensus. The policy should embrace the
fundamental principles of democracy, rule
of law, human rights, and protect the long
cherished identity, values and cultures of
Nepal. The policy should also recognize the
diversity and plurality of Nepali society. The
policy should objectively assess the global
context of peace, security and conflict in order
to make it capable of dealing with emerging
internal and external security threats.
The security agencies should be apolitical,
professional and competent so that they
can ensure the security of the nation and its
people. They should be more accountable to
the people, effective and impartial to perform
their roles and responsibilities following the
sound principles of good governance, the
rule of law, human rights, transparency and
accountability ensuring democratic control
of security agencies. The security agencies
should follow inclusive, people-friendly,
rights-friendly and gender-friendly policies
and should implement them accordingly.
Democratic control of security agencies is a
fundamental principle of democratic systems
but security agencies should not be politicized
on the pretext of democratic control as the
government and political parties did in the
past.
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 UNITY
Managing national security interests amidst military major powers'
military engagements
Abstract
Existing literatures on the strategic
competition between India, China and
the US have largely focused on general
patterns and trends of their cooperation and
engagements in Nepal, including on how
China has made its forays in Nepal with
its assertive foreign policy overtures since
2008. What has been overlooked, however,
is how these three countries are quietly
competing with each other to enhance their
engagement with the national army. The
growing competition among these countries
is likely to pose serious challenge to the
national army as an institution to exercise
its strategic autonomy in its decision making
process if some cautions are not exercised in
advance. This paper highlights on competing
and conflicting interests of major powers
to enhance their engagements with the
national army in Nepal, and the ways to
overcome potential challenges, such military
engagements may entail in the future. It also
offers a context of the discussion with a brief
overview of changing strategic environment
in the Asia Pacific in the past 10 years and
how Nepal has transformed from a backwater
to strategic epicenter for major powers.
Keywords: military engagement, national
security, Indo-Pacific strategy, geopolitical
competition, major powers, competing and
conflicting interests
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Kosh Raj Koirala
Introduction
Because of its geographic location, Nepal
maintains geostrategic and geopolitical
importance for its immediate neighbors –
India and China – as well as the world major
powers. The importance of Nepal in the
geopolitical and geostrategic landscape has
only increased further in recent years, with the
Rise of China and its assertive foreign policy
overtures in its immediate neighborhood
and beyond. While the US appears to
be responding to the growing Chinese
assertiveness in the entire Asia Pacific region,
including Nepal under its broader cooperation
framework of Indo-Pacific Strategy, India
surges to influence Nepal in all spheres
for the past several decades. Likewise, the
southern neighbor maneuvers both its soft
and hard power resources at its disposal to
maintain its influence in this Himalayan
nation. As the peace process that paved the
way for the then underground Maoist rebels
to join mainstream politics in Nepal remains
still incomplete and major political forces in
the country are stuck in internal squabbles.
In such a fragile political situation, Nepal’s
immediate neighbors, India and China along
with the US are persistently heightening their
engagements with the national army in an
apparent bid to secure their vital interests in
Nepal. But this appears to have given rise
to a quiet competition among China, India
and the US in their military engagements,
transforming Nepal from a backwater to a
 UNITY
strategic epicenter in the changed strategic
landscape.
Changing strategic environment in Asia
Pacific
The rise of China as an economic superpower
along with its massive military modernization
after 2008 is one of the main factors behind the
changed strategic environment in the Asia–
Pacific. While all other major economies
in the West were heavily affected by the
economic recession that started from the US,
China became a strong exception to this global
financial crisis that started in 2008 (Morrison,
2009, p. 3). This boosted confidence of China
that experienced centuries of humiliation
at the hands of colonial powers to increase
its influence through the use of hard and
soft power resources. Despite its perennial
struggle to recover from the financial crisis,
the US was then forced to respond to the
growing Chinese assertiveness in various
parts of the Asia Pacific, including South
China Sea. Then US President Barack Obama
unveiled ‘Pivot to Asia’ or 'Rebalancing Asia'
in 2012 to put additional focus on the Asia
Pacific region in view of China's assertive
foreign policy overtures. The purpose of this
strategy was to deepen U.S. credibility in the
region at a time of fiscal constraint (Manyin.
et. al., 2012, p. 1) that the US was facing at
the time as a result of economic recession.
The key areas of actions of this strategy
included "strengthening bilateral security
alliances; deepening working relationships
with emerging powers, including China;
engaging with regional multilateral
institutions; expanding trade and investment;
forging a broad-based military presence; and
advancing democracy and human rights”
(Clinton, 2011).  policy in internal affairs of other countries,
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With President Donald Trump assuming his
office in 2017, the US unveiled an Indo –
Pacific Strategy with the primary objective to
ensure “Free and Open Indo-Pacific” (FOIP),
apparently to challenge China's claim over
entire South China Sea. According to the
Pentagon’s report published in June last year,
the Indo –Pacific Strategy revolves around
simultaneous enhancement of long –standing
objectives on economic engagement, security
cooperation and strengthened governance
— a balance of priorities that aligns with
the approaches of key partners like Japan,
Australia and India. The US unveiled several
other initiatives such as Indo-Pacific Security
Initiatives in which it allocated $300 million
to “reinforce security cooperation” in the
Indo-Pacific region (Scott, 2018. p. 36).
Toward the end of December, 2018, the
US also came up with Asia Reassurance
Initiative Act to assure its partners and allies
that US was still committed to help them in
view of rising Chinese influence. This Act
also formally recognized India as its major
defense partner, paving way for New Delhi
to obtain state of the art technology from
Washington to achieve self-sufficiency in
defense manufacturing (Chaudhary, 2018).
The US’s proactive presence in the Asia
Pacific region along with military partnership
with different major powers is widely
perceived as an attempt to contain China.
Beijing under Xi Jinping in particular also
began responding to the US overtures
through increased engagements with
countries in its neighborhood and beyond in
the following years. Chinese foreign policy
after 2008 witnessed changes mainly in
three fronts that include enhanced regional
cooperation, deviation from non-interference
and increased assertiveness (Qi et. al., 2013).
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China has been increasingly influencing
in India's small neighbors through various
measures: grant assistance, investment
in major infrastructure projects, such as
hydropower plants and port city development,
scholarship to students, military aid as well
as training to security personnel, military
exchange, and high level visits (Curtis,
2016). Formulation of new periphery
diplomacy, setting the goal of building two
“Silk Roads” under Belt and Road Initiatives
(BRI), increasing great power responsibility
including through the participation in the UN
peacekeeping and, adopting more flexible
pragmatism in its foreign policy, combining
a “carrot and stick” approach, (Yizhou, 2014)
are some of President Xi's foreign policy
innovations.
The strategic competitions between the
US and China in the Asia Pacific region in
recent years have brought profound changes
in Nepal's geopolitical and geostrategic
landscape, prompting Nepal’s immediate
neighbors India and the US to increase their
assertiveness. Nepal's southern neighbor
has been continuously influencing Nepal
in its politics and military since the 1950s,
while the US also had its modest presence in
Nepal, especially after the Tibetan uprising
in 1959. Further, the US continues its
organized engagements after an exodus of a
large number of Tibetans to Nepal and India
after their failed uprising against China's
takeover of Tibet. Although the mass exodus
of Tibetan protestors and the rebellion against
the Chinese presence in Tibet from Nepali
soil heightened the Chinese concern, the
interaction between the two countries were
confined largely to the Chinese economic
and technical assistance to a few key pride
projects and the occasional exchange of
high level political visits between the two
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countries until 2008. China's policy of limited
interaction with Nepal also witnessed a major
political change that brought Maoist rebels
into mainstream politics, and subsequently
abolished the 240–year old institution of
monarchy in 2008.
China’s foreign policy departure coincided
with anti–China protests of the Tibetan
refugees in Kathmandu streets just ahead
of the Beijing Olympics 2008, and India’s
strategic alignment with the US. China's
increased engagements in Nepal can be seen
mainly after the fall of monarchy, which
many scholars in Nepal argue that Beijing
considered a reliable political force to protect
its vital interests in Nepal in 2008. Nepal
was then undergoing a critical political
transition when the United Nations Mission
in Nepal was initiating to facilitate the peace
process. Although the Chinese leadership
never reacted explicitly in public, they had
a concern that western powers could incite
anti–China elements in Nepal. During his
meeting with Prime Minister Khadga Prasad
Oli in Kathmandu in October 2019, Chinese
President Xi Jinping did not hesitate to say
that some western forces were using Nepal to
destabilize parts of China [Reuters, 2019]. All
of these events reflect Nepal’s transformation
itself from backwater to a strategic epicenter
for major powers that have linked their
strategic interests in Nepal.
Military engagements of major powers
As the peace process that started in 2006
prolonged for years amid deepening political
uncertainty and the country's main political
forces were caught up in internal wrangles,
major international powers-- mainly China,
the US and India -- seem to have increased
their engagements with security agencies,
mainly the Nepali Army (NA). The NA
 UNITY
and Indian Army have a unique tradition
to recognize each other's army chief as
their honorary chief. There is a special
arrangement in place with Indian Army
that allows the NA to buy arms from India
in 60 percent of their cost, while remaining
40 percent cost of such arms is borne by
Indian government under grant. Nepal has
been obtaining military hardware including
arms and ammunitions, vehicles and training
opportunities from India. Since Nepal and
India share open border regime, the primary
interests of India to cultivate relations with
the NA is to address its traditional security
concerns and check the growing influence
of the US and China in Nepal. The position
maintained by India against the decision of
then Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal in
2009 to sack then Army Chief Rookmangud
Katawal in Nepal exposes the Indian interest
in the NA (IANS, 2009).
The Chinese engagement with the NA also
unfolds a sharp rise, mainly after the political
change in Nepal followed by the abolition
of the 240-year old institution of monarchy
in 2008. China, which initially provided
non-lethal military logistics to NA, now
has expressed willingness to extend any
supports that the NA asks for and the volume
of military aid China has been providing to
the army has only increased further in recent
years. For instance, China provided medical
equipment worth Rs 800 million to the NA
in the year 2072 BS. The army also received
Rs 9.7 million worth mobile field hospital
and Rs 1.31 billion worth Armored Personnel
Carriers, tents and communication equipment
that are primarily used in peacekeeping
operations in the following year and vehicles,
radio sets and water tankers, among others,
worth Rs 3.80 billion in the year 2074 BS.
During the visit of Deputy Prime Minister and
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Defense Minister Ishwar Pokharel in October,
2018, Beijing further agreed to provide Rs
2.47 billion worth military logistics to the
army (Pandey, 2020).
On the one hand, China has clearly expressed
in its Defense White Paper released in
2019 that it aims to build close military ties
with neighboring countries with exchange
of visits of chief of army and through
enhanced military cooperation (State Council
Information Office of the People’s Republic
of China, 2019. p. 33). While China has also
significantly increased training opportunities
to the NA officials, all Defense Ministers and
top leadership of army are regularly making
visit to the northern neighbor after 2008. This
seems to have been made not at Nepal's will
alone, but in the interest of China since Beijing
has been deepening military engagements
with all small neighbors of India to increase
its influence (Chapagain, 2019). The fact that
China extended Rs 12 billion worth military
assistances as compared to Rs 5 billion worth
military assistance provided by the US in
the past five years to the NA (Pandey, 2020)
speaks how much importance Beijing has
attached to Nepal's national army to meet its
security interests.
On the one hand, the US has significantly
increased its engagements with Nepal's
national army in line with its foreign policy
to give priority to the Asia Pacific Region in
response to China's assertive foreign policy
in the region. While Obama administration
began to focus more on Asia Pacific region
under Pivot Asia or Asia Rebalancing
policy, Trump administration continued with
similar policy with Indo-Pacific Strategy
that primarily seeks to maintain its influence
and reassure its allies and partners that US
is there in the times of need. The NA has
 UNITY
been working together with the US Army in
six different areas including joint military
exercises and capacity enhancement trainings
(Koirala, 2019). As a part of its Indo-Pacific
Strategy, the US has increased its assistance
and engagements for what it describes to help
Nepal to defend its sovereignty and counter
any foreign aggression. A report of Indo-
Pacific Strategy released by US Department
of Defense in June, 2019 states that US
seeks to expand defense relations with
Nepal focused on HA/DR, peacekeeping
operations, defense professionalization,
ground force capacity and counter-terrorism.
The growing defense partnership can be seen
in the establishment of the US Army Pacific-
led Land Forces Talks—senior most military
dialogue of the US -- held in June 2018 (p.36).
While the US is working to operationalize
Major Defense Partnership with India, it is
pursuing emerging military partnership with
four South Asian nations including Nepal
(p. 21). Most recently, the US handed over
two M28 sky trucks to the NA, while two
others are in the pipeline as a part of its US$
15 million grant assistance to the army (US
Embassy in Nepal, 2019).
Besides, the US has also launched a Global
Peace Operation Initiatives with a view to
promote military partnership with various
14 countries including Nepal in Asia Pacific
region. Discussions are underway at the level
of government between the two countries to
include Nepal in State Partnership Program,
which works in partnership with the army in
the field of humanitarian service and disaster
management involving US National Guards.
Among other things, the US has shown
interests in providing technical and financial
assistance to Nepali Army to establish
Defense University. The military assistance
US provided to Nepal in the last five years
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amounts to Rs 5.23 billion. The fact that
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo during
his meeting with Foreign Minister Pradeep
Gyawali in Washington in December 2018
solicited Nepal's 'central role' in the Indo-
Pacific Strategy speaks in volume as to
how much importance US attaches to Nepal
(Koirala, 2018).
Competing and conflicting security
interests
There is no denying that the support the
national army has been receiving from India,
China and the US has helped the national
army in a number of ways. But it would be
wise on our part to exercise some caution
as these assistances do not come without
any strings attached. We should be cautious
of the fact that the major powers deepening
their engagements with the army. At times,
conflicting concerns in Nepal safeguard those
interests by bringing army--a reliable force in
the country—into their confidence. There is
a general understanding among experts and
scholars in Nepal that political instability
and lack of consistency in the stances held
by major political parties on crucial issues
have made both neighbors as well as major
outside powers increasingly look for national
army to secure their vital interests. A section
of scholars also argue that the growing
bonhomie between ruling Nepal Communist
Party (NCP) and Communist Party of China
(CPC) have equally made India and the US
apprehensive, giving them an imperative to
further increase their engagement with the
national army to maintain their influence
(Kaphle, 2019).
One of the primary foreign policy objectives
of India and the US in Nepal has been to
strengthen democratic system in Nepal.
 UNITY
This is reflected in the speeches of the top
leaders of these countries. The ideological
proximity that is seen between the NCP and
the CPC in recent years, with CPC leaders
landing in Kathmandu in September 2019
for orientation on Xi Jinping Thoughts to
the ruling NCP leaders appears to have made
them further apprehensive over the NCP's
potential ideological shift (Giri, 2019). India
considers Nepal as its traditional sphere of
influence. The last thing, therefore, India
wants is growing influence of China-- its
strategic rival power in the region-- in Nepal.
All the engagements of India in Nepal are
aimed at offsetting growing influence of
China, if not of the US. But as the influence
of India has waned significantly in recent
years, the US seems to have chipped in to
play that role, given that these two countries
share common interests to neutralize, if not
offset the influence of China and use their
leverage to avoid Nepal from deviating
from the current democratic political course.
Growing engagements of US with the army
can also be seen in view of the fact that the
US has increasingly started looking Nepal
through its own lens – rather than through the
lens of New Delhi -- in recent years in view
of growing engagements of China. High-
level visits of army and defense officials
from both the US and China to Nepal in
recent years invariably in every next month
and their statements during their meetings
with their Nepali counterparts and with the
media persons reveal their competing and
conflicting security and strategic interests in
Nepal.
Conclusion
While diplomacy is the first line, the national
army serves as the last line of national defense
of any country. With the increasing volume of
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monetary as well as logistical aid that the army
has been receiving from countries that have
conflicting and competing strategic interests,
the national army as an institution could face
an insurmountable challenge to balance their
interests and maintain strategic autonomy in
the days ahead. The military assistances these
three major powers have been extending to
the NA are vitally important for promoting
professionalization and enhancing work
efficiency of the army personnel with
availability of required logistics. But given
their competing and conflicting interests, it
is important to exercise some cautions. Both
political and army leadership should make
sure that any such support do not compromise
the army's ability to take independent
decisions that do not in any way jeopardize
national security interests. The government
should also allocate adequate defense budget
to fulfill basic needs of army in order to
gradually reduce dependency of army to
foreign donors even to meet its requirements
of basic logistics.
With the rise of China and its assertive
foreign policy in recent years, the whole
of Asia Pacific has become a strategic of
strategic competition among major world
powers. Given its unique geostrategic
location between emerging economic and
military superpowers -- China and India--,
Nepal has also transformed into a strategic
epicenter for major world powers in recent
years. The growing interest of these major
powers to deepen their engagements with
the national army through various means is
nothing but manifestation of their conflicting
and competing strategic interests in Nepal. It
is, therefore, important to set a Red Line on
the part of the government and the army while
receiving military assistances offered by any
of these countries. These assistances should
 UNITY
be in line with Nepal's principled foreign
policy goal to have "Amity with all, Enmity
with None." The army as an institution should
be able to keep itself free from any foreign
influence, so that it can exercise its strategic
autonomy in decision making process and
act in the best interests of Nepal and Nepali
people.
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transformations-and-challenges-reflected-in-
changing-discourse
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Building national security through human security: Seasonal migration
from Upper Mustang
Abstract
Migration is one of the essential social-
cultural phenomena of human being around
the world. Seasonal migration is one of the
human security dimensions directly related
to the national security of a country. This
paper explores the human security dimension
closely related to seasonal migration
and national security which has reasons,
processes, and destinations of the Lobas of
Upper Mustang, Nepal. The survey, interview,
and field observation (Upper Mustang,
Western Hills of Nepal and Vanarashi,
India) were the principal methods of data
collection. The findings of the research are
that both married males and females having
agriculture and livestock occupations of the
large family go for seasonal migration from
Upper Mustang, Nepal. The dominant age
group of migrants is 20-50 years. The level
of literacy, language efficiency, and social
network plays a determining role in choosing
the destination and period of stay out. They
usually migrate to a group and use multiple
modes of transportation for their travel. For
business, they use the social network. They
rent a room to live in. For business investment,
they use mostly their own money and some
they borrow from moneylenders. They not
only work themselves also employ Nepali
speaking youths in Vanarashi. Their property
in Upper Mustang is taken care of mostly by
their family members. They bring cash and
kind as their earning while returning home.
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Man Bahadur Khattri
Keywords: the Loba, Upper Mustang,
migration, seasonal migration, food security
Introduction
The primary objective of this paper is
to explore the causes, processes, and
destinations of seasonal migration adopted
by the Loba of Upper Mustang, Nepal.
Upper Mustang covers a vast area of 2071
sq km. The restructuring of the local unit has
divided into two rural municipalities (Lo-
manthang and Dalame rural Municipality).
3322 is the total population of these two
rural Municipalities (http://lomanthangmun.
gov.np/ & http://dalomemun.gov.np/) Upper
Mustang belongs to Alpine climate (3000-
4500 masl) and Tundra climate (4500
masl and above). This area covers by snow
during the winter (DDC Mustang, 2068
BS). The Upper-Mustang is among the
sparest populated regions of Nepal having
a density of 1.49 persons per km2. The
population and household of Lobas have
decreased by a decadal ratio of 1.40% and
1.14%, respectively (CBS, 2012). This sort
of negative population dynamics can be
associated with out-migration. Suwal (2014)
presented that the rate of migration from the
mountain region of Nepal is 19 percent.
Lobas of Upper-Mustang are of Tibetan
origin, and their identities are observed
regarding their socio-economic, cultural,
linguistic, historical, and geographical
 UNITY
context. The Lobas are the inhabitant of Lo
tsho-dhun. In Loba etymology, ‘Lo tsho-dhun’
refers to seven local councils or municipalities
of Mustang district, namely: Lo-manthang,
Chhoser, Chonhup, Tsharang, Ghami,
Surkhang, and part of Chhuksang, which is
also called the gate of Upper Mustang. Upper
Mustang is also known as “Mustangbhot” in
Nepal (Jackson, 1978, p. 196). The Lobas
are well-known people of “salt and grain
trade” in the Kaligandaki river basin, which
passes from China-Tibet to India. The Lobas
heavily engaged in seasonal migration and
trade until salt and grain trade closed. During
the winter, they traded in the low land area
and during the summer season, they traded
to Tibet. Now their past trading heritage is
followed to winter trade and only occasional
summer trade in Tibet as they participate in
the trade fare organized in boarding areas
of Lo-manthang rural Municipality. This
research is about present-day winter season
migration. Loba term Ghungha means winter
and the Loba use conch cell as the symbolic
metaphor for the color of the surrounding.
The climate becomes cold at that season. The
minimum temperature during winter goes
up to -200 C., and the maximum temperature
during summer goes up to 260 C. After they
harvest the most valued singled seasonal
crops in autumn and the Loba commence
their seasonal migration for trade-in Nepali
Hills and Indian cities particularly Varanasi.
This paper mainly focuses on the reasons,
processes, and destinations of seasonal
migration of Lobas of Upper Mustang.
Methods and data
This paper is based on qualitative and
quantitative data from primary and secondary
sources. For primary data sampling,
interview and observation methods were
used. An accidental sampling was adopted
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for the survey. The sample size was 78
households from those who migrate out
for winter seasons and 67 households who
stay in Upper Mustang during winter. A
checklist for the semi-structured interview
was used to facilitate the interviews and the
key informant interviews to collect in-depth
information on the topic. Field observation
in Upper Mustang, Western Hills of Nepal,
and in Vanarashi, Utter Pradesh India was
conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed
using SPSS 20. Searching patterns in data
was the main tool of qualitative data analysis.
The reviews of the literature on the themes
was another strategy to collect secondary
information and that was applied in to
formulate a research question data analysis
and interpretation.
Migration
Food is a fundamental need for people living
in any corner of the world. As data provided by
the government of Nepal, 38 districts of Nepal
are most vulnerable for food security and 24
percent of the people are under the poverty
line. The mountain region of Nepal is the
most food-insecure region (Bhandari, 2018).
Gurung (2001) has mentioned employment,
marriage, trade, agriculture, educations as the
significant causes of migration. The lacking
food sufficiency as the cause of migration
was highlighted by Tulachan (2001). Gurung
(1988) pointed out, the regional imbalance
as the cause and consequences of migration
as the tendency of migration or pull factors
are usually sparse resources region to
abundant resources region and employment
opportunities. Pandey (2016) has clearly
stated that food security in Upper Mustang
from the perspective of self-production is the
poorest one. Chhetri (1986) studied changes
of the Thakali migrant of Pokhara, have
found the adoption of a new form of culture
 UNITY
as no eating yak meat, adopting Kanyadan
instead capture marriage and modification
mourning days of death which were
practiced in Mustang. Seasonal migration
was described and documented concerning
resource use by the pastoralist among the
Sherpa of Nepal by Furer-Haimendorf (1975)
and among the Tarangapurian of Dolpa
by James Fisher (1987). Fisher (1987) has
focused on seasonal migration to Tibet and
the mid-western region of Nepal in which
Tarangapurian are interconnected with
their identity, language, trade, social and
economic relations. Tulachan (2001) has
actually documented seasonal migration
in relation to trade of Loba as a strategy
for survival merely economic perspective.
This study lacks current development such
as road access to Upper Mustang and food
availability and changes in the mode of
transportation. Similarly have no attention to
the socio-cultural systems like reme ghaypkin
(rotational or turn of sharing of power,
privilege and responsibilities among the
members (individual/household/community)
and nechang or ista, fictive kin relation
especially with outside their community
relation. Nechang is used for the rest, selling
goods and trust-building. No attention is
paid to religious, educational and health and
maintains social networks among friends and
relatives.
The Lobas of Upper Mustang also migrates
as migrant workers in foreign countries.
Young Loba started international labor
migration since the 1990s. Foreign
employment or remittance has become one
of the primary income sources of the Loba.
Many have been to the United States of
America, Japan, Korea, Canada, Germany,
France, the United Kingdom, and some
Middle Eastern countries in which they are
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working in different capacities. Almost every
household, there are people who have been
to a foreign country. They started to go to
Japan, the USA, and other high earning
countries. This also supported migration in
a different part of the country especially to
Pokhara, Kathmandu. There are many Lobas
have settled in different parts of India, USA.
In some households have sent two to three
members of the family in order to work in
foreign countries. To imagine the volume of
international migration of Loba, Craig (2011)
estimated that more than 1,000 people from
Tibetan-speaking areas of Upper Mustang
live in New York. Similarly, this estimated
population constitutes 25 % of able-bodied
of 20–40-year-old out of their villages are
currently in New York (Craig, 2011, p. 197).
The focus of the paper is the human security
dimension from the perspective of food
security which is fundamental rights of
Nepali citizens. If the food security is not
guaranteed, it might result in the national
security threat in Nepal. It is worth to mention
that the Upper Mustang is the most sensitive
area for a national security point of view.
Social status of winter migrants
In this sense, migration is not only
economical; it contains multiple aspects
of people's socio-cultural, environmental,
health, education, trade, and religious. The
study has reflected multiple reasons for
migration, such as escaping from winter,
temporary employment, pilgrimage, meeting
family and relatives.
The main target of the winter migration is
trade in India and the mid-hill region of the
western development region of Nepal. But
these days Lobas have extended their spheres
of trade up to Butwal and Narayanghad,
 UNITY JOURNAL
Chitwan districts. The places of seasonal Table 2: Sex and marital status of the
migration and their activities and pattern of respondents
return and connectivity to Upper Mustang is
clearly said in the interview: S
Sex Marital status Total %
N
All Loba who go to Varanasi return their
home, but many Lobas who have been Marr- Unm-
% %
doing business in other towns of India ied arried
1 Male 41 87.2 6 12.7 47 60.2
such as Simla, Dibrigarh of Asham,
2 Female 16 51.6 15 48.3 31 39.7
Kashmir, Jaypur usually staying more Total 57 73.8 21 26.9 78 100
permanently, but they have close contact Source: Field Survey, 2015
with their family and share their profits
and loss. Male and female participation in seasonal
migration is very significant; however,
Pema Chiring Loba (36) from Lo-manthang, dominants are married male and married
females usually join with their husbands if not
Age, sex and marital status of seasonal
their relatives. Married women's participation
migrants is meaningful among female respondents,
The age and sex of an individual are vital 51.61 % were married. In the case of male
for roles and responsibilities to cope with respondents, 87.23% were married. During
the socio-economic of any social setting. the observation, mainly females were the
Age has much significant role in migration, ones who actually sell goods usually clothes
which is presented in table 5.1. Similarly, in Varanasi.
which sex and their marital status have much Family size, education, and occupation
significance in migration in general and
winter trade migration in particular. Family size allows or creates the opportunity
to migrate and restrict people’s movement.
Table 1: Age of respondent Similarly, educational status and main
SN Age group No. of % occupation have some restrictions and
(years) respondents privileges on people’s movement. Table 3
1 21-30 25 32.1 presents the number of the family.
2 31-40 28 35.9
3 41-50 12 15.4 Table 3: The family size of respondents
4 51-60 8 10.3
5 61 and above 5 6.4 No. of family No. of
SN %
Total 78 100 member respondents
Source: Field Survey, 2015 1 Two members 9 11.5
2 Three to five 26 33.3
Table 1 presents that 21-40 years old age members
group represents 68%. Economically active 3 Six to seven 26 33.3
energetic youth and some old people of high members
experience participate. The old one paly role 4 Eight and above 17 21.8
of guide to the young in trade. Total 78 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015

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Table 3 The majority of the migrant Over 85.9% of migrants had agriculture as
respondent were from 3-7 members. It can their primary occupation. Even the minimum
be concluded that neither the small family number of people of the occupational
size nor the big family is adopting seasonal background of service also migrate. These
migration. Family size and the nature of service holders usually travel for other
family are the obstacles and opportunities. purposes such as pilgrimage and visiting
The large family was usually supporting to relatives.
look after property at their place of origin.
Table 6: Monthly income of the respondents
Table 4: Educational background of the
respondents Monthly
S No. of
income %
N respondents
S Educational No. of (NPR)
% 1 Up to 5000 27 34.6
N background respon-dents
1 No formal education 14 17.9 2 6000-10000 32 41.0
2 Studied up to class 5 47 60.3 3 11000-15000 17 21.8
Class 6 to SLC & 4 16,000 and 2 2.6
3 17 21.8 above
above
Total 78 100 Total 78 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015 Source: Field Survey, 2015

The literacy level of seasonal migrants is 75.6% of the respondents were average
essential for economic, social and business middle-class people who earn less than 10,000
points of view. Over 60 % of respondents per month migrate out for winter seasonal
have educational backgrounds up to class 5. trade. The rich people are the investors and
It means they have limited formal school, but the poor ones are dependent workers.
they are able to handle business. Only 21.8%
Process and destination of migration
of respondents were who have been school
from 6 grade up to SLC and above. The The Lobas of Upper Mustang migrate
low level of educational attainment is also because they need to migrate in order to
supportive in Nepal and India due to langue avoid cold, they would like to manage their
and group assistant. economic life with some source of income,
visiting their relatives who have been outside
Table 5: The main occupation of the
of their homeland, and some go for Buddhist
respondents
pilgrimage sites like Pokara, Shoyambhunath,
SN Occupation Respondents Percent Bhoudha Nath, Lumbini, Sarnath Gaya. For
1 Agriculture 67 85.9 this reason, they need to travel for some days
and livestock and they follow the traders. These days they
2 Trade 4 5.1 travel a few days because of road construction
3 Tourism 4 5.1 to Upper Mustang and road linking to the
4 Services 3 3.8 neighboring district such as Myagdi, Baglung,
Total 78 100 Parbat and Kaski district. The transportation
Source: Field Survey, 2015

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facility also hindered their business. The cost the traders is very important, in which
of travel has increased. These days they use a Loba do reme gyapken that is taking a
different mode of transportation such as jeep, turn as responsibility.
bus, plane etc.
Tamtin Chhiring (44) from Lo-manthang,
They usually travel in the group and in several
This interview is providing ideas about the
waves after harvesting their valuable single
experience of trading, co-operation in trade,
seasonal crops. They plan to return back in
expenditure, possible profits and pain and
the spring season at the time of the beginning
hope of being seasonal migrants in Upper
of agriculture activity in Upper Mustang.
Mustang.
Tamtin Chhiring was interviewed when he
Time and cost
was traveling to India with several Ladies
and a few men. Everyone looked happy and Economic and environmental reasons are the
they were laughing. First, he hesitated to tell most prominent causes of migration during
something about his journey but he shared winter the Lobas of Upper Mustang. Many
information very openly as: respondents have responded that they have
I have been to India for winter trade for multiple reasons to migrate during winter
28 years. At first, I started to work as a from Upper Mustang, such reasons include
vendor, and later I went to Ludhiana, cold, religious, health treatment, meeting
Panjab, India to give the order for a with family and friends, arrangements of
sweater at the factory to bring and sell in goods and services for trade during summer.
Varanasi. Nowadays, I spend about six Table 7: Reasons for migration
months in total to order a sweater, bring
to Varanasi and sell in 3 months and No. of
S Reasons Per-
return home. The reason why I do this respon-
N for migration cent
winter migration and trade there is no job dents
1 Very cold in Upper 7 9.0
during the winter in Lo-manthang. I must Mustang
leave behind my wife and other family 2 In search of additional 19 24.4
members at home and spend the cold income
winter in India. I have to earn to my family 3 To visit relatives and 1 1.3
members for summer. The margin of the family members
selling goods is about 25-30%. We sell 4 Multiple reasons 51 65.4
a sweater with a maximum price which including pilgrimage
costs 7-800 IC, and the cheapest one cost and medical treatment
Total 78 100
100-150 IC. There is no harassment from
Source: Field Survey, 2015
Indian security and other people, but we
must be cleaver that there are some people Table 7 shown that multiple reasons
who prefer to steal our things. We hire for migration. The winter season is the
government land for shopkeeping and opportunity for many activities outside their
pay collectively about 1500,000 IC for homeland. They usually travel up to 8 days
three months. The co-operation among to reach their destination.

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Table 8: Days to reach the destination place
S No. of days No. of
% SN
N used to travel respondents
1 Three days 10 12.8
2 Four days 30 38.5
3 Five days 25 32.1
4 Six days 5 6.4
5 Seven days 8 10.3
Total 78 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
Table 8 shows that 38.5% of respondents
have responded that they reach in 4 days.
32.1% has replied for 5 days. I can conclude
that 4-5 days needed to reach the destination.
The required days to travel differs by
destination and means of transportation used.
In the past, before road access to Upper
Mustang to Pokhara, they needed to walk at
least 15 days to reach only to Pokhara. People
from Chhoser and Chhonhup would need
more days than Ghami and Surkhang, but
these days due to jeep and bus service from
upper Mustang only difference would be the
number of hours. In the past, people stayed
at the house of Nychang in Loba language
or ista in Nepali or fictive kin relatives, but
these people stay usually at the hotel, but
their preferences are to those hotels run by
their relatives or people from their regions.
Travel usually takes place in the group,
married and unmarried, relative, and
neighborhood for their own security while
traveling to India. It is safer for ladies to
travel in a group. Table 8 has shown that 41%
of respondents travel with multiple relations
that constitute family members as well as
with friends.
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Table 9: Accompany during travel
Accompany No. of
%
during travel respondents
1 Alone 6 7.7
Along with
2 18 23.1
family members
3 Neighbors 1 1.3
4 Relatives 9 11.5
5 Friends 12 15.4
6 Multiple 32 41.0
Total 78 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
They mainly use multiple means of
transportation such as jeep, bus, airplane,
train, taxi for travel. Some people also travel
with a helicopter but it is not the ordinary
means of travel. Travel cost also depend upon
the means of travel food and drink and the
types of the hotel they stay in. They mostly
travel in a group and mixture of their own
family, relatives, neighbors, and friends.
While traveling to India and returning back
from India most people from Lo-manthang,
Charang, Ghami, Chhonhup, Surkhang
usually stay in Kaji Pokhari, and Nagin tole
in Amarsigh Chhock in Pokhara. The Lobas,
especially from Chhoser lives in Dule Gauda
of Tanahun district, where people displaced
by GLOF from Chhoser have been living.
Another group of people who do not travel
India, but travel with horse lives in and
around Pame, nearby lakeside Pokhara. The
living arrangement is usually taking place on
the basis of relationship and familiarity with
the people, which are mainly concentrated
around the religious heritage centers. This
happens while traveling to India and hill
regions and their return. Some stay in nearby
Pema Tshal monastery, Amchi School in
Yamdi, Pokhara. These people do small
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trade like Jimbu, hing, birenun in and around
Pokhara. They advertise their jimbhu as such
that Chhimekiko nak mitho, aafno bhancha
mitho; it means when you cook it tasty
smells even outside of the house or neighbors
know by smell and taste good when you eat.
Similarly, winter season schools are dispersed
according to their stay such as Deep Jyoti
High School from Chhoser is located nearby
Kaji Pokhari. Chhodea monastery is built for
the winter season in Bouddha. Many people
live in and around Bouddha and Shoyambhu
in Kathmandu.
Table 10: Financial cost of travel
Financial cost No. of
SN % cost themselves. The new ones are paid
of travel respondents
1 Up to 10,000 7 9.0
2 11000-15000 31 39.7
3 16000 and 40 51.3
above
Total 78 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
The cost of travel reaches above NRs. 16000
responded by 51.3 % of respondents as
shown in table 9. The destination of seasonal
migrants as interviewed to:
People from Chhoser and Chonhup
prefer mostly go to the hill region of
mid-hills such as Baglung, Myagdi,
Parbat, Syangja, Kaski, Lamjung,
Tanahun, Gorkha, Dhading. They speak
fluent Nepali Language. They have
built relationships with the local people.
People from Lo-manthang, Charang,
Ghami they usually go to India. People
from Samar, Ghiling, and Muktinath
usually go and stay in Assam. Their
business follows networking with the
local people, their own neighborhood.
Nepali, Hindi, and English speakers go to
India. They love Hindi film songs. Young
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go for wage working, and adult people
are real traders. They usually go two or
three times to visit Ludhiyana to get their
trading goods when they have good sell.
Those who trade and tourism business
during the summer in Lo-manthang they
usually like to take holidays, having fun,
meeting with family and relatives. Hindi
and they need to calculate their business.
Local money lenders give money with
interest, 12%, 18%, up to 24% depending
upon the time they borrow money. Risk
is those who sell sheep and goat; they
earn in a large amount and loss in the
large number as well. Those who go for
wages, the first time they manage travel
less than those of experience. Those who
are more matured the rate is about 15000
per month including food and shelter.
Usually, they are paid in a lump sum for
three months. Those who have better
experience get more money to bring
home around 50,000 NRs.
Sankha Lal Gurung (60) Chhoser
Property and caring in Upper Mustang
Ownership of property is closely related with
the security dimension of the Lobas. The
types of property, safeguarding property and
security of resources have genuine issues
when people migrate from place to another.
Moreover, some pertinent concerns include
how they get information about their houses,
the wages or gifts given to those people
who take care of the property, types of work
undertaken who live in the Upper Mustang.
The other relevant social and cultural
categories are: 96.2% of respondents own
property in Upper Mustang. Among those
property owners, 70% of respondents own
land, house, livestock (see table 11).
 UNITY JOURNAL
Table 11: Types of property Some people who asked to do work during
S Types of No. of Percent their absence are paid wages. They are paid
N property respondents in a Lump sum, Sankha Lal Gurung one of
1 House 3 3.8 the Key informants says:
2 Land 1 1.3 Those who stay in Upper Mustang and
3 Hotel 1 1.3 take care of property especially house
4 Land, house and 70 93.3 they get a lump sum from 5-10,000 (for 5
livestock months), if the work to be done more than
5 Missing (Who do 3 3.8 expected then the property owner offers
not own Property) extra money. In a rich family almost
every household, one person in a family
Total 78 100 stays back.
Source: Field Survey, 2015 Sankha Lal Gurung (60), social worker, and
Table 11 shows that 76.9% of respondent’s former teacher from Chhoser VDC.
property is taking care of their own family
Those people who stay and take care of
members. Similarly, 21.8% of respondents
the property in Upper Mustang do perform
have responded that their property is looked
feed livestock clear snow when it falls,
after by their relatives and neighbors. Those
occasionally lightening light at home. Those
people who have migrated seasonally get
who take care of the property are paid in cash
information mainly by mobile phone.
and kind.
Table 12: Taking care of the property
Economic activities at the destination
S Taking care of No. of
% Where Loba go and live; what arrangement
N the property respondents
Own family is done for the living where they trade, why
1 60 76.9 usually they go there, how they manage
members
their investment, if they work for others,
2 Neighbors 9 11.5
how much they save or not, goods sold
3 Relatives 9 11.5
from wholesalers, or retailers, amount of
Total 78 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015 investment, loss and profit, benefits, and
challenges are most important questions.
Table 13: Wages for the person or family who
What others activities such as pilgrimage,
takes care of the property
health treatment, recreation, education, and
Wages for others are carried out while being at the
S No. of
taking care of % place. The situation who has been to mid-Hill
N respondents
the property regions of Nepal is quite different from those
1 Turn by turn 18 23.1
who have been to India. This trade-in Nepali
(reme ghypkin) Hills is called rigu and the traders are called
2 Cash 3 3.8
3 Goods 8 10.3 rigura. One interview was taken with rigura
4 Gift 43 55.1 for his experience.
5 Multiple 6 7.7 I buy goods in Kathmandu and Pokhara.
Total 78 100
I went to sell items such as jimbu,
Source: Field Survey, 2015

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(Himalayan herbal spices) nirmasi,
pakhanbed, jethimadhu, yarsa gumba
(medicine), bire nun, phitkiri, necklace,
for Gurung dress, kantha mala, moti
mala, lockets, women’s cosmetic goods.
I went together with my nephew (sister’s
son) around Gorkha, Lamjung. I also
brought to sell socks, trousers, and a cap.
I invested only around 45, 000 NRs. and
I earned more than 50,000 NRs. I just
roamed different villages for a month. I
was able to buy some foodstuffs, such as
rice, lentil/pulse, beaten rice, sugar, tea,
LPG, clothes to children, wife, and sister.
They are happy.
Funjok Gurung (40) - Chhoser-5
The interview of Funjok gives the idea
of roaming trade in Nepal which is quite
different than in India. With a short time,
and small investment people can earn good
amount of money and arrange household
consumption. They go with relatives not in
a big group because their customers are few.
Sell varieties of items. They have fewer risks.
Maximum people stay in a rental house which
constitutes 62.8%. 7.7% of respondents have
said that they stayed at their own house. The
reasons are given as familiarity of the place,
people, environmentally comfortable and
secure.
Table 14: Living arrangement of respondents
S Living No. of Percent
N arrangement respondents
1 Own house 6 7.7
2 Rent 49 62.8
3 Friend’s house 6 7.7
4 Relative’s house 3 3.8
5 Others 8 10.3
6 Missing 6 7.7
Total 78 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
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In trade, investment is one of the essential
components, whether someone has their own
resource or arranged using different social-
cultural mechanisms. 35.9% of respondents
have said that they use their own resources.
Similarly, 30 % borrowed from local money
lenders. The interest depends on 12-24% per
year. Some of them work for wages.
I visited Vanarashi for the business around
mid of Asoj, 2072 BS. First, I went to
Ludhiyana by train from Gorakhpur. I
ordered sweaters at the Factory, it needs
around two weeks for clearing demanded
goods. I invested in the 700,000 IC. I got
goods for 1,000,000 IC and I will pay
before I go back to Nepal. They need
to pay sales tax, around 12-13,000 IC.
This time many goods will be remaining
which worth about 4-500,000 IC, which
will be sold next year. The rate of profit
is up to 50%. I have two stalls. I pay
wages 40-50,000 for each worker. My
husband did not come with me, he has
to look after the hotel in Kagbeni and he
is not educated for winter trade. I have
two children (one daughter 8 years old
and one son of 7 years ). I come with my
daughter. I feel secure. In the past, people
steal clothes and we needed a big effort
to convince customers but these days we
have a fixed price and we do not need to
bargain. If anyone interested to buy they
buy otherwise, it is OK. We have to pay
rent for a room for a year. We need room
for next year as well as to store remaining
sweaters and our other belongings. So,
we need to pay rent in advance. We
usually travel in a group in order to avoid
trouble in Indian cities. In Biyanyak Park,
we need to pay rent in a group. We have a
committee to look after.
Lhohacho Gurung (35) Chhoser but currently
in Kagbeni
 UNITY
This is an ample example of the independent
status of the women among the Loba.
Women have decision making power even
in the economic sectors and mobility outside
without any barrier. Another interview gives
the situation of the handing of business in
Vanarasi, especially in Binayak Park. There
are other places as well where Loba trade,
such place includes just in front of the railway
station and
There are 28 stalls in Binayak park.
These stalls are used mostly by
traders from Chhoser, Lo-manthang,
Ghami (Dhakmar), Tcharang, Ghiling,
Chhuksang. They need to pay the toilet
separately 5 and 3 Indian Currency (IC)
for long and short toilets respectively
each time. I am paying 3500 IC for a room
separate in Maidakini. I need to pay 20
IC for travel to the room each way. This
year's chairperson of the management
committee is Kunga Sangbu; this change
for next year. There is a rotation of
leadership Tcharang-Ghami one year
and Lo-manthang, Chhoser, Chhonhup
another year. They followed this reme
ghyapkin strictly. They sell a jacket,
sweater, Maflar, cap all are winter goods.
People steal during the pick period of the
season. These days local people respect
us. Women are highly respected. To bring
a sweater from Ludhiyana and buy from
local whole sellers differs by 100-150 IC
per item, and the quality is also better
if bought in Ludhiyana. We use Parcel
Carrier Van (PCV) train to deliver our
goods, which is arranged mostly through
middle persons. A maximum 30-40%
margin is made to sell each item.
Interview with Chhewang Norbu Gurung (28)
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In order to understand the problems, strategy,
and trust which is expressed in the interview
of Tamange Bista that is in detail as below:
I come from Lo-manthang bit earlier than
others because I need to go to Ludhiyana
to order goods. In Ludhiyana, the Panjabi
factory owner speaks Tibetan or Loba
language fluently. Mostly they are
Panjabi. There are few Muslims as well.
They have kept banner of Tibetan exiled
Dalai Lama under their factory hoarding
board. We face difficulties to carry
money from Nepal. Nepali police trouble
us to carry money with us even 50,000
IC which is not enough; it is enough for
traveling to India. These days everything
is expensive, but the factory owner in
Panjab gives us goods in credits. Even
a new person who is not familiar with
factory owners if introduced by a familiar
one trusted and given goods. One sack
cost around 300,000 IC if I bought 4 sacks
it cost around 1,200,000 IC. I do not have
that much money; maybe I give 100000
IC so they give us others on credit, and
we should give back after selling. The
factory owner sends a person to collect
money in Vanarashi. If they are unable to
sell and payback in such conditions they
agree to pay next year after selling.
Tamange Bista (54), Lo-manthang
The migrants not only traders themselves but
also work for wages and learn for the future.
Table 15 shows the details.
 UNITY JOURNAL
Table 15: Nature of work business for 25 years. My mother comes
from Chhetri caste from Kathmandu, but
S Nature of No. of my father is Lamichane Gurung. I have
%
N work respondents no difficulties in selling because there is
Own a fixed rate. I speak Nepali, Hindi and
1 53 67.9
investment English very well. I enjoyed being with
2 Work for lords 15 19.2 Nepali. Himachal is very cold. I can
travel to Himachal in a day by train. I
Missing 10 12.82
earn 7,000 IC each month. I get food and
Total 78 100 shelter form, my master.
Source: Field Survey, 2015
Abhilasha Gurung (21)
Table 15 shows that most of the winter
People from Upper Mustang also do business
migrants (67.9%) respondents are investing
in co-operation with Tibetan refugees. In the
their own money and among them, 19.2%
Tibetan refugee managed area, there were at
are working for others. 41% of respondents
least six Loba stalls (stall no. 2, 10, 17, 19,
directly buy from leading whole sellers or
21, and 22).
producers or carried mostly from Ludhiyana,
but 33.3% of respondents buy with local Table 16: Management of capital resources
whole sellers. The Loba trader even hires
people from India who speak Nepali and S Management of No. of
%
Hindi fluent and trusted. They also have an N capital respondents
ancestral relation to Nepal. The following 1 Own saving 28 35.9
two interviews are significant in this regard. 2 borrow 24 30.8
I come from Aasham as a wage worker Loan from
for selling a sweater. I have a mother, 3 financial 1 1.28
three sisters, one big brother (all siblings institution
are married to Nepali speaking Indians
4 Multiple 10 12.82
in Aasham). My mother is a widow and
Missing
single. My family member speaks Nepali 5 15 19.23
(workers)
at home. We have Nepali speaking
community in Aasham. I come every year Total 78 100
in November for 4 months to Vanarashi. Source: Field Survey, 2015
I come to contact because my master’s
daughter is living in Aasham, and she The trade is somehow the individual capacity
arranges my travel and job. I stay with to bargain and influence the customers. One
my master. They provide me food and of the most important factors would be the
shelter. They give me 6000 IC per month. elasticity of the price of goods. The informants
said about fixed price controls anarchy in the
Interview with Reshma Sunar (18)
pricing and bad relationship among the traders.
I am a student for BBA final year in The rate of profit and price is determined by
Himachal Pradesh. I came here in the committee. The committee is led in turn
October and I stay until February. I am system which called Reme Ghyapkin. They
working since last year. My mother had a have a fixed price which is stamped by the

85
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committee. The profit might take 50-100%,
it is not sure it can range up to 30% as the
most common margin. The rate of profit
and loss are not accurate since many did not
respond appropriately. The loss was difficult
to document. The trade was one thing when
they are in the hill and different parts of India,
and there are a number of other activities
such as pilgrimage, education, entertainment.
When they return almost everyone, they bring
goods which are useful, such as clothes, grain,
medicine, solar equipment. These things are
bought either in Pokhara or in Kathmandu.
Such goods are brought to sell by 41% of
respondents, but 52.6% of respondents use for
self-consumption.
In order to evaluate the explicit and implicit
costs and benefits of winter migration, it is
a complicated thing to do, but many people
think that it provides employment, income,
saving grain at home, health treatment,
comfortable living, and others.
Those people who visit the mid-hill region
of Nepal usually take herbal spices as part
of their trading. 41% of respondents reported
that they carry items from Upper Mustang to
sell; however, 52.6% do not bring anything for
selling except their own consumption. They
carry back home usually readymade clothes,
food, medicine, drink many other essential
materials, mostly for home consumption.
Lobas enjoy multiple immediate benefits
of winter migration, such as temporary
employment, limited source of income,
saving grain, and fuel, health accessibility,
comfortable living in a warmer climatic
condition. a is also represented that 67.9% of
respondents have responded that they enjoy
multiple benefits due to winter out-migration.
These benefits support the livelihood of
the Lobas, which is the most fundamental
humanitarian security dimension.
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Table 17: Benefits of winter migration
S No. of
Benefits %
N respondents
1 Employment 1 1.28
2 Income 5 6.41
3 Saving grain 6 7.69
Comfortable
4 2 2.6
living
5 Health treatment 1 1.28
5 Multiple benefits 55 70.51
6 Missing 8 10.3
Total 78 100
Source: Field Survey, 2015
Very few numbers of youth stay in Upper
Mustang. They need to take care of their
property, and some take care of others too.
They get paid when they look after other’s
houses, feeding livestock and clearing snow
on the rooftop. Those who have a large
number of livestock such as cows, sheep,
and goats. Those who do not speak other
languages than Loba language stay in Upper
Mustang.
When people come to know that someone
not going out from Upper Mustang, those
people who have planned to go out ask to
look after the property. Those people who
look after property get money as wage it can
be fixed, such as 5000 NRs., but others pay
on the basis of how much work is carried
out during winter, the nature and frequency
of snowfall are one of the main phenomena
which determine the rate and amount of
wages. The winter seasonal migration with
trade has become very popular even Drokpa
has started winter seasonal migration and
trade. They ask help from their neighbor to
look after their livestock.
 UNITY
It is also essential to shed light on educational
migration too. It was good to meet Chhimi
Gurung and Chulgen Tenzin Gurung,
both associate professors of Bon religion
at Central University for Tibetan Studies
(CUTS), Sarnath, UP, India. Both professors
come from the Mustang district. According
to them, there are at least 30 university
students from Mustang and 15 comes from
Upper Mustang. The students who have been
studying at CUTS organized as “Mustang
Student’s Union”, and who also hosted
Loshar at Sarnath, India for the Lobas of
Mustang year 2016. The participants were
those who have been there for either business
or study or pilgrimage purposes.
Conclusion
The constitution of Nepal in part III, under
the title of fundamental rights, has clearly
mentioned that citizens will have the
fundamental rights to live with dignity; they
have rights to food, rights to justice, and rights
to equality. The rights which are guaranteed
by their constitution should be realized by
the citizens. If people realize that they do
not have these rights guaranteed, Nepal
shall ultimately face adverse consequences,
including conflicts and upheavals.
The Lobas have adapted to high altitude
harsh environments of Upper Mustang
during winter taking up their traditional
occupation based upon salt and grain trade.
The winter trade in India and jimbu and other
cosmetic goods supported their livelihood
by mobilizing various resources. The most
important thing is that they follow strictly
remeghyapkin and nechang the traditional
institution to manage the conflict in fulfilling
roles, duties, and sharing benefits. Their one
of the strategies of adaptation is ecological as
well as cultural resources exchanging goods
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and services with Tibetan as well as people
from the hill region of the western part of
Nepal. The trade is their past occupation, and
the legacy is found in different forms. There
are some changes in the amount of trade
material, modes of transportation and medium
of exchange. In the past barter system and
local livestock, transportation-based trade
was practiced in a limited geographical area
and circle of the people.
Out Migration has occurred in Lo-manthang
at the same time economic diversification
and various opportunities created at the local
level by GOs and NGOs. It has happened
that changes occurred in trade, tourism,
transportation, and communication. NOGs
and (I) NGOs enter Upper Mustang, GOs
expanded their services such as health
post, school, police post, VDC, veterinary.
These are the external agencies that are co-
operating in most of the cases to adopt in the
local environment.
The Lobas in Upper Mustang, in their
constant efforts to sustain their daily lives,
have been working hard to ensure their food
security. These indigenous ethnic people in
Nepal have been successful in adaptation
while securing their valuable resources
during their seasonal migration. Precisely, the
Lobas make significant contribution to make
community safe and comfortable in terms of
food security of individuals in particular and
the entire Nepal in general.
Acknowledgments
I am thankful to Santosh Sherchan, then Chief
of ACAP-Lo-manthang, for supporting me
to carry out this research. Similarly, I would
like to thank Lama Phunchok for his assistant
during this research and trip to Vanarashi
India.
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 UNITY
Reviewing the civil military relations in Nepal
Abstract
An exegesis of the civil military relationship
of Nepal in its entirety was maintained to
examine its historical trend and to generate
lessons for future direction. Review of
historical materials, opinions of national
and international scholars through different
time spans, and study of the evolution of
civil military relationship from medieval to
modern Nepal was carried out. A critically
meticulous analysis showed that the civil
military relationship in Nepal has been
cordial throughout history and the nature of
the army has gradually changed from feudal
clan based aggregation to a professional
army. Much of this professionalism in the
army began during the unification campaigns.
Deliberation on the issue of the civilian control
of the NA showed that it will be utterly unwise
to produce civilian shoulders and that we
need to stick to a professional army unless a
grave danger to our sovereignty materializes.
The activities of the army should always be
controlled by a duly elected government and
its expenses and actions checked and ratified
by the parliament. It was concluded that the
media image of the NA should remain open,
accessible, and politically neutral, and that
the army should continue its construction and
humanitarian works, both within and beyond
the borders. All concerned stakeholders must
strive to maintain a harmonious civil military
relationship in Nepal.
Keywords: civil military relations,
civilian army, professional army, military
humanitarian aid, civilian control over army
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Manoj Barakoti
Introduction
Military is a fundamental element of any
nation’s existence and sovereignty. As the
name indicates, defense services are needed
to defend the country, its vital national
interests and values against external and
internal (existing or potential) threats of
armed aggression. Armed forces are an
imperative as the ultimate instrument of
national security. Since time immemorial,
scholars have emphasized the role of military
for a nation’s well being- be it Plato (Plato,
375 B.C., p. 55) from ancient Athens or
Vegetius (Vegetius, 1473, p. 77) from Rome.
Nepal is no exception in this regard.
This issue of civil military relationship has a
long history that goes back to antiquity, to the
very beginnings of military organization in
civilian societies. In each country, the answer
to this question is deeply influenced by national
history, sentiments, and traditions. It depends
on the role of the army as a state institution
in the given country, subordination of the
military to political authorities as defined in
laws and constitutional arrangements, and so
on. Public perceptions of military personnel,
the prestige of the military officer's profession,
public opinion toward defense and foreign
policy of the regime and certain actions of
the army determine it. The very nature of the
problem is permanently changing because
both society and the military are constantly
changing as well (Rukavishnikov & Pugh,
2006, p. 87). Different dimensions of civil
military relationships include relationships in
the spheres of power and politics, economics
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and media, science and technology, culture
and history. Keeping in mind the peculiar
military history of Nepal, the nature of
civil military relationship well as the trend
of changes in the structure, function and
objectives of the army was analyzed from
what we can call the roots of Nepali Army,
before a scrutiny of some issues specific to
Nepali Army in the light of global scholarship
on civil military relationship.
Methodology
In this paper, review of the existing books
on Nepal’s military history, the history of the
unification wars, the opinions on the nature
of Nepal’s medieval military, the opinions on
civil military relationship by various national
and international scholars, the trend of Nepal’s
military humanitarian aid and construction
actions were examined and verified.
The author heavily relied on prior readings
on Nepal’s history and military evolution,
field visits to historically significant places
in Nepal and formal and informal discussions
with scholars of general and military history
of Nepal. Relevant materials were cross
checked and juxtaposed with the author’s
perceptions for generating conclusions and
recommendations. All the materials included
herein are the author’s personal accounts and
narratives.
Civil-military relations in Nepal: A used the land not only to reward his soldiers,
historical overview
Many commentators regard the rise of Prithvi
Narayan Shah as the origin of what we may
call the “Nepali Army”. But, lately a different
opinion has been taking shape. Scholars like
Prem Singh Basnyat like to attribute the rise of
Drabya Shah as the birth of the Nepali Army.
A few others claim that we cannot assign
any time period as the birth of Nepali Army
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because there were states with militia in this
region from ancient times, and that they were
ultimately assimilated to the Nepali Army. It
may be so, but in military studies, the idea of
military victory is predominant in determining
origin and assimilation of the army. There
also is the question of modernization: were
the militia of the medieval times trained
enough to be called an army, especially in the
backdrop of the fact that they were largely
comprised of Jhara solders? We might debate
upon the actual beginning of the institution
what we call today “Nepali Army”, but
one aspect of it is beyond contest: that the
institutionalization of the Nepali Army began
during the unification wars and continued
thereafter. It was also during the unification
wars when the visions of a balanced Nepali
Army first sprouted.
Until late Rana Regime, the Nepali Army
was not a modern, balanced institution. It
was basically a clan based army where the
higher officers had a significant control over
the soldiers, even in their personal, social
and communal lives. Especially in the early
stages, a Thapa (Khas) officer of another
ethnicity under him, there would be a leader
of the same ethnicity representing them.
Ownership of land provided the basic motive
for unification of Nepal (Stiller, 1973, p.
220). Prithvi Narayan Shah (and his heirs)
both officers and men of the battle line,
but also as an effective lure in winning the
support of men of influence in the areas under
war. Later, as time progressed and the nation
gradually modernized, so did the system of
revenue for the soldiers; they began to get
paid money, not land, and they ceased being
under the command of the officer belonging
to their ethnicity.
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After the unification, the major test of the
Nepali Army was, obviously, the Anglo-
Nepal war fought as a result of border disputes
and ambitious expansionism of both the
belligerent parties. Nepali soldiers in the war
consisted of both the professional soldiers
and in some instances the jhara soldiers.
While the war abruptly curtailed Nepal’s
expansionist ambitions, it did provide a touch
of professionalism in the army structure, and
as in many battles Nepal defeated the mighty
British; it did not curtail the enthusiasm of the
average Nepali soldier. The war had another
unintended effect however; the British,
awestruck by the Nepalese courage and
fighting spirit, began to recruit them- a policy
that still exists-, the relevancy of which will
be dealt with in later paragraphs.
New developments in the Nepali Army
organization occurred in the course of time.
One of the major changes was the control of
the entire army by the Rana clan. This was
an unprecedented event in Nepal’s military
history since the King was the sovereign and
the military was completely under his control
until then. Unlike similar events in many
other countries, the transition from the King’s
control of the army to the Prime minister’s
(that too in a family based hierarchical
system) should be taken for a paradigm shift
in the power dynamics of civilians and the
establishment. Many scholars are puzzled by
this event. Obviously, the reason for such a
abrupt swift was because of the land based
reward system and the clan based organization
of the army. Although the control of the army
changed from King to the Prime-minister,
nothing changed for the staff and command.
Indeed, Nepal was victorious in the Nepal
Tibet war under the control of Ranas.
This brings us to the role of Nepali Army
in relatively modern Nepal. A significant
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awakening occurred in the Nepali psyche after
the dawn of democracy in 2007 B.S. Just as
the earlier switch from being under the King’s
command to being under the Rana Prime
minister’s command, the democratization of
the army after 2007 B.S. should be taken for
a landmark reform in the military institution.
While full democracy remained short lived,
the switch to the King’s control was just as
prompt. This shows the impartiality and
neutrality of the Nepali Army when it comes
to political power, especially in the modern
times. This takes us to the ten year long
civil war and the subsequent overthrow of
monarchy. While in the beginning there were
questions regarding the successful transition
of Nepal into peace, and also the issue of
assimilation of former Maoist soldiers into the
army, these issues have largely been resolved
by now- at least the military aspects of them.
From its humble origins with a few thousand
men with a vision of a unified Nepal to the
modern Nepali army totaling around 95,000
men specialized in various military skills, it
has always been loyal to the people, and also
a staunch defender of Nepal’s sovereignty.
Civilian control over Army
Unsurprisingly, the central issue in the modem
theories of civil-military relations is that of
civilian control of the military. Currently, in
the literature concerning the subject, the term
"civilian control" is used interchangeably
with "political control." Civilian here
simply indicates the preeminence of civilian
institutions, based on popular sovereignty,
in the decision-making process concerning
defense and security matters. There are two
main approaches of understanding what
makes a military truly responsible to the
society. The first can be called the "political
approach" while the second can be named
 UNITY
the "sociological" one. (Huntington, 1957,
p. 305 & Janowitz, 1960, p. 208). The
political approach assumes that a formal
body of laws and regulations, and a formal
chain of command, would make the military
responsible to society, given that a civilian
head of state served as supreme commander-
in chief of the national armed forces; a civilian
legislature approved its budget; and that the
head of state and the legislators, as elected
officials, represented the will and interests
of the people more broadly, with checks
and balances existing between government
departments. The sociological approach
developed from the assertion that genuine
civilian control of armed forces could be
completely realized only when the military is
integrated into the broader network of societal
relations implying that not professional
warriors, but citizen-soldiers would better
link the military to its host society through
their civilian roots. In Nepal’s case, we have
had the chance to employ both of these views
to practice; one in the beginning days, and the
other in the modern Nepali army. The choice
of using these two approaches has varied
from country to country and time to time.
Apart from specific legal and constitutional
arrangements, civil-military relations are
influenced by a country's historical traditions
and particularly its military history; economic
and social conditions; the evolution of its
internal political landscape; and, certainly,
by the international security environment,
primarily the country's inclusion in alliances
(Rukavishnikov & Pugh, 2006, p. 87). The
relationship between the military and the
state, societal structures, and institutions
forms the core of the complex set of
civil-military relations. Despite the very
importance of this point, we have to stress
that the entire set of issues relating to civil-
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military relations cannot be reduced to
the political control of armed forces.The
democratic principle requirement follows
from the premise of popular sovereignty that
only democratically constituted (elected)
civilian authority can legitimately make
policy, including defense and security
policy. Where the civilian control is weak or
nonexistent, military influence laps over into
other areas of public policy and social life
(Kohn, 1997, p. 60). Essentially, the military,
as a subsystem of society, is characterized
by distance from the people and a distinct
non-civilian subculture and substructure. The
need for such distinctiveness is related to the
tasks, functions, and responsibilities which
are assigned to military.
For instance, the primary role of military
during the early days of Nepal’s unification
was the annexation of a foreign land. The
lower number of the available fighting age
soldiers, the difficulties of conquering forts
set at hilltops, and the lure of the ownership
of land that military service ensured shaped
the civil military relationship of Nepal during
the ancient and early modern days. We may
not posit such a military as a prime example
of an exercise of the sociological approach
of military-such a structure of the army was
largely a result of necessity-, but it is at least a
rudimentary example of such. The question is:
could we drastically change the entire outlook
of the Nepalese military- creating citizen
soldiers instead of professional soldiers-
in the name of bringing the army under
civilian control? Before we decide on such an
issue, we have to deliberate on the military
history, social and economic conditions and
international security environment. In my
opinion, we have to stick to a professional
army during the period of relative peace, and
should a grave danger appear that threatens
 UNITY
our sovereignty, we have no choice but to
enlist citizen soldiers- something like a
modern variation of the jhara system. In
the long-run the military must shrink, in the
greater powers elsewhere, i.e. civilians, but
we must have a military that is professional,
also well prepared for operations other than
war, and respected by civilians.
We are fortunate in that we have a military
that has always respected civilian supremacy
since its birth, and there is not a single
major case of violation of this ideal. Civilian
control of the army includes the achievement
of a degree of transparency in the sphere
of defense spending and defense planning.
In a democracy, the government is obliged
to keep citizens informed. Information is a
debt to be paid to the public (Gershman &
Bellow, 1995, p. 67). Citizens have the right
to know what their government plans and
intends concerning the deployment of the
armed forces. We must maintain our current
system where the democratic government, the
civilian executive authority, has the power to
determine the size, type, and composition of
the armed forces; to define the military and
national security doctrines and concepts of
military reforms; to propose budgets; and so
on; for which it needs confirmation by the
legislature.
In my opinion, it is now high time that we
review the policy of exporting military service
to other nations. This system began after the
Anglo-Nepal war, and has continued till the
modern day. Because of dire unemployment,
a large number of youths are forced to sell
their military services to foreign nations and
fight under a different flag. While this may
help us to maintain a cordial relationship
with a few nations-and save a few thousand
youths from unemployment-, it will not help
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us in the long run. Nepali Army also needs to
continue to maintain a proper media image
to the public. Media forms the social image
of the military and shapes public attitudes
toward the missions of armed forces (Lode,
1997). Because soldiers are also exposed
to mass communication, it can change the
social outlook of soldiers along with other
influences. Democracy assumes a free press
for the dissemination of information.
Another aspect that the Nepali Army must
continue is humanitarian aid (both within and
beyond borders) and its role as a construction
institution, as infrastructural development is
highly due in current Nepal and the army has
been a source of trust in these matters- shown
by the success of army led infrastructure
projects such as “Fast Track”. Especially
under the UN peace keeping force, Nepalese
military has often carried out humanitarian
activities, and many commentators argue that
military humanitarianism is not an oxymoron
anymore because military action has often
defended humanitarian values as in Nepal’s
case (Weiss, 1999, p. 198). As shown by the
Nepali Army, armed protection and military
involvement can be beneficial in preventing
or mitigating human sufferings.
The Nepali Army must be a proponent of the
modern democratic ideals such as opportunity
to all ethnic communities in the army; and
Nepali Army has, since the past decade,
obediently done so. While merit and military
and critical thinking skills should be the
prime basis for higher ranks, a proportional
representation can be maintained at lower
ranks with much less hassle. This includes
opportunities for women and transgender. It
is also a high time that the defense program
of Nepal include higher grade artilleries
and discussions of the inclusion of nuclear
 UNITY
power in its military arsenal, as many nations
surrounding us have gone nuclear. While we
must strive to maintain peace, the Nepali
Army must be capable of retaliation, if a
surrounding neighbor tries to threaten our
sovereignty, and the help of obliging friendly
nations will be the key. We must look forward
to getting inside the military alliances in the
region and beyond to prepare for such a
drastic scenario.
Conclusion
Throughout history, the civil military
relationship in Nepal has been cordial;
and we must strive to maintain it that way.
We must be ready to upgrade our military
power, its democratic adherence, and must
keep it under civilian control at all costs. The
international security environment is unlikely
to change dramatically over the short run
and we would prefer to see a defining of the
roles of our armed forces in foreign peace
support missions and domestic construction
missions in compliance with our national
constitution. We must maintain a harmonious
civil military relationship; but we must also
remain prepared for threats.
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itihas, p. 108.
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Hybrid threats in the national security context of Nepal
Abstract
Of late, hybrid warfare has emerged as a
widely contested but practically tested war
strategy anticipated in the future. This paper
revolves around strategies to deter, mitigate
and counter hybrid threats to national
security in the context of Nepal. Prevailing
geopolitical and geostrategic environments
exhibit that different actors, including state
and non-state hybrid strategies pose a
clear challenge to Nepal's national security
interests. Hence, there is a need for a national
security strategy to counter hybrid threats
which demands fresh thinking, expanding the
traditional enemy-centric threat assessment
and response. But the general understanding
of hybrid warfare is underdeveloped because
hybrid means are ambiguous and complex,
such as unorthodox, unpredictable and
constantly changing. Ultimately, developing
and implementing effective national
security policy, ensuring political stability,
zero tolerance policy on corruption, good
governance, economic and resources
development, trusted law enforcement,
effective stakeholders including security and
intelligence system, building resilience are
the best ways to prevent a hybrid war before
it erupts. This article argues that Nepali
Army, as a key responder, too needs to have
an updated military doctrine and strategy on
its role in countering it
Keywords: hybrid threats, conflicts, warfare,
national security, war strategy, military
doctrine
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Padam Kumar Angbo
Hybrid threats
Of late, Hybrid Warfare (HW) has emerged as
a widely contested but practically tested war
theory. For example, Russia's use of hybrid
tools in three instances indicates that it has
successfully applied concepts of hybrid war,
as expounded by Gerasimov, in furthering its
strategic and political aims (Kohli, 2018, pp.
187-188). Consequently, many of the nations'
security strategy documents have already
incorporated it. In the UK’s 2015 Strategic
Defense and Security Review, hybrid threats
were classified as a ‘Tier One’ risk to national
security and hybrid attacks on allies as a ‘Tier
Two’(UK's, National Security Strategy &
Strategic Defense & Security Review 2015,
p. 85). Both state and non state actors have
successfully implemented the hybrid strategy
to counter relatively mightier state militaries.
Therefore, its relevancy is likely to grow as
nation–states, including Nepal are likely to
face more hybrid threats in future primarily
due to clash of interests. Actors will have
more access to means that can target more
vulnerabilities, more cost- effectively.
As scholars Brown, Lackey, and Forester
(2019, p. 35) aptly write, "we are at strategic
inflection point. A hypercompetitive global
environment coupled with accelerating
technological, economic and social change
has resulted in an incredibly challenging
and complex twenty-first century operating
environment." In such a politico military
strategic environment, the evolving theory
of HW merits a critical detailed assessment.
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Apparently, it should form an integral part of
Nepal's security strategy. Foregoing in view,
this paper aims to help generate a conceptual
clarity required for officers to help understand
and think about how to deter, mitigate and
counter hybrid threats to national security in
the context of Nepal.
Considering the indispensability of national
security in changing global context, this
paper outlines a strong nation –state’s hybrid
threats in respective four parts of this paper.
a. Notion of theory of HW
b. Characteristics and challenges
c. Hybrid Threat Scenario in the context
of Nepal
d. The way ahead
Notion of hybrid war
As a Swedish analyst Gunneriussan (2017,
p. 111) generously suggests, the term hybrid
warfare has "travelled a lot in definition".
In fact, there is no universally accepted
definition of the term HW. Experts use
these terms, including hybrid threats,
warfare activity, operations tactics and
conflict interchangeably. There are diverse
perspectives on hybrid war.
Hoffman (2007, p. 8) proffers that “hybrid
warfare incorporates a full range of different
modes of warfare, including conventional
capabilities, irregular tactics and formations,
terrorist acts including indiscriminate
violence and coercion, and criminal disorder”.
Similarly, Korybko (2007) noted hybrid
warfare as an attack against Russia, the
Eurasian concept and the initiatives to
implement One Belt One Road and China.
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However, Gerasimov states, “What constitutes
a weapon in this grey area no longer has
to go ‘bang’. Energy, cash - as bribes -
corrupt business practices, cyber attacks,
assassination, fake news, propaganda and
indeed military intimidation are all examples
of the weapons used to gain advantage in this
era of ‘constant competition” (MCDC, 2019,
p. 1)
In addition, Liang and Xiangsui state that
“everything is changing. We believe that the
age of a revolution in operating methods,
wherein all of the changes involved in the
explosion of technology, the replacement
of weapons, the development of security
concepts, the adjustment of strategic targets,
the obscurity of the boundaries of the
battlefield, and the expansion of the scope
and scale of non-military means and non-
military personnel involved in warfare are
focused on one point, has already arrived”
(MCDC, 2019, p. 8).
Israel defines hybrid warfare as a method of
social warfare (Sandor, 2019).
Russian strategists use the term ‘hybrid war’
to refer to alleged US efforts to weaken and
ultimately overthrow unfriendly governments,
particularly, but not exclusively, the Russian
government, using a variety of kinetic and
non-kinetic means (Charap, 2016, p. 51).
The hybrid threat can be taken for a blend of
different forces, such as regular and irregular
directed to accomplish productive effects
through the military institution for the state.
Cilevics (2018) considers “hybrid threat”
a “catch all” notion, used to designate the
occurrence of simultaneous security threats.
According to the EPRS it may cover various
situations, including terrorist acts of Boko
Haram, Al-Queda or Daesh, actions against
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cyber security, actions of armed criminal
groups, such as those of Mexican drug
cartels, maritime disputes in the South China
Sea, constraints on the use of orbital space,
hostile economic acts, such as the blocking of
Japanese exports by China in 2010 or covert
military operations like the use of “green
men” in Crimea. Kumar ( 2018, p. 2) writes
that
Hybrid warfare has demonstrated that non-
state actors with state patronage, like the
Iran-backed Hezbollah, Pakistan backed
Taliban, US-backed Syrian Democratic
Forces, and Russian-backed militias in
Ukraine are waging war against states by
fighting within the nation and eroding the
authority of the state over its territory and
resources. Instead of relying solely on
irregular tactics, as insurgent groups have
done in the past, they have surprised their
adversaries with conventional capabilities
and the employments of cyber warfare to
degrade, disrupt, dislocate, and destroy
the ability of a state to fight a war.
Characteristics of hybrid threats
All nations and organizations should be
prepared to tackle hybrid threats to their
security in changing global context. With
progress in science and technology, nation –
states and leaderships should be ready with
preemptive measures to security on different
fronts. Some of the salient features of hybrid
war are enumerated below.
a. It operates in the “gray zone” between
war and peace, conventional and irregular
conflict.
b. It generally, makes an extensive use
of proxies.
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c. HW may fall short of an outright
military attack.
d. It is hard to detect, identify a proper
response against hybrid threats.
e. It targets vulnerabilities across
societies in ways that we do not
conventionally imagine about.
f. It synchronizes its means in new and
ambiguous ways.
g. HW exploits creativity, and our
understanding of war to make attacks less
obvious.
h. A HW campaign may not be seen
until it shows effects.
i. It is population/ urban centric.
j. It economizes the use of force by use
of cyber tools (Chivvis , 2017, p. 4)
k. Non-state actors demonstrate
unexpected levels of military
sophistication.
l. Hybrid adversary resorts the law as a
weapon (Lawfare)
Challenges to national security
Hybrid threats pose complex and multifarious
challenges to national security because, in
hybrid conflict, the challenges faced by a
nation’s armed forces surpass a military
challenge. The basic challenge in responding
to such a threat is whether to respond to
them as acts of war, or as confrontational
behavior or whether to respond to them at all.
The Taliban's strategy, modus operandi and
tactics during the Afghanistan conflict and
the Islamic State militia’s early campaigns
against the governing regimes in Iraq and
Syria demonstrate the complexity of hybrid
conflict.
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Hybrid threat in Nepal's context
Hybrid warfare is designed to exploit
national vulnerabilities across the political,
military, economic, social, and informational
and infrastructure (PMESII) spectrum
(Cullen & Kjennerud, 2017, p. 24). In the
context of Nepal, we can hypothesize three
categories of hybrid threat scenarios. The
first scenario is adversary's nonviolent
subversion. The second scenario is the non-
violent action. The third scenario could be
the violent action, including conventional
attacks in combination with other kinetic
and non kinetic tools to accomplish political
objectives. In order to comprehend the
above-mentioned scenario, it will be prudent
to identify contextual factors which help
envisage the vulnerabilities, threats and
response. The following contextual factors
illustrate our vulnerabilities.
a. Economic / Aid dependency
b. Political instability
c. Erosion of nationalism
d. Cyber
e. Corruption
f. High levels of dependency on
strategic commodity items like oil and gas
g. Geo-strategic location
h. Territorial dispute
i. Internal Security issues
j. Critical infrastructure
Hybrid threat instruments
Chinese Colonels Liang and Xiansui (1980)
propose that the adversary can employ the
following instruments in order to conduct
hybrid activities.
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a. Cultural
b. Diplomatic
c. Network Intelligence
d. Psychological
e. Technological
f. Smuggling
g. Drug warfare
h. Financial Trade
i. Resources
j. Economic/economic aid incentives
k. Sanctions
l. Media/propaganda
m. Ideology/religion
n. Forced population shifts/migration
Meanwhile, RAND (2018) proffers covert
means, unconventional warfare and proxy
warfare as hybrid threat instruments. Dubik
and Vincent (2018) consider domestic
networks and military coercion (short of
war) as the potential non-violent hybrid
threat instruments. Additionally, the main
instrument of hybrid war is the notorious ‘fifth
column’ of agents of influence controlled by
adversary.
Conclusion
Prevailing geopolitical and geostrategic
environments exhibit that different state and
non state actors pose a clear challenge to
Nepal's national security from hybrid threats.
There is a need for fresh thinking while
expanding the traditional enemy-centric threat
assessment and response. Unfortunately,
as Cullen & Kjennerud (2017, p. 8) argues
that "our common understanding of hybrid
warfare is underdeveloped and therefore
 UNITY
hampers our ability to deter, mitigate and
counter this threat." In any case, hybrid
aggression has to be prevented or deterred.
Perhaps, it will be too late to defeat a hybrid
adversary once prevalence of political,
military, social, economic, diplomatic and
informational conditions is in enemy's side.
Therefore, hybrid threats have to be dealt
before they take us by surprise.
But in view of nation's ground realities, how
then is it possible to secure a nation from
hybrid threats? Hybrid ways and means
are ambiguous and complex (unorthodox,
unpredictable and constantly changing).
Like, the US Army TRADOC states, "The
Army cannot predict who it will fight, where
it will fight". Moreover, hybrid threats cannot
be countered solely by military means.
Ultimately, developing and implementing
effective national security policy, ensuring
political stability, zero tolerance policy on
corruption, good governance, economic
and resources development, trusted law
enforcement, effective stakeholders including
security and intelligence system, building
resilience are the best ways to prevent a
hybrid war before it erupts. Therefore, taking
initiative to prevent, counter and respond to
hybrid attacks by state or non-state actors,
should be accorded priority in Nepal's
national security strategy. Nepali Army, as a
key responder, too needs to have an updated
doctrine and strategy on its role in countering
HW.
Recommendations
The potential for hybrid threats to create a
paralysis effect in Nepal requires a strategic
response. Why strategic approach offers
solution to the problem is because countering
strategies against hybrid warfare are more
often successful than not when they address
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the ‘ends’ rather than tackling the ‘ways’ and
‘means’(Kumar, 2017). Foregoing in view,
following recommendations are proffered.
a. Strategy. Preparing necessary
response to adversary's hybrid threats or
attacks require a resolute national effort.
All the stake holders including security
agencies should be effectively prepared
to counter hybrid attacks in any form. To
do that, as a first step, “Hybrid threats”
be considered in our National Security
Strategy. Such strategy essentially will
have three broad implications i.e. to detect
hybrid threats, deter hybrid aggressors
and respond to hybrid attack.
b. Consensus about the threat.
Developing and implementing above
mentioned national security strategy
would require consensus about hybrid
threats, HW and its meaning to Nepal's
national security. The criticality of
cooperation with non-military actors and
a thorough understanding of civil-military
coordination to achieve unity of effort
cannot be overemphasized.
c. Vulnerabilities assessment. As a
minimum national government should
conduct a self-assessment of critical
functions and vulnerabilities across all
sectors, and maintain it regularly (Cullen
& Kjennerud, 2017, p. 24). National
efforts should augment threat assessment
activity including non-conventional
political, economic, civil, informational
tools and capabilities.
d. Prevention. Ensuring political
stability, zero tolerance policy on
corruption, good governance, economic
development and trusted law enforcement,
effective stake holders including security
 UNITY
and intelligence agencies are the best
ways to stop a hybrid war before it erupts
as a security challenge.
e. Natural resources. There is a need
for developing the country’s natural
resources for economic growth, as
modern warfare is more than weapons and
technology.
f. Capability. Nepal must develop
the ability to deter and defeat a variety
of complex state / non-state, regular/
irregular potential hybrid adversaries.
Capability development includes not only
doctrine, training and equipment but also
embraces aspects such as civil-military
cooperation, cyber defense and human
intelligence for countering hybrid threats.
g. Anti-corruption. Tolerance of
corruption facilitates adversary's hybrid
strategies. According to the 2019
Corruption Perceptions Index reported
by Transparency International, Nepal is
the 113 least corrupt nations out of 180
countries. As then King Prithvi Narayan
Shah said, "Ghush khanya lai thokanya
hun "(Corrupt must not be spared,
Dibyopadesh, 2059, p. 46). Building
integrity is also necessary to enhance anti-
corruption efforts.
h. Doctrine. Basing upon National
Security Strategy, Nepali Army can
develop a comprehensive HW Military
Doctrine. When developing doctrine to
countering hybrid threats, she can refer
various factors including the lessons
learned from the past operations /conflicts.
i. Cyber. In Cyber domain, Nepal
needs to strengthen own defenses against
cyber attacks. Nepal faced around 800
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cyber attacks last year 2018. Facets of
those cyber attacks included attacks
on social media, piracy, identity threat,
unauthorized access, website hacking
(CAN Federation, 2018 ).
References
Brown, R. B., Lackey, B.R., & Forester, B.G.
(2019). Competing with China for a free and
Open Indo pacific, China's new style warfare,
Military Review, p.35. September- October
2019
Charap, S. (2015). The ghost of hybrid war,
Survival, 57:6, 51-58, DOI:10.1080/003963
38.2015.1116147
Chivvis, C. S. (2017). Understanding Russian "
Hybrid Warfare" and What Can be Done About
It , p. 4 Published by the RAND Corporation,
Santa Monica, Calif. Cilevics, B., (2018),
Latvia: Legal challenges related to hybrid
war and human rights obligations, Report |
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https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-
XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=24547&lang=en
CAN Federation. (2018). CISCO Global cyber
security summit report
Cullen, P. J, & Kjennerrud, E. R. (2017).
MCDC countering hybrid warfare project:
Understanding Hybrid Warfare, p. 8, 24
Dubik & Vincent. (2018). America's global
competitions: The gray zone in context
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com/dictionary/hybrid
Gunneriussan, H. (2017). Bordieuluan field
theory as a instrument for military operational
analysis, Springer international publishing
2017, p 111
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Han, Y. (2011). "Changing security threats"
Imagining Asia in 2030, Trends, Scenarios
and Alternatives, p. 349 New Delhi, published
by Academic Foundation in association with
the Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis
(IDSA)
Hoffman, F. (2007). Conflict in the twenty-
first century: The rise of hybrid wars p. 8
published by the Potomac Institute for Policy
Studies, Arlington VA 22203 Retrieved
from https://www.potomacinstitute.
org/images/stories/publications/potomac_
hybridwar_0108 pdf
Kohli, N., Hybrid Warfare: The changing character
of conflict, Institute for Defense Studies and
Analysis, published by Pentagon Press, New
Delhi 110049 / 2018; pp. 187-188
Kumar, N. (2018). War beyond rules: Hybrid war
and India’s preparedness, CLAWS Journal, competitive edge p. 4 web https://dod.
pp. 758-74
Liang Q. & Xiangsui, W. (1980). Unrestricted
warfare, 1980
Liang & Xiangsui (1999). Trans-military and
non-military forms of warfare in unrestricted 2020-2040, 31 October 2014
warfare, Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts
Publishing House, February 1999
MCDC. (2019). Countering hybrid warfare
project: 'A deadlier peril', The role of
corruption in hybrid warfare, Information
Note, March 2019
MCDC. (2017). Countering Hybrid Warfare
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MCDC January 2017
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Ministry of Information and Communication,
Kathmandu, (2059 BS), Dibyopadesh, p. 46
NATO’s response to hybrid threats Last updated:
08 Aug. 2019, Retrieved from https://www.
nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_156338.htm
Nepal Corruption Rank, Trading economics
Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.
com/nepal/corruption-rank
Sandor, F., Hybrid warfare revisited, Retrieved
from https://globalecco.org/hybrid-warfare
revisited
Sehgal, I. (2018). Understanding hybrid warfare,
Retrieved from http://southasianmonitor.
com/z column/understanding-hybrid-warfare/
Summary of the 2018, National defense
strategy of the United States of America;
Sharpening the American military's
defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-
National-Defense-Strategy Summary.pdf
TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1; The U.S. Army
operating concept: Win in a complex world
UK's National security strategy and strategic
defence and security review. (2015).
Retrieved from https://www.gov.
uk/government/publications/national-
security-strategy-and strategic-defence-and
security -review 2015 and https://www.nato.
int/cps/en/natohq/offical_texts_156624htm
 UNITY
Mainstreaming of climate change risks security through mitigation and
adaptation strategies in Nepal
Abstract
A combined effect of high mountains and
highly concentrated monsoon rainfall and
socio-economic conditions make Nepal a
highly vulnerable country to climate change.
Whereas Nepal barely shares emissions of
Global Greenhouse Gases (0.027%), it is the
fourth most vulnerable country in the world
due to the effects of climate change. In this
context, this paper aims to review the National
Climate Change Policy, 2019 to identify the
mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation
strategies in response to the climate change
for different sectors and cross cutting sectors.
Such an important policy document has for
the first-time addressed climate change
mitigation and adaptation strategies for
different sectors and cross-cutting sectors.
It has made provision of institutional set-up
representing federal, provincial and local
levels. Some of the new strategies under this
policy include development and expansion of
'payment for ecosystem services', construct
pond to collect rain water, make cycle lane in
urban roads, increase carbon stocks, and use
renewable technologies and manage climate
finance. It has given sole responsibilities of
functional coordination to the Ministry of
Forest and Environment (MoFE) leaving
other ministries as passive partners. This
can create incoherence between and among
the ministries and departments. The policy
formulation and institutional set-up need to
be complemented by legislation to achieve
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Pashupati Nepal
expected out-puts. Until now, there is not
a single legal document in Nepal that
exclusively addresses the climate change
issue. Therefore, promulgation of Climate
Change Act 2019 can resolve the problems of
climate change in the spirit of this policy.
Keywords: climate change, greenhouse gas,
adaption strategies,
Introduction
Rapid increase in earth’s surface temperature
and changing precipitation pattern has
resulted in direct implication to multiple
sectors. A combined effect of high mountains
and highly concentrated monsoon rainfall
and socio-economic conditions (ranks 149
in 2017 on the Human Development Index,
merely one-fourth of its population live
below poverty line) make Nepal a highly
vulnerable country to climate change.
Nepal’s geography makes the country’s
climate particularly complex. Because of the
extreme variations in elevation within short
distances, Nepal’s climate varies significantly
across the country, ranging from alpine and
arctic in the north to tropical in the south. The
country experiences tropical, meso-thermal,
micro-thermal, taiga and tundra types of
climate. Nepal has experienced direct impacts
of climate change and is one of the most
vulnerable countries to climate change in
the world (CBS, 2017). Nepal barely shares
emissions of Global Greenhouse Gases with
0.027% of global greenhouse gas emission
 UNITY
(MoPE, 2016b), it has been facing severely
adverse climate change effects. Nepal is the
fourth most vulnerable country with climate
change effects (MoSTE, 2015) resulted from
an increasing level of temperature and change
in precipitation patterns in different sectors,
including agriculture, forest, water resources
and disaster (MoPE, 2016a). The emerging
climate status of Nepal demands integration
of climate change adaptation into various
sectoral policies/plans and programs so that
people can adapt to the changing situation
(NPC, 2011).
Recent study on observed climate trend
analysis from 1971 to 2014 by the
Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
(DHM) shows that the average annual
maximum temperature has been increasing
by 0.056°C per year (DHM, 2017). Another
study found that a small, but statistically
significant, increase in the frequency of
hot nights has been observed. In contrast,
the annual frequency of “cold” days and
nights has decreased significantly since
1960 (McSweeney, New & Lizcano, 2010).
The mountain regions are warming more
than the plains (ICIMOD, 2018). The mean
annual temperature is expected to continue
to increase in Nepal over the remainder of
the century. Recent projections indicate that
mean annual temperatures could increase
by 1.3–1.8°C by the 2050s, with the highest
increases in the mountain regions. Along with
this, an increase in warm days and nights
is predicted (ICIMOD, 2018). With respect
to precipitation, the situation is a lot more
uncertain. The DHM analysis found that there
is no significant trend in precipitation for the
country overall; however, district-level data
shows a significant decreasing trend in eight
districts and an increasing trend in three. Other
trends, such as a tendency for decreasing
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precipitation in all seasons in the high
mountains, were not found to be significant
(DHM, 2017). Precipitation extremes are
found to be increasing (Karki et al., 2017).
Recently-developed scenarios suggest that
precipitation will increase by 2–6 per cent by
2030 and by up to 12 per cent by 2050. From
a seasonal perspective, precipitation is likely
to increase in all seasons except the pre-
monsoon, when decreases are projected. Pre-
monsoon (March to May) rain is decreasing
mainly in the west and increasing in the east.
Extremes are also expected to occur more
frequently, with an increase in very wet and
extremely wet days. Overall, the range of
uncertainty in the projections is, however,
large that demands flexibility in adaptation
planning to address this problem (ICIMOD,
2018).
In Nepal’s Himalaya, total estimated ice
reserve between 1977 and 2010 has decreased
by 29 percent (129 km3). The number of
glacier lakes has increased by 11 percent and
glaciers recede on an average by 38 km2 per
year. Hence, climate change has visible and
pronounced impacts on snows and glaciers
that are likely to increase the Glacier Lakes
Outburst Floods (GLOFs). In Nepal, 21
Glacial Lakes are potentially dangerous.
Glacier thinning and retreat in the Himalayas
has resulted in the formation of new glacial
lakes and the enlargement of existing ones
due to the accumulation of melt water behind
loosely consolidated end moraine dams. Such
lakes are inherently unstable and subject to
catastrophic drainage; they are potential
sources of danger to people and property in
the valleys below them (ICIMOD, 2011).
Snow and glacier melt might increase water
in Nepal's river system by 5.7% till 2030
and decrease by 28% by the end of this
century. Nepal has suffered from increased
 UNITY
frequency of extreme weather events, such
as landslides, floods and droughts resulting
in the loss of human lives as well as high
social and economic costs (MoPE, 2016a).
The Economic Impact Assessment of
Climate Change in Key Sectors (agriculture,
hydropower and water-induced disasters),
2013 has estimated direct cost of current
climate variability and extreme events
equivalent to 1.5 to 2 percent of current
GDP/year (approximately USD 270-360
million/year in 2013 prices) and much higher
in extreme years. In the case of hydropower,
the model projected lower dry season flows,
and thus, lower energy availability. The
additional energy generation capacity needed
to meet future demand under this scenario,
due to climate change, was estimated at 2800
MW by 2050 with an increase in costs of
USD 2.6 billion (present value) for the period
through to 2050. Overall, the economic
costs of climate change in Nepal for these
three sectors could be equivalent to 2-3% of
current GDP/year by mid-century (MoSTE,
2013). It is estimated that climate change-
driven events could cause losses of 9.9 % of
Nepal’s annual GDP by 2100.
There are two ways to respond to climate
change: adaptation and mitigation (IPCC,
2001; UNISDR & UNDP, 2012). Mitigation
is an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the
sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse
gases, whereas adaptation is an adjustment
in natural or human systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities (IPCC, 2001).
Mitigation and adaptation represent two
complementary aspects of climate change,
which need to be addressed through a holistic
approach (Dewulf, 2013).
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The integration of climate change issue
into sectoral policies has got a top priority
among the international and national scholars
particularly after the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (2014) which confirmed
that each of the last three decades has been
successively warmer at the Earth’s surface
than any preceding decade since 1850. The
period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the
warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years
in the Northern Hemisphere (IPCC, 2014).
The growing likelihood of a more than 2°C
warmer world requires better adaptation
policy (Di Gregorio et al., 2017) to reduce the
current and future effects of climate change.
Moreover, IPCC (2014) noted that the longer
we wait to take action, the more it will cost
and the greater the technological, economic,
social and institutional challenges we will
face.
In the changing context, the Government
of Nepal, with intent to contribute to socio-
economic prosperity by developing climate
resilient society, has released a National
Climate Change Policy in August 2019 after
repealing the 2011 Climate Change Policy
(MoFE, 2019). The 2019 policy has the
objectives of mainstreaming climate change
into relevant policy, strategy, plan and
programs, and also mainstreaming gender
and social inclusion, including in climate
change mitigation and adaptation programs.
The policy follows theme-based approach
and includes a single policy with a number of
non-separated strategies and working policies
in 8 thematic areas and 4 cross-cutting areas.
Therefore, it is essential to review the current
National Climate Change Policy, 2019.
Numerous previous research works
concentrated either on adaptation measures
or on the policy intervention. For example,
 UNITY
Ford and Pearce (2010) have only highlighted
the essentiality of adaptation measures
to reduce the effect of climate change,
whereas Regmi and Star (2015) and Ojha,
Ghimire, Pain, Nightingale, Khatri and
Dhungana (2016) only looked into the policy
dimensions during mainstreaming climate
change adaptation policies into various
sectors. Likewise, Maharjan and Maharjan
(2017), Dhungana, Pain, Khatri, Gurung and
Ojha (2013) and Mubaya and Mafongoya
(2017) have highlighted the crucial role of
climate policies and institutions in effective
adaptation to climate change in Nepal.
Against previous studies, this paper fills in
the gaps in existing knowledge, reviewing the
mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation
strategies in response to the climate change
for different sectors and cross cutting sectors
in line with the currently endorsed Nepal's
National Climate Change Policy, 2019.
Methodological framework
This paper is based on desk review of National
Climate Change Policy 2019 available in
Nepali languages. The text-mining method
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reduction and management and four cross-
cutting sectors such as, gender equity and
social inclusion livelihood and governance,
empowerment and capacity building,
education, knowledge and dissemination and
climate finance management.
This paper has followed step by step approach
to undertake review of this policy. At first, soft
copy of policy documents was collected from
the website (www.mofe.gov.np) of Ministry
of Forest and Environment. Secondly, the
policy document has been grouped into
two broad categories, such as policies and
institutional structures. Thirdly, the content
related to policies has been analyzed in
terms of strategies and working policies on
mitigation and adaptation by eight sectors
and four cross-cutting sectors. Finally, based
on the content analysis of policy documents,
gaps and constraints in prioritized mitigation
and adaptation options for different sectors
and cross cutting sectors were identified
(Figure 1).
Climate Change
Policy 2019

has been used for the information retrieval

and knowledge mining. It analyses the text
Institutional
according to text characters or sentence Policies Structures
structure (Scherf, Epple & Werner, 2005;
Regmi & Shrestha, 2018). While reviewing
the prioritized mitigation and adaptation Stratigies and Stratigies and
working working Roles/
options for different sectors and cross cutting policies on policies on Responsi-
mitigation by adaptation by bilities/
sectors as provisioned by currently endorsed sectors and sectors and Linkages
National Climate Change Policy, 2019 by cross-cutting
sectors
cross-cutting
sectors
the Government of Nepal, this paper focuses
on eight sectors, such as, agriculture, food
security and livestock, forest, biodiversity and
Gaps and constraints
watershed, water resource and energy, rural
and urban settlement, industry', transportation
(e-mobility) and physical infrastructure, Figure 1: Methodological framework
tourism, natural and cultural heritage, health,
drinking water and sanitation, disaster risk

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Results and discussions
Nepal has initiated several policy measures
to reduce the impact of climate change
and increase resiliency through adaptation
and mitigation measures. Climate change
adaptation and mitigation options have been
identified in policy documents of Government
of Nepal across the sectors and cross cutting
sectors. This section highlights the prioritized
mitigation and adaptation strategies identified
for different sectors and cross cutting sectors
by National Climate Change Policy, 2019.
1. Strategies on climate change mitigation
and adaptation by sectors
National Climate Change Policy, 2019 has
spelled out to launch agro-based adaptation
program, identification drought and water-
resistant crops, promotion of water saving
technologies, climate friendly farming,
weather forecasting and crop and livestock
insurance. Contrarily, promotion of low carbon
emission and energy saving technologies
as mitigation options for agriculture, food
security and livestock. The policy has
identified agro-forestry and provision of
Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) and
reduction and management of pests, disease
and forest killer as adaptation strategies.
An increased storage of forest carbon and
REDD+ and CDM can be taken for mitigation
option for forest, biodiversity and watershed
sector. The policy has made provision of
water saving technologies, including water
collection ponds and reduction of GLOF risk
lowering as the adaptation strategies. At the
same time, promotion of renewable energy
and energy saving technologies can be viable
mitigation measures for water resource and
energy sector. Similarly, consideration of
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climate change risks during land use plan and
development of building code as adaptation
measures, whereas low emission technologies
and green village/city approach are identified
as mitigation options for rural and urban
settlement sectors. The policy has prioritized
formulating and implementing design
standards for climate resilient construction of
infrastructures for climate change adaptation,
such as dams, bridges and river flood control.
It also promotes the use of electricity to
use it in operating electrical vehicles and
mechanical devices as the major thrust to
mitigate climate change impacts for industry,
transportation (e-mobility) and physical
infrastructures sector. Mainstreaming climate
friendly tourism approach, management of
weather forecasting system, conservation and
management of natural and cultural heritage
affected by climate change risk and encourage
public and private sectors for implementation
of climate friendly tourism are emphasized
as adaptation strategies. Moreover, the
implementation of zero emission system
through promotion of renewable energy and
promotion of energy saving technologies in
tourism sector are prioritized as mitigation
strategies for tourism, natural and cultural
heritage sector. Focusing on the adaptation
strategies to reduce the risk of climate
change health, drinking water and sanitation
sector, the policy has made provision of
preparedness, forecasting and prevention
mechanism, conservation of water sources,
rainwater harvesting and storage and
development of water saved technologies
and promotion to convert waste into energy.
Development of hazard risk reduction and
management system in federal, province and
local bodies, development of monitoring,
preparedness and forecasting system and
rescue, response and reconstruction are
 UNITY JOURNAL
prioritized adaptation strategies provisioned change adaptation and mitigation strategies
by this policy for disaster risk reduction and provisioned by the National Climate Change
management sector. The details of climate Policy, 2019 is given in Table 1.

Table 1: Adaptation and mitigation strategies by sectors

Sectors Adaptation strategies Mitigation strategies

- Launch agro-based adaptation program - Promotion of low
Agriculture, - Identification drought and water-resistant crops carbon emission and
food - Promotion of water saving irrigation - Energy saving
security technologies technologies
and - Climate friendly farming
livestock - Weather forecasting
- Crop and livestock insurance
- Agro-forestry - Increase storage
- Provision of Payment for Ecosystem Services of forest carbon
Forest, (PES) -REDD+ and CDM
biodiversity - Reduction and management of pests, disease - Equitable distribution
and forest killer of economic benefit
and - Launch integrated watershed management obtained through
watershed program particularly in Chure area considering REDD+ and Clean
the climate change Development
Mechanism
- Water saving technologies particularly in - Renewable energy
vulnerable areas and settlements and energy saving
- Water collection ponds technologies
- Lowering of Glacial Lake to reduce GLOF risk
Water - Preparation of standards for sustainable use of
resource and underground water in urban areas
energy - Selection of environment friendly sites
and climate friendly technology during
construction of different infrastructures, such
as, hydroelectricity, irrigation and drinking
water
- During formulation of land use plan at local - Low emission
level, forest, agriculture, settlement and technologies
industrial zone will be delineated based on - Follow green
climate change risks village/city approach
Rural and - Building code will be developed to manage the
Urban settlement of rural and urban as wella
Settlement - Climate change adaptation programme will be
launched to reduce climate change risk
- Lane for cycle and pedestrain will be made
during urban road construction

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Industry, - Identification of hotspots of greenhouse gas - Promotion in use of

emission electricity
transportation
- Climate friendly technology - Encourage to use
(E-mobility) - Change in design standard electrical vehicles
and physical
infrastructures
- Mainstreaming climate friendly tourism - Implementation of
approach zero emission concept
Tourism, - Management of weather forecasting system through promotion
natural and of renewable energy
- Conservation and management of natural and
cultural and energy saving
cultural heritage affected by climate change
technologies in
heritage risk
tourism sector
- Encourage public and private sectors for
implementation of climate friendly tourism
- Preparedness, forecasting and prevention
Health, mechanism
drinking water - Conservation of water sources,
and sanitation - Rainwater harvesting and storage
- Water saving technologies
- Development of hazard risk reduction and
management system in federal, province and
Disaster risk local bodies
reduction and - Development of monitoring, preparedness and
management forecasting system
- Rescue, response and reconstruction

2. Cross-cutting Sectors
The National Climate Change Policy, 2019 has made different provisions to address cross-
cutting issues of climate change, which is given in Table 2.
Table 2: Adaptation and mitigation strategies for cross-cutting sectors

Cross- Cutting Sectors Strategies and Working Policies

- Interest of all community groups will be addressed
Gender equity and social
- Climate resilience livelihood programme
inclusion. Livelihood and
- Local knowledge, skill and technology for adaptation
Governance
- Increase access to information and technology
- Dissemination through media
Awareness and Capacity
- Institutional capacity development
Building
- Awareness building at local level

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- Update national database

Education, Knowledge and
Dissemination
Climate Finance Management
- Scientific analysis of river, GLOF, wetland and sensitive
ecosystem
- Collection, analysis and dissemination of real time data
- National communication, Nationally Determined
contributions, Adaptation communication and other
reports will be prepared
- Promotion in research and study about climate change
to young
- Access and mobilization of bilateral and multilateral
sources
- At least 80% of the climate finance obtained from the
international mechanism will be mobilized at local level
- Climate change budget allocation at all level of
governance and all sectors
- Budget code will be institutionalized with modification
- Private finance mobilization

Institutional mechanism biodiversity, water resources and energy,

The Ministry of Forest and Environment
(MoFE) is designated as the primary agency
to coordinate climate change planning in the
country. The Climate Change Management
Division (CCMD) under the Ministry of
Forest and Environment (MoFE) are dedicated
to develop policies and actions on climate
change (ACT & Practical Action, 2017).
Similarly, the National Planning Commission
(NPC) facilitates sectoral coordination
and planning processes on climate change
related programs at the national/federal level.
Ministry of Finance (MoF) is responsible
for climate relevant budget allocation and
tracking of the expenses.
In order to policy level coordination, the
policy has made provision of council at
federal level. The responsibility of functional
coordination is given to the MoFE. Inter-
ministerial coordination committee under
the coordination of MoFE led by a different
ministries covering different themes -
agriculture and food security, forests and
climate-induced disasters, public health,
and urban settlements and infrastructures,
have the potential to play a key role in future
cross-sectoral integration and coordination
of climate change activities. At the Province
level, the role of sectoral ministries who look
climate change will be crucial to implement
climate change related activities. In federal,
province and local level, climate change
branch, unit and focal point will take the full
responsibility about climate change issue.
The policy has provisioned to establish
climate change research centre which can
have better role in conducting research,
technology development and diffusion about
climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Several non-governmental and community-
based organizations are also engaged in
strengthening national and local entities to
provide services to the climate vulnerable
communities. The climate change networks
managed by civil society organizations also
contribute to generate and share knowledge
on climate change and its impacts.

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The The
role ofrole of different
different level of during
level of government government duringofimplementation
implementation of
National Climate Change
Policy 2019 is Climate
National given in Figure
Change 2. Policy 2019 is given in Figure 2.

• Formulation and implementation of legislation and

standards as per this policy
• Implementation of National Adaptation Plans
(NAPs)
• Projects Formulation and Implementation
• Excess to bilateral, multilateral and international
climate change related financial resources
Federal • Identification and mobilization of national financial
resources
• Preparation of Carbon Registry and facilitation and
coordination in carbon trade
• Preparation of national data base

• Preparation of province level policy, directives and

standards
• Monitoring and evaluation of climate change,
Province adaptation and mitigation programs at province
level
• Coordination with federal and local level
government to formulate climate change related
programs and projects

• Preparation of local level policy, directives and

Local standards
• Coordination to implement adaptation and
Rural Municipality mitigation activities with federal, province and
NGOs, Community, educational institutions and
other stakeholders
Municipality • Conduct monitoring, evaluation and recording of
climate change related programs and projects
implemented in local level

Figure 2: Role of federal, province and local level in policy implementation

Conclusion mitigation and adaptation strategies for

different sectors and cross-cutting sectors.
This paper primarily aims at identifying the This policy for the first time has made
extent of mainstreaming climate change
Figure 2: Role of federal, province provision
andof local
institutional
levelset-up
in representing
policy
adaptation and mitigation strategies into federal, province and local level. However,
implementation
different cross-cutting sectors. Nepal has the policy formulation and institutional set-
made a significant progress in mainstreaming up needs to be complemented to operate the
climate change adaptation issues into 16 intent of the relevant policies at all levels of
different sectoral policies. However, this government. Some of the new areas in the 2019
paper is limited only to review the National Policy should be added to develop 'payment
Climate Change Policy 2019. This policy is for ecosystem services', construct pond to
an important policy document, which has collect rain water, cycle lane in urban roads,
for the first-time addressed climate change

111
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increase carbon stocks, use of renewable
technologies and management of climate
finance. It has given sole responsibilities of
functional coordination to the Ministry of
Forest and Environment (MoFE) leaving
other ministries as passive partners. This can
create incoherence between and among the
ministries and departments. At the time of
National Climate Change Policy formulation,
MoFE plays a key role. However, it is the
implementation lie with the local government.
It is not clear whether local level government,
such as Rural Municipality/Municipality
actually had an obligation to implement these
provisions or they are established under the
Local Government Operation Act (2017)
makes them independent from this obligation.
The policy formulation and institutional set-
up alone does not give much expected output
unless they are complemented by legislation.
Until now, there is not a single legal document
in Nepal that exclusively addresses the climate
change issue. Therefore, promulgation of
Climate Change Act can resolve the problems
of climate change in the spirit of this policy.
References
ACT & Practical Action (2017). Experience of
supporting Nepal’s national adaptation plan
(NAP) formulation process, An unpublished
report, Kathmandu: ACT and Practical Action.
CBS, 2017. National climate change impact
survey 2016: A statistical report. Kathmandu:
Central Bureau of Statistics.
Dewulf, A. (2013). Contrasting frames in policy
debates on climate change adaptation. WIREs
Climate Change, (4):321–330. http://dx.doi.
org/ 10.1002/ wcc.227.
DHM, (2017). Observed climate trend analysis
in the districts and physiographic regions of
Nepal (1971-2014). Kathmandu: Department
of Hydrology and Meteorology.
112
JOURNAL
Dhungana, H., Pain A., Khatri, D., Gurung, N.
& Ojha, H. (2013). Climate change and rural
institutions in Nepal. DIIS Working Paper 16.
Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Institute for
International Studies (DIIS).
Di Gregorio, M., et al. (2017). Climate policy
integration in the and use sector: mitigation:
adaptation and sustainable development
linkages. Environmental Science Policy,
67:35–43. Available at www.elsevier.com/
locate/envsci.
Ford, J. D., Pearce, T. (2010). What we know,
don’t know, and need to know about climate
change vulnerability in the western Canadian
Arctic. Environ. Res. Lett. 5. http://dx. doi.
org/10.1088/1748-765 9326/5/1/014008.
ICIMOD (2011). Glacial lakes and glacial
lake outburst floods in Nepal. Kathmandu:
ICIMOD.
ICIMOD (2018). Climate change scenarios
of Nepal for NAP Process: Main findings.
Presentation by Santosh Nepal on behalf of
National Adaptation Plan Team. January 17,
2018.
ICIMOD (2018). Status of measurement,
reporting, and verification for REDD+ in the
Hindu Kush Himalaya. ICIMOD Working
Paper 2018/4. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.
IPCC (2001). Climate change: Impacts, adaptation
and vulnerability: Summary for policy makers.
Geneva: World Meteorological Organisation
〈http://www.ipcc. ch/ ipccreports/tar/wg2/
index.php?Idp=0〈 [Accessed 3 June 2016].
IPCC (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts,
adaptation and vulnerability. Part A: Global
and Sectoral Aspects. Working Group II
contribution to 5th Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press.
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IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis
report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II
and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A.
Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, p.
151.
Karki, R., Hasson, S., Schickhoff, U., Scholten,
T., Böhner, J. (2017). Rising Precipitation
Extremes across Nepal. Climate 5(4).
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Maharjan, S. K. & Maharjan, K. L. (2017). Review
of climate policies and roles of institutions in
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Fiji: UNISDR & UNDP.
 UNITY
Sources of Nepali Army’s military effectiveness during the
Anglo-Nepal War
Abstract
Military effectiveness is the process by which
the military converts available material
and political resources into military power.
The organizational revolution that took
place in Europe during the period, 1500-
1700, multiplied the military effectiveness
of the European states. This paper, however,
aims to assess the military effectiveness
of the Nepalese Army during the Anglo-
Nepal War, 1814-16, in the context of the
failure of many of the armies of South Asia
to mount an effective resistance against the
colonial onslaught. Further, it explores the
sources of the Nepali Army’s effectiveness in
performance rooted in Prithvi Narayan Shah’s
national army in its formative phase. His
concept of the nation-state, the creation of a
permanent army and his policy of not limiting
recruitment and promotions to the natives
of Gorkha laid the foundation for a loyal,
competent multi–ethnic army. Moreover, this
paper states that the institutional stability
provided by his successors during a period of
political turbulence spared the army time to
consolidate and pass its institutional memory
to the following generation. War is a brutal
business, and the military effectiveness of
armies is tested in the battlefield in which
weaknesses are severely punished after their
exposures. Strong states fight to win, the
weak to survive. The paper concludes that the
Nepali Army proved its military effectiveness
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Phanindra Subba
during the Anglo-Nepal War by ensuring
Nepal’s continued survival as an independent,
sovereign state ever.
Keywords: Prithivi Narayan, military
effectiveness, nation-state, Anglo-Nepal War,
Nepali Army
Background
To prosecute a war effectively a high degree of
organization, training, leadership, discipline,
morale, loyalty, obedience, sense of duty
and esprit de corps are required. “Military
effectiveness is the process by which armed
forces convert resources into fighting power”
(Millett, Murray & Watman, 1986, p. 37).
The revolution in military organization and
doctrine during the period 1500-1700 is
based on these factors produced much more
powerful, cohesive armies in Europe and
multiplied their military effectiveness. “The
creation of modern nation-state was based on
organized and disciplined military power in
the seventeenth century” (Sloan, 2002, p. 22).
As a result, “during the first wave of British
Imperialism groups of several thousand
European soldiers repeatedly defeated Indian
armies many times their size” (Rosen, 1996,
p. 14). The poor battlefield performance
cannot be explained in terms of material
strength alone. India’s economic power was
formidable. “The Mogul emperor Aurungzeb
had ten times the revenue of his contemporary
Louis XIV, the richest monarch in Europe”
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(Boot, 2006, p. 99). “Careful historical studies
have shown the technological advantages
enjoyed by the Europeans over the Indians
at the middle and end of eighteenth century
to have been marginal, if they existed at
all” (Rosen, 1996, p. 165). It was Europe’s
transition into a new organizational form, the
national state and new European methods of
military organizational techniques that gave
them the decisive advantage. South Asia
had to pay a heavy price for missing the
organization revolution.
The string of decisive victories gave the
colonial armies a sense of superiority and
disdain for their enemies. Such a mindset
was reflected in the thinking of the British
who dismissed the military capabilities of the
Nepalis on the eve of the Anglo-Nepal War in
1814. “Ochterlony anticipated little resistance
from the Gorkhas, whom he disparaged as a
body of ill-armed and undisciplined barbarians
(Cross, 2004, p. 367).” “Hastings (Governor-
General) even envisaged a possibility of
submission so hastily as to prevent the actual
commencement of hostilities” (Pemble,
2008, p. 133). The ensuing events, however,
belied their expectations. This was the
first war in which the Company had been
involved in India in which they had three
to one advantage over the enemy. However,
instead of achieving a quick victory, the
campaign became an extended, hard fought
one and lasted eighteen long months. The
British had to reduce their troops on their
frontiers in order to commit more troops
to the campaign. “By 1815, EIC deployed
48,000 troops against Nepal” (Marston &
Sundaram, 2008, p. 12). This was the largest
number of troops fielded in India until then.
Of the five commanders deputed to lead the
invasion of Nepal, one was killed in action
and three were dismissed for incompetence.
“When success was finally achieved, every
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nerve was strained and every resource
exploited” (Pemble, 2008, p. 356). “During
the Victorian and Edwardian war times it
was the only Indian war the British wanted
to forget” (Pemble, 2009, p. 361). How was a
small hill state able to generate such military
power from the limited resources available
and extract such a heavy price from the
invader? What were the sources of Nepali
Army’s military effectiveness?
Nation-state
The political system in South Asia in the
eighteenth and nineteenth century is often
portrayed as being devoid of the concept of
the territorial nation-state as being the source
of legitimacy and focus of loyalty. However,
“it is in fact arguable that more than other
units in South Asia in the eighteenth century,
Nepal was a nation-state in embryo with a
distinct identity retained in territorial and
cultural factors”. Although the modern
concept of nation state had not yet fully
developed in Nepal, Prithivi Narayan had an
instinctive feeling for the fundamentals of
this concept. In the course of his conquests,
Prithivi Narayan evolved beyond traditional
ways of thinking and gradually fleshed out
a new concept of state that while adapting
to local conditions was at variance with the
then prevalent thinking. “Prithivi stated that
the state was not a private property. After
the fall of Kathmandu Valley PNS brothers
demanded that they be given their share as was
the practice. PNS replied that the ‘dhungo’
(state) cannot be divided” (Manandhar, 2015).
“Prithivi Narayan had created an entity to be
protected and preserved independently of
allegiance to an individual” (Whelpton, 1991,
p. 25).
The extent to which the concept of ‘dhungo’
was internalized by army leadership was
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reflected in the Nepali Army commanders
conduct during the Anglo-Nepal War. They
rejected lucrative British enticements to
change sides. “Bom Shah was offered the
kingship of Doti by the British but he rejected
it despite the threat to his life he faced from
Bhimsen Thapa” (Panta, Interview, 2015).
The British success in large parts of South Asia
was due to its adroit use of political intrigue
and bribery. In South Asia commanders and
whole armies changed sides on a regular
basis. In such a context the behavior of the
commanders of the Nepali Army stands out.
Their proverbial loyalty to the state was a
major force multiplier in times of war.
Permanent army
“The small Hill States did not have a
standing, unified army. Similar was the case
with Gorkha. When in AD 1763 Prithivi
Narayan won the war with Makwanpur he
realized that the Gorkhali Army would also
have to deal with foreign forces. Immediately
after the war he established four companies”
(Manandhar, 2015). Prithivi Narayan thus
adopted a new system of military organization
that would have profound implications for
Nepal’s future war-making potential. He
started the process of transforming a feudal,
militia-based seasonal army into a centralized
permanent army that would monopolize
military power within the territorial state and
lessen dependence on forces and revenue
controlled by the umrao. The permanent
army would henceforth be loyal only to
the state and not to the local leaders and be
totally focused on training and preparing for
and fighting the nation’s wars.
The standing army offered an important
means of employment and the only channel of
social mobility for the peasants. Meritorious
performance would be rewarded with status
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and honor. But such total commitment also
requires financial security. Since military
finance was closely related to land during this
period, Prithivi Narayan assigned revenues
of the allocated land to individual soldiers in
the form of jagir. But it was not his intention
that the officers wallow in wealth and lead a
decadent, sedentary life. He was well aware
that the quest for luxury would lead to the
erosion of fighting skills. “Do not let the
Bhardars grow rich because the wealthy
cannot kill or be killed and the enemy will
prevail” (Panta, 2015). Although the ideal
had been diluted to some extent by the time
of Anglo-Nepal War and some elements in the
leadership began to focus more on corporate
self-interest and individual gain than service
to the state, the field army remained a
formidable fighting machine.
Prithivi Narayan understood the forces under
his command. “In his Dibya Upadesh Prithivi
Narayan set down the directive that the
children of those soldiers who had fallen in
battle be provided for” (Stiller, 1995, p. 244).
Such a sense of accountability from the part
of the head of the state addressed a major area
of concern of the ordinary soldier and freed
them to totally focus on the task at hand. In
return, PNS demanded complete loyalty and
commitment. The effort to create and sustain
a viable and cohesive professional military
slowly began to take shape. Eventually
Prithivi Narayan left behind a formidable
military establishment.
Institutional stability
In patrimonial armies’ troops owe primary
allegiance to an individual rather than to a
dynasty or an office. “Mughal military units
were based on the principle of loyalty to
individual chiefs, the deaths of those chiefs
in battle often lead to the disintegration of
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those units” (Rosen, p. 149). However, the
bitter political infighting between Rajendra
Laxmi and Bahadur Shah did not affect the
military campaigns. “Rajendra Laxmi had
spent eight years in conquering the eastern
Chaubisi. In nine years, Bahadur Shah
conquered the whole of western Nepal and
Kumaon as well” (Stiller, 1995, p. 149).
They largely avoided politicizing the army
which would have led to the breakdown in
the efficient functioning of its military role.
The successors of Prithivi Narayan thus
managed to provide institutional stability at a
time when only a few countries in South Asia
enjoyed it. This enabled Nepal to create a
stable military organization. “During Bahadur
Shah’s mukhtiyari the size of the Nepali army
expanded from 3,000 to more than 10,000”
(Stiller, 1993, p. 29). Organizational stability
freed the army from having to depend on
the fate of a single individual and provided
the time to develop professionalism and
transition to a professional army composed of
disciplined units not individual warriors. The
core of the army came to be based on full-
time, long-service professionals who were
able to transfer their sense of duty, discipline,
knowledge, experience and tactical expertise
to the next generation.
Multi-ethnic armies and meritocracy
In divided societies, there exists a lack of
trust between those belonging to different
groups. Under the pressure and heat of
battle armies belonging to such societies
can fragment. “Hindu and Muslim troops
serving together in the Mughal army did
not trust each other, killing each other on
the battlefield” (Rosen, p. 151). However, in
the context of Nepal different ethnic groups
came together and fought as a cohesive unit.
How did this become possible?
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“There was difference in the administrative
and military policy of Prithivi Narayan. The
administrative posts were filled by family
members of trusted courtiers. Kalu Pandey’s
family were given responsibility for India
and the family of Shivaram Singh Basnet
were assigned responsibility for Tibet and
China. In the military field Prithivi Narayan
did not discriminate, it was a field open to
talent” (Manandhar, 2015). Traditional ties
were not promoted over competence. In
the early days of his career the indomitable
Bhakti Thapa was a sardar of Lamjung state.
“The greater part of the Gorkha field army
consisted of local troops” (Pemble, 2008, p.
28.) “Recruiting men of the fighting castes
throughout Greater Nepal made the growth of
the Gurkha army possible” (Stiller, 1995, p.
126). This also provided the basis for creating
a truly national institution, a supra-ethnic
national army led by an effective command
structure.
“Prithivi Narayan Shah believed in giving
equal importance to those who fight and those
who play the supporting role while recruiting.
To make the army strong it was not possible
to depend on imported arms alone. That
is why PNS invited the Muslims to Nepal
to manufacture arms. Bahadur Shah also
continued this practice” (Manandhar, 2015).
Leadership is crucial for military
effectiveness. In professional armies engaged
in war the main basis for promotion is
performance in the field of battle. If such
criteria are strictly adhered to, it will enhance
the morale and cohesion of the army and
create an effective command element. The
Gorkhali army was composed of different
ethnic groups but the leadership was selected
on the basis of experience and the ability to
provide leadership in the field of battle. “By
 UNITY
continual reliance on officers who showed
ability he (Prithivi Narayan) developed a solid
cadre of seasoned and capable officers who
were to form the hard core of Gorkha’s now
professional army” (Stiller, 1995, p. 106).
Sardar Jhagal Gurung, one of the commanders
during the battle of Sindhuli Gadi, was a
product of this system. These commanders
showed initiative, aggressiveness and knack
for improvisation such as the use of nettles
and mud balls containing wasps.
The army slowly developed as a meeting
ground of different ethnic group. The Nepali
garrison at Nalapani fort was composed of
different ethnic groups. One of the units,
Purano Gorakh, was a Magar paltan. Even
while desperately defending a fixed position
under extremely adverse conditions, the
troops composed of young men from
diverse ethnic backgrounds retained their
unit cohesion and commitment. Performance
at both the command level under Captain
Balbhadra Kuwar as well at the rank and
file level was impressive as they were
active even while on the defense. What is
remarkable is not that some deserted, during
the latter phase of the battle but that most
stood their ground. Most armies would have
disintegrated long before. The meritocratic
system ensured that diverse ethnic groups
came together and fought as a united unit and
the bonds that held it together did not break.
The challenges of ethnic loyalties were thus
to a considerable extent overcome.
Conclusion
Besides material factors such as technology,
economic strength and manpower the
outcome of war is also influenced by such
factors as morale, national unity and the
readiness to sacrifice. The weaker side while
fighting with the materially superior side
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must compensate for its weakness by relying
more on the intangible factors. The military
effectiveness of an army is judged on the
basis of military outcomes in battles, not
intentions. The four factors elaborated above
enabled Nepal to generate combat power out
of proportion to its material resources and
achieve high levels of military effectiveness.
Even in the face of defeat the Nepali army
did not disintegrate as countless other South
Asian armies had in similar circumstances
and proved to be a resilient and formidable
adversary, a key characteristic of a competent
professional army.
Although Nepal ended up losing a large chunk
of her territory, the resolute defense put up
by her convinced the British that the cost of
annexing Nepal would be out of proportion to
the gains to be derived from it. The army that
Prithivi Narayan had so painstakingly built
year by year, generation after generation,
proved its military effectiveness in the crucible
of war against an aspiring hegemonic power
and ensured the survival of the ‘dhungo’.
The very fact that ‘asali’ Nepal continues to
stand tall even today as an independent and
sovereign state attests to this assertion.
References
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USA: Board of Regents of the University of
Nebraska.
Boot, M. (2006). War made new. New York:
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Cross, J. P. (2004). The restless quest. Kathmandu:
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Handel, M. (1990). Weak states in the international
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Manandhar, T. (2015). Interview. Katha
Nalapaniko. Kathmandu: NEFAS
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Millet, A. R., Williamson, M. & Watman, K.
H. (1986). The Effectiveness of Military
Organization. International Security, vol. 11,
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Panta, D. (2015). Interview. Katha Nalapaniko.
Kathmandu: NEFAS
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remembering Britain’s Gurkha War. Asian
Affairs, vol. XL, no. III.
Pemble, J. (2008). Britain’s Gurkha War. (Second
Edition). S. Yorkshire: Frontline Books.
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Rosen, S. P. (1996). India and its armies. New
Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Sloan, E. C. (2002). The revolution in military
affairs. Canada: McGill-Queen’s University
Press.
Stiller, L. F., S. J. (1995). The rise of the house
of the Gorkha. (Second Edition). Nepal: HRD
Research Center.
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nation. (Second Edition.). Nepal: HRD
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Whelpton, J. (1991). Kings, soldiers and priests.
Delhi: Manohar Publications.
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Nepal’s military diplomacy: Retrospect and prospect
Abstract
Military diplomacy has been an important
security and foreign policy tool for
many centuries. However, in the age of
globalization, its importance has grown more
rapidly than ever because of the recognition
that country’s survival and development also
depend on a peaceful and stable national and
regional environment. Some of the significant
practices in the past reflect that various tools
of military diplomacy could be implemented
to strengthen country’s overall diplomacy,
including bilateral and multi-lateral contacts
of military and civilian defence officials of
foreign countries; preparing bilateral/multi-
lateral security and defence agreements;
exchanging experience with foreign military
and civilian defence officials; providing
military assistance and support to other
countries, such as aid, materials and
equipment when there is need and request
during the disaster or humanitarian crises.
However, these tools of strengthening military
diplomacy will not be as effective as expected
if there is no effective civil-military relations
and synergies between a country’s national
security and foreign policy. Moreover, it will
require strong expertise and good command
of civilian diplomats on security issues and
military diplomats on foreign policy issues.
To strengthen its military diplomacy to
contribute to Nepal’s overall diplomacy and
foreign policy, it will require more military
attaché in Nepal foreign diplomatic missions
of vital security and development interest.
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Pragya Ghimire
Moreover, Nepal should continue building
synergies between its national security,
foreign and development policies as well as
strengthening military diplomacy both at
bilateral and regional levels.
Keywords: military diplomacy, civil-military
relations, regional security dialogue
Military diplomacy
After the Second World War (1939–1945),
the allied military force engaged in a multi-
faceted military diplomacy in Europe, Japan
and South Korea. For example, the US’s
European Recovery Plan post-World War
II, also known as Marshall Plan remains
central to the recovery missions of Europe
from the war, establishing democracies, and
laying foundation for long-term economic
growth and development. In the US, with
its military’s long engagement all around
the world, the military personnel serving
overseas were often at the forefront of
American diplomacy, considering that such
a discretion can be supporting to accomplish
goals and objectives of the country’s foreign
policy.
Traditionally, military diplomacy which is
also taken for defence diplomacy used to
be a major tool for the peacetime military
cooperation and assistance to strengthen allies
against common enemies. Andrew Cottey
and Anthony Forster remark that the western
democracies increasingly started using
military diplomacy for multiple purposes,
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such as to encourage multilateral regional
cooperation, support the democratisation
of civil-military relations, and assist states
in post-conflict reconstruction for peace,
development prosperity ever since early
1990s (2004). It has been applied in several
countries, and Nepal has been gradually
using such taking such measures.
Given the above background, the modern
definition of military diplomacy is: “To
provide forces to meet the varied activities
undertaken by the Ministry of Defence to
dispel hostility, build and maintain trust, and
assist in the development of democratically
accountable armed forces (Swistek, 2012).
Swistek considers the following activities
parts of military diplomacy:
• Creating bilateral and multi-lateral
contacts of military and civilian defence
official of foreign countries; appointing
defence attaches in country’s foreign
missions;
• Preparing bilateral/multi-lateral
security and defence agreements;
conducting training activities with foreign
military and defence personnel;
• Exchanging experience with foreign
military and civilian defence officials
including experiences on civil-military
relations and democratic control of armed
forces;
• Proving military assistance and
support to other countries, including aid,
materials and equipment when there is
need and request during the disaster or
humanitarian crises (Swistek, 2012, pp.
79-86).
In addition to the use of military diplomacy
in bilateral relations, more recently, military
diplomacy is also understood as a specific
subset of a broader regional cooperation. For
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example, the ShangriLa Dialogue, which is
held annually by an independent think tank,
the International Institute for Strategic Studies
(IISS), is “Asia's premier inter-governmental
security forum attended by defence ministers,
permanent heads of ministries and military
chiefs of 28 Asia-Pacific states. The dialogue
is premier forum to discuss pressing security
challenges and come up with fresh solutions
together.” The military diplomacy is one of
the strategies to resolve national and regional
problems while other measures fail to
accomplish specific goals.
Similarly, under its “Look East” policy, India
has also been using its military diplomacy
to build strategic and economic partnerships
in South and East Asia by participating
in varying degrees of military-to-military
exchanges. For example, in 2016, “India
conducted joint military exercises with
Thailand, Indonesia, and Japan; and engaged
in high-level visits with Vietnam, Singapore,
and China” (“ChinaPower”). Similar kinds
of diplomatic fronts function in the West,
including Europe and North Americas.
In general, the military diplomacy can
set objectives could be divided into two
categories: strategic and operational
objectives. Strategic objectives include
supporting overall military diplomacy by
engaging key countries on military and
security matters, including providing public
goods, strengthening military to military
cooperation and technical assistance.
Operational objectives include collecting
intelligence on foreign militaries, learning
new skills, techniques, and procedures and
benchmarking country’ military capabilities
against other militaries (McDonald &
Burgoyne, 2019).
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To summarize, defence diplomacy is
understood to include the range of non-
warlike activities undertaken by the armed
forces with an objective of developing a
positive image in the international community
and contribute to the country’s overall foreign
policy and diplomacy.
Military diplomacy and foreign policy
As mentioned above, military diplomacy
includes a set of non-combat activities carried
out by a country’s armed forces to advance its
national diplomatic interests. For example,
most of the diplomatic missions with a high
foreign policy priority, appoints military
attaché, who are diplomats in uniform but
posted in different diplomatic missions. The
tradition of military attaché was first emerged
in Europe in the nineteenth century.
It is widely believed that the main appeal of
defence diplomacy is that it provides a less
controversial means to work collaboratively
on security issues than traditional diplomatic
methods because most activities of the
military diplomacy are related to military
cooperation, dialogue, joint drills, and
training activities. Since military diplomacy
is exercised to strengthen military to military
relations, it is expected to reduce tensions and
help manage crises between countries. This
is why it is believed that both civilian and
military personnel working in non-coercive
ways provides the opportunity to keep crises
from escalating.
It is also believed that military diplomacy
is instrumental to accelerating information
flows and enhance the mutual understanding
of states, particularly understanding about
the red lines between countries regarding
their security concerns, territorial and
other disputes. Defence diplomacy can
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also improve the strategic environment by
building high-level trust through regular
dialogues among senior defence officials.
For example, the member countries of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) have been using the common,
comprehensive and cooperative security to
avoid the consequences of confrontational
approaches to national and regional security.
Now, the question is: What would a good
practice in military diplomacy look like
in the context of a country’s foreign
policy? To be effective, defence diplomacy
should be developed and implemented in
close coordination with the foreign and
development ministries to ensure coherence
among country’s foreign policy, security and
development agendas. If military diplomacy
is not being fully integrated with the nation’s
overall foreign policy and diplomatic efforts,
it could be counter-productive for country’s
political stability and peace.
This means that strong civil-military relation
is very important for the effectiveness of
military diplomacy. Civil leaders should have
better understanding of military policy and
strategy so that defence diplomatic should
be considered in a broader context, but not
just restricting it to military-defence policy
context. Similarly, military personnel, who are
in charge of military diplomacy, should also
have better understating of country’s foreign
policy and a broader development context.
For example, in addition to their knowledge
and professional skills of military, a military
attaché should also have the skills required
of professional diplomats including skills of
intelligence, tact, teamwork, adaptability, the
ability to communicate messages precisely to
the target audience” (Cooper & Heine et al.,
2013).
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Nepal’s military diplomacy
It is often believed that powerful and bigger
countries more frequently engage in military
diplomacy as they have resources and
tools to effectively maneuver their tactics
and strategies in the best of their national
interests. However, Nepal has been tactfully
responding to its immediate neighbors and
countries overseas.
Ever since the 1816 Sugaulee Treaty, Nepal
has been involved several battles in Asia and
beyond as mercenary soldiers to the British
Empire. During the Rana regime, Nepal
maintained neutral relations with the foreign
countries except the Nepal Army’s direct
involvement in the British Army initiated
wars across the world. The Gurkha soldiers,
including those in the Nepali Army and the
British Army have served the imperial powers
as mercenary soldiers. During last several
centuries, many Nepalis have engaged in
foreign battles and sent mercenary force for
foreign powers. In that way, the Rana regime
initiates the military diplomacy.
Nepal’s military consistently stays connected
to the foreign armies, including those of India,
UK and US for training, technical assistance
and joint military exercises. Nevertheless,
Nepal has increasingly been reaching the
Chinese Military while maintain close
connections with the armies of Bangladesh,
Pakistan and Shree Lanka. Moreover, the
Nepali Army continuously launches joint
drills and trainings with armies of these
countries. Further, the world communities
appreciate Nepal’s tremendous contribution
to the United Nations in its peacekeeping
missions to the war–ravaged and conflict–
ridden countries across the globe.
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In Nepal, there is an overwhelming perception
that military diplomacy is only conducted
by military. However, as explained above,
military diplomacy should not be viewed in
a narrow sense. Eric Pajtinka military defines
military diplomacy as “a set of activities
carried out mainly by the representatives of
the defense department, as well as other state
institutions, aimed at pursuing the foreign
policy interests of the state in the field of
security and defence policy, and whose
actions are based on the use of negotiations
and other diplomatic instruments” (2016, pp.
81-82). Thus, it is not only the military, but
also the civilians, who are working in the area
of security and defense, should also engage
on promoting military diplomacy including
foreign visits on national security and lessons
from other countries, such as participation at
the official ceremonies and other events and
promoting cooperation, communication and
mutual relations with department departments
and military forces of other countries.
The National Security Policy 2016, which
has been updated by the current government
and has not been made public yet, aims to
prevent Nepal Army and other security bodies
from holding casual visits with security
counterparts stationed at various foreign
missions within the country. The document
envisions that countries that have bilateral
ties with Nepal shall coordinate security-
related activities and interactions through
Nepal government’s Ministry of Defence.
In a way, the Nepal’s National Security
Policy 2016 has two contradictory objectives.
On the one hand, the National Security
Policy aims to ensure “Enhancement of
international support and cooperation by
increasing bilateral and multilateral relations
and cooperation through effective operation
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of diplomatic relations” (2016, pp. 11-12).
On the other hand, the major limitation of
the Nepal’s National Security Policy 2016
is that it aims to restrict Nepal Army to be
in touch with foreign powers but does not
take into account how Nepal’s Security and
Foreign Policy be brought to together to build
synergies between these two policies.
Conclusion
In the age of open and globalised economy,
countries’ survival and development also
depends on a peaceful and stable national
and regional environment. Based on the
experiences from the ASEAN countries,
defence diplomacy has a huge potential in
case of Nepal to manage current and future
tensions by improving information flows
and building trust with two big neighbouring
countries (Cottey & Forster, 2004, p. 65).
Nepal should be taking some measures to
protect its sovereignty amidst the emerging
powers through some military diplomacy.
First, Nepal should continue strengthening its
military cooperation and ties with all major
powers, including India, China, United States
and United Kingdom. Its military capability
incorporates effectiveness of Nepal’s foreign
policy and diplomatic relations while
balancing superpowers. For example, if Nepal
continues its military cooperation with China,
United States and the United States, Nepal
could secure necessary supports from the
UN member countries for the Nepali Army’s
increasing presence in the UN peacekeeping
missions. Nepal’s technical cooperation with
these countries could help upgrade Nepal’s
security forces by providing training to
Nepal’s military and police officials. Nepal
should also promote regional diplomacy by
learning from Singapore and other countries,
such as the Shangri-La Dialogue by engaging
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on a range of activities related to military
diplomacy to deal with security more widely
rather than just with defence matters.
Second, Nepal should continue its
contribution towards multinational efforts to
maintain international security, including its
participation at the United Nations missions.
This will tremendously help to build positive
image about the country and strengthen
Nepal’s bilateral and multilateral relations.
Nepal’s participation in such efforts would
also help to enhance Nepal’s own security
as well by knowledge exchange and capacity
development of Nepal’s military.
Third, as mentioned above, Nepal’s diplomat
as well as military attaché should have better
orientation about Nepal’s national foreign
and security policies. Thus, to be diplomatic
policy effective, both military and civilian
defence personnel should also have a broader
knowledge of country’s foreign policy and
diplomacy to effectively discharge their job
of military diplomacy. There should be strong
synergies between Nepal’s National Security
Policy and Foreign Policy.
Finally, the Nepali Army has proposed to the
government to add several military attaché in
more diplomatic missions abroad, including
in India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the
US and the UK. These new positions will
contribute to Nepal’s overall diplomacy and
foreign policy. More specifically, having
military attaché in France and Russia,
which are the permanent members of the
UN Security Council, will help coordinate
Nepal’s overall presence and participation at
UN peacekeeping missions. The government
of Nepal, thus, should increase the number
of attachés in those countries with vital
diplomacy interest of Nepal.
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References
Andrew, F. C., Heine, J. & Thakur R. Eds. (2013).
The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy.
UK: Oxford UP.
Brisley, N. (December, 2019). The possibilities
and limits of defence diplomacy in Asia.
Retrieved from https://defence.gov.
au/WhitePaper/docs/250-Bisley.pdf.
China Power, how is China bolstering its
military diplomatic relations? Retrieved from
https://chinapower.csis.org/china-military-
diplomacy/ 10 January 2020.
Cottey, A. & Forster, A. (2004). “Strategic
engagement: defence diplomacy as a means
of conflict prevention.” The Adelphi Papers,
44 (365).
CCS. (December, 2020). Regoinal defence
diplomacy: What is it and what are its
limits? CSS Strategic Background Paper,
21/2015. Retrieved from https://www.wgtn.
ac.nz/strategic-studies/documents/strategic-
background-papers/21-defence-diplomacy-
and-regional-military-cooperation.pdf.
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McDonald, D. Scott & C. Burgoyne, Michael, eds.
(2019). China's global influence: Perspectives
and recommendations. Asia-Pacific Center for
Security Studies in Honolulu.
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Defense.
National Security Policy 2016. Retrieved from
http://mod.gov.np//public/files/231574029-
National%20Security%20Policy,%202016.
pdf. 18 December 2019.
Pajtinka, E. (2016). Military Diplomacy and Its
Present Functions. Security Dimensions:
International and National Studies. 2016. pp.
81-82.
Swistek, G. The nexus between public diplomacy
and military diplomacy in foreign affairs
and defence policy. Partnership for Peace
Consortium of Defence Academies and
Security Studies Institutes, 11 (2). pp. 79-86.
 UNITY
Complex nature of humanitarian crisis: Unique dynamics of
civil military relations in Nepal
Abstract
The Nepali Army in its vital role in
humanitarian assistance and disaster
response operation in Nepal receives
reputation the world wide. Nepal is prone
to disaster risk and the majority of people
are living in vulnerable situation. Every
year Nepal is facing different types of
disasters that caused massive loss of lives
and properties. Nepal has not been able to
prepare any other viable alternatives in the
civil society, so there is no other choice than
utilizing military or security forces during any
disasters. The Nepali Army has vast inbuilt
resources to mobilize its troops effectively in
any parts of the country. However, timely
and effective disaster response is very
difficult due to numerous constraints and
complexities. Difficult terrain, limited road
communication, inadequate resources and
insufficient response capacity are prime
reasons that make response operations
very challenging. The Army together with
other security agencies is performing role
as per the given mandate articulated in act,
rules, framework and guidelines. In this
situation, building civil-military coordination
mechanism can be an effective means to
respond to the disaster. As a matter of fact,
a comprehensive disaster army should
continue dialogue, training and exercise with
foreign militaries for better understanding
and learning through experience. Despite
the Nepali Army’s spectacular capability to
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Ratindra Khatri
disaster response, there is a debate whether
the military is a right institution to involve
in the humanitarian response operations.
However, keeping in mind Nepal’s reality
without compromising primary role of
national sovereignty, territorial integrity
and national independence, the Nepali Army
should enhance its capability to save lives
and property from disasters and hazards.
Keywords: Nepali Army, humanitarian
assistance, disaster response, disaster
management, Civil-Military coordination, s
Introduction
Nepal, located in the area where the Indian and
Eurasian Plates hit, is one the most frequent
earthquake occurrence areas in the world
(JIACA, 2018, p. i). Besides, the country is
plagued by many recurrent hazards, such as
floods, landslides, avalanches, earthquake,
thunderstorm, windstorm, cloudburst,
lightening, hailstone, drought and different
types of epidemics. Geographically, Nepal
lies in a rugged and challenging terrain.
Developing infrastructures in such types of
terrain is a daunting task, as its cost is very
high for an underdeveloped country like
Nepal. Inhabitants mainly from remote areas
are deprived of basic facilities. Maintaining
access to these areas to effectively respond
to disasters in this terrain remains a genuine
problem in the context of Nepal. Humanitarian
Assistance and Disaster Response Operation
(HADR) has become the Nepali Army’s core
 UNITY
competence with outstanding performances
in saving lives and property home and
overseas over centurie.
In Nepal, natural disaster management
consistently focuses on response operations,
which was restricted to rescue and relief.
It is generally understood that disaster
management is an exclusive responsibility of
the Nepali Army (NA). Whenever there is any
type of emergency, NA is called for rescue
and relief assistance. An established security
institution of Nepal, NA with its strong
military capability and sufficient resources has
been applauded for its efficient and effective
response to disasters over decades. In Nepal,
NA sustains sufficient resources in terms of
human capital, transportation, emergency
medical assistance, communication and, on
top of that, a disciplined force functioning on
a strong chain of command.
From the beginning of the twenty–first
century, the concept of Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) was developed and many
other civilian stakeholders emerged. Most of
them are working in term of preparedness, and
whenever an actual disaster hits the country,
they are involved in response, relief and
recovery operations. Under the coordination
of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA),
NA has developed a unique relationship with
civilian agencies to efficiently respond to
disaster.
Disaster complexity in Nepal
In the present context of Nepal, it is unlikely
that the Nepali Army would need to respond
to a complex emergency while complexity of
disasters is common phenomenon. Nepal’s
landscape, which is predominantly composed
of hills and steep mountains, combined with
fragile geological formations and heavy
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monsoon rainfall, leads to a wide range
of geological and hydro-meteorological
hazards affecting the country. In addition,
Nepal’s geological characteristics together
with torrential rain during rainy season often
results in landslides, debris flows, and floods
(UNISDR, 2015, p. 2). The people living in
the mountain regions are exposed to different
types of hazards. The mountain ranges in
Himalaya are young with unstable geology,
steep slopes and unpredictable climate. As
a result, the region is highly susceptible to
natural hazards such as floods, flash floods,
landslides, avalanches and earthquakes.
Ultimately, when these hazards convert into
a disaster, they have substantial impact in
populated areas. Responding to the multitude
of hazards is indeed a complex job in Nepal.
Reaching congested locations in remote areas
has become difficult without concrete roads,
foot trails and airstrips.
Legal provision of disaster response
Prior to the enactment of the Natural Disaster
(Relief) Act, 1982, natural disasters were
responded at the moment they occurred. We
had neither pre-disaster preparedness nor post
disaster mitigation measures. Disasters were
often treated as acts of god and as a scourge.
All forces and resources were used on an ad
hoc basis to alleviate the misery brought to the
communities (Pradhan, 2007, p. 37). In that
backdrop, the Nepali Army in support of the
Nepal Police was the major force at the local
level. Following the enactment of the Act of
1982, public awareness to disaster response
was created. The Act had a provision of NA’s
membership in search and rescue committees
from the central to local level (MoHA, 1982).
The National Disaster Response Framework
(NDRF) - 2013 highlighted NA as one of
the major actors to provide responsibility
to establish a Multi-National Military
 UNITY
Coordination Center (MNMCC) (MoHA,
2013). Based on the same provision, NA
took responsibility of coordination between
international military and search and rescue
assets during Operation ‘Sankat Mochan’
responding to the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake
(Nepali Army, 2015, p. 9). See in Figure A
about coordination mechanism with Foreign
Military during the Nepal Earthquake 2015.
Figure A
Moreover, NA’s rigorous engagements in
almost all disasters are in the capacity of
a first responder. Immediately after the
earthquake, NA established the MNMCC in
order to expedite the systematic mobilization
and coordination of international search and
rescue teams in the form of multinational
military assistance (CFE-DM publication
spring, 2016, p. 16).
Article 6.6 of the revised version of the NDRF
2018 stated that “For search, rescue and relief
operations, under the leadership of Chief
Executive Officer of the Authority a search
and rescue command post will be established
at the National Emergency Operation Center
(NEOC). The command post shall consist of
Joint Secretary from Disaster Management
of Ministry of Home Affairs, Director of
Disaster Management, Nepali Army and
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Head of Disaster Management Division of
Nepal Police and Armed Police Force Nepal.
The NA takes the command of the Search and
Rescue Operation”(MoHA, 2019).
Inherent capability of the Nepali Army
NA is dedicated to National Security, territorial
integrity and sovereignty of Nepal. That is
its primary duty. However, as a peacetime
engagement without compromising its
primary role it is committed to various
secondary roles as well. Among them disaster
management is one of the important roles.
The army has already developed a Directorate
of Disaster Management designated for this
role with two disaster management battalions
and a Disaster Management Training School.
Apart from these dedicated troops, the entire
NA’s units are ready to respond to disasters in
their respective area of operations.
The NA has certain inherent characteristics
that help them effectively respond to crises
in any type of disasters, which are briefly
summarized below:
1. NA is a readily deployable force; it
remains on 24-hour standby, so that it can
be deployed immediately to respond to
disasters.
2. NA is physically present in all 77
districts to cover designated areas of
responsibility.
3. The army is self-sustained for
operational aspects, effective to manage
institutional logistics as well as additional
supports as required.
4. NA by its nature has core competence
to respond to crises with credible instances
of rescue and operation home and abroad.
5. NA has unique and critical capability
to perform multiple tasks, roles and
responsibilities at the same time.
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6. NA’s discipline is considered an
exemplary institution in local and global
spheres.
7. NA has capability to work in complex
and difficult geographically terrain. Nepal
is a highly rugged and difficult country,
and the NA personnel are well trained to
maneuver against adverse situations.
8. NA should always be prepared to
save lives and property during disasters
since Nepal does not have a strong credible
alternatives to rescue operation so far.
The Oslo Guideline is the prime document
that facilitates foreign military to deploy in
friendly country for Humanitarian Assistance
and Disaster Response operations. The NA
personnel have developed excellent working
relationships with many foreign militaries,
through joint training, planning, exercises
and activities. Some of the activities that the
NA undertakes include Disaster Response
Exchange and Exercise (DREE) and Tempest
Express. This relationship is a part of the
peacetime engagement focusing on HADR
operations. These foreign military institutions
normally have the following capacities:
1. Heavy airlifting capabilities
2. Emergency medical support with
mobile surgical hospital capability
3. Air Traffic Management
4. Technical Assistance
5. Engineering Support for debris
clearance and critical infrastructure
repairing.
6. Logistics Support
7. Search and Rescue
8. Relief support such as water
purification and utilities
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The NA's responses to disasters
NA has been playing a significant role in
HADR operations in Nepal over centuries.
NA is the national force capable and alert to
respond natural and manmade disasters in
the country through search, rescue and relief.
NA has been contributing in protecting lives
and property by mobilizing its capable and
trained force at times of disaster. NA has
done appreciable work in various natural
calamities (MoHA, 2016).
In response to the 2015 April devastating
earthquake, NA deployed troops throughout
the affected areas. Ninety percent of the
available troops were deployed on the
ground. Total 66,069 were involved, out of
which 52,870 were in 594 sites across the
14 most earthquake-affected districts. Teams
deployed in the areas were capable of medical
response, establishment of relief distribution
points and preparation of helipads (Nepali
Army, 2015, p. 34).
NA had another unique opportunity to
support people in shocking disasters in the
neighborhood and abroad. For an example,
the Nepali Army personnel were deployed in
the UN Mission in Haiti (MIUSTAH) from
the beginning. When a devastating earthquake
stuck, a couple of the Nepali Army battalions
were engaged in operations in the mission
areas. As a survivor, from the first minute of
disaster, troops were involved in Search and
Rescue operations. Throughout the year, NA’s
troops were involved in different activities of
disaster response operations. This columnist
was also one of the survivors and responders
of the Haiti Earthquake – 2010 in the capacity
of Chief Military Personnel Officer of the
Mission Headquarter and National Contingent
Commander of Nepali Contingent.
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Unique dimension of civil-military
coordination
NA is able to establish a unique relation with
sister organizations and other civilian actors
involved in the process. The Nepal Police
always remain as a supporting force and the
Armed Police Force, is also mandated with
the responsibility of disaster management
in the same manner by the Government of
Nepal. For command and coordination, the
Ministry of Home Affairs is designated as
an apex body. The new act of disaster risk
reduction and management has included
National Investigation Department (NID) and
Provincial Police in the group of ‘security
agencies’ to respond to crises in Nepal
(MoHA, 2019, p. 56).
The modern concept of disaster management
emphasizes to preparedness, response,
recovery and mitigation as major periods
of the disaster cycle. When the concept of
Disaster Risk Reduction was initiated in
Nepal, the Humanitarian Community started
playing an effective role in the humanitarian
space of Nepal. This community, which
consists of domestic and international
agencies and organizations, primarily intends
to provide humanitarian aid, assistance,
relief, development support and human
rights advocacy. It includes small local
relief societies, large International Non-
Governmental Organizations (INGOs), and
International Organizations (IOs). Also
included are the International Committee of
the Red Cross (ICRC), and the International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies (IFRC), as well as the National Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies (OCHA,
2010, p. 23). The United Nations Resident
Coordinator normally acts as Humanitarian
Coordinator (IASC, 2007).
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In case a disaster has caused a colossal loss
of lives and property; nationally available
internal means and resources available in
local and national levels can be inadequate.
Moreover, the Government of Nepal (Council
of Ministers) may appeal for an International
Assistance through the UN Resident
Coordinators Office. That includes military
assistance from their immediate neighbours
and friendly countries overseas. During the
time of disaster, as per the direction of the
Executive Committee and in coordination
with the Authority, the NA can establish the
Multi-National Military Coordination Center
(MNMCC) to mobilize international search,
rescue and relief assistance. Within the frame
of revised version of the NDRF, NA will
establish a Nepali Army Crisis Management
Center (NACRIMAC) for HADR operations
(MoHA, 2019, p. 48). Regarding Foreign
Military deployment APC MADRO have
developed an overarching guideline for
the Asia Pacific Region: “The sovereignty,
territorial integrity and national unity of
States must be fully respected in accordance
with the Charter of the United Nations. In
this context, humanitarian assistance should
be provided with the consent of the affected
country and in principle on the basis of an
appeal by the affected country” (MoHA,
2019, p. 48). Further APC MADRO gave
emphasis on “foreign military assets involved
in international disaster response operations
remain under their own national command
and control, operating in support of the
Affected State. In addition, foreign military
assistance should be provided at no cost to
the Affected State” (OCHA, 2010, p. 20).
Broadly, NA needs to coordinate with the
following components for the purpose of
HADR operations:
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1. Government ministries, departments Military assistance can be divided in three

and other parastatal agencies categories based on the degree of contact with
2. Sister organizations, including Nepal the affected population. These categories
Police, Armed Police Force, National are important because they help concerned
Investigation Department and Provincial agencies define which types of humanitarian
Police activities might be appropriate to provide
support (OCHA, 2007, p. 93),
3. Foreign Militaries through MNMCC
4. Humanitarian Communities, such as 1. Direct support – face to face
UN Agencies, NGOs and INGOs 2. Indirect support – at least one-step
5. Bilateral cooperation with gap from the population
International Friendly countries through 3. Infrastructure support – providing
Defense attaché or designated focal person general service such as critical repair.
6. Donor community Issues and challenges
7. Red Cross and Red Crescent
movement Despite NA’s significant role in HADR
operations, we expose the key challenges in
8. Private Sectors and Civil Societies the following:
9. Media
1. Without adequate resources
10. Between different arms and services affectivity of army cannot be maintained,
within NA

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therefore, certain equipment and resources
need to be provided at all levels.
2. Lack of understanding of each other’s
roles, mandate, responsibilities and tasks,
the result will not be in perfect shape.
Joint planning, training and exercise are
required to cover this gap.
3. Lack of clarity of its role as per the
given mandate to other stakeholders.
4. Social media is a double-edged
sword, if it goes the wrong way, it can
tarnish the image of NA very badly and
the actions may not be seen in the right
way.
5. Since an international practice army
considered the last resort to mobilize in
the HADR operations. Due to various
realities and constraints, the NA has a role
to play from the beginning. When the army
is seen in a lead role, some humanitarian
stakeholders may not feel comfortable
to work in the same humanitarian
environment.
6. Unhealthy competition and
duplication of work may sometime hinder
the idea of complimenting each other’s
work.
7. Personal bias of individuals involved
in same humanitarian space.
8. Gap on communication channels
and information dissemination prohibit
sharing of resources at times of need.
9. Adherence to the Humanitarian
Principles, especially during complex
emergency (OCHA, 2007, p. 12)
- Humanity – human suffering must be
address
- Neutrality – must not take sides
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- Impartiality – must be on basis on
need alone, not by any other vested
reason
- Operational Independence – must be
autonomous
Way forward
Many aspects of Disaster Risk Management
are gradually developing in the country.
Enactment of the new National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Act and
implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Rule, DRR Strategic Action
Plan, DRR National Policy, the revised
version of the National Disaster Response
Framework are key developments on policy,
guidelines and mechanisms. However, many
documents are yet to be developed. One of
the key needs is hazard-based risk assessment
of the entire country to provide information
on the need and priority for an integrated
disaster management process.
Working to increase the effectiveness of
coordination between the NA and domestic
civil agencies improves Nepal’s disaster
response capabilities. It can also address
Nepal’s key areas of vulnerability. To promote
that cooperation several steps can be taken,
including but not limited to (1) conducting
applied research, (2) helping to develop
enhanced capacity and procedures, and (3)
supporting strategic thinking and dialogue
(Asian Foundation, 2017).
Military and civil defence assets should be
seen as a tool complementing existing relief
mechanisms to provide specific support in
response to the acknowledged humanitarian
gap between the disaster needs that the relief
community is being asked to fulfil, and the
resources available to meet them (OCHA,
2007, p. 8). Based on the general perspective
 UNITY
of OCHA, a series of applied research on
civil-military aspects of disaster management
are required in Nepal, to create:
1. Opportunity to develop knowledge
of each other’s mandates, roles, capacities
and limitations
2. Clear awareness of the nature of this
relationship
3. Common understanding of when and
how, as well as how not to, coordinate
between the military and the humanitarian
community.
4. Capacity of Search and Rescue of
NA, Nepal Police and Armed Police Force
as per the guideline of International Search
and Rescue Advisory Group (MoHA,
2019). Without sufficient resources
effectivity cannot be maintained,
therefore, a minimum level of resources
should be provided.
5. Implement a proactive DRR/DRM
plan, program and activities that help to
substantially reduce disaster risk. Once
risk is reduced, the impact of potential
disasters will also be less, hence, intensity
of response required will also decrease.
In that situation, comparably response
operation will be more effective.
6. Maintain trust with all concerned and
continue to keep this at the highest level.
Conclusion
Many other actors understand that the
military can play a legitimate, as well as a
vibrant role in assisting humanitarian relief
efforts. Mainly during the critical phase of
response operations the military can save
the lives of many people at a time of need.
Their involvement can maximize potential
benefits to the disaster response system
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and affected populations. In today’s world,
the military plays an important role in
Humanitarian Assistance, and they should
be used effectively at the right time, and the
right place. The bottom line to be highlighted
is that disaster management is not a business
of one agency, and it requires an integrated
effort of all stakeholders.
One should understand that NA is best
equipped to handle disaster because they
have a wide assortment of heavy equipment
needed for search and rescue missions,
enormous reserve of trained personnel, and
common culture of discipline and mission
oriented standard operations. Dedication and
selfless service towards the people of Nepal
and the country is another prime factor.
Since NA is standing as a backbone for
disaster response in Nepal, maintaining a
high standard of effectiveness is of utmost
necessity. Enhancing the capacity of NA’s
units with more resources and skilled work
force is a critical need, which will not only
increase the capacity of the NA, but also that
of the country.
Reference
CFE-DM Publication Spring. (2016). Liaison
Volume VIII, A Journal of Civil-Military
Disaster Management & Humanitarian
Relief Collaboration, Mission First and
People Always: The Nepali Army’s AAR on
Operation Sankat Mochan, Hawaii.
JICA. (April, 2018). The project for assessment
of earthquake disaster risk for the Kathmandu
valley in Nepal, Final Report, Volume I
Summery, Kathmandu.
The Brookings–Bern project on International
Displacement. (January, 2011). IASC
Operational guidelines on the protection of
persons in situations of natural disasters,
Washington DC.
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The Asian Foundation. (2017). Disaster
preparedness and response during political
transition in Nepal: Assessing Civil and
Military Roles in the Aftermath of the 2015
Earthquakes, Kathmandu.
Pradhan, B. K. (2007). Disaster preparedness for
natural hazards; Current status in Nepal, A
report submitted to ICIMOD, Kathmandu.
Ministry of Home Affairs. (1982). Natural
calamity (Relief) Act 1982. Singhadurbar,
Kathmandu.
Ministry of Home Affairs. (2013). National disaster
response framework, 2019. Kathmandu.
Ministry of Home Affairs. (2019). Revised
Version of national disaster response
framework. First Amendment 2019. Lalitpur:
UNDP Publication.
Ministry of Home Affairs. (2019). Disaster risk
reduction and management Act 2017 and
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Rules 2019. Lalitpur: UNDP Publication.
Ministry of Home Affairs. (July 2018). Disaster
risk reduction strategic action plan 2018-2030,
Kathmandu: UNDP Publication.
Ministry of Home Affairs. (2019. Revised Version
of national disaster response framework,
First Amendment 2019. Lalitpur: UNDP
Publication.
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Ministry of Home Affairs. (April, 2016). The
Gorkha earthquake – 2015. Experience and
learning. Lalitpur: UNDP Publications.
Nepali Army. (2015). The Nepalese Army in the
aftermath of the Gorkha earthquake of 2015.
Experiences and Lessons Learned. Bhadrakali,
Kathmandu
OCHA. (November 2007). Oslo guidelines,
Guidelines on the use of foreign military and
civil defence assets in disaster relief, revision
1.1, United Nation, Geneva.
OCHA. (2007). UN-CMCoord field handbook
(v.1.)) 101 Series, United Nations, Geneva.
OCHA. (October 2010). Asia Pacific regional
guidelines for the use of foreign military
assets in natural disaster response operations,
Geneva, United Nations.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction UNISDR. (June 2, 2015). 25
April 2015 Gorkha earthquake disaster risk
reduction situation report DRR sitrep 2015-
002, https://www.unisdr.org/files/44592_
gorkhaearthquakedisasterriskreducti.pdf
 UNITY
Security and development: Role of the Nepali Army
in nation building
Abstract
This paper aims to highlight the integral role
of Nepali Army towards national security
and development. The researcher has applied
secondary source of research design to
collect the information. The result suggested
that the Nepali Army played a major role
in the formation as well as the development
of Nepal as a strong stable nation–state.
For the national security, the Nepali Army
had fought many battles. Their contribution
was visible from the unification campaign
initiated by Prithvi Narayan Shah in 1740 AD
to the Nepalese Civil war fought between the
Communist Party of Nepal and the government
of Nepal from 1996 to 2006. Similarly, for the
development of the nation, their role is visible
in infrastructure development, building civil
military relation, disaster management,
nature conservation and so on. Nepali Army
along with the national security has been
expanding its role in sectors like education,
health and recreation with the interest of
serving the people.
Keywords: Nepali Army, national security,
development
Introduction
Constitution of Nepal 2015 defines Nepal
as an independent, indivisible, sovereign,
secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism-
oriented, federal democratic republican state.
Such a constitution–defined identity of our
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Sonika Adhikari
country today would not have been possible
without the contribution of Nepali Army (NA)
from the time immemorial. Our constitution
further adds that safeguarding of freedom,
sovereignty, territorial integrity, nationality,
independence and dignity of Nepal, the rights
of the Nepalese people, border security,
economic wellbeing and prosperity shall be
the basic elements of the national interest of
Nepal, which has also been the major interest
of the Nepali Army.
The Nepali Army lives by its ethos
of 'Mission First and People Always';
demonstrates, in its daily activities, its core
values of 'Duty, Integrity, Selfless Service,
Courage, Discipline and Loyalty; and
adheres to the noble Guiding principles
of 'Patriotism, Camaraderie, Institutional
Cohesiveness, Respect for Diversity and
Dignity of Service'. The institutional history
of the NA establishes a direct link between
modern Nepal and its national territory as
invading independent principalities and
conquering territories through fortified armed
strength was considered a common practice
(Nepali Army, 2019). Hence, the Nepali Army
has equally supported the transformation
and development of Nepal from ‘nation
formation’ to ‘nation building’.
Role of Nepali Army in nation building
The Nepali Army primarily aims at protecting
Nepal and ensures national security. The NA
has fought many battles against the alien's
 UNITY
armies and those of the soldiers of small
principalities that existed in our country. “The
Nepali Army’s military history coincides
with the country’s history, because the rulers
used the military as the tool to prolong their
regime” (Bhattrai, 2017).  Prithvi Narayan Shah would never have been
The 1700s was a century of uncertainty
throughout the world. The world military
powers like Britain, France and Portugal had
been rigorously annexing colonies to expand
their Empires across the world. Clashes in
their interests resulted in wars in different
countries and principalities. Britain and
France were also moving towards South and
Southeast Asia. Such a move also threatened
Nepal ever since early decades of the
eighteenth century.
The British East India Company commenced
its rule in India in 1757 after the Battle of
Plassey. It was approaching Nepal while
moving towards the Northeast. Nepal was
divided into several principalities during this
period. At that time, King Prithvi Narayan
Shah, hailing from one of the principalities
called Gorkha, decided to unify those small
kingdoms across Nepal. Although Gorkha
was small and economically weak, King
Prithvi Narayan Shah amazed the world
by undertaking the task of unification of
those principalities in complex and difficult
circumstances then. The Unification
Campaign was initiated in 1740 AD at the
time the British had already commenced
colonizing the Indian provinces.
This was a turning point in the history of
the Nepali Army. Since unification was
not possible without a strong army, the
management of the armed forces had to be
exceptional. Apart from an organized standard
army in Gorkha, technicians and experts had
to be brought in from abroad to manufacture
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war materials. After the Gorkhali troops
finally captured Kathmandu (then known as
Nepal), the Gorkhali armed forces turned into
the Nepali Army (Nepali Army, 2019).
able to continue the expansion campaign
without a strong and motivated army. A series
of battles of Nuwakot and that of Kirtipur
made significant contributions towards the
unification of Nepal. Similarly, the battle of
Makwanpur (1762-63), Hariharpur Gadhi,
military operations of Mirkasim's force
(January 1763), the battle of Sindhuli, Kangra
Fort, a series of battles of Nalapani, the battle
of Jaithak, Deuthal, Jitgadh, and so on, cannot
even be imagined without brave Nepali
soldiers(Rayamajhi, 2019). “According to
Stiller, the story of Nepal’s growth as a nation
spans the year from 1744 to 1951. Historian
John Whelpton, in his book Kings, Soldiers
and Priests, writes that Prithvi Narayan Shah
conquered Kathmandu with support of Nepali
Army in 1769” (Poudel, 2016).
The role of the Nepali Army was also evident
during the ten–year Maoist Insurgency. Such
an internal conflict between the  Communist
Party of Nepal (CPN-Maoist) and
the Government of Nepal from 1996 to 2006
had almost crippled the country on different
fronts. On 13 February 1996, the CPN had
initiated the rebellion with a stated purpose
of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and
establishing a People's Republic. It ended
with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace
Accord on 21 November 2006. During the
clash, the Nepali Army was mobilized to
pressure insurgents to come to negotiations
with the establishment and the government
of Nepal. The Nepalese monarchy has always
relied on the military to consolidate its power
both against growing popular opposition and
during violent uprisings (Dhungana, 2007).
 UNITY JOURNAL
Hence, the Nepali Army continued to march Kathmandu to the Indian border with
with Prithvi Narayan Shah’s quest of building 105 km road.
a Hindu nation from 1743 to 1816 when It also constructed the Kharipati –

Nepal signed Sugauli Treaty with the British Nagarkot road.
India. As Nepal turned from a monarchy
North West of Kathmandu, the

to a republic and from a unitary to federal
Trishuli - Somdang road cuts through
setup, the Nepali Army has remained the sole
105 kms of extremely difficult terrain
institution to defend the national unity, social
completed in 1990.
integrity and people’s sovereignty. Even after
the promulgation of the new constitution By developing the 88 km long Katari –

in September 2015, the Nepali Army has Okhaldhunga road, the Everest region
been consistently discharging its primary got necessities of life delivered right at
duties and obligations to the leadership and their doorsteps with its completion in
institution even in the fragile situation of 2005.
Nepal. It also constructed 28 km long Hile–

Leghuwaghat for the country.
Nepal lies in an area that is at a high risk from
The 86 km long Salyan–Musikot road

natural calamities. On several occasions, the
runs through some of the most remote
Nepali Army, in response to several natural
and deprived parts of Nepal completed
and manmade disasters, has mobilized its
in 2005.
well-trained and highly skilled personnel in
rescue missions and saved thousands of lives The 232 km long Surkhet – Jumla road,

and property (Nepalese Army, n.d). In building built in large parts by the NA, signaled
a nation from building infrastructures like as one of the Herculean development
roads to providing education and health, the achievements in modern Nepal.
Nepali Army has been serving the people at The Baglung– Beni – Jomsom road, 91

all times, not just in times of natural disasters. km long, provides transport to a region
The areas promoted by the Nepali Army rich in agriculture products.
beyond primary duties involve the following The 45 km long Drabya Shah Marga,

areas: built with a view to combat insurgency
through development and security
1. Infrastructure development
simultaneously.
The Nepali Army has constructed a number The Besi Sahar–Chaame road, 65

of roads and highways, including those of km long mountainous road provides
strategic importance for the country. NA has service support to one of the most
constructed more than 1030 kilometers of road popular tourism areas in Nepal.
in different parts of the country, particularly
linking north-south remote parts of Nepal to Several roads, including the 107

the rest of the country. In addition, almost km Chhinchu–Jajarkot, the 112 km
600 kilometers of road is under construction. Jajarkot-Dolpa, the 31 km Devsthal–
These roads include: Chourjahari, the 145 Km Musikot–
Burtibang, the 91 km Nagma–
The Nepali Army was the major partner
 Gamgadhi are currently under
in the old Kantipath project linking construction to provide access to some

137
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of the remote and least developed areas
of Nepal.
Likewise, the 81.8 km Nijgadh –
 for the Nepal Government and planners.
Kathmandu fast track is currently
under construction which considered
an important catalyst in the connection
of the Terai and the capital city
Kathmandu (Nepali Army, 2019).
2. Civil military relations
Construction of development infrastructures,
disaster management and preservation
of nature are parts of the military work
under civil-military relations. NA has also
contributed significantly to the country and
community through the provision of specific
capabilities, such as engineers, medical teams
and Special Forces contingents. The NA
personnel’s duty and excellent performances
have been widely acclaimed. "People First
and Mission Always", a conceptual thinking
and it aims towards creating, A Learning,
Agile and Effective Organization” (Thapa,
2019).
On 6 Poush 2076, the NA launched public
awareness programs on nature conservation
to the students and teachers of Solukhumbu.
Similarly, it organized another awareness
campaign for the cold affected people in
Nawalparasi district. Then, it launched a free
health camp for the privileged and locals
of Bharatpur on 8 and 9 of Poush. Next,
the intensive mobile health camp jointly
organized by the NA and the Ministry of
Health resulted in 34,172 beneficiaries,
including 329 surgeries.
The Nepali Army has been utilizing its
trained manpower and rich resources in
support to Nepal’s missions of peace,
progress and prosperity for many decades.
The Nepali Army personnel’s selfless
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sacrifice, institutional drive and integrity have
made constructions projects cost effective
Effectiveness of coordination between the
Nepali Army and domestic civil agencies
is critical both to improve Nepal’s disaster
response capabilities and to address Nepal’s
key areas of vulnerability. To promote that
cooperation, specific measures can be taken,
including but not limited to (1) conducting
applied research, (2) helping to develop
enhanced capacity and procedures, and (3)
supporting strategic thinking and dialogue
(Manandhar et.al, 2017).
3. Nature conservation
With a mission to protect endangered
species, plants and the natural heritage,
the Nepali Army has protected 12 out of
the 22 forests under protection ever since
1975 (Nepali Army. 2019). Among them,
12 Battalions and Independent Companies
with some 6,778 troops protect forest areas
measuring some 9,767 sq km. The impact
of the mobilization of the Army is visible
in the rhino census in Chitwan National
Park. With the Army’s efforts to protect the
Chitwan National Park, backing the Rhino
project, the 1994 census estimated about 466
individuals and this figure increased further
to 544 individuals in 2000. The Department
credits anti-poaching operations for the rapid
rise in the numbers. However, the demands
of internal security duties constrained the
conservation efforts of the Nepali Army. As
a result, the number of rhinos in Chitwan
National Park fell to 372 individuals
according to the census of 2005. With the
improvement in the internal security and
consequent enhanced conservation efforts of
the Army, the rhino population has steadily
increased to 446.
 UNITY
Preservation of natural heritage is one of the
responsibilities given to the Nepali Army
by Constitution of Nepal 2015 and National
Security Policy 2016.
4. Disaster management
The Nepali Army plays a vital role in ensuring
emergency assistance to needy people all over
the country, a serious undertaking that has
become even more important in the present
context. The primary roles of the Nepali Army
in disaster relief include search and rescue
missions, medical assistance and evacuation,
air rescue and mass evacuation and flood
control. The Nepali Army is committed
to support, in every possible manner, the
efforts of the Nepalese Government in
establishing Nepal as a ‘Disaster Resilient
Community.’ Recently, in response to the
massive earthquake, the Nepali government,
Nepali Army, and civil society mobilized all
the resources in support to survivors, joined
by an outpouring of international assistance
(Manandhar et.al, 2017). The major incidents
in which the Nepali Army has served the
people as a part of Disaster Management
includes:
 In 1934 AD, a devastating earthquake
hit Nepal. The Nepali Army helped
evacuate, and temporarily house
thousands of people.
 The Nepali Army saved Singha Darbar
when this historical palace was on a
huge fire in 1971 AD.
 An earthquake measuring 6.6 Richter
scale hit Nepal on 21 August 1988
leaving 722 dead, 1421 seriously
wounded and 11000 injured. The
Nepali Army launched rescue and
reconstruction operations, evacuating
people, arranging first aids and relief
materials.
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 The 1993 torrential rainfall affected
many of the districts, including
Taplejung, Panchthar, Sindhuli, Sarlahi
and Rautahat. The Nepali Army
mobilized its troops to evacuate 3842
severely affected peopleand arranged
medical treatments to 201 people on
the spot.
 The Nepali Army pulled off a
breathtaking aerial rescue operation on
15 May 1995. A helicopter evacuated
an American citizen, Sirbon B of
the Swedish Everest Expedition and
Makalu Gab of the Chinese Taipei
Everest Expedition from an altitude of
19200 feet.
 An aircraft with 12 people aboard
crashed on 25 December 1999 in
Makwanpur. The Nepali Army
personnel recovered the dead
bodies with supports of the military
helicopters In 2007, a heavy rainfall
resulted in a wide spread floods
and landslides in Taplejung, Jhapa,
Bhojpur, Saptari, Mahottari, Dhanusa,
Kathmandu, Gorkha, Kaski, Syangja
and Parbat. The Army ground and air
assets consisting of 2885 personnel
provided medical treatments to 10,000
people while rescuing them.
 In August 2008, the Kosi River eroded
the Eastern dyke near Kusaha and
spilled over to change its course of
flow where the NA rescued 15,060
persons from the inundated areas.
 An earthquake with a magnitude of
7.8 Richter scale struck Nepal with
its epicenter on Barpak, Gorkha on 15
April 2015. Also known as the Gorkha
earthquake, a magnitude 7.3 aftershock
hit Nepal, causing massive destruction
of infrastructures, including schools,
 UNITY
health centers, power systems,
roads and bridges. The Nepali
Army mobilized all of its units in 14
affected districts to rescue victims,
arrange logistics and reconstruct
the infrastructures. Besides, the
Nepali Army personnel collaborated
with international volunteers and
representatives in rescue operations
and necessary aids distribution.
5. Rehabilitation center
During the Maoist Insurgency period (1996
to 2006), the internal conflict took away
thousands of lives while leaving thousands
disabled. A comprehensive nationwide
rehabilitation program was required in Nepal
with physical rehabilitation, psychological
rehabilitation, vocational rehabilitation
and social awareness programs. Realizing
such a need of the nation, the Nepali Army
established a national rehabilitation center
with supports from the Government of Nepal.
This center primarily aims at operating
Surveillance Team, Physiotherapy unit,
Artificial limb and appliance workshop,
Psychotherapy unit, Paraplegic home,
General ward-50 bedded (For amputees
coming for prosthesis, disabled those need
physiotherapy and orthosis) and Vocational
training center for various trade groups. The
Nepali Army has provided 4.02 acre of land in
Chhauni (valued at Rs 256 million). Till date,
the Government has allocated Rs 30 million
for construction of building and Rs 2 million
for office furnishing and air conditioning of
the physiotherapy hall and has committed
further 22 million rupees for establishment
of a physiotherapy unit and the necessary
furniture (Nepali Army, 2019).
The Nepali Army has always been
committed towards safeguarding the
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national unity, independence, territorial
integrity and sovereignty of Nepal. Right
from its establishment, NA has fulfilled its
responsibilities and accountabilities in the most
commendable manner. Its professionalism
has been exhibited in the countless battles it
fought during the Unification Campaign in
eighteenth century, in safeguarding national
sovereignty and maintaining peace during
insurgencies at different times over centuries.
Army also has proudly represented Nepal
in the UN-led International Peace Keeping
Missions around the globe since 1958 and
remains the fifth largest contributor of human
resource globally (Rayamajhi, 2019a).
Conclusion
The NA is engaged in safeguarding territorial
integrity; constructing roads; protecting
parks and reserves; responding to disaster-
related crises (rescue and recovery); UN
peacekeeping operations; the security of
V/VIPs; and the protection of crucial areas
such as airports, banks and telephone towers.
However, a debate is needed on whether to
redefine, reorient, combine, modify or reduce
the existing tasks (e.g. deciding whether to
engage the army in nature conservation or in
development work). Further, provisions on
redefining the size of and attributing exclusive
characteristics to the NA are mentioned in the
interim constitution (Upreti & Vanhoutte,
2009).
Hence, we can conclude that NA, along with
the national security has been expanding its
roles in sectors like education, health and
recreation with the sole interest of serving
the people. Keeping domestic contribution
aside, the Nepali Army also has represented
Nepal in the UN-led International Peace
Keeping Missions around the globe. Its
devotion to duty and excellence in executing
 UNITY
its responsibility has been widely acclaimed.
The (NA) has stood firm in its resolve to
maintain stability and relentlessly supported
the transformation and development of
Nepal from ‘nation formation’ to ‘nation
building’. While our country has seen a lot
of transformation in our journey from the
monarchy to federalism, the Army’s place
and role have always remained respectable
and stable. Nepali Army has been utilizing its
trained manpower and resources in support of
national progress for many decades.
References
Bhattrai, U. (2017). Political settlement:
Nepali Army’s role. Retrieved on December
22, 2019, from https://thehimalayantimes.
com/opinion/political-settlement-nepal-
armys-role/
Dhungana, S. K. (2007). Security sector reform
and peacebuilding in Nepal: A critical
reflection.  Journal of Peacebuilding &
Development, 3(2), 70-78. doi:10.1080/15423
166.2007.360918411040
Hamal, L. B. (1995). Military history of Nepal.
Sharda Pustak Mandir.
Manandhar, M. D., Varughese, G., Howitt, A.
M., & Kelly, E. (2017). Disaster preparedness
and response during political transition in
Nepal: Assessing civil and military roles in the
aftermath of the 2015 earthquakes, 8-11.
Nepal Army. (2019). Nepali Army. Retrieved
on December 25, 2019, from https://www.
nepalarmy.mil.np/page/bpd
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Nepali Army (2019). Retrieved from https://www.
nepalarmy.mil.np/page/history on November
11, 2019.
Poudel, K. (2016). Nepal Army by people’s side.
Retrieved from https://www.spotlightnepal.
com/2016/03/04/nepal-army-by-peoples-
side/ on December 26, 2019.
Rayamajhi, P. (2019, March 18). Nepali Army in
nation building: Quality leadership is the key.
Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.
com/opinion/nepali-army-in-nation-building-
quality-leadership-is-the-key/ on December
24, 2019.
Rayamajhi, P. (2019a, March 18). Nepali Army in
nation building: Quality leadership is the key.
Retrieved from https://thehimalayantimes.
com/opinion/nepali-army-in-nation-building-
quality-leadership-is-the-key/ December 24,
2019.
Thapa, P. C. (2019, February 9). Civil military
relation: In present socio political environment
of Nepal. Retrieved from https://www.
spotlightnepal.com/2019/02/09/civil-military-
relation-present-socio-political-environment-
nepal/ on January 11, 2020.
The constitution of Nepal 2015 (CoN) s.4.1 (NPL)
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Upreti, B. R., & Vanhoutte, P. (2009). Security
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pdf on 2019.

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Trajectories of social change in the development of Nepal’s countryside:
Some sociological reflections
Abstract
This paper explores dynamics in the capitalist
market relations in Nepal's agricultural sector
and the resultant structural social change in
Mahesh Khola, a village west of the capital
city, Kathmandu. I have studied a case of
the Mahesh Khola valley during a couple
of decades, from 1985 to 2008, to examine
the expansion of agricultural markets as a
mechanism to transform rural livelihoods
into the maket–operated capitalist set up.
In this research work, I would unfold how
a process of transformation of agricultural
sector replicates a real development of the
rural sector, resulting in social disruptions
and widening social inequalities. I juxtapose
such a long-term social change I discerned in
Mahesh Khola with other studies of similar
kind, one in Thak village, closer to Pokhara
(Macfarlane, 2001) and the other along
the corridor or Siddhartha Highway, from
Lumbini to Pokhara (Blaikie et al., 2002). In
doing so, my emphasis will be on investigating
how the society-market interface evolved in
the dynamics of an agrarian society.
Keywords: social change, countryside Nepal,
agriculture, market–centered development,
Introduction
This paper explores social change that
unfolds in a long-term. Such a durable social
change does not connote an evolutionary
kind, nor does it follow social change of
functional kind. Sociological understandings
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Youba Raj Luintel
of social change differ profoundly with
other social sciences in their treatments of
social change in the sense that sociology
postulates social change of structural kind.
This paper is divided into three parts. In the
following section, I briefly conceptualize
social change from sociological standpoint. I
primarily follow Norbert Elias. This will be
followed by an empirical section, in which
I pull three different empirical cases from
countryside Nepal, each of which either re-
visits the original research sites after a gap of
two or three decades to see what changes have
taken place, or take longer retrospective view
of social change for more than two decades.
Finally, this paper concludes by making a
synthetic analysis on these case studies in the
light of theoretical premise that it sets out.
This paper primarily argues that understanding
of social change should be sociologically
informed. Sociological approach to social
change is always social structural – meaning
that, social change needs to be looked at
social structures and institutions, which
demands a long-term retrospective studies.
At its empirical ground, I would support the
argument of social change with subclaims that
one cannot miss out the structural alteration
that long-term social change eventually
manifests into in the case of countryside
Nepal. In that sense, embedding class
analysis in the broader contexts of examining
market dynamics are the two arenas of social
change studies, which would unravel an ever
 UNITY
–icreasing trend of widening and deepening
social inequality.
Conceptual premise
The study of social change is at the very
core of sociology. But the problem is
how should one define social change (see
Sztompka, 1993: 6; Dahrendorf, 1959: 127;
and Collins, 1990)? Classical sociologists,
since the time of Auguste Comte (1798-
1857), have been divided in the ways they
explained it and there is still a lack of a
coherent and unified framework of analysis.
The diverse interpretations of social change
in contemporary (Jordan and Pile, 2002;
Noble, 2000; Sztompka, 1993; Boudon,
1986; Etzioni-Halevy, 1981) and classical
(for example, Hawley, 1978; Chirot, 1977;
Hernes, 1976; Lenski, 1976; Smith, 1973;
Swanson, 1971; Parsons, 1970; Barth,
1967; Smelser, 1967; Zollschan and Hirsch,
1964; Moore, 1963; Hagen, 1962) sociology
literature are a case in point.
Sociological understanding of social change
has developed primarily along two streams
of contesting arguments. While functionalists
(such as Parsons, 1970) would understand it in
terms of modernisation, for the Marxists and
the political economists, however, a historical
understanding of the changing forms of
class relations would reveal its true essence
(Holton, 1985; 1981).1 Hence the debate
1. A more concrete framework of analysis of
social change comes from Marx and his followers.
Despite sharing broadly an evolutionary scheme,
the Marxian explanation of social change
combines (a) productive forces with (b) dynamics
of class relations. The central tenet of Marx is
that “…the continuing development of productive
forces changes the relations between classes, and
the condition of their conflict” (Bottomore, 1987:
274).
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still continues as to what should constitute
the central locus in a proper understanding
of social change. But, to Norbert Elias, in
order to have a true understanding of social
change one should focus on “increased
differentiation and integration,” as well as
“decreased differentiation and integration”
(Elias, 1994: 182ff), which together form the
two main directions in the structural changes
of societies.
Sociologically relevant social change, to
Elias, is a process of structural change, which
he argues, may be reflected in personality
structures and which demands that a long-
term account of the process of change be
considered. Social change in this sense is
often non-linear and cumulative. Such a
social change that the three research works
focus is certainly not a linear type, nor an
evolutionary one in the nineteenth century. It
broadly resonates what Elias argues:
A concept of social change that does not
distinguish clearly between changes that
relate to the structure of a society and those
that do not – and, further, between structural
changes without a specific direction and
those which follow a particular direction over
many generations, e.g., toward greater or
lesser complexity – is a very inadequate tool
of sociological inquiry. (Elias, 1994, p. 184)
Following Hawley, I reiterate that we should
focus more on nonrecurrent changes of
irreversible kind. In his presidential address
to the American Sociological Society in the
late 1970s, Hawley argued that an account of
social change should look at “nonrecurrent
alteration of a social system considered as a
whole” (Hawley, 1978, p. 787). This definition
demands that an account of social change
should primarily focus on (a) medium to long-
term alterations and (b) which are system-
 UNITY
wide. Hence, only the sustained changes that
leave some marks in the very structure of the
society can truly be considered social change
(see Hernes, 1976 for details). This is how the
present research explicates social change as
a structural process of social transformation
in terms of class dynamics. And, at the very
core of this structural transformation, there
lies a powerful and pervasive force at work,
which is the market, specifically, the capitalist
market.
In this paper, I will refrain from looking into
changes over “many generations” to identify
“a figurational change,” as Elias did in his
quest for the process of state formation and
civilisation building (Elias, 1994: 184). In
this paper, I investiage into the structural
social change unfolded in three research
sites in respective time frames with an aim
to identify a discernible pattern in long-term
social change. In doing so, my emphasis will
be on investigating how the society-market
interface evolved and how did it articulate
in the dynamics of an agrarian society. Here
Elias cautions us that looking at changing
class figurations in understanding structural
social change will remain less fruitful if such
changes are not looked at in the wider context
of their articulation with larger processes,
such as the expansion of the capitalist market,
for example.
The trajectories of long-term social change
In this section, I attempt to bring three different
studies together (Macfarlane, 2001, Blaikie
et al., 2002, and Luintel, 2010) to reveal the
trajectories of long-term social change being
unfolded in Nepal's countryside. Theses case
studies span a period of last five decades
(1970s onward). These studies are carried out
by different scholars on different time periods
and in different geography of the country. They
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also follow quite distinct methodological and
theoretical approaches. In that sense each of
these studies is unique. What brings them
closer is their broader overview on Nepal's
long-term social changes, particularly in its
countryside, during this period.
Trajectory 1. Alan Macfarlane’s reflection
on 30 years of change in Thak (a village in
Nepal’s mountain region near to Pokhara)
entitled “Sliding down hill” (Macfarlane,
2001) builds on its original study
Resources and Population (Macfarlane,
1976). Macfarlane’s account contributes
enormously to expanding our understanding
of long-term social change in the specific
context of Nepal. Although Macfarlane’s
account “does not make a pleasant reading”
because it reports “a move [of Thak] from
bad to worse” (Luintel, 2001, p. 112) with
details that people have become thinner and
more unhealthy, the livestock population has
depleted, farm productivity has plummeted,
the real earnings of village workers have
shrunk leading to the staggering indebtedness
of the village households; and all this resulted
in unforeseen “extensive and permanent out-
migration” (Macfarlane, 2001, p. 106).
It also reports that despite some economic
improvements, owing to army recruitment
or overseas labour migration, the inhabitants
of Thak neither sent part of their income
back home, nor they themselves came
back to Thak. They would rather settle in
nearby towns, in this case Pokhara. To Ben
Campbell, Thak’s case shows that a place
that was to inspire so much development
activity in the hills remains in a state of
under-investment. The peripheralisation of
Thak, he argues, in relation to the growth in
urban conglomerations, in some ways shows
the fate of Nepal’s other rural communities
(Campbell, 2001).
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In both Resources and Population
(Macfarlane, 1976) and “Sliding down hill"
(Macfarlane, 2001), there are a number
of flaws, some methodological and others
analytical. To both Campbell and Luintel,
Macfarlane’s account misses out the larger
context in which social change unfolded in
Thak. Macfarlane developed a picture of
social change as if it were independent of a
larger political economic context, such as,
the expansion of the market and capitalist
encroachment on the one hand, and the
international division of labour on the other.
Macfarlane’s admits that his prediction (of “no
forest in Thak by the year 2000”) that he did
in his doctoral research (Macfarlane, 1976)
turned wrong. Such a capitalist mode of social
change steadily prompts a new population
process (such as outmigration) coming into
effect. To both McHugh (2001) and Seddon
(2001) who reviewed Macfarlane’s account,
it fails sufficiently to recognise the analytic
importance of social divisions and class
inequality in Thak. These are some of the
social dynamics that emerged so robustly in
his recent reflection (but Macfarlane still fails
to recognise them). Had Macfarlane opened
his mind to a slightly different analytic
route, such as, for instance, including some
treatment of the political economy of class,
it would have better enabled him to grasp
the internal dynamics of the long-term social
change in Thak between the mid-1970s and
the turn of the century.
Macfarlane can also be challenged for his
analytic weakness in according little value
to the agency of the people in question. For
instance, in his original research, Macfarlane
posited his research subjects as entrapped
in external ecological conditions. Later in
his reflection, he portrayed urban growth (in
Pokhara) as a new externality to his research
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subjects. In either case, his account posited
ecological conditions or urban development
as overpowering to the community as if
people did not have any capacity to adjust,
adapt or reposition the ways they lived.
Trajectory 2. A year after Macfarlane
brought his reflection to a broader academic
attention, a group of British scholars from
East Anglia University, namely Piers Blaikie,
John Cameron and David Seddon (Blaikie
et al., 2002) published a little more rigorous
reflection based on their re-survey of 20 years
of change in the lives and ideas in some of
their original research villages from west
central Nepal (that literally spanned from
Pokhara to Lumbini). Their research reflects
upon their original account of the highly
popular, Nepal in Crisis (Blaikie et al., 1980),
for which they had originally conducted
field-research during 1974-75. Their original
research into the political economy of agrarian
change in Nepal drew an overall conclusion
that Nepal was, in the mid-1970s, in a state
of crisis, fundamentally rooted in a failure of
productive organisation associated with its
economic and political underdevelopment.
Such a pessimistic conclusion of Blaikie
and his colleagues (Blaikie et al., 1980)
resonates in many respects with Macfarlane’s
mentioned above. The origins of Nepal’s
crisis, they saw, were derived partially
from the particular form of imperialism
experienced by Nepal which allowed it to
maintain formal political autonomy vis-à-vis
its giant neighbour, India - a point Macfarlane
missed out completely. Their original study
showed that while Nepal’s experience as
“semi-colony” ensured a degree of “forced
stagnation” in its production and productivity
sectors, it also led to an increased population
pressure on marginal land, emigration, and
ecological decline (Blaikie et al., 1980).
 UNITY
Following an analytical framework that
combined class analysis with dependency
theory, their original study found a dynamic
which they anticipated would lead to capitalist
development in the rural (and urban) areas
of west central Nepal. The re-survey in the
same region after a gap of 20 years, however,
showed it to be otherwise. Seddon writes
elsewhere that:
The most pessimist forecasts of the mid-
1970s [in Nepal in Crisis] regarding the
pauperization of the mass of the peasantry
in the region had not been realized and
that a significant ‘middle peasantry’ had
managed to survive through a variety of
livelihoods strategies, including labour
migration to other areas of Nepal and
abroad… There [were but]…indications
of growing inequality, spatial and social,
within the region, the district, and the
village, and one would anticipate a
picture of growing inequality from any
contemporary village study. (Seddon,
2001, pp. 117-118)
This finding exactly corroborates to Norbert
Elias’s assertion that an account of long-
term social change either notices “increased
differentiation and integration” as well as
“decreased differentiation and integration”
(Elias, 1994, p. 182). Concurrent to this broad
observation, Blaikie and his colleagues’
re-study also found that, over a period of
more than 20 years, there remarkably lacks
change in the class structure (the pattern of
households’ classes). The nonfarm income
played a greater role in supporting households
and in providing an income. In the meantime,
there was a level of increase in agricultural
commodity production. However, they
concluded, rural capitalism had failed to
develop in either the forces of production or
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the relations of production; circumstances
for individual migration had proven
considerably more positive than anticipated,
and the resulting remittances had allowed
the preservation or even strengthening of the
middle class (Blaikie et al., 2002, pp. 1262-
1265).
Blaikie and his colleagues included class
analysis as an integral part of their analysis
without losing sight of a wider context
(of dependent relationships). This was
precisely the important analytical trope
that Macfarlane (1976, 2001) missed out
completely, as our aforementioned discussion
suggests. However, both Macfarlane (2001)
and Blaikie et al.’s (2002) accounts grossly
ignores a pivotal role the market dynamics
plays in shaping lives and livelihoods at the
local level. Their systematic omission of the
importance of the market (or the changing
forms of market relations) in bringing long-
term social change in contemporary rural
Nepal is, thus, striking. Both Macfarlane
(2001) and Blaikie et al. (2002) frequently
mention the changing consumption behaviour,
rising levels of expenditure (and the latters
even talk about the increasing importance of
commodity production); however, none of the
two accounts adequately weave the market
(or market relations) into the framework of
analysis.
Trajectory 3. Eight years after the publication
of Blaikie and his colleagues’ reflective
account, discussed above, Youba Raj Luintel,
a sociologist from Tribhuvan University,
in his doctoral research work, analyzes
the relationship between expansion of the
capitalist market in Nepal's agricultural sector
and the resultant structural social change in
a village in the vicinity of Kathmandu. He
 UNITY
studied the case of the Mahesh Khola2 valley,
west of Kathmandu, during a period of more
than two decades (1985-2008) and examined
the expansion of agricultural markets as a
mechanism to transform rural livelihoods.
In his research entitled "Capitalism and
Underdevelopment in Rural Nepal:
Market Relations, Inequality and Social
Change in 'Mahesh Khola'," Luintel (2010)
demonstrates how a development model
that defined commodification of agriculture
as the real development of the rural sector
created a development paradox by bringing
several social disruptions and aggravating
existing social inequalities. He argued that
neoliberal policies promoting market-centred
development failed to take into account that
markets it promotes are socially embedded in
unequal power relations.
The exacerbation of social inequality
created by this development model has
several manifestations. As the case of
Mahesh Khola illustrates, it includes (a) the
radical restructuring of rural labor through
unprecedented intra-class differentiation,
notably through the emergence of a wealthier
fraction within the working class, (b) the
transformation of part of the traditional rural
elite into a modern capitalist upper class,
closely connected with this transformation;
2. A cluster of several villages in the foothills of
Central Nepal, “Mahesh Khola” is a fictive name
that represents an area located 25 to 30 km west
of Kathmandu. This is a small river valley made
up of two streams, which make its topography
rugged, composed mainly of river banks and their
constituent hillocks (with slopes predominating
over flat river banks), at an elevation of between
950 to 1,700m. Note that Mahesh Khola is the
same cluster of villages where Luintel had carried
out his dissertation research for Master's thesis
(Luintel, 1990, also see Luintel 1994).
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and (c) the progressive relocation (or self-
displacement) of this modernised upper class
to the capital city of Kathmandu (Luintel,
2010).
In this study, Luintel (2010) exposes how
these long-term social changes are the
outcomes of the accumulation and transfer of
rural surplus to the metropolis urban centres.
While a part of this surplus is retained by
the rural working class and transferred to
Kathmandu mainly through consumption of
nonessential goods and services. A part of the
surplus is spent on increasingly expensive
agricultural inputs, such as pesticides and
fertilisers. However, a large proportion of
this surplus, Luintel (2010) illustrates, is
expropriated by the actors who monopolise
the access to agricultural markets: the modern
indigenous upper class and the Indian traders
who have control over the highly asymmetric
core-periphery relation characterising
market exchanges between Nepal and India.
Moreover, the surplus diverted to the capital
is often invested unproductively in real estate
and urban residences, while the rural sector
where the surplus is produced suffers from
chronic disinvestment, social disruption and
underdevelopment. Luintel's research draws
four important conclusions, as follows:
The model of development that has been
fostered in Mahesh Khola with greater
emphasis on commodity production and
profit making, in a period of more than two
decades, has significantly improved the
livelihood conditions of rural households.
This is one facet of the long-term social
change taking place in Nepal’s countryside.
After two decades of persistent emphasis on
production for sale, commercialisation of
agriculture and profit-making from vegetables
(1985-2008), the people of Mahesh Khola are
now motivated to start a nonfarm livelihood
 UNITY
in Kathmandu. Their regular exposure to the
urban cosmopolitan life of Kathmandu (in or
around the Kalimati vegetable market) has
seduced the rural populace to cosmopolitanism
in such a profound manner that they would
like to make a fresh start in their lives and
livelihoods away from agriculture sector.
In Norbert Elias’s argument line, such a
shift in the lifestyle embodies profound
characteristics that Nepal’s countryside is
going through.
A model of development, a neoliberal kind
in Luintel’s analogy, has deepened social
inequality in Mahesh Khola by exacerbating
class inequalities, at the intersection of
existing social asymmetries of other kinds,
notably caste, ethnicity and gender. From the
prism of a long-term structural social change
as propagated by Norbert Elias, this is one of
the telling stories that contemporary social
science may pursue further.
This way, the recent trajectories of capitalist
development in Mahesh Khola have
eventually resulted in a process of social
differentiation connected with the transfer
of economic surplus generated in agriculture
and rural sector: from the farmers to the
traders, and then from rural peripheries to the
urban metropolis. In the long run, the rural
peripheries are left underdeveloped due to
the lack of productive investments, largely
because the rural surpluses are predominantly
transferred to the urban centres, and from
there to the metropolis (Luintel, 2010; see
also Amin, 1972 and Frank, 1967).
Conclusion
In these lights, such a durable social change
unfolds in a long-term. Social change should
be sociologically informed in the sense that
social change needs to be examined in social
structures and institutions. At its empirical
ground, this paper argues that one cannot
ignore the structural alteration that long-term
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social change eventually brings about in the
case of rural Nepal. Further, an embedding
class analysis in a broader historical context
of evolving market dynamics could be two
arenas of meaningful social change studies.
The underlying belief on such an assertion
on social change would eventually represent
widening and deepening social inequality on
the ground.
Macfarlane (1976) together with Blaikie
and his colleagues’ accounts (Blaikie et al.,
1980) suffer overwhelmingly from the then
popular structural approach of the 1980s,
thus missing entirely the agency people
can (and do) exercise within the structural
constraints. From the vantage point of
the present paper, their overt emphasis
on decline, crisis and underdevelopment,
instead of social change, made their accounts
utterly political-economic. Blaikie and his
colleagues’ re-study (Blaikie et al., 2002),
however, vividly draws our attention to the
salience of widening social inequality in
countryside Nepal, amidst the claims that
livelihood conditions have slightly improved
because of livelihood diversification and
commodification of economy, an issue
Macfarlane failed to acknowledge.
In this light, Luintel’s (2010) key contributions
can be summarised in two points First, his
study demonstrates how the processes of
social differentiation, mainly changing class
relations serve as the mechanism for the
accumulation and transfer of rural surplus
from the working class to the elite sections of
the society (Wright, 2009; Burris, 1987; Marx,
1971 [1867]), and how this accumulation is
finally concentrated by the core actors of the
capitalist markets.
Second, Luintel’s study has sought to
demonstrate that the extraction and transfer
 UNITY
of rural surplus are largely a result of
asymmetric core-periphery market relations
(Naustdalslid, 1977, Wallerstein, 1974 & Dos
Santos, 1970) and the deepening of processes
of social differentiation, particularly class
inequalities (Emmanuel, 1972, Dos Santos,
1970). His study expands our understanding
of how capitalist markets, that are socially
embedded and interwoven in a mutually
reinforcing asymmetric relationships of core-
periphery type, entirely serve the interests of
the capitalist centres, a process that eventually
drives and shapes the pattern of long-term
structural social change of nonrecurrent type
(Elias, 1994) through the process of social
divergence, contradictions and disruptions.
My conception of social change is mainly
informed by Elias’s (1994) arguments that
social change is not always essentially
evolutionary; but mainly structural
and transformative where he looks for
“figurational change” (p. 184) over a long-
term. Elias’s conceptualisation of social
change brings me closer to class analysis as
the structural social change in society in the
specific circumstances of countryside Nepal.
This article demonstrated that in order to
develop a proper understanding of rural
social change one needs to put agricultural
markets at the centre of its analysis (Akram-
Lodhi, 2001, Crow 2001 & Harris-White
1999).Since the market is not only a process
of exchange and economic transaction but
also, vitally and more implicitly, the market
is the mechanism of profit making, surplus
appropriation and transfer of the surplus. This
larger process of economic structure, this
article argues, gets reflected in the changing
class formation of any society, as is the case
of Mahesh Khola.
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Hence, class formation together with its
dynamic articulation to capitalist world-
economy, shapes the flow of surplus,
which in the long-term transforms the very
configuration of society, a process called
social change (Elias, 1994). In order to
facilitate our understanding of the capitalist
market formation in the peripheral hinterlands
(Bharadwaj, 1985) the subsequent sections
of this article will combine arguments from
a body of literature, the embeddedness and
connectedness of global and peripheral
markets together with a class analysis of
structural social change.
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151
 UNITY
/fli6«o ;'/Iffdf ljsf;sf] kfZj{lrq
n]v;f/
ofqfsf] uGtJo;“u g]kYosf] eljio hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
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jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf
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ljifo k|j]z
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152
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 UNITY
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;~rfngsf] dfWod g} cy{ xf] . cy{;“usf ;Dk"0f{
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k|ltJolQm cfosf] n]vfhf]vf cy{d} x'g] ePsfn]
cy{zf:qLx? o;}nfO{ ljsf; dfG5g\ h'g :jfefljs
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a]/f]huf/Lsf] cGTo;“u} /fi6«sf] ;du| ;fdflhs tyf
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ts{zLn b]lvP klg cfkm"leq …ljsf;Ú ePsf] sdhf]/
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gi6 x'“bf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] cltj[li6 / cgfj[li6
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;+:s[lt -zdf{, @)%*, k[= #*!_ . ;dfhdf x'g] vfg]
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;';+:s[t, :j:y / ;Eo ;dfhsf] sNkgf ;fdflhs
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ck/fwd'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 -/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt
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gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;dfj]zLs/0f
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JOURNAL
;+ljwfg, @)&@, k[= !)_+ u/] tfklg cy{sf cfkm\g}
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g]kfn /]8qm;, :sfp6, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/
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hGd !*$& ;fnsf] sf]tkj{kZrft\ h+uaxfb'/ /f0ff
155
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;'b[9Ls/0f / /fli6«o ;'/Iff dfq xf]Og, cGt/f{li6«o
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dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o;}n] ;+ljwfgd} g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf,
;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf /
/fli6«o Pstf /Iffy{ ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 ;dfj]zL
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, k[= @!(_
Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
k|x/L / ;]gf;“u} /fHo;'/Iffsf] csf]{ PsfO ;z:q
k|x/L an xf] -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, k[= @@!_ .
@)%* ;fndf ;z:q åGås} qmddf :yfkgf ePsf]
;z:q k|x/L an /fHodf zflGt–;'Joj:yf sfod u/L
hgtfsf] hLp, wg / :jtGqtfsf] /Iffy{ lqmofzLn
5 . d'n'ssf] k|lt/Iff Ifdtf a9fpg ;}Go zlQmnfO{
k|d'v zlQm dflgg] / /fHo ;'/IffcGtu{t /fhgLlts
;'/Iff kg]{ ePsfn] ljleGg /fhgLlts dfu /fv]/
ePsf] lx+;fTds åGå cGTosf nflu ;z:q k|x/L an
:yfkgf ePsf] lyof] .
/fHozlQmsf] ;+oGq /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;DaGwL dfldnfdf
bQlrQ 5  . slxn] cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff, slxn]
;Ldf, slxn] ; ­Ldf–If]qsf cfk/flws ultljlw
tyf t:s/L lgoGq0fdf, slxn] cj}w nfu"cf}ifw
pTkfbg, pkof]u / cf];f/k;f/ lgoGq0fdf, slxn]
;fDk|bflos åGå lgoGq0fdf t u'0f:t/Lo lzIff /
:jf:Yo ;'lglZrttfsf nflu /fHozlQm lqmofzLn
5g\ -/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&#, k[= !&–#&_ h;sf
;xfotfn] /fli6«o /fhgLlts / s"6gLlts If]qdf
pNn]Vo of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .
 UNITY
/fHozlQm ;'/Iffsf c+udWo] ;~rf/ dfWod klg Ps
xf] . ;~rf/s} dfWodaf6 nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf,
dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f, k|]; :jtGqtf, ;'/Iff, :jtGq
/ :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf, /fHosf c+u aLr
zlQm ;Gt'ng / lgoGq0f, lgjf{rg tyf jflnu
dtflwsf/, k|zf;g / /fhgLltnfO{ ljZj;gLo,
;Ifd Pjd\ Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{df Nofpg d2t
k'Ub5 .
lxhf] ;z:q åGåsf sf/0f :yfkgf ePsf] /fli6«o
dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u klg /fHozlQm ;'/Iffsf] c+u
xf] . ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] rk]6fdf k/]sf g]kfnL
bfh'efOsf] hLjg/Iffy{ u7g ePsf] cfof]u, g]kfn
/]8qm;, :sfp6, nfoG; Sna, ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf
u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfn] aufPsf] kl;gfsf] d"NonfO{
xfdLn] la;]{sf 5}gf“}  . o;/L ljleGg :yfgLo, /fli6«o,
cGt/f{li6«o, ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf
/ gful/s ;dfh nufotsf ljljw lgsfo
/fHozlQmsf] ;'/Iffdf lqmofzLn 5g\, h;sf
cfwf/df ljsf;n] km8\sf] dfg{ ;3fPsf] s'/f] :ki6
5 .
;Defjgf / r'gf}tL
/fli6«otf s'g} d"t{ j:t' xf]Og . o;}n] /fli6«o
;'/Iff;“u hf]l8P/ cfpg] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ /
:jfefljs ;Gbe{ xf] . xfdLn] rfx]df /fli6«o lxtsf
nflu /fhgLlts / s"6gLlts Ifdtf, /fhgLlts
;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; / ;femf b[li6sf]0f agfpg
;St5f}+ . /fHosf ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u,
pkef]u / ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBdfg ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts, P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs ljljwtfnfO{
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . JolQmsf] :jfy{eGbf /fli6«o
ljifodf t6:y / k|ltj4 x'g ;Sof}+ eg] ;a}sf]
;xeflutf / ;dy{g k|fKt x'G5 . ljleGg txsf
;/sf/;“u ljsf;df ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;lsG5 . pko'Qm
/ Jofjxfl/s sfo{of]hgfdf ;xsfo{ / ;dGjo ug{,
;'/Iff / ljsf;df cNksfnLg Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg
156
JOURNAL
/0fgLlt to ug{ / ePsf gLltlgdf{0f, ljlwljwfg
/ k|f¿k ;'lglZrt u/L sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ alnof]
kfb}{ e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}df /fli6«o
;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] kfZj{lrq n's]sf] x'G5 .
;Defjgf;“u} r'gf}tL klg x'G5g\ . ;DefjgfnfO{
;kmntfdf kl/0ft u/fpg w]/} kl/>d ug{'kb{5 .
PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnL /x]sf] g]kfn jt{dfgdf
;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ljeflht 5 . ltg}
txdf ;|f]t;fwgsf] plrt af“8kmf“8, ljlgof]hg,
Joj:yfkg / sfg'g lgdf{0fnufotsf sfd, st{Jo /
bfloTj k"/f ePsf 5}gg\ . ljljw ljkb\ Joj:yfkg,
lghL If]qsf] dgf]dfgL, sfnfahf/L tyf Psflwsf/
tf]8\g ;lsPsf] 5}g . /fli6«o klxrfg;“u hf]l8Psf
;Gbe{x? emg\ hl6n\ 5g\ . b]zsf] v'nf l;dfgf
/ ;Ldf–If]qsf cjfl~5t lqmofsnfkn] /fli6«o
;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL yk]sf 5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lvsf
z/0ffyL{ ;d:of, dfgj a]rljvg, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f,
nfu'cf}ifw lgoGq0f, ;+ul7t ck/fw, pkef]Qmf
clwsf/ / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f nufotsf w]/} ;d:ofx?
b]zdf laBdfg 5g\ . oL ;a} /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf
r'gf}tLx? x'g\ . o:tf ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLnfO{ 86]/
;fdgf ug{ xfdLdf cfTdcg'zf;gsf] cfjZos 5 .
lgisif{
/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;Gbe{;“u} ljsf; s;/L hf]l8G5
eGg] k|Zg p7\g' :jfefljs xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf b'O{
9'ª\uf aLrsf] t?n h:tf] e"kl/j]li7t d'n's g]kfnn]
b'j} b]zaf6 nfe lng ;Sg] w]/} ;Defjgfx? 5g\ .
o;sf nflu /fli6«o :jfy{ / k|fyldstfsf ljifodf
;femf b[li6sf]0f Pjd\ nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ug'{, g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 u/L ahf/Ls/0f
a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . /fHo, lghL If]q / gful/s
;dfh aLr ;fem]bf/Ldf ;d[l4sf] ofqf a9fpg' 5 .
of] x'g ;s] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] hu alnof] x'G5 /
ljsf;n] km8\sf] df5{ . o;}df ljsf;sf] kfZj{lrq
n's]sf] x'G5 .
 UNITY
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL
s[i0f w/fjf;L -@)&)_Ù u]:6fkf], sf7df8f}+ M k}/jL a's
xfp; .
1jfnL, ch'{g / lg/f}nf k]zns'df/ -@)&$_, afOan /
dfcf]jfb, sf7df8f}+ M :jb]z k|sfzg .
yfkf uf]laGb, g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/L an, g]nfnL
;'/Iff If]qM Ps ;+u|x, sf7df8f}+ .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& .
g]kfnsf] cfGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# .
g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+a}wflgs sfg'g @))$ .
g]kfn k|x/L lgodfjnL @)## .
157
JOURNAL
k+u]gL, xl/k|;fb -;Dkf_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@,
sf7df8f}+ M ltn:dL klAns]zg k|f=ln=
ef}sfhL, ljdn -@)&)_, oz:jL ;ª\uLt–tk:jL M
gfltsfhL, sf7df8f}+ M gfltsfhL :d[lt ;dfh .
/fli6«o ;'/IffgLlt @)&# .
zdf{, hgsnfn -@)%*_, xfd|f] ;dfh M Ps cWoog M
nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
zDdf{ g]kfn, j;Gt s'df/ -;Dkf_ -@)%*_ g]kfnL
zAb;fu/ M sf7df8f}+} M dfdf k':ts e08f/ .
lzjfsf]6L, uf]kfn -@)&@_, åGå, zflGt / ljsf;,
sf7df8f}+ M k}/jL k|sfzg .
;fksf]6f, lji0f' -;Dkf_ -@)^^_, g]kfnL ;'/Iff If]q M Ps
;ª\u|x, sf7df8f+} M /fli6«o zflGt cleofg .
 UNITY
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwM jt{dfg cj:yf, r'gf}tL / cj;/
n]v;f/
/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf dfq xf]Og ;+lawfg /
nf]stGqsf] /Iffsf nflu b]zsf] ;]gfsf] e"ldsf klg
TolQs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 eg] b]zsf] zflGt, :yfloTj,
;du| lasf; / ;Dj[l4 tyf b]zsf] j}b]lzs gLlt
/ s"6gLltdf ;d]t ;]gfn] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg
lbg ;S5 . t/ o;sf nflu ;an / k|efjsf/L
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf] cfaZostf kb{5 .
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwnfO{ k|efasf/L agfpg
Psflt/ b]zsf] gful/s g]t[Tj, gful/s ;dfh
/ sd{rf/LtGqdf ;'/Iff;DaGwL kof{Kt 1fg /
cg'ej x'g' cfaZos 5 eg] csf]{lt/ pQ/bfloTj
/ hafkmb]lxtfsf lx;fan] ;]gfsf] tflnd / g]t[Tj
lasf;;“u} gful/s g]t[Tjsf] j}w / Gofo;+ut cfb]z
cIf/z M kfngf ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt x'g'
h?/L 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm gful/s / ;}lgs g]t[Tjlarsf]
lgoldt ;+afb / ;x–sfo{sf] TolQs} dxŒj x'G5 eg]
;'/Iffaf/] ;+j]bgzLn s'/f afx]s ;]gfsf] lgoldt
sfd–sfaf{xL, ;}lgs ah]6, vr{ / sf]if kl/rfng
cflbdf kf/blz{tf a9fpg] sfd u/] tyf ;]gfleq
b08xLgtf 5 eGg] cf/f]knfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g]kfnL
;]gfn] laZjAofkL dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/] cfd–
gful/sdf ;]gfk|lt ljZjf; / e/f];f cem} a9\g]5 .
;]gfklt k"0f{rGb| yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;]gfdf ;'zf;g /
;'wf/sf sfo{qmd ;'? x'g' cfkm}“df ;/fxgLo 5 / oL
;'wf/x¿nfO{ ;]gfsf] efaL g]t[Tj lasf;;“u hf]8]/
;+:yfut ug{'k5{, lsgls ;]gfsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f
158
JOURNAL
8f= c+u/fh ltldlN;gf
eGgfn] gful/s g]t[Tjsf] lgoGq0fsf cltl/Qm
;]gfsf] Jofj;flos lasf; clg ;]gfdf ;'zf;g /
;'wf/k|ltsf] k|lta4tf xf] eg]/ a'‰g'kg]{ x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/sf
s'/f ubf{ cd]l/sf / ef/tdf h:t} /fli6«o ;'/Iff
kl/ifb\sf] k'g M ;+/rgf u/]/ gLltut, Jofj;flos /
;+of]hgsf/L Ifdtf a9fpg' h?/L 5 .
zAbs'~hLM gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw, g]kfnL ;]gf,
;]gfdf ;'wf/, ;]gfsf] Jofj;flostf, /fli6«o ;'/Iff
kl/ifb\ .
k[i7e"ld
nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / b]zsf] ;d[l4sf nflu
cg]s r'gf}tL v]lk/x]sf g]kfn nufot b]zx¿sf
nflu uDeL/ ax; cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . b]zdf
s;/L k|efjsf/L ;]gfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 tfls
;]gf nf]stGqsf nflu r'gf}tL gxf];\ < ;]gfnfO{
:jtGq 5f]8]/ Jofj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug{'k5{ jf
gful/ssf] cwLgdf /fv]/ nf]stGqsf] /Iff ug{'k5{
eGg] s'/f s] Ps–csf{df kf/:kl/s ?kn] leGg
5g\ < (Mukahrjee, 2019)
nf]stGqsf lxtdf ;]gfdfly gful/s lgoGq0f
jf lgu/fgL s'g /fd|f] /0fgLlt xf] < ;]gfsf]
nf]stfGqLs/0f (Democratization of Army)
eg]/ s]nfO{ a'em\g] < ;]gfnfO{ PSn} 5f]l8lbg] jf
;dfhsf] a[xQ/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ gful/s /
;]gfaLrdf ;+jfb, ;xsfo{ / ;xcl:tTjdf hf]8 lbg]
< log} k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg o; n]vn] ljZjsf c?
b]zsf] cg'ej, gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwaf/] k|ltkflbt
 UNITY
l;4fGt / Oltxf;;“u} g]kfnL ;]gfdf cfPsf] qmlds
;'wf/nfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwaf/] c? b]zsf] cg'ej
;g\ @)!! sf] 'National Military Strategy'
df cd]l/sfsf ;]gfWoIfn] n]v]sf lyP, …;]gfdfly
gful/s g]t[Tjsf] lgoGq0f cd]l/sL u0ftGqsf] d"n
l;4fGt xf], h;nfO{ ;]gfn] ;w“} /Iff u/]/ /fVg]5 eg]
;]gf /fhgLltdf t6:y (Apolitical) ;+:yf xf] /
of] t6:ytf /lx/xg] 5 .Ú (Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, 2011, p. 16)
;g\ @)!) df cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfn]
k|Voft kqsf/ aa p8\jf8{nfO{ s] eg]sf lyP eg],
‘g t d ;]gf;“u 8/fp“5', g dnfO{ nfU5 ;]gfn] d]/f]
k|d'v sdf08/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ g} sdhf]/ agfO/x]sf]
5 . dnfO{ cfTdljZjf; s] 5 eg] gLlt–lgod
agfpg] sfd gful/s g]t[Tjsf] xf] / ;]gfn] log}
gLlt–lgodsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ xf] .’ (Woodward,
2010, p. 377)
dflysf egfOn] Jofj;flostf / g]t[Tj ljsf;sf
b[li6n] cAan 7flgg] cd]l/sL ;]gf / nfdf]
k|hftflGqs Oltxf; af]s]sf] gful/s g]t[TjaLrsf]
nId0f/]vfaf/] ;Gb]z lbG5g\ . ;]gf /fhgLltaf6
t6:y /xG5, t/ gful/s g]t[Tjk|lt pQ/bfoL
klg x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf /fi6«kltk|ltsf] lgi7fsf
cltl/Qm ;+;b\sf ;'g'jfOdf efu lnO{ b]zsf]
;'/Iffaf/] …a[lkmªÚ lbP/ ;]gf ;+;b\k|lt klg lhDd]jf/
b]lvG5 . gLlt agfp“bf ljleGg ljsNkaf/] ;]gfn]
gful/s g]t[TjnfO{ ;'emfj lbg] u/] klg /fi6«klt,
/IffdGqL, ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ tyf ;+;b\sf] lgb]{zg
kfngf ug{' / gful/s g]t[Tjn] agfPsf] ;fdl/s,
;'/Iff Pj+ ;}Go gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{' ;]gfsf] d"n
st{Jo xf] .
;xsfo{sf lx;fan] cd]l/sfdf ;}lgs g]t[Tj /
gful/s g]t[TjaLrsf] ;DaGw x]bf{ Pscsf{;“u
159
JOURNAL
3f“6L hf]l8Ph:tf] b]lvG5 . ;]gf / ;'/Iff;DaGwL
kqsf/ ;Dd]ng ubf{ /IffdGqL / ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj
k|foM ;“u} pleP/ hjfkm lbg] u5{g\ . gLltut /
;du| dfldnfdf dGqLn] hjfkm lbg] / k|fljlws Pj+
;+u7g;DaGwL s'/f eP ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjn] hjfkm lbg]
rng 5 . ;du|df hgtfdf ;]gfk|lt 7"nf] cfb/ 5 .
-Uofnf]k ;j]{If0f, ;+= @)!*_
ef/tsf] &) jif{eGbf a9Lsf] k|hftflGqs Oltxf;sf]
;an kf6f] gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw klg xf] .
kfls:tfgdf gful/s g]t[TjnfO{ ckb:y u/L ;]gfn]
s}of}+ k6s zf;g;Qf xftdf ln“bf ef/tdf gful/s
g]t[Tjk|lt ;]gf k"0f{ pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL dfq 5}g,
;]gfk|lt ;dfhsf] TolQs} cfb/ 5 . cfn+sfl/s
?kn] ;]gfsf] ;jf]{Rr g]t[Tj ef/tsf /fi6«kltn] u/]
klg b]zsf] sfo{sf/L k|wfgdGqL, dlGqd08n, /fli6«o
;'/Iff kl/ifb\ / /Iff dGqfnon] ;]gfsf] kl/rfng,
v6gk6g, Joj:yfkg / /]vb]v ug]{ u5{g\ .
;g\ !((* df k|wfgdGqL c6nljxf/L afhk]oLn]
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / /0fgLlts dfldnfdf k|wfgdGqLnfO{
;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbgsf nflu /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf]
:yfkgf u/] . o;;“u} /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ /
pk;Nnfxsf/sf] lgo'lQm ug{ yflnof]  . /fli6«o ;'/Iff
;Nnfxsf/sf cltl/Qm /Iff, u[x, k//fi6« / cy{dGqL
clg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfnfO{ /fli6«o
;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o /flvof] .
ef/tdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] tLg txsf] ;+/rgf
5 eg], /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ zlQmzfnL /
dxŒjk"0f{ kb dflgG5, lsgls pgsf] cWoIftfdf
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrj, /fi6« a}+ssf ueg{/, ;a} d'Vo
dGqfnosf ;lrj, :yn, hn tyf jfo' ;]gfsf
k|d'vx¿, u'Ktr/ ;+:yfsf k|d'v, s/b]lv k/df0f'
/ cGtl/If;DaGwL ;+:yfsf k|d'v ;b:o /xg]
/0fgLlts gLlt ;d"x (Strategic Policy Group)
sf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . b]zsf k|d'v ;'/Iffljb\sf]
;'emfj / ;Nnfx lng Pp6f /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;'emfj
 UNITY
af]8{ (National Security Advisory Board) klg
5 . ;"rgf / hf;';L;DaGwL sfddf Ps?ktf sfod
u/L ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ ;3fpg dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjsf]
dftxtdf ;a} u'Ktr/ ;+:yfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] ;+o'Qm
;"rgf ;ldlt (Joint Intelligence Committee)
eGg] ;+oGq 5 . (Raghavan, 2019, pp. 33-52)
ef/tdf xfn;fn} /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ / ;'/Iff
kl/ifb\sf ;+/rgfsf cltl/Qm :yn, hn / jfo'
ltgj6} ;]gfaLr ;an ;dGjosf ;fy gful/s
g]t[Tj;“usf] ;DaGw, ;+jfb / ;xsfo{nfO{ cem}
k|efjsf/L agfpg /Iff dGqfnodf dGqL;“u} a;]/
sfd ug]{, clg dGqfnosf] ;]gf;DaGwL ljefusf]
;lrj;d]t /xg] u/L …lrkm ckm l8km]G; :6fkmÚ sf]
gof“ kb l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 . (The Economist,
2020)
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw eg]sf] s] xf] <
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf] Pp6f dfq dfGo x'g]
kl/efiff kfO“b}g . ;du|df gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw
eGgfn] ;dfh jf b]zsf gful/s;“u ;]gfsf] s:tf]
;DaGw 5 eg]/ a'em\g'kg]{ x'G5 . lglb{i6 ?kn]
eGg] xf] eg] gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwnfO{ ;/sf/df
/x]sf] gful/s g]t[Tj (Civilian Authority) /
;}lgs k|flwsf/L (Military Authority) aLrsf]
;DaGw eGg] hgfp“5  . k|fdfl0fs wf/0ff (Normative
Assumptions) cg';f/ kl/eflift ubf{ ;}lgs–
gful/s ;DaGwnfO{ ;]gfdflysf] gful/s g]t[Tjsf]
lgoGq0f (Civilian Control) eg]/ a'lemG5  .
(Bruneau and Cristiana, 2013, p. 17)
ljZjsf w]/} b]zdf k|hftGqsf] cEo'bo x'g'k"j{
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwnfO{ /fi6«nfO{ afx\o
cfqmd0faf6 arfpg] k|;+udf a'lemGYof] . /fi6«
arfpg] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] ;]gf obfsbf cfºgf]
e"ldsf / Tofusf lx;fan] cfkm" gful/s g]t[TjeGbf
dfly /x]sf] eg]/ zlQm ;~ro ug]{ uYof]{ .
160
JOURNAL
ljZjdf ha Psflt/ nf]stGq ;+:yfut x'“b} uof],
csf]{lt/ ;'/Iff / zflGt sfod ug]{ gfddf ;]gfn]
rnfPsf zf;gx¿ c;kmn x'“b} uP . To;kl5 ;Qf
rnfp“bf hgtfåf/f r'lgP/ cfpg] gful/s g]t[TjnfO{
uNtL ug]{ 5'6 x'g] (Right to be wrong) eof],
lsgls gful/s g]t[Tj r'gfjdfkm{t\ ;lRrg] df}sf
kfp“5, t/ b]zsf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDdf lnPsf] ;]gfnfO{
o:tf] uNtL ug]{ 5'6 gePsfn] ;]gf /fhgLltdf xft
gxfn]/ gful/s g]t[Tjsf] lgoGq0fdf a:g'k5{ eGg]
dfGotf alnof] x'“b} uof] .
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwaf/] k|ltkflbt l;4fGtnfO{
s]nfp“bf rlr{t /fhgLltzf:qL :ofd'on xlG6ª\6gsf]
;g\ !(%& df n]lvPsf] 'The Soldier and the
State' eGg] k':ts rrf{df 5 . (Huntington,
1957)
xlG6ª\6gn] ;]gf k'/ftgjfbL (Conservative)
/ gful/s g]t[Tj pbf/jfbL (Liberal) x'G5 dfq}
eg]gg\, ljZjo'4sf] cg'ej ;“ufn]/ cfPsf] ;]gfdfly
gful/s g]t[Tjn] w]/} lgoGq0f u/] o'4df ;]gf sdhf]/
x'g] / csf]{lt/ ;]gfn] ‘s'Ú ug{ klg ;S5 eGg] wf/0ff
/fv] .
t;y{ ;]gfdfly cfTd k/s lgoGq0f (Subjective
Control) xf]Og ls j:t'k/s lgoGq0f (Objective
Control) x'g'k5{, ;]gfnfO{ k|hftflGqs zlQm
(Democratic Force) sf ?kdf xf]Og ls
Jofj;flos ;]gf (Professional Military) sf
?kdf ljsf; ug{'k5{, h;sf nflu ;]gfnfO{ cfºgf]
;+u7g rnfpg] :jtGqtf (Autonomy) lbOg'k5{
eGg] ts{ xlG6ª\6gn] cufl8 ;f/] . (Huntington,
1957)
xlG6ª\6gsf] dfGotfnfO{ yk JofVof ug]{x¿sf]
lgrf]8cg';f/ gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw eg]sf] ;]gfdfly
ljz'4 lgoGq0f dfq} xf]Og . :j:y gful/s–;}lgs
;DaGw (Healthy Civil(Military Relations) /
 UNITY
k|efjsf/L gful/s lgoGq0f (Effective Civilian
Control) sf nflu ;du|df lgDg lnlvt s'/fx¿
cfjZos 5g\–
• Jofj;flos ?kn] ;]gfnfO{ cfkm\gf] sfd–
st{Jo lgjf{x ug{ :jtGqtf (Professional
Autonomy) lbg] .
• ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLlt lgdf{0fsf qmddf
;]gfnfO{ ;+nUg ug]{, t/ ;]gf ;Qf /fhgLltaf6
6f9f /xg'kg]{ .
• gful/s g]t[Tj;“u ;]gfsf] sfdsf/jfxLnfO{
k|efjsf/L ?kn] lg/LIf0f / ko{j]If0f (Effective
Oversight) ug]{ Ifdtf x'g'kg]{, /
• ;]gfk|ltsf] cf:yf / cfb/ pRr agfpg
;]gfn] cfd gful/s;“usf] ;DaGwdf ;'wf/
Nofpg'kg]{ .
oBlk df]l/; h]gf]ljh nufotsf ;dfhzf:qLx¿n]
dgf]j[lQ (Attitude) / d"NodfGotf (Values)
sf cfwf/df gful/s g]t[Tj / ;]gfnfO{ b'O{ leGg
;dfhdf af“8\g vf]Hg' j:t'k/s / oyfy{jfbL xf]Og
eGg] ts{ u/] . ;]gf eg]sf] klg ;dfhs} lx:;f xf]
/ o;n] ;du| ;dfhs} k|ltlglwTj u5{ eGg] df]l/;
hfgf]ljThsf] dt 5 . (Janowitz, 1960)
;xcl:tTj / ;fdGh:osf] l;4fGt (Concordance
Theory) n] ;d]t ;]gf, /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / gful/s
;dfh ;a} ldn]/ b]zsf] ;'/Iff gLlt agfpg], To;sf]
ckgTj u|x0f ug]{ / To;nfO{ ;a} ldn]/ sfof{Gjog
ug{'kg]{ ts{ lbG5 . (Schiff, 1995)
PSsfO;f}“ ztfAbLsf] nf]stGq / e"d08nLs/0fsf]
o'udf /fli6«o ;'/Iff, s"6gLlt / k//fi6« gLlt,
b]zsf] ljsf;, l:y/tf, gful/ssf] ;'/Iff / ;d[l4
Ps cfk;df hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . h:tf] ls ;}lgs
s"6gLlt (Military Diplomacy) b]zsf] k//fi6«
gLlt / ;'/Iff gLlt b'j}sf] lx:;f xf] .
161
JOURNAL
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw ;an agfpg g]t[Tjsf]
g}lts kIfsf] klg TolQs} xft x'G5 . cd]l/sfsf]
u[xo'4sf a]nf g]t[Tj lbg] /fi6«klt ca|fxd ln+sg,
bf];|f] ljZjo'4tfsf a]nfotL ;]gfnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{
k|wfgdGqL ljG:6g rlr{n, k|yd ljZjo'4df ;]gf
kl/rfngdf Voflt sdfPsf k|mfG;sf k|wfgdGqL
Sn]d]G;f] / l:jh gx/sf] ljjfbdf Oh/fonsf] ;]gf
kl/rfng ug]{ k|wfgdGqL a]g u'l/jgsf] ;]gf;“usf]
;DaGw a/fa/sf] ;+jfb (Equal Dialogue) df
cfwfl/t dfq lyPg, oL ;]gfsf nflu cfbz{ g]t[Tj
lyP .
csf]{lt/ ljZjsf s]xL b]zdf ;]gfnfO{ w]/} :jzf;gsf]
clwsf/ (Autonomy) lbP/ v';L agfpg] clg
gful/s zf;sx¿ ;Qfdf l6ls/xg] pbfx/0fx¿ klg
5g\  . ;]gfåf/f ‘s'‘ ug]{ s'g} k|of; u/]sf] 5}g eGb}df
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw alnof] 5 eGg] rflx“ xf]Og .
;]gfn] /fhgLlts ;De|fGt ju{ (Political Elites)
nfO{ dfq} ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 jf ;du|df ;dfhsf
nflu ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
;]gfsf] gful/s;“u yf]/} dfq} ;Dks{ / ;DaGw
x'g', ;'/Iff;DaGwL s'/fdf ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjsf] dfq}
x}sd (Monopoly) /xg', ;'/Iff dGqfno jf c?
lgsfosf gful/s g]t[Tjn] ug{ ;Sg] sfdx¿ ;d]t
;]gfn] g} ug]{ sf]l;; ug{' cflbn] kSs} klg sdhf]/
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf] 5gs b]vfp“5 . csf{lt/
gful/s g]t[Tjsf ;fd' ;]gfn] km/s dt (Dissent)
/fVof] eg] o;nfO{ cj1f jf cf1fsf] pNn+3g
(Disobedience) 7fGg' x'“b}g . cd]l/sf, a]nfot jf
cGo ljsl;t d'n'sdf b]zsf] ;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf
;]gfn] cfºgf] cg'ej / ;'ema'emsf cfwf/df ;Nnfx
lbg] rng 5 . s'g gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ eGg] rflx“
gful/s g]t[Tjsf] ljj]sdf e/ k5{ .
;du|df eGbf k|efjsf/L gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf
nflu lgDg lnlvt tLg s'/f cfjZos 5g\–
 UNITY
 nf]stGqdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff, ;}lgs /0fgLlt
/ 3/]n' gLlt cflbdf clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ k|flwsf/
(Final Say) ;]gfsf] geP/ gful/s g]t[Tjsf] xf]
eGg] a'emfO ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj ljsf;;“u} ;+:yfut
ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .
 gful/s g]t[Tjn] u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg'g;Ddt,
j}w / Gofo;+ut (Legitimate and Lawful)
x'g'k5{ . h:tf] ls ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gdf
;+zf]wglagf ;]gfsf] ;+/rgf jf c? s'g} kIfnfO{
lgoGq0fsf gfddf rnfpg vf]Hbf ;d:of
cfp“5 .
 gful/s g]t[Tjsf] ;]gfdflysf] lgoGq0f,
lgu/fgL / ;jf]{Rrtfsf] s'/f ubf{ ;du|
gful/ssf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+;b\ tyf ;+ljwfg /
sfg'gsf] JofVof ug]{ Gofofnosf] klg 7"nf] xft
x'G5 . (Ray, 2013, pp. 2-4)
;]gf cfb]zsf] cg'qmd (Chain of Command) df
rNg] ;+u7g ePsfn] r'gfjåf/f g]t[Tj 5fGg] jf
ax'dtLo k|0ffnLåf/f lg0f{o ug]{ lgod Jofjxfl/s
x'“b}g . t;y{ ;]gfsf] nf]stGqLs/0f eGgfn] o;/L
a'em\g'kg]{ x'G5–
• ;]gfn] gful/s g]t[Tjsf] j}w / sfg'gL
cfb]z ;+ljwfgtM lz/f]k/ u/]sf] 5 .
• b]zleqsf / b]zn] cjnDag u/]sf
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf] k"0f{ kfngf u/]sf] 5 .
• dfgj clwsf/sf ;jfndf ;+j]bgzLn 5 .
• ;'zf;g Pj+ ;bfrf/nfO{ ;+u7g ;~rfng
/ sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] d'Vo s8Lsf ?kdf :yfkgf
u/]sf] 5 . (Adhikari, 2015)
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf r'gf}tL / cj;/x¿M
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwaf/] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg
cj:yfsf] rrf{ ubf{ lgDg lnvlt kIfnfO{ x]g{'kg]{
162
JOURNAL
x'G5–
/fhgLlts If]q / ;}lgs If]qaLr slQsf] ;+jfb 5 <
gful/s g]t[Tj, g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf / ;du|df
gful/s ;dfhdf /fli6«o ;'/Iffaf/] slQsf] lj1
5 < g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf gful/s–;}lgs
;DaGwnfO{ alnof] agfpg] vfnsf] 5 jf 5}g <
;]gf;“u ;+jfb / ;xsfo{lagf cfºgf] sfdsf/jfxL
PSn} ug]{ :jclwsf/ (Autonomy) sltsf] 5 <
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts / ;}lgs g]t[TjaLr ;+jfb /
p7a; lgoldt h:tf] b]lvP klg Psflt/ d'Vo
/fhgLlts kf6L{x¿df ;]gf / /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL
cg'ej, 1fg / bIftfdf sdL / csf]{lt/ /fhgLlts
sfo{stf{sf] / gful/s ;dfhsf] :t/df ;]gf;“u
;+jfb / ;xsfo{df sdL 5 elgG5 . g]kfnsf
/fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n] ;]gf / /fli6«o ;'/Iffaf/] cfºgf
sfo{stf{nfO{ sd} tflnd lbG5g\ . ;]gfsf] cfsf/,
;~rfng, ;+/rgf / g]t[Tj ljsf;, ;}lgs ah]6sf]
th{'df / vr{, ;}lgs sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg, ;'/Iff
gLltsf] sfof{Gjog cflb s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 eGg]af/]
7"nf bnx¿df lj/n} cWoog / 5nkmn x'G5 .
g]kfnsf ljZjljBfnodf /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;fdl/s
dxŒjaf/] sd} k7gkf7g jf cg';Gwfg x'g] u5{ .
gful/s ;dfh / gful/s g]t[Tjdf ;'/Iff;DaGwL
lj1tfdf sdL ePsf sf/0f cS;/ ;]gfs} Psflwsf/
(Monopoly) ePsf] eGg] ul/G5 eg], g]kfndf
ef/t jf cd]l/sfdf h:tf] g t /fli6«o ;'/Iff
;Nnfxsf/sf] ;+/rgf 5, g gLltut cg';Gwfg,
ljZn]if0f / ;+of]hgsf nflu /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf]
e"ldsf g} k|efjsf/L 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k[i7e"ld x]bf{ k~rfotsfndf
l;+xb/af/df a:g] gful/s g]t[Tj;“u xf]Og ls,
gf/fo0flx6Ldf /xg] /fhfk|lt ;]gfsf] nufj / lgi7f
lyof]  . w]/} xb;Dd lj=;+= @)$& kl5sf] k|hftflGqs
sfndf ;d]t /fi6« / /fhtGqsf] ;'/Iffsf] d'Vo nIo
 UNITY JOURNAL

(Misison) af]s]sf] zfxL ;]gf l;w} /fhfk|lt jkmfbf/ a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf] 5fgljg / ;To lg?k0f
x'g] / gful/s g]t[Tj;“u pQ/bfloTjsf] lx;fan] 6f9} tyf d]nldnfkdf k"0f{ ;xof]u ug]{ k|lta4tf,
/x]sf] b]lvGYof] . g]kfndf nf]stGq :yfkgf ePotf ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] kf/blz{tf a9fpg]
Psfw ckjfbnfO{ -h:tf] ls, lj=;+= @)^^ j}zfvdf sfd, vl/b–laqmLsf] ckrng /f]Sg] k|of;, uf8Ldf
tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLåf/f k|wfg;]gfkltsf] avf{:tL t]n xfNg]b]lv eQf vfg] sfddf s8f cg'udg,
/ tTsfnLg /fi6«kltåf/f pQm avf{:tLsf] lg0f{o /fi6«;+3df ;]gf k7fpg] 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf kf/blz{tf,
vf/]hLsf] 36gf_ 5f8]/ ;du|df ;]gf / gful/s ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjaf6} ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgsLs/0fsf]
g]t[TjaLrdf 7"nf] ljjfb jf 6s/fjsf] cj:yf ;'?jft, sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
b]lvPsf] 5}g . clg ;'zf;g / ;bfrf/nfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg;“u hf]8\g]
k|of; cflbn] ;du|df ;]gfk|lt ljZjf; hufPsf]
lj;+ @)^# df dfcf]jfbL;“usf] lj:t[t zflGt
5 . oL ;'wf/x¿ slt ;kmn / ;+:yfut x'G5g\,
;Demf}tf;“u} ;'? ePsf] zflGt k|lqmof / /fhtGqaf6
eljion] b]vfpg] g} 5 . t/ ;]gfleq klg ;d:of 5
nf]stGqlt/sf] /fhgLlts ;+qmd0fsf] bf}/fgdf
eGg] dx;'; (Realization) cfkm“}df /fd|f] ;'?jft
;]gfaf/] gful/s ;dfhdf k|foM o:tf lrGtf JoQm
xf] .
ul/GYof]–g]kfnsf] ;]gf /fhfk|lt a9L, nf]stGqk|lt
sd lgi7fjfg\ 5 . ;fob g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ljutsf] efjL lbzf
lj/f;t (Legacy) b]lv 8/fP/ xf]nf, clxn] klg
;]gfn] ;'? u/]sf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdnfO{ g]t[Tj
s]xL /fhgLlt1df b/af/;“u glhssf] ;fdflhs
ljsf;;“u hf]8]/ ;+:yfut ug{ ;lsof] eg] kSs} klg
;DaGw ePsf] ;]gfklt cfp“bf ;z+lst x'g] t/
o;n] cfd gful/sdf ;]gfk|lt cem} e/f];f a9\g]5 .
b/af/;“u k|ToIf gftf ghf]l8Psf] ;]gfklt cfp“bf
o;sf cltl/Qm uf]Ko /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf xsdf afx]s
nf]stGq ;'/lIft 7fGg] dfgl;stf 5 elgG5 .
;]gfsf] sfdsf/afxL, ah]6 / vr{ cflbaf/] gful/s
csf]{lt/ ;]gfnfO{ cfºgf] zlQm ;~rosf nflu k|of]u
;dfh / cfd;~rf/nfO{ lgaf{w ;"rgf k|jfx ug'{
ug{'k5{ eGg] /fhgLlt1x¿sf] obfsbf dg;fo /x]sf
h?/L 5 tfls ;]gf gful/ssf] kx'“reGbf 6f9f 5
sf/0f ;]gfsf] g]t[Tj klg eml:sg] u5{, elgG5 M
eGg] e|dnfO{ lrg{ ;lsof];\ .
e}+;Lb]lv hf]uL tl;{g], hf]uLb]lv e}+;L tl;{g] ub{5 .
/fhf, /fli6«o cv08tf / /fli6«otf ;+/If0fsf
ljutdf ;]gfsf hjfg / clws[tsf ck/fwnfO{
nflu alnbfg ug'{k5{ eGg] k|lzIf0f (Schooling)
cS;/ n'sfpg] / b08d'lQm (Impunity) nfO{
af6 cfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fi6« / /fli6«otf s]jn
k|>o lbg], ;]gfsf ah]6 / sf]ifx¿ kf/bzL{ gx'g],
e"uf]n / zf;s geP/ gful/ssf] efjgf klg xf]
vl/b–laqmLdf w]/} 3f]6fnf x'g], zflGt ;]gf k7fp“bf
eGg] oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{'k5{ . o;n] pTkL8g
cfºgfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg], k//fi6« dGqfnonfO{ yfx}
/ k5f}6]kgsf] ;Daf]wg, klxrfg / ;dfj]lztfsf]
glbO{ ljb]zL s"6gLlt1nfO{ e]6\g], ;+u7gnfO{ r':t /
k|Tofe"lt / ;a} gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f
k|efjsf/L agfpg'sf] ;f6f] /fHosf]ifdfly emg\ ef/
cflbnfO{ cfºgf] k|lzIf0fdf ;d]6\g'k5{ .
yKg] eg]/ ;]gfsf] cfnf]rgf x'GYof]] .
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] cfly{s dfldnfdf e"ldsf
clxn] k|wfg;]gfklt k"0f{rGb| yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf
v]n] h:t} /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ;'/Iffsf dfldnfdf
;]gfdf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd ;'? ePsf 5g\  .

163
 UNITY
k|wfgdGqL, /Iff dGqfno, ;]gf / c? dGqfno;“u
gLltsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/L e"ldsf
v]Ng ;Sg'kYof]{, t/ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf]
;lrjfnosf] Ifdtf sdhf]/ 5 .
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf lx;fan] /fli6«o ;'/Iff
kl/ifb\nfO{ alnof] agfpg] xf] eg] k|wfgdGqLsf]
dftxtdf Pp6f alnof] /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/sf]
kb l;h{gf ug]{ / ;'/Iff kl/ifb\df k|fljlws /
Jofj;flos ;ldlt agfP/ pQm ;Nnfxsf/nfO{
o;sf] g]t[Tj lbg' h?/L 5 .
cfd hgdfg;df gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwnfO{ alnof]
agfpg ljZjljBfno, cg';Gwfg ;+:yf, gful/s
;dfh / cfd;~rf/sf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL
cg';Gwfg, ax; / cWoognfO{ a9fjf lbg ;/sf/
/ ;]gfn] cfºgf] sf]ifaf6 /sd 5'6\ofpg] / x/]s
jif{ lgoldt ?kdf ;'/Iff;DaGwL /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs
uf]i7L, ;ef / ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf u/fpg ;lsG5 .
lgisif{
;}lgs ;]jf;“u ;DalGwt ultljlw afx]s ;]gfdf
sfo{/t ;a}sf dfgj clwsf/ xgg nufot
xTof, lx+;f, rf]/L, k}7f/L cflb u}/sfg'gL sfo{x¿
;}lgs cbfnt dftxt geP/ gful/s cbfnt
dftxt x]l/g'k5{ (United Nations, 2005) eGg]
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ g]kfnsf]
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] :yflkt ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf
;}Go ck/fwafx]s cGo h3Go ck/fwnfO{ gful/s
cbfnt dftxt x]g{ ;xof]u k'¥ofP ;]gfn] ck/fwdf
pGd'lQm vf]H5 eGg] wf/0ff ablng]5 . ;]gfn]
lgoldt ?kn] ;+;bsf ;ldltnfO{ …la|lkmªÚ lbg] /
;]gfn] u/]sf ljsf;sf sfddf gful/ssf] lgu/fgL
a9fpg] cflb sfdn] ;d]t gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwdf
6]jf k'¥ofpg]5 .
164
JOURNAL
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
Adhikari, I. (2015). Military and democracy in
Nepal, New Delhi: Routtedge.
Brunean, T.C. & Cristina, F. (Eds) The Routledge
handsbook of civil-military relations, New
York: Routledge.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2011). The
National Military Strategy of the United States
of America, p. 16.
Huntington, S. P. (1957). The soldier and the
state: The theory and politics of civil-military
relations, Cambridge: Harvard University
Press.
Janowitz, M. (1960). The professional soldier: A
social and political portrait”, Glencoe III: Free
Press.
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Woodward B., (2010), Obama’s wars, New York:
Simon & Schuster.
 UNITY
/fi6«lxtdf ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] ;fGble{stf
n]v;f/
g]kfn k|s[ltn] el/k"0f{ ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] /fi6« xf] .
e"–kl/j]li7t b]z eP klg ;fdl/s dxŒjsf b[li6n]
g]kfn ;+;f/s} pTs[i6 :yn xf] . ;fdl/s dxŒjsf]
/fi6« x'gfn] g} cª\u|]h tyf ltAatsf ;]gfx?
gful/s ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf g]kfnL ;]gfaf6 k/flht
eP/ kmls{g' k/]sf] Oltxf; ;'gf}nf cIf/n] n]lvPsf
5g\ . rfx] Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] xf];\ jf rfx]
ltAatn] xf];\, g]kfndfly cfqmd0f ubf{ ;fdl/s
dxŒjn] ;fy lbPsf] lyof] . 5l/Psf /fHox?nfO{
cfw'lgs g]kfndf ufEg klg ;fdl/s If]qn] ;fy
lbPsf] lyof]  . g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf /Iffdf klg
;fdl/s :ynsf] ;fy / ;xof]u ct'ngLo /x]sf] 5 .
zAbs'~hLM ;fdl/s :yn, zlQm, /0fgLlts, n8fO“,
qmL8f:yn, /fi6«lxt, /fli6«o :jfy{ .
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o'4 jf n8fO“;“u ;DalGwt :yfg -kf]v/]n / cGo
-;Dkf=_, @)$), k[=!##^_ nfO{ ;fdl/s :ynsf
?kdf cYof{OPsf] 5 . o'4 jf n8fO“sf ;dodf
u'kmf, sGb/f, 8f“8f, kfvf, r'r'/f, 3f6, kj{t /
gfsf jf y'Dsfn] /fi6« la:tf/ tyf /fli6«o ;Ldf
/Iffy{ /Iffsarsf ?kdf sfd u/]sf] 5 . ;]gfsf]
d'Vo clwsf/L ;]gfkltnfO{ ;+:s[tdf ;]gflwoM
elgG5 . ;fdl/s jf ;fd/]o eGg] zAbn] n8fO“
;DaGwL jf n8fO“sf] eGg] hgfp“5 . ;fdl/sdf kf]t
hf]l8Pkl5 ;fdl/skf]t aGb5 . n8fO“sf] hxfh /
;fdl/sjfb eg]sf] Tof] l;4fGt xf] h;df /fi6«nfO{
165
JOURNAL
8f= cZj:yfdf eQm v/]n
n8fO“;DaGwL sfo{x? ug{ ;]gf a9fpg'sf ;fy}
xd]zf gof“–gof“ 8/nfUbf ljgfzsf/L n8fO“sf
;/;fdfg cflb agfpgsf nflu ljz]if Wofg lbOPsf]
x'G5 . ;fdjflosbfHod\ eg]sf] -g=_ tL /fHox?,
h'g n8fO“ sf a]nfdf h'6]sf x'G5g\ -kf08]o,
lj=;+= @)%&, k[=!#(^_ . g]kfn lj:tf/sf qmddf
/fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] uf]vf{nL ;]gf /
g]kfnL ;]gfsf aLr ;xsfo{ ug'{k/]sf] 36gfqmd klg
;fdl/s dxŒjn] g} xf] . ;fdl/s If]qn] ;fy lbPsf
sf/0f g} g]kfn PsLs/0f ;Dej ePsf] xf] . dNn
/fHo tyf afO;] rf}la;] /fHox? cfw'lgs g]kfndf
PsLs[t x'g ;Dej ePsf] / ljb]zL ;]gf lj?4
ljhosf] em08f kmkm{/fpg ;Dej ePsf] ;fdl/s
:yfgn] g} xf] . cfkm\gf k|yd ;]gfklt sfn' kf08]
PsLs/0fsf] qmddf sLlt{k'/sf] klxnf] n8fO“df
dfl/P / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ hLp hf]ufpg klg
xDd] xDd] k/]sf] lyof] -;"rgf ljefu, lj=;+= @)&@,
k[=^$_ . bf];|f] k6ssf] sLlt{k'/ cfqmd0fdf /fhfsf
efO z"/k|tfk zfxsf] cf“vf km'6\of] / w]/} uf]vf{nL
;]gf dfl/P -;"rgf ljefu, lj=;+= @)&@, k[=^%_ .
of] ;fdl/s :ynn] ;fy lbPs} sf/0f sLlt{k'/;“u
uf]vf{nL ;]gf k/flht x'g'k/]sf] lyof] . To;af6 kf7
l;s]/ ;fdl/s dxŒjsf 7fp“x? / gfsfx? sAhf
ug]{ gLlt agfP/ Tof] gLlt ;kmn ePkl5 sf7df8f}+
pkTosf ljho ePsf] lyof]  . o;kl5 uf]/vf /fHosf]
la:tf/n] g]kfnnfO{ Pp6} dfnfdf pGg ;kmn ePsf]
lyof] .
 UNITY JOURNAL

;fdl/s:ynsf] hu]gf{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljZjdf VoftL sdfPsf] /fHo–lj:tf/

/ ;Ldf–/Iffsf nflu ;fdl/s If]qdf n8fO“ ubf{sf]
s}nfzsf] zLtn 5fof“ k/]sf] e"ld -xfd|f] kfqf], lj=;+=
cg'ejn] g} xf] . ;g\ !(%* b]lv ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo
@)&^_ g]kfn ælzjf} b]zf] lxdfnoMÆ xf]  . lzjf} eg]sf
ldzgdf ;xefuL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg klg
lzj kfj{tL x'g\ . g]kfn lzj kfj{tLsf] b]z ePsf]
ljZjdf cu|0fL :yfgdf /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o
x'gfn] k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g]kfnL ;]gfsf] nf]uf]df lqz"n
;}lgs cEof;x?df pTs[i6 glthf lgsfNg ;kmn
/ 8d? cª\lst /x]sf] 5 . lzj–kfj{tL eg]sf zlQm
g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fi6«sf] ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] /Iff /
:j?k x'g\ . ToxL zlQm g]kfn / g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
hu]gf{ ug{ x/t/xn] nfuL k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
lg/Gt/ k|fKt eO/x]sf] 5 . cg'zf;gdf ;]gf lzj–
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf/]vfsf] cfwf/ljGb' klg
kfj{tL k'q u0f]z h:t} bl/nf] vDaf xf] . u0f]znfO{
;fdl/s:yn g} /x]sfn] o;sf] dxŒjnfO{ sd cf“Sg
ljgfos gfdaf6 ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{
ldNb}g .
dxfu0fklt elgPsf] 5 -rflDnª, lj=;+= @)&^_ .
u0f]z h;/L ;a} b]jL–b]jtfsf k|wfg ;]gfklt eP/ /fi6«lxtsf ljifo
lzjnf]ssf] /Iff ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP, 7Ls To;}
g]kfnL ;]gf /fi6«sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o Pstf
u/L g]kfnL ;]gfn] klg g]kfnsf] /Iff ul//x]sf] 5 .
tyf ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f tyf /fi6« /
/fhf g/]Gb|b]jsf kfnfdf pQ/L /fi6«sf cg'/f]wdf
/fi6«jf;Lsf] ;]jfdf ;bf ;dlk{t ;+:yf xf] . g]kfnL
blIf0fdf cfqmd0f ug{ &))) 3f]8;jf/, #%))
;]gfn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgåf/f lglb{i6 e"ldsf k"/f ug{
k|f/lEds b:tf v8f u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|frLgsfndf
b]zsf] k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd ljleGg
;}Go b:tfx? b]zsf] aLrdf /fVg] rng lyof] eg]
:yfg tyf txdf ;+ul7t eO{ cfºgf] lhDd]jf/L
dWosfndf ;]gfx?nfO{ ljleGg pRr efudf ePsf
;Dkfbg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
lsNnf clg ;Ldfsf lx;fan] ;+j]bgzLn 7Fp“df
sf] wf/f @^& n] lglb{i6 u/]adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
/fVg yflnPsf] xf] . lsNnfsf sdf08/nfO{ SjfGy
klxnf] sfo{ g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf /
gfos elgGYof] hf] cToGt zlQmzfnL x'g] ub{y] .
ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o Pstfsf]
pg}sf] g]t[Tjdf ;}lgsx? v6fOPsf x'Gy] -xfd|f]
/Iff ug]{ tyf bf];|f] sfo{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf]
kfqf], lj=;+= @)&^_ . l;Gw'nLu9L, eLdkm]bLu9L,
bkmf #=# n] o'4 afx]ssf] cj:yfdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
cd/u9L, l;d|f}gu9L, sfGb|fªu9L, a]Nsf]6u9L,
yk !$ j6f ;xfos lhDd]jf/Lx? k|bfg u/]sf]
sfnfkfgL ;d]tsf ;fdl/s If]qx?df g]kfnL ;]gf /
5 (www.nepalarmy.mil.np) . /fli6«o ;'/Iff
cfd gful/sn] /ut–k;Lgf aufPsf lyP . ;fdl/s
gLlt, @)&# sf] k|:tfjgfdf g]kfnsf] ax'hftLo,
dxŒjsf If]qx?df ePsf o'4x?df Oi6 Ol08of
ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f“:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns
sDkgL / d'un ;fd|fHosf kmf}hx? k/flht ePsf
ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfsf] kl/j]zdf /fli6«o Pstf,
5g\ . g]kfnL ;]gf jL/ uf]vf{nL ;]gf xf] . k|yd
;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f“:s[lts P]Soj4tf, ;lxi0f'tf /
ljZjo'4 / låtLo ljZjo'4df g]kfn ljZjk|lz4
;b\efjsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|j4{g ug{' cfjZos ePsf]
x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ;fdl/s dxŒjsf If]qx?df /x]/
pNn]v 5 . To;} u/L g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@
n8\g] cEof; ePsfn] g} xf]  . ljZj lhTg] cleofgdf
n] g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns
xf]ldPsf hd{gsf zf;s g]kf]lnog af]gfk6{n] cfkm"
cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf, :jfwLgtf / :jfledfgnfO{
;+;f/sf ;a} lhTg ;S5', t/ uf]vf{nL ;]gfsf] gfd
cIf'00f /fvL hgftfsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/, :jfoQtf /
;'Ggf;fy v'§f y/y/ sfD5 eGg k'u]sf lyP .

166
 UNITY
:jzf;gsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . juL{o,
hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, n}+lus nufot ;a}
k|sf/sf lje]b / 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo u/L cfly{s
;dfgtf, ;d[l4 / ;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf
cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ -g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg, lj=;+= @)&@, wf/f %! -8_ -!_ ;ª\sNk
u/]sf] 5 . ;'/Iff ax'–cfoflds ljifo ePsfn] o;n]
d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o cv08tf, ef}lts,
;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / dfgjLo kIfnfO{
;d]6\b5 . ;'/Iff gLlt cGtu{t ;fj{hlgs / lghL
d"No–dfGotfx?, /fli6«o ;Ddfg / uf}/j, lhpwg
Pj+ ;fdflhs– ;f+:s[lts d"Nosf] hu]gf{ / ;+/If0f
klg kb{5g\ . /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] d'n'ssf] ef}uf]lns,
;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ?kdf b]zsf] k"0f{
;'/IffnfO{ a'emfp“5 . x/]s b]zn] cfkm\gf cfwf/
e"t d"No / dfGotfdf cfwfl/t /fli6«o cfsf+Iff /
clt dxŒjk"0f{ /fli6«o lxtsf ljifox?sf] klxrfg
u/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf /fli6«o cfsf+Iff / /fli6«o lxtsf
ljifox?nfO{ jfx\o cfqmd0f jf cfGtl/s bafj /
r'gf}tLx?af6 ;'/lIft ub}{ ;Da4{g / k|a4{g ug'{kg]{
x'G5, h'g sfo{ ;fdl/s:ynaf6} ;Dej x'g hfG5 .
;fdl/s:ynsf] dxŒj
tfst eg]sf] lxDdt / dgf]ansf] s'/f xf] . Tof]
tfst g]kfnL ;]gf;““u lhp“b} 5 . x6]/ xf]Og, 86]/
n8\g] g]kfn / g]kfnL ;]gfsf] afgL x'G5 . Tof] afgL
klg ;'/lIft 5 . Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] cª\u|]h
;]gf;“u n8\bf g]kfnL ;]gfn] v's/' Lsf e/df pRr
dgf]an tyf lxDdtsf ;fy o'4e"lddf xf]ldg'kYof]{ .
k/fO{x?sf tf]k / aGb'sx?n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ysf{pg
;s]g . 36gfqmdnfO{ x]bf{ klZrd lsNnf sfª\u8f /
k"j{df l6:6f k'Ug] g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfkm\gf] k/fqmdsf]
ljho Wjhf ;tnh gbL dfq} xf]Og, uª\ufsf]
t6;Dd / ltAat;Dd kmx/fPsf] lyof] -a:Goft,
lj=;+= @)&^_ . of] ;a} ljhodf ;fdl/s :yfgx?n]
167
JOURNAL
;fy lbPsfn] g} ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ;fdl/s dxŒj
hfg]sf ;]gfx?sf] rft'o{ cgGtsfn;Dd u'lGh/xg]
5 . g]kfnL ;]gf Tof] ;]gf xf], hf] zfb"{nsf] rfndf
;d/df n8fO“sf] d}bfgdf lx+8\g] ub{5 . zfb"{nsf]
rfn eg]sf] af3sf] rfn jf ult xf] . h;nfO{ bfU5
jf tfS5, p;nfO{ g5f]8\g] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ljz]iftf
xf] . ltvfl/Psf], cg'zfl;t / g"gsf] ;f]emf] ug]{
;]gfsf ?kdf klxrfg agfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gf;“u hlt
klg ;fdl/s If]qdf o'4sf}znsf] cg'ej 5, ;+;f/sf
sd} ;]gfx?;“u t'ngf ug{ ;ls“b}g . cfºgf] /fli6«o
lxtnfO{ Wofg lbg] / zlQm /fi6«x¿sf] k|lt:kwf{df
st} klg g9Nsg] gLlt g]kfnsf] /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn;“u
v'nf l;dfgf ePsf] ef/tn] g]kfn / rLgsf] ;Ldf
5'6\ofpg] lxdfno If]qnfO{ cfºgf] k|fs[lts ;'/Iff
sjr 7fGb} cfPsf] 5 . tTsfnLg ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL
hjfx/nfn g]x¿n] ;g\ !(%) df ef/tLo ;+;b\df
af]Nb} lxdfnon] lr/sfnb]lv dha't l;dfgfsf]
e"ldsf v]n]sf] / g]kfndf s]xL g/fd|f] eP jf pQm
l;dfgf tf]l8P jf sdhf]/ kfl/P To;n] ef/tsf
nflu ;'/Iff vt/f lgDTofpg] egfO /fv]sf lyP
-bfxfn, ;g\ @)!(_ . o;n] klg g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s
dxŒjsf] Wofg cGt/f{li6«o hutdf ;“w} rrf{sf]
ljifo aGg] u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(^@ df rLg;“usf]
o'4df xf/ vfP klg ;fdl/s dxŒj a'em]s}n]
g]kfnsf] sfnfkfgL lnlDkofw'/f lnk'n]s If]q 5f]8\g
ef/t dflg/x]sf] 5}g . rLgn] ltAattkm{sf] e"ldsf]
;'/Iff ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ g]kfn;“usf] ;DaGwsf] d'Vo
d'2f agfpg' klg ;fdl/s:ynsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fs}
lrGtf xf] . ltAataf6 bnfO{ nfdfsf] lgjf{;gkl5
lrlgof“ ;]gf;“u n8\g vDkf ljb|f]xLx¿nfO{ cd]l/sL
u'Ktr/ lgsfo ;LcfOPn] d2t ubf{ klg ;fdl/s
If]qn] g} ;fy lbPsf] lyof] . l;cfOPn] cd]l/sL
ljdfgdfkm{t\ ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf vDkf ljb|f]xLsf
nflu ltAatL e"lddf b'O{k6s / g]kfnsf] d':tfªdf
Ps k6s xltof/x¿ v;fn]sf] lyof] . o;} u/L
vDkf ljb|f]xLnfO{ lgz:q ug{ g]kfnn] ;g\ !(&$
 UNITY
cfºgf] ;]gf d':tfªdf v6fPsf] lyof] / bnfO{
nfdfsf] cfXjfgkl5 ljb|f]xLx¿n] cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf
lyP -bfxfn, ;g\ @)!(_ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfn]
;fj{hlgs u/]sf] O08f] Kofl;lkms /0fgLlt -v8\sf /
cfrfo{, lj=;+= @)&^_ df g]kfn ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g'
oxf“sf] ;fdl/s:ynsf] dxŒj g} xf] . Jof; e"ldsf]
tkf]e"ld sfnfkfgL If]q ef/t / rLg b'j}sf nflu
;fdl/s dxŒj / :jfy{sf s]Gb| x'g\ . kfgL, Aofkfl/s
/ wfld{s b[li6n] clt dxŒjsf] :yfg lnk'n]s eGHofª
cGt/f{li6«o rrf{df /x]sf] ;fdl/s :yn xf] -9sfn,
;g\ @)!(_ . dxfsfnL gbLsf] kfgL, rLg;“usf]
Jofkfl/s dfu{, s}nfz dfg;/f]jf/ ofqfsf nflu
ef/tn] sfnfkfgL If]qaf6 cfkm\gf] ;}Go b:tf lkmtf{
nu]sf] 5}g . dfg;/f]j/ gk'Ug] ef/tLo tLyf{n'x?
lnlDkofw'/fl:yt hf]lnªsg kj{tdfnfl:yt k|l;4
tLy{:yn cflbs}nfzdf k'u]/ cfkm\gf] dgf]sf+Iff k"/f
ub{5g\ -9sfn, ;g\ @)!(_ . o;af6 klg ;fdl/s
If]qsf] dxŒj slQsf] 5 eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . rLg
lrofpg] ;fdl/s s]Gb| sfnfkfgLaf6 ltAat sl/a
!) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf /x]sfn] g]kfnn] cfkm\gf]
;fdl/s:ynsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug{df /lQe/ l9nfO
ug'{ x'“b}g . l;ª\uf] g]kfnel/sf e"efu :jo+ cfkm}df
;fdl/s:yn ePsf] k|:6 x'g hfG5 .
;fdl/s:ynsf] uf]kgLotf
;d/sf d}bfgdf g]kfnL ;]gf ?b|?k wf/0f ub{5
eg] cGo a]nfdf ;fdjfbdf x'G5 cyf{t\ gful/s;“u
;Dks{ ubf{ dL7f] af]Ng] / g/d jrg ug]{ x'G5 .
o:tf] kf7 pgLx?nfO{ l;sfOPsf] / g]kfnL ;]gf
ljb]zL ;]gf gePsfn] g]kfnL hgtf aLr nf]slk|o
5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e/df b]z hf]luPsf] 5 .
:yfgLo txdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ eGbf klg :yfgLo
gful/snfO{ Toxf““sf ;fdl/s dxŒjsf uN5]8fx?sf]
hfgsf/L a9L dfqfdf yfxf 5 . l;ª\uf] g]kfn g}
;fdl/s dxŒjsf] b]z xf] . lnlDkofw'/f, lnk'n]s /
sfnfkfgL dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdl/s If]q ePsfn] To;dfly
168
JOURNAL
ef/tn] cfkm\gf] gh/ nufO/x]sf] 5 . /fi6«lgdf{tf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ uf]/vgfyn] lbPsf] blwj/
-yfkf, lj=;+= @)@(, k[=*_ ;]gfsf] zlQm xf] . u'nfd
gePsf s'g} klg g]kfnL jf g]kfnL ;]gfn] Tof] u'nfdL
efiff ;nfd Tofu]/ æho ho uf]/v, ho ho sfnLÆ
-e§, lj=;+= @)&^_ sf] clejfbg ug]{ u/]df g]kfnsf]
cfkm\g}kg cfpg]5 . dxfef/tsf] o'4 -hfu/0f, ;g\
@)!&_ dxfef/t kj{tn] 5]s]sfn] g]kfn cfkm}df
;fdl/s dxŒjsf] b]z eGg] hgfp““5 . dxfef/t
kj{t / Tof] kj{tsf gfsfx? jf vf]N;fx? ;fdl/s
dxŒjsf :yfg x'g\ . pQ/–blIf0f df]6/ af6fx?
vf]Nb}df ;a} gfsfx? vf]lng' x'“b}g . To:tf dxŒjk"0f{
:yfg / gfsfx?sf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cu'jfOdf
;'/Iff kmf}hn] ;'/lIft /fVg'kb{5 . ljb]zL hf;';x?n]
To:tf ;fdl/s dxŒjsf 7fp““x?df cfjthfjt ug{
gkfpmg\, gq ;fdl/s dxŒjsf 7fp“x?sf] uf]kgLotf
eª\u x'g ;S5 .
dxfef/tsf] ;fdl/s dxŒjnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] xf] eg]
dxfef/tsf km]bL cyf{t\ r'/] efj/x?df k|b]z ! b]lv
& ;Dd} d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL;Dd / To;kl5 s~rgk'/
x'“b} dxfsfnL gbLsf] g]kfnkl§sf] dWoefuaf6
bfr'{nf–sfnfkfgL;Dd df]6/af6f] agfpg'kb{5 .
To;sf] ;'/Iff k"0f{ ?kdf g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lbg'kb{5 .
Tof] ;8sdfu{ tof/ ePkl5 lgtfGt ;}lgs
k|of]hgsf nflu dxfef/tsf] 6fs'/fdf k'Ug] df]6/
af6fx? 7fp“– 7fp“df agfpg'kb{5 . o:tf] af6f] pQ/
tyf blIf0fsf km]bL b'j}lt/af6 agfpg'kb{5 . g]kfn
cfkm}df kxf8L d'n's ePsfn] oxf“ k|z:t} cf]9f/
/ u'kmfx? 5g\ . k|frLgsfndf oL ;a} ;fdl/s
dxŒjsf 7fp“x? x'g\ . o:tf 7fp“x? cyf{t\ u'kmf /
cf]9f/x?df klxn]–klxn] dflg;x? a:g] ub{y] . To;
a]nfsf oL 7fp“x? lsNnf lyP . dflyNnf d':tfªlt/
o:tf u'kmf / cf]9f/x?df cem} dflg;x? a:g] u/]sf
5g\ . s]xL cl3;Dd klg r]kfª hfltx? o:t} cf]9f/
/ u'kmfx?df a:g] ub{y] . ;'/lIft :yfg ePsfn] g}
 UNITY
dflg;x? a:g] u/]sf x'g\ . o:tf u'kmf jf cf]9f/
x?nfO{ ;fdl/s dxŒjsf b[li6n] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5 .
;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] elh{lgofdf æn'/] u'kmfÆ
gfdsf] Pp6f cf]9f/ /x]sf] 5 (luraycaverns.
com) . hxf“ xhf/f}+ dflg; c6fp“5g\ . k|yd / låtLo
ljZjo'4df cd]l/sL ;]gfx?n] o;} u'kmfdf cf>o
lnP/ ;'?ª o'4 u/]sf lyP . cfd gful/sx?sf]
o:fdf ;fy / ;xof]u /x]sf] lyof] . of] clxn] ko{6s
nf]Eofpg] :yfg ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] k|s[ltn] lbPsf jf
dfgj lgld{t ;a} vfn] u'kmf, cf]9f/ / kftfnx?sf]
hu]gf{ u/L /fVg'kb{5 . g]kfndf klg o; vfnsf
u'kmf, cf]9f/ / kftfnx? k|foM ;a} kxf8L / lxdfnL
If]qx?df /x]sf 5g\ . ;'/Iff kmf}hn] rf;f] lbP cfd
gful/sn] b'Zdgx?;“usf] klxn] klxn]sf] n8fO“df
em}“ k"0f{ ;xof]u / ;fy lbg]5g\ .
lgisif{
g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ k6s–k6ssf o'4x?df ;fdl/s
:ynx?df e]nf eP/ gful/sn] k|z:t ;fy lbPsf
5g\ . l;d/f}gu9 Wj:t kf/]/ cl3 a9]sf] d'un ;]gfn]
b]j3f6 x'“b} kz'klt If]qdf ;d]t k|j]z u/]/ d"lt{x?
tf]8kmf]8 u/]kl5 ;fdl/s dxŒjsf gfsfx?df 3/]n'
xltof/ ;lxt nf7L / gf]n af]s]/ /fi6« /Iffsf lglDt
cfd gful/sn] ;]gfnfO{ ;fy lbPsf 5g\ . u'uL{g
vf“sf] d'lZnd kmf}hsf] xdnfnfO{ c;kmn kfg{
;]gf, gful/s / ;fdl/s :ynsf] lqsf]0fLo e"ldsf
/x]sf] 5 . ;]gfn] o:tf] ;fy] gful/sx?af6 af≈o
/ cfGtl/s ;a} vfnsf o'4x?df kfPsf] 5 . g]kfn
s'g} klg ljb]zL zlQmsf] a'6d'lg s'lNrg' gk/]sf]
klg ;fdl/s :ynsf] cf8df ;}lgs / gful/ssf]
/0fsf}zn / rft'o{n] g} xf] . dxfef/t If]q / cGo
dxŒjk"0f{ 7fp“x?df u9L lgdf{0f u/]/ Toxf“ uuge]bL
tf]kx? / cGo If]Kof:qx? t}gfy ug{;s] g]kfnsf]
;'/Iff 3]/f cem dha't /xg hfG5 . b'Zdgx?sf
hxfhx? g]kfnnfO{ x8Kg jf Wj:t kfg{ g]kfnL
cfsfzdf cfPsf] ;"rgf kfpgf;fy df/ xfg]/
169
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v;fNg ;Sg] tfst ;fdl/s If]qn] g} lbG5 . ;fdl/s
If]qx?df kfgLsf] cefj x'g glbg l;Gw'nLu9L
lsNnfdf h;/L kfgL ;ª\sng ug{ kf]v/Lx? lgdf{0f
ul/Psf lyP, To:tf] sfd ;a} lsNnfx?df klg ug{
;lsG5 . cNnf], l;:gf] / cl/ª\ufnn] ;d]t cª\u|]h
;]gfnfO{ bk]6]sf] l;Gw'nLu9L lsNnfdf /fli6«o o'4
;ª\u|xfnosf] lznfGof; ;d]t ePsf] 5 -e'h]n,
@)!(_ . gfnfkfgL o'4df g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cfd
gful/sn] ;fy lb““bf lb“b} klg cª\u|]hn] kfgLsf] d'xfg
y'lglbPsf lyP -s'“j/, lj=;+= @)&%_ . o;af6 kf7
l;Sb} k'/fgf o'4u9Lx?nfO{ dd{t–;Def/ / ;+/If0f
ug{ ;s] g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s dxŒjsf] ;fGble{stf c?
km/flsnf] x'g]5 . ;fdl/s dxŒjsf If]qdf g]kfnL
;]gfsf] cu'jfOdf ;+o'Qm ;'/Iff kmf}hsf] pkl:ylt
cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . zlQmzfnL b]zx?n] cfºgf]
k|efj a9fpg ljleGg ;"qdfkm{t\ k|of; ul//xG5g\ .
cfºgf] /0fgLlts / ;fdl/s :jfy{ b]vfpg vf]h]sf]
v08df g]kfnL kIf ;r]t / ;t{s x'g'k5{ . g]kfnnfO{
;fdl/s :jfy{ b]vfpg ljb]zLx?sf] qmL8f:yn sbflk
aGg lbg'x'“b}g . g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s If]qsf] ;+/If0f ub}{
/fli6«o :jfy{ cg's"n x'g] u/L k//fi6« / ;'/Iff gLlt
lgdf{0f x'g ;s] b]z / hgtfsf] enfO x'g] b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
clwsf/L, s]zj -k'if (, @)&%_, P]ltxfl;s sfGb|fªu9Lsf]
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s'“j/, gj/fh -c;f/ #), @)&%_, gfnfkfgL o'4sf
gfos aneb| s“‘'j/ lsg nfx'/] eP < Retrieved
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news/64205.html, on November 23, 2019.
s] xf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw < h:n] cfwf eGbf a9L
e"efu u'dfpg'k¥of] -hgj/L !$, @)!(_,
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 UNITY
v8\sf 3gZofd / :j?k cfrfo{ -h]7 @), @)&^_,
cd]l/sL /0fgLltdf g]kfn ;fem]bf/, Retrieved
from https://ekantipur.com/news/2019/06/03/
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2019.
u[x dGqfno, ;Ldf tyf cWofudg k|zf;g zfvf,
Retrieved from http://www.moha.gov.
np/office-layout/757
rflDnª, ef]uL/fh -lj=;+= @)&^_, eujfg\ u0f]z, pd]/
!%)) jif{, Retrieved from http://nepalihimal.
com/article/17829, on December 4, 2019.
hfu/0f h'g @*, @)!&_, hflgP dxfef/t o'4 s]
18 lbgf]+ d]+ ls; lbg Sof x'cf yf, Retrieved
from https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/sant-
saadhak-mahabharat-yudh-ka-18-dino-ka-
ghatnakram-15405663.html, on December 6,
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9sfn, of]u]z -gf]e]Da/ !#, @)!(_, sfnfkfgLdf ef/tsf]
;fdl/s :jfy{, Retrieved from https://nepalmag.
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html, on December 9, 2019.
yfkf, /d]zhª\u -@)@(, sflt{s_, g]kfn b]zsf] Oltxf;,
k|frLg g]kfn, ;+Vof @!,k[=  .
bfxfn, km0LfGb| -l8;]Da/ @#, @)!(_, lxdfno If]qdf
cd]l/sf M ;fdl/s k|lt:kwf{ dfq} ls ;xsfo{
klg < Retrieved from https://www.bbc.
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b}lgs g]kfn -sflt{s @^, @)&^_, /fHoaf6} pk]lIft 5
lt+s/ / 5f+u?, Retrieved from https://www.
dainiknepal.com/2019/11/421036.html, on
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g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, lj=;+= @)&@ .
kf08]o, km0fLGb|k|;fb -lj=;++ @)%&_, ;+:s[t–g]kfnL a[xt\
zAbsf]if, bfªM dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / c? -lj=;+= @)$)_, a[xt\ g]kfnL
zAbsf]if, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
170
JOURNAL
a8", lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8" -d+l;/ !#, @)&^_, klZrdf]Q/ ;Ldf
M gS;fltqmd0fb]lv ;]gfltqmd0f;Dd Retrieved
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a:Goft, k|]dl;+x -;fpg @$, @)&^_, s;/L eof]
;'uf}nL ;lGw < Retrieved from https://www.
himalkhabar.com/news/13888, on December
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e§, dx]zbQ -sflt{s @@, @)&^_, gSsnL /fi6«jfbsf]
kfF;f]df lnk'n]s / sfnfkfgL, Retrieved from
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/2019-11-08, on November 19, 2019.
e'h]n, anjL/ -gf]e]Da/ *, @)!(_, l;Gw'nLu9Ldf
/fli6«o o'4 ;+u|xfno lgdf0f{ x'“b}, Retrieved from
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/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# .
l/kf]6{;{ g]kfn -h'nfO{ @#, @)!(_, ljb]zLsf] a9\bf] rf;f],
g]kfnsf] ;fdl/s dxŒj ls x:tIf]k < Retrieved from
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on November 6, 2019.
;"rgf ljefu -lj=;+= @)&@_, g]kfn kl/ro, sf7df8f}+ .
;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ sf] bkmf %-#_ /
lgodfjnLsf] lgod # adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]
ljj/0f, Retrieved from https://www.nepalarmy.
mil.np/page/rights_to_information, on November
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xfd|f] kfqf] -lj=;+= @)&^_, dxflzj/flq, Retrieved
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events/articles-events-maha-shibharatri,on
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Luraycaverns (2019 AD), Retrieved from
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geostrategic hotspot – Analysis, Retrieved from
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 UNITY
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6««otf / /fli6««o Pstf
n]v;f/
/fHosf nflu lglZrt e"efu, hg;+Vof, ;fj{ef}d;Qf
/ ;/sf/ clgjfo{ tŒj x'g\  . /fi6« rflx“ dflg;x?sf
aLr efjgfTds, dgf]j}1flgs / cfWoflTds ?kdf
:yflkt ;fdflhs, ;f“:s[lts, /fhg}lts ;d'bfo
ePsf] x'“bf o;df dflg;x? :jcg'zfl;t /x]sf
x'G5g\ / pgLx?aLr PsfTdstfsf] efjgf /x];Dd
/fi6«sf] cl:tTj sfod /xG5 . /fi6«–/fHon] Pp6f
/fHosf] /fhgLlts cl:tTjnfO{ /fi6«sf] ;f+:s[lts
cl:tTj;“u ;dflxt ub{5, h;sf] p2]Zo zf;gsf
nflu /fhgLlts j}wtf lgb]{lzt ug]{ xf] / of]
;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg x'G5  . b]zelQm b]znfO{ ul/g] k|]d
xf] eg], JolQmn] cfºgf] /fi6«af6 k|fKt u/]sf g};lu{s
u'0fx? clg p;sf] cGtd{gdf pJhg] /fli6«o ljz]iftf
af]wsf] cj:yf / /fi6«k|ltsf] efjgfTds nufj rflx“
/fli6«otf xf] . ljZjsf sltko b]zdf Pp6} b]zleq
cg]sf}+ /fli6«otf klg kfOG5, t/ g]kfndf rflx“ Pp6}
/fli6«otf 5 – g]kfnL /fli6«otf h'g xd]zf Pstfsf]
;"qdf cfj4 5 . g]kfnL hgtfaLr /x]sf] efjgfTds
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s'/fn] g} g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f l;+uf] /fi6«sf ?kdf :yflkt
u/]sf] 5 . !@# efiff af]Ng] !@% j6f hfthfltx?df
d g]kfnL x“' eGg] cfTdaf]wsf ;fy} Pp6} /fli6«o
;fOgf]df cfj4 efOrf/fsf] efjgf 5, clg Ps
csf{sf ;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff, /Lltl/jfhk|lt ;Ddfg /
;lxi0f'tf b]vfpg] k|j[lQ ljBdfg 5 . tL ;a}sf]
;lDd>0f, efOrf/f / Pstfaf6} /fli6«o Pstf
;'b[9 ePsf] 5 . cgflbsfnb]lv :jtGq /fi6«sf
?kdf ljsl;t / cIf'00f /xL cfPsfn] cv08tf,
171
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8f= emds k|;fb zdf{
;fj{ef}ldstf, ;fdl/s :jfjnDag, b]zelQm
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5g\ . xfnsf] kl/k|]Iodf ;+3Lotf, wd{lg/k]Iftf,
df]jfon kmf]g, OG6/g]6 tyf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/, hftLo 5'jf5''t tyf lje]bnfO{
sfg'gn] b08gLo 3f]lift ul/g' /fli6«o Pstfsf
nflu yk cj;/ xf] . ul/jL, a]/f]huf/L, clzIff,
hftLo lje]bsf] efjgf, lglxt :jfy{ k|]l/t /fhgLlt,
ck/fwsf] /fhgLtLs/0f, /fhgLltsf] ck/fwLs/0f
h:tf k|j[lQx? /fli6«o Pstfsf r'gf}tL x'g\ .
zAbs'~hLM /fi6««, /fHo, /fi6«–/fHo, /fi6«jfb,
cGw/fi6«jfb, b]zelQm, /fli6««otf, wd{lg/k]Iftf,
wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, /fli6««o Pstf .
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;Eotfsf] k|f/Dedf dflg;x?aLr /x]sf] efiff,
wd{, ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfhsf ;fy}
cflgafgL / rfnrngsf cfwf/df PsfTdstfsf]
ljsf; eO{ /fi6«sf] pTklQ ePsf] / /fi6««,
/fHo, /fi6«–/fHo, /fli6««otf, /fli6««o Pstf h:tf
cjwf/0ffx?sf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . Nofl6g efiff
ænatioÆ af6 c+u|]hL zAb nation sf] Jo'TklQ ePsf]
xf], h;sf] cy{ people, tribe, kin, genus, class,
flock x'G5 . (Google Search) c+u|]hL zAb Nation
nfO{ g]kfnLdf /fi6« elgPsf] kfOG5 . /fi6« Pp6}
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;dfg u'0f jf :jefj jf ljz]iftf ePsf dflg;x?sf]
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 UNITY
klg dflg;x?n] cf–cfºgf lglZrt rfxgfx?
k"/f ug{sf nflu ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ lgdf{0f u/]sf]
:jfoQ, cJolQmut, cd"t{ / /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf]
;f“:s[lts–/fhgLlts ;d'bfo xf] / JolQmx? Ps
cfk;df cfj4 eP/ :j:km"t{ ?kdf d"t{ ?k lbPsf]
;d"xsf] efu xf], h'g t6:y Pj+ cj}olSQs x'G5 .
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h?/L x'“b}g tyflk /fi6«af6 g} /fli6«otfsf] efjgf
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?kdf a'lemG5 . /fi6«df dflg;x? :jcg'zfl;t
/x]sf x'G5g\ . of] dflg;x?sf aLr efjgfTds,
dgf]j}1flgs / cfWoflTds ?kdf :yflkt ;fdflhs,
;f“:s[lts, /fhg}lts ;d'bfo ePsfn] dflg;x?aLr
PsfTdstfsf] efjgf /x];Dd /fi6«sf] cl:tTj sfod
/xG5 . /fHosf nflu lglZrt e"efu, hg;+Vof,
;fj{ef}d;Qf / ;/sf/ clgjfo{ tŒj x'g\  . /fi6« rflx“
JolQmx?sf] ;dfg efjgf, u'0f Pj+ ljj]saf6 lgdf{0f
x'g] ePsfn] o;sf tŒjx?df ;dfg e"efu, efiff,
wd{, j0f{, ;+:s[lt, Oltxf; Pj+ ;dfg /fhgLlts
cfsf+Iff kb{5g\  . /fHosf nflu ;fj{ef}d;Qf clgjfo{
5 . /fi6«nfO{ klg x]g{ t ;fj{ef}d ?kdf g} x]l/G5,
t/ /fi6« x'gsf nflu ;fj{ef}d;Qf clgafo{ 5}g .
o;sf] cl:tTj JolQmx?sf] efjgfTds Pstfdf
/x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6« ;f“:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s ?kdf
JolQmx?aLrsf] PsfTdstfsf] Bf]ts ePsf] x'“bf
o;df cfj4 JolQmx? :jcg'zfl;t / :jrflnt
/xG5g\ . /fi6«df g t k|x/L an jf zlQm g} x'G5,
g t zlQmsf] k|of]usf] 8/ g} x'G5, s]jn g}lts,
efjgfTds / cfWoflTds zlQm dfq /x]sf] x'G5 /
;f“:s[lts / hghftLo cl:tTj;“u ;DalGwt x'G5 .
/fi6«–/fHo
/fi6«–/fHo Pp6f /fHosf] Tof] k|sf/ xf], h;n] /fHosf]
/fhgLlts cl:tTjnfO{ /fi6«sf] ;f“:s[lts cl:tTj;“u
;dflxt ub{5 . o;sf] p2]Zo zf;gsf nflu
/fhgLlts j}wtf lgb]{lzt ug'{ xf] . of] ;fj{ef}d;Qf
172
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;DkGg x'G5 . /fi6«–/fHodf zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ / ;f]
/fHodf /x]sf dflg;x?sf] xsclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L
gful/s / zf;saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf
nflu ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . (Google
Search) b]zdf /x]sf ;a} efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt,
/Lltl/jfh, /xg;xg, k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g
u/L cg]stfnfO{ Pstfdf cfj4 ug]{ clg ljleGg
hfthflt, efiffefifL, j0f{ / ;Dk|bfosfaLr Pstfsf
nflu ljleGg pkfox? vf]Hg] sfd ul/Psf] x'G5 .
/fi6«–/fHodf ;a} gful/sx?sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ug]{
lsl;dn] /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;+oGq lgdf{0f ul/G5 .
ljljwtfdf Pstf sfod ug]{ / Pstfleq cg]stfsf]
;+/If0f ug]{ k|oTgsf ;fy /fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf,
/fli6«o cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf / :jfwLgtfsf]
;+/If0f ub}{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfodf /fli6«o :jfledfg
:yflkt ug]{ lbzfdf /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngsf
cfwf/x? to ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf hgtfsf]
dfu / cfsf+Iffcg';f/ /fHo–Joj:yf ;~rfng x'“b}
cfPsf]af6 klg /fHo–Joj:yf ;~rfngsf cfwf/x?
;do;fk]If x'G5g\ eGg] b]lvG5 .
/fli6««otf / g]kfn
JolQmn] cfºgf] /fi6«af6 k|fKt u/]sf g};lu{s u'0fx?
clg p;sf] cGtd{gdf pJhg] /fli6«o ljz]iftf
af]wsf] cj:yf g} /fli6«otf xf]  . b]zelQm / /fli6«otf
klg km/s ljifo x'g\ . -vgfn, @)&%–&–@(,
k[=^_ b]zelQm b]znfO{ ul/g] k|]d xf] eg] /fli6«otf
/fi6«k|ltsf] efjgfTds nufj xf] . s'g} Pp6f b]z
csf]{ b]zdf ?kfGt/0f klg x'g ;S5, t/ Pp6f
/fi6« csf]{ /fi6«df slxNo} klg ?kfGt/0f x'+b}gM of]
;bf;j{bf oyfjt\ /lx/xG5 . To;}n] PskN6 k|fKt
u/]sf] /fli6«otf klg /fi6« /x];Dd sfod /lx/xG5,
slxNo} n'Kt x'+b}g . ;fj{ef}d;Qf gePsf] cj:yfdf
/fHosf] cl:tTj ;dfKt x'gk'U5, t/ /fi6«sf] cl:tTj
/x];Dd JolQmx?sf] efjgfTds Pj+ ;+j]ufTds
Pstf sfod /x]sf] x'G5 . em§ x]bf{ /fi6«jfb /
 UNITY
/fli6«otf p:t}p:t} h:tf] b]lvP klg tL km/s s'/f
x'g\ . /fi6«k|ltsf] k|]d g} /fi6«jfb xf], t/ /fi6«jfbsf
gfddf dfgjtf / ljZjjGw'TjnfO{ cf3ft kfg]{
cyjf cGo /fi6«x?nfO{ cf3ft kfg]{ sfd eof] eg]
To;nfO{ cGw/fi6«jfb elgG5 -/fjn, @)&#–(–@#,
k[= &_ / cGw/fi6«jfb eg]sf] kfv08 xf], s's[To xf]
/ dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw xf] h;sf] pbfx/0fsf
?kdf Oltxf;df s'Voflt / jbgfdL sdfPsf
kmf“;Ljfb / gfhLjfb clg ;dsfnLg ljZjsf s]xL
cft+ssf/L gZnLo lrGtgx?nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
clt/fi6«afbL k|j[lQnfO{ ;sf/fTds dfGg ;lsGg .
-ls/ftL, @)&$–@–!), k[=&_ ljZjsf sltko b]zdf
Pp6} b]zleq cg]sf}+ /fli6«otf ePsf] klg kfOG5 .
t/ g]kfndf rflx“ Pp6} /fli6«otf 5, h;nfO{ g]kfnL
/fli6«otf elgG5 / of] xd]zf Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfj4
5 . afns[i0f kf]v/]nn] g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf af/]df
n]v]sf 5g\–
o;df xfd|f k"j{hx?sf] ;':s]/f 5, xfd|f ls;fg
/ HofdLx?n] aufPsf] k;Lgf 5, xfd|f aL/
l;kfxLx?sf] k/fqmd 5, cf+l6nf kj{tf/f]xLx?sf]
cb\e"t ;fx; 5, 8f“8fsf“8fleq n's]/ a;]sf
vfgLx?sf] uxs 5, kfvfkv]/fdf km'Ng] cg'kd
km"nx?sf] dxs 5, 8f“km] / d'h'/x?sf] s]lnqmL8f
5, u}+8f / xfQLx?sf] nrs 5, c;f/] / n}j/Lsf]
3GsfO 5, wfggfr / 3f6'sf] cfª dsf{O{ 5,
kz'klt / :jo+e"sf] hfqf 5, bz}+ / 3f]8]hfqfsf]
pdË 5, leIf' / ;Gof;Lsf] cfWoflTdstf 5, cd/
zxLbx?sf] alnbfg 5, /fhf / k|hfsf] ;xof]u
5, psfnL / cf]x|fnLsf] y/s 5, eGHofªx?sf]
zLtn' 5fof 5, 8f]sf / vk{gx?sf] s/fdt 5,
rf}tf/LHofgsf a/lkkn' 5g\, cNnf/] Hofgsf
8Dkm' / dfbn' 5g, vf]nfgfnfsf pn{fO{ 5g\,
9's'/sf s'n{fO{ 5g\ / 5g\ g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{
lrgfpg] cg'xf/, kf]zfs, cfgLafgL, rfnrng
OToflb . -kf]v/]n, @)@&, k[= !%&–!%*_
173
JOURNAL
/fli6««o Pstf / g]kfn
g]kfn hfthflt, efiffefifL, ;+:s[lt, wd{ tyf
ef}uf]lns cfwf/df ljljwtfo'Qm b]z xf] . g]kfndf
!@# dft[efiff af]Ng] !@% hfthfltsf dflg;x?sf]
a;f]af; /x]sf] / !) k|sf/sf wd{x? cl:tTjdf 5g\
eGg] @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfaf6 b]lvG5 . -s]Gb|Lo
tYofÍ ljefu, @)^(, wf/f #@_ /fi6«n] ef}uf]lns
;Ldf+sg ug]{eGbf klg efjgfTds / ;+j]ufTds
Pstf / efjgfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf
af]lng] ;a} efiffnfO{ ;dfg ;+/If0f ul/g] egL
;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,
@)&@_ To:t} ;a} k|sf/sf wd{, j0f{, hfthflt,
;Dk|bfo jf If]qsf dflg;x?nfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf
cfj4 u/fpg] dfWodsf ?kdf /fi6«nfO{ lnOPsf]
5 . g]kfnL hgtfaLr /x]sf] efjgfTds Pstf,
hftLo ;lxi0f'tf, wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf h:tf s'/fn] g}
g]kfnnfO{ Pp6f l;+uf] /fi6«sf ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf]
5 . g]kfnsf ;a} hfthflt, efiffefifL, wd{, ;+:s[lt,
/xg;xg, /Lltl/jfhsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g ug]{ bfloTj
;/sf/sf] xf] . ;+ljwfgdf /fi6«nfO{ æax'hftLo,
ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f“:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm,
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff /
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf,
/fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf]
;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf]Æ
-g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f #_ clg æg]kfn Ps
:jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If,
;dfj]zL ;++3Lo nf]stflGqs, u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf]Æ
-g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f $_ eGg] Joj:yf
ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6««o Pstfsf sf/s tTjx?
-s_ wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf
g]kfndf lxGb", jf}4, O:nfd, ls/f“t, lqmlZrog,
k|s[lt nufot !) j6f wd{ dflgG5g\ . tL ;a}
 UNITY
wd{x?aLr ;bf;j{bf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf /xLcfPsf]
5 / wd{sf gfddf slxNo} klg /fu, å]if, 3[0ff jf
j}dg:otfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ePg . a'4wd{ g]kfns}
of]ubfg xf] . a'4nfO{ ;gftg lxGb" wd{sf eujfg\
lji0f'sf] gjf}+ cjtf/ dflgG5 . lxGb" /fhf c+z'jd{fsL
5f]/L e[s'6Ln] ef]6sf /fhf ;|ªrªuDkf];“u ljjfx
ePkZrft\ a'4wd{sf] ;]jf u/]/ 7"nf] Voflt cfh{g
ul/g\ . lxGb"n] jf}4u'Djfsf] / af}4n] lxGb" dlGb/sf]
bz{g ug{] k/Dk/f oxf“ 5 . o; afx]s ls/f“t, lxGb" /
jf}4 wdf{jnDaLx?df klg Pscs{fsf] ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f
/ k"hf–cg'i7fgsf] cjnDag ug{] k|j[lQ ljBdfg
5 . -g]kfn, @)&%–)^–@%, k[=$_ cfhsf gof“
k':tfx?n] t lxGb", jf}4, O:nfd, ls/f+t, lqmlZrog
;a}sf d'Vo–d'Vo rf8ka{x? bz}+, ltxf/, Nxf];f/,
Ob, lqm;d;, p“wf}nLp“ef}nL, a'4holGt, ;fs]nf,
df3L, uf}/f, 57, xf]nL, tLh cflbdf ;xefuL x'g] /
;+o'St?kdf /dfpg] u5{g\ . -hf]zL, @)&%–)^–@&,
k[=s_
-v_ efiff
@)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf g]kfnleq af]lng] !@#
j6f dft[efiffx?sf] klxrfg ePsf] lyof] . xfn
of] ;+Vof cem} a9\bf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffn] ;/sf/L
sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] x}l;ot /fVb5 / of] efiff g}
c? ljleGg dft[efiff af]Ng]x?sf aLrsf] ;Dks{
efiff klg xf] h;nfO{ ;a} hfthfltx?n] ckgfPsf
5g\ .
-u_ hfthflt
g]kfndf !@% j6f hfthflt /x]sf 5g\, h;df
k/fk"j{sfndf O/fglt/af6 cfPsf cfo{, ss]l;ofaf6
cfPsf v;, d+uf]lnofaf6 cfPsf d+uf]n clg blIf0f
ef/tlt/af6 cfPsf cfo{a|fx\d0fx?sf] ;lDd>0f 5 .
/fi6«lgd{ftf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfnnfO{ rf/ j0f{
5QL; hftsf] km"naf/L eg]sf 5g\ . oxf“sf lxdfn,
kxf8 / t/fO{df a:g] ;a} hfthfltx?df d g]kfnL
174
JOURNAL
x'“, eGg] cfTdaf]wsf ;fy} Pp6} /fli6«o ;fOgf]df
cfj4 efOrf/fsf] efjgf 5 . ;fy}, Ps csf{sf
;+:s[lt, e]ife"iff, /Lltl/jfhk|lt ;Ddfg / ;lxi0f'tf
b]vfpg] k|j[lQ ljBdfg 5 . rfx] cflbjf;L xf];\,
rfx] cgflbjf;L xf];\, rfx] cfk|jf;L xf];, -k|;fO{,
@)&^–*–@@, k[= %_ tL ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f, efOrf/f /
Pstfaf6} /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ePsf] 5 .
-3_ /fli6«o :jfledfgsf] cIf'00ftf
cgflbsfnb]lv g} g]kfndf k/rqmLx? l6Sg ;s]sf
5}gg\ . of] b]z ;bf g]kfnLx?s} /xL cfPsf] 5 . of]
xfd|f] :jfledfgsf] ljifo xf] . ;d|f6 czf]s h:tf
ljh]tf zf;s klg g]kfnsf ls/f“tL /fh :y'+sf]sf ;fd'
l6Sg g;lsg] b]vL 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx oxf“ ul/lbP/ To;}
kmls{Psf lyP . -cof{n, @)$#, k[=@#_ sflZd/af6
g]kfn xfGg cfPsf hoflk8 ljgoflbTonfO{ g]kfnsf
c/d'08Ln] xfonsfon kf/]/ w'nf] r6fPsf lyP .
-cof{n, @)$#, k[=%^_ Oltxf;sf] sfnv08df
g]kfndf cfqmd0f ug{ vf]Hg]x?dWo] !*@) ;fndf
-cof{n, @)$#, k[=!*^_ ld/sfl;dnfO{, !*!(
;fndf -cof{n, @)$#, k[=!*&_ lsgnf]snfO{, !*$*
;fndf d'sfªcfgnfO{, !*&@ ;fntfsf -cof{n,
@)$#, k[=@)(–!*_ O:6Ol08of ;/sf/nfO{, !(!!
;fndf ef]6nfO{ -cof{n, @)$#, k[=@$!_ g]kfnLn]
bf]xf]nf] sf9]/ nv]6L :jb]zsf] /Iff u/]sf lyP .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jfledfgsf] pNn]vgLo kIf g} s]
xf] eg] ;dsfnLg 36gfqmddf g]kfnnfO{ s;}sf]
gfsfaGbLn] ;Dd klg unfpg ;s]g, a? /fli6«o
Pstfsf] efjgf r§fg h:t} emg\ ;'b[9 eof]  . oxf“sf]
;fdflhs ;b\efj / /fli6«o PstfnfO{ tx;gx; kfg{
tlD;Psfx? klg cfkm}“ nvt/fg eO{ yfs]/ n';'Ss
kfvf nfu] . o;/L cgflbsfnb]lv :jtGq /fi6«sf
?kdf ljsl;t / cIf'00f /xL cfPsfn] cv08tf,
;fj{ef}ldstf, ;fdl/s :jfjnDag, b]zelQm h:tf
;a} u'0fx? g]kfnsf] /fli6«otfdf ljBdfg 5g\ .
 UNITY JOURNAL

-ª_ ;Eotfsf] w/f]x/ h:tf] ;+:s[tsf] k|yd k|fdfl0fs kof{ojfrL sf]zsf]

l;h{gf g]kfns} kf6gdf, :j:yfgL a|tsyfsf] l;h{gf
g]kfn g t w]/} 7"nf] b]z xf], g t w]/} ;fgf]  . ljZjsf
sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf, j]bJof;sf c7f/ k'/f0fx?,
cGo d'n'sx?;“u If]qkmnsf cfwf/df t'ngf ug{] xf]
d}lynL slj ljBfkltsf cd/ /rgfx? g]kfn e"lddf
eg], xfd|f] b]z ;fgf]df $( cf}“ qmddf clg 7"nf]df
g} l;h{gf ePsf x'g\ . -g]kfn, @)&%–)^–!!, k[=$_
klg $( ‍cf}“ qmddf g} kb{5 . To;}n] hDdf If]qkmn
!$&!*! ju{ lsnf]ld6/ ePsf] b]z eP/ klg ;Lldt -5_ bfz{lgs lrGtgsf] pb\ud:yn
e"efuleq} & j6f ;Eotfsf] cfljef{j / ljsf; x'g'
kf}/fl0fs ufyfcg';f/ g]kfn s}of}“ ljVoft
/ cGo /fi6«x?sf e"efu;Dd km}ng' -gjLg v8\sfn]
Clif–dxlif{x?sf] hGde"ld, tkf]e"ld / sd{e"ldsf
lbPsf cGtjf{tf{_ g]kfnsf] crDdsf] ljz]iftf xf] .
?kdf /x]sf] 5≤ h:t} cxflz/f, pkdGo', sZok,
sf]zL ;Eotf OGb|fjtL gbLeGbf k"j{lt/ lj:tf/ eO{
slkn, sf}lzs, ufuL{ -dlxnf Clif_, uf}td, hgs,
ldq/fi6« ef/tsf] bflh{ln+u, l;lSsd / cf;fd;Dd,
hdbUgL, k/z'/fd, k'nx, e[u', df08j, d}qL, d}q]oL
ldq/fi6« e'6fg clg ldq/fi6« jdf{sf] P]/fjtL
-dlxnf Clif_, df}b\uNo, o1jNSo, Jof;, jlzi7,
gbL;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . jfudtL ;Eotf sf7df8f}+
ljZjfldq, zfl08No, g]d'lg, ls/f“t Clif cfs'lg,
pkTosf / cf;kf;df cflje{fj / lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .
ls/f“t tyf lxGb"sf cf/fWo b]jb]jL dxfb]j /
lqz'nL ;Eotf lqz'nL gbLeGbf k"j{lt/sf e"efudf
kfj{tL -h;nfO{ ls/f“tx?n] kf?xfª / ;'lDgdfsf
lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . u08sL ;Eotf lqz'nL gbLeGbf
gfdaf6, lnDa"x?n] wfjf;fd / o'jf;fdsf] gfdaf6
klZrdtkm{ sfnLu08sL gbLsf] ;]/f]km]/f]leq kg{]
Oi6b]jb]jLsf] ?kdf dfGg] u/]sf 5g\_ . h8e/tsf]
e"efudf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . e]/L s0f{fnL ;Eotf
hGd:yn sfnLu08sL, ;+:s[t j}ofs/0f kfl0fgLsf]
u08sL gbLeGbf klZrdtkm{ e]/L gbL;Ddsf
hGd:yn c3f{vf“rL, ;+:s[tsf] cd/sf]ifsf /rgfsf/
e"efudf lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 eg], ;]tL dxfsfnL
cd/l;+x jf+8fsf] hGd:yn kf6g /x]sf] 5 .
;Eotf e]/L gbLeGbf klZrdtkm{sf e"eful:yt ;]tL
Oltxf;sfndf n'lDagLsf uf}tda'4, sf7df8f}+sf
dxfsfnL gbLsf ;]/f]km]/f] nufot ldq/fi6« ef/tsf
cDa/uL/, tfKn]h'ª, l;gfdsf >Lh+uf, Onfd,
lkyf}/fu9, s'dfpm“, u9jfn, g}gLtfn If]qel/ lj:tf/
lkmSsnsf ;Gt 1fglbnbf;, Ko'7fg, :ju{åf/Lsf
ePsf] 5 . ldlynf ;Eotf t/fO{sf] hgsk'/af6
dxfk|e', u'NdL, /];'Ëfsf zzLw/, ef]hk'/ lbª\nfsf
cfljef{j eO{ To;};+u hf]l8Psf] ldq/fi6« ef/tsf]
if8fgGb, ef]hk'/, uf]ug]sL of]udfof Gof}kfg] h:tf
lgs} 7"nf] e"efu;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .
bfz{lgs, lrGts tyf ;fdflhs cleoGtfx?sf]
-r_ ;flxTo Tofu, tk:of / sd{0otfaf6 l;+lrt 5 . d}lynL
efiffsf ljVoft >[+uf/ slj ljBfklt / d}lynLs}
j]bsf sltko Crfx? g]kfndf l;h{gf ePsf
ljVoft xf:o syfsf/ uf]g'emfsf] hGde"ld /
x'g\ eg] e};fnf]6g l:yt afNdLlsgu/df dxlif{
sd{e"ld g]kfns} df6f] /x]sf] 5 . xfd|} n'lDagLsf
afNdLlsaf6 ;+:s[tsf] k|yd dxfsfJo afNdLls
l;4fy{ uf}tdn] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] af}4bz{g ljZjsf
/fdfo0fsf] l;h{gf eof] . ls/f“t wd{u|Gy d'Gw'dsf]
c/af}+ af}4dfuL{x?n] cjnDag ul//x]sf 5g\  . b]jLsf
l;h{gf k"jL{ g]kfndf g} ePsf] lyof] eg]] n3'l;4fGt
?kdf xfd|} hgsk'/sL r]nL ;LtfnfO{ ljZjsf c/af}+
sf}d'bL h:tf] ;G;f/s} ;a}eGbf j}1flgs 7xl/Psf]
lxGb"x?n] clg xfd|} /fhs'df/L e[s'6LnfO{ rLgsf
;+:s[t Jofs/0f c3{fvf+rLsf] k0f]gfdf, cd/sf]z
c/af}+ hgtfn] k'lh/x]sf 5g\ .

175
 UNITY
-h_ snf
ejg tyf dlGb/x?df k|of]u x'g] kuf]8f
z}nLsf] cfljisf/ g]kfndf ePsf] xf] . P]ltxfl;s
:yfkTosnfsf] cb\e"t gd'gfsf ?kdf rf“u'gf/fo0fsf]
dlGb/, kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/ cBflk 5“b}5g\  . g]kfnsf
c/lgsf] cyf{t anafx' gfdsf snfsf/n] rLgsf
s'Jnfvf“sf] b/af/df cfºgf] ljlzi6 k|lti7f /
klxrfg :yflkt u/]sf] s'/f Oltxf;df plNnlvt
5 .
/fli6«o Pstf yk dhj"t agfpgsf nflu cj;/
-s_ ;+3Lotf
ljutsf] PsfTds zf;g k|0ffnLdf d'n'sleqsf
ljleGg If]q, tx / tKsfsf hg;d'bfonfO{ ps';
d's';sf] l:ylt x'“bf klg /fli6«o Pstf cIf'00f /x]s}
lyof] eg] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf]
k|Tofe"lt u/]sfn] of] v'nf jftfj/0fdf /fli6«o
Pstfsf] efjgf cem} dha't x'g] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf]
5 .
-v_ wd{lg/k]Iftf
ljutdf g]kfnnfO{ lxGb" clw/fHosf ?kdf cg'jlGwt
ul/Psf]df To;af6 cGo wdf{jnDaLx? s'l07t x'g
gk/f];\ eg]/ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] wd{lg/k]If ;fy}
;dfj]zL /fHosf ?kdf :yflkt u/]sf] l:ylt ePsfn]
;a} wdf{jnDaLx?n] ;dfgtfsf] cg'ej ub{} ;fy}
lk5l8Psf] tx / tKsfsf ;LdfGtLs[t hg;d'bfon]
klg ;dfj]lztfsf] cf:jfbg ub{} /fli6«o PstfnfO{
cem} k|jn / ;'b[9 agfpg] dfu{df cu|;/ x'g] 9f]sf
v'n]sf]5 . -e§, @)&%–)(–!&, k[=^_
-u_ /fli6«o efiff
ljutdf g]kfnL efiffnfO{ dfq /fli6«o efiffsf] dfGotf
lbOPsfdf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] g]kfndf af]lng] ;a}
dft[efiffx?nfO{ /fli6«o efiffsf] dfGotf lbO{ g]kfnL
176
JOURNAL
efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ?kdf :yflkt
ul/lbPsfn] ljutdf cfkm"nfO{ pk]lIft cg'ej u/]sf
eflifs ;d'bfon] klg ca ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"t ub{}
/fli6«o Pstfsf] d"n k|jfxdf hfu?s x'g] cj:yf
l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . efiff cfof]un] g]kfnsf ;a}
efiffx?sf] ;Dj4{g / nf]kf]Gd'v efiffx?sf] ;+/If0f
ug]{ sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbPsf] 5 .
-3_ ;~rf/sf] ljsf;
df]jfon kmf]g, OG6/g]6 tyf ;fdflhs ;+hfnsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/n] ubf{ ;~rf/df cfd hg;fwf/0fsf]
kx'“r ;xh ePsf] 5 . o;af6 lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{
;j{qsf hgtfaLr ;Dks{ tyf ;~rf/ eO{ ljrf/sf]
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5 . o;} u/L oftfoftdf ePsf] ljsf;n] klg cfk;L
;Dks{ / ;DaGwdf lj:tf/ eO{ Pstfsf] efjgfsf]
yk ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
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sfg'gdf ePsf qmlds tyf gjLgtd ;+zf]wg tyf
kl/dfh{gaf6 hftLo 5'jf5''t tyf lje]bnfO{ b08gLo
3f]lift ul/Pkl5 d'n'sleqsf ;a} hfthfltaLr
;'–;DaGw / ckgTjsf] efjgf ljsf; eO{ /fli6«o
Pstfdf yk of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o Pstfsf r'gf}tLx? / ;dfwfg
;'b[9 / dha"t /fli6«o Pstf x'“bfx'“b} klg To;df
slxn]sfxL“ r'gf}tLx? b]vfkg]{ ub{5g\  . xfd|f]
b]z ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z xf] / ev{/} dfq qmdzM
;d[l4sf] dfu{df cu|;/ eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] oxf“
ul/aL / a]/f]huf/L JofKt 5 . ul/aL / a]/f]huf/Lsf]
s'07fu|:t hLjg af“lr/x]sf hgdfg;df /fli6«o
Pstfk|lt ljrng pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf
/xG5 . oxL cj:yf clzIffn] klg lgDTofpg ;S5 .
;'b[9 sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf eO;s]sf] eP klg
 UNITY
;dfhaf6 hftLo lje]bsf] efjgf k"0f{ ?kdf lgd{"n
eO;s]sf] 5}g . !@% eGbf a9L hfthflt ePsf]
;dfhdf hftLo lje]b tyf 5'jf5'tsf] efjgfaf6
;tfOPsf] kLl8t ;d'bfodf g}/fZo tyf s'07f
pTkGg eO{ /fli6«o Pstfk|lt pbf;Lg x'g] l:yltsf]
;DefjgfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg . oftfoftsf] ;xhtf
gePsf clt b'u{d :yfgsf hg;d'bfox?sf]
s]Gb|;“u jf /fhwfgL;“u ;Dks{ jf ;DaGw gePkl5
To:tf] ;d'bfo /fHoaf6 pknJw x'g] ;]jf–;'ljwfaf6
al~rt x'g] l:ylt x'G5 . o;af6 pgLx?df /fli6«o
Pstfk|lt gsf/fTds efjgf cfpg ;S5 . oL ;a}
s'/feGbf klg cem vt/gfs r'gf}tL xf] lglxt
:jfy{ k|]l/t /fhgLlt . ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf]
ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf tyf /fhgLlts
:jtGqtfsf] cf8df s;}af6 lglxt :jfy{af6 k|]l/t
x'“b} ;fdflhs ;b\efjgf ljyf]Ng], clzlIft hgtfnfO{
lbUe|ldt agfpg], d'n'sdf wd{ jf hft jf ju{sf]
cfwf/df /fu, å]if, snx jf j}dg:otfsf] l:ylt
l;h{gf ug{] vfnsf cleJolQm jf ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{]
jf To:t} p2]Zo k|]l/t jf ljv08gsf/L /fhgLlt
ug{] s'r]i6f eof] eg] /fli6«o Pstfdf To:tf] k|j[lQ
klg k|To'Tkfbs x'g ;S5 . o:tf vfn] r'gf}tLx?sf]
;fdgf ug{sf nflu /fHo ;+oGqn] clzIff, ul/aL /
a]/f]huf/L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu 7f]; sfo{qmd
sfof{Gjog ug{], hgdfg;df ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt
ub{} b08xLgtfnfO{ lgd{"n ug{] / ;fdflhs ;b\efjgf
ljyf]Ng] vfnsf /fhgLlts ultljlwpk/ s7f]/ k|xf/
ug{] sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbg'kb{5 .
lgisif{
/fli6«o Pstfsf nflu b]zjf;Lx?df /fi6«k|]d
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;8sdf /fli6«otfsf] rsf]{ gf/f
nufp“b} ;8s ttfO{ eL8nfO{ Psl5g pQ]lht agfP/
cyjf sf]/f efj'stfdf cfwfl/t /fli6«otfsf] bz{g
5f+6]/ kqklqsf jf ;fdflhs ;Ghfndf ;~rf/ u/]/
dfq eg] sf]xL klg /fi6«k|]dL sxnfp“b}g . To;af6
177
JOURNAL
Ifl0fs ?kdf ;:tf] nf]slk|otf t cfh{g x'g;Snf,
t/ Tof] yf]/} ;dodf g} kfgLsf] kmf]sf h:t} ljnfP/
hfG5 . hgtfnfO{ /fli6«otfk|lt hfu?s agfpg /
zf;sx?nfO{ Gofosf] dfu{tkm{ pGd'v x'g] va/bf/L
ug{sf nflu ;r]t /fi6«k|]dLn] snd / jf0fL b'a}
rnfpg' af~5gLo g} x'G5, t/ oltn] dfq} /fli6«otf
/ /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 x'g] xf]Og . /fi6«sf] lxtdf
7f]; ?kn] /rgfTds sfo{ u/]kl5 dfq /fli6«otf
;'b[9 x'G5 . hgtfnfO{ lbUe|ldt agfP/ ;fdflhs
;b\efjgf ljyf]Ng] sk6L dg;foaf6 k|jfx ul/Psf]
/fli6«otfsf] gf/f jf n]vgL t emg\ 3fts x'G5 .
/fhgLlts clwsf/ / jfs\ :jtGqtfsf] k|of]u
ug{] gfddf st{Jopk/ xyf}8f df/]df To;sf] rf]6
;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ g} k5{ / cGttf]uTjf To:tf]
JolQm :jo+nfO{ g} k5{ . hg;fwf/0fnfO{ ;tfpg /
lbUe|ldt t'Nofpg /fhgLlts clwsf/sf] l;h{gf
ePsf] x'“b} xf]Og . /fli6«otf /x]g eg] /fi6« g} /x“b}g,
/fli6«otfsf] t s'/} ePg . kfl/hftsf] ;'ulGwt
km"naf6 ax't} ldlxg]t nufP/ ;'Gb/ dfnf pg]sf]
eP klg wfuf] kmf]:s] jf dRrf kg{ uof] jf dlSsof]
eg] dfnf l5GgleGg x'G5, /fli6«otf eg]sf] dfnfdf
hl8t km"n xf] / /fli6«o Pstf rflx“ wfuf] xf] hf]
dha"t x'g'k5{, clg dfq xfd|f] uf}/jdo /fli6«o
Pstfsf] uLt ;fy{s x'g]5 – æ;of}+ y'+uf km"nsf
xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL ;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf
d]rL–dxfsfnL .Æ
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
clwsf/L, gf/fo0f k|;fb / c? -@)&)_ cfo{–v;sf
!%))) aif{, sf7df8f}+ M dw'jg k|sfzg .
cof{n, O{Zj//fh, -@)$#_ gof+ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; ,
sf7df8f}+ M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
-ls/f“tL, /fh]Gb|, -@)&$–)@–!)_, /fi6«jfbsf] ckJofVof,
uf]/vfkq, k[=& .
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;+lIfKt glthf
 UNITY JOURNAL

v+8\sf, Zofd axfb'/, -@)&@_ d:6f] ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f,
sf7df8f}+ M Pstf a'S;
vgfn, s[i0f, -@)&%–)&–@(_, /fi6«jfb ls b]zelQm,
sflGtk'/ k[=^ .
uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, -@)&$ h]7_ dw'ks{ -cd"t{ ;+:s[lt
ljz]iffÍ_
hf]zL, zDe'/fd, -@)&%–)^–)&_, sfo{ ;+:s[lt / bz}+≤
uf]/vfkq, k[=s .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ .
g]kfn, k|bLk, -@)&%–)^–@%_, bz}+, /fdfo0f / ls/f+t,
uf]/vfkq, k[=$ .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f, -@)@&_ sn]h:t/sf lgaGw} lgaGw
sf7df8f}+ M ;xof]uL k|sfzg
kf]v/]n, dfwj k|;fb, ;+= -@)%*_ hgsnfn zd{fsf
k|aGw sf7df8f}+ M au/ kmfp08]zg g]kfn .
k|;fO“, bL3{/fh, -@)&^–)*–@(_, kf7s cfjfh,
uf]/vfkq, k[= % .
e§, rGb|b]j, -@)&%–)(–!&_, wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] /fhgLlt,
sflGtk'/, k[=^ .
e§/fO{, ab/Lgfy, -@)!&_ kRrL; k|aGw sf7df8f}+ M
g]kfnL efiff k|sfzg ;ldlt .
of]uL g/xl/gfy, -@)#*_ b]je"ld ef/t Pjd\ cfWoflTds
g]kfn -klxnf] efu_ .
of]uL g/xl/gfy, -@)&!_ lxdjt\v08 -bf]=;+=_ sf7df8f}+≤
gO k|sfzg .
/fjn, eLd, -@)&#–)(–@#_, /fi6«jfb, cGw/fi6«jfb /
cltjfb, sflGtk'/, k[=& .
;fdflhs ;Ghfn o'6\o'a -OGb|]0fL sfo{qmdsf ;+rfns
s[i0f s+8]nn] nf]sufos tyf ;+:s[ltljb\ gjLg
v8\sf;+u lnPsf] eLl8of] cGt/jftf{_
l;6f}nf, vu]Gb|/fh -@)^(+_ k[YjLljrf/ / Jojxf/, b
PS:Knf]/ g]kfn u|'k

178
 UNITY
/fli6«o Pstfsf k|tLs k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
n]v;f/
/fi6« z/L/ xf] eg] To; b]zsf gful/s k|f0f x'g\
/ /fli6«otf efjgfTds zlQm / cf:yf xf], h;sf]
pb\ej / ljsf; tL dflg;x?df x'G5, hf] Pp6f
e"v08df a:g] Pp6} hfltsf x'G5g\, h;sf] efiff,
wd{, k/Dk/f, ;+:s[lt / :jfy{x? Ps} k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ / h;sf] /fhgLlts cfbz{ klg Pp6} x'G5 .
/fli6«otf Pp6f vf; e"v08df ;'Gb/ km"nsf] dfnf
em}+ dfnfsf/ ?kdf pkrlot eO{ a;]sf dflg;x?sf]
cg'/fufTds pmhf{ / ;+j]u klg xf]  . o;sf dfWodaf6
JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf] x[bo;“+u ;fIffTsf/
u/L cfkm\gf] /fi6«k|lt >4f, :g]x / k|]defj k|:km'l6t
u/]sf] x'G5 / cfkm\gf] klxrfgsf] cg'e"lt ;d]t
ub{5 . of] Ps k|sf/n] cf:yf / ljZjf;sf] ;+ud
;d]t xf] h;n] JolQmnfO{ cfkm\gf] /fi6«, efiff, wd{,
Oltxf;, d"No, dfGotf / ljZjf;;“u hf]8\g] k'nsf]
sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg]
/fli6«otf To:tf] ;fd"lxs efjgf xf] h;sf] cfwf/df
JolQmn] ljleGg pknlJw / k|flKt xfl;n ub{} /fi6«sf]
;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts d"NonfO{ ;d]t ;jf{]k/L 7fgL
r'N7Lsf] km"ne}m+ ;hfP/ /fv]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf of]
k|sf/sf] efjgfsf] k|fb'ef{j /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxaf6 g} ePsf] xf] .
zAbs'~hL M k|tLs, :j]R5frfl/tf, hggL, :juf{blk,
cfef, bLlKt .
k[i7e"ld
;+:s[t efiffdf /fi6«±3±Oo±tfsf] ;+of]hgaf6
/fli6«otf zAb lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . æax'hftLo,
179
JOURNAL
7fs'/ k|;fb a/fn
ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm,
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsfª\Iff /
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf,
/fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf]
;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf]Æ
-g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, wf/f #, k[=@_
/fli6«otf cfkm\g} k'vf{n] kflntkf]lift ub{} x'sf{Psf]
df}lns ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, snf, ;flxTo, rfnrng
cflbk|ltsf] ;Ddf]xg, cg'/fu, k|] d / :g]x efj klg
xf], h'g To; d'n'ssf] dfg, ;Ddfg, :jfledfg, uf}/
j;“u k|ToIf ?kdf uf“l;Psf] x'G5 . o;sf] /Iffsf
nflu JolQm :jo+ cfkm\gf] hLjg pT;u{ Pj+ jlnbfg
ug{ / c?dfly hfOnfUg klg tof/ eO/x]sf] x'G5 .
/fli6«otf To; /fi6«df a:g] k|To]s JolQmsf] d'6'
xf], h'g ljgf JolQm d"bf{t'No lg:kGb x'G5 . k|To]s
/fi6«sf gful/ssf] /utsf yf]kf yf]kfdf /fli6«otfsf]
cf]h cf]tk|f]t x'g'kb{5 .
kl/efiff
/fli6«otf ;DaGwL An+:nLn] o:tf] kl/efiff lbPsf
5g\, æ/fli6«otf Ps k/fDk/fut dfgj ;dfh xf],
h;df Ps Joj;fosf dflg; ;lDdlnt ePsf
x'G5g\, h;sf] ljrf/, efjgf / :jefj p:t}p:t}
x'G5, h;sf] Pp6f j+z, efiff, /Llt—l/jfh / ;Eotf
;dfg x'G5, h;n] pgnfO{ Pstfsf] efjgfdf
kl/lrt u/fp“5 / cGo ljb]zLeGbf leGg} x'G5 .Æ
-hf]zL /]UdL, @)%*, k[=@&%_
To;/L g} ldnn] lbPsf] kl/efiff o; k|sf/ 5 M
ædfgj hfltsf] Ps efu hf] ;fdfGo ;xfg'e"ltaf6
 UNITY JOURNAL

af“lwPsf] 5 eg] To;}nfO{ /fli6«otf elgG5 .Æ -a/fn, /fli6«otfsf] d"n efj

@)^%, k[= #!_
/fli6«otfsf] efjgfn] ljb]zL bf;tf / x:tIf]ksf
lhDdg{n] /fli6«otfsf] kl/efiff lb+b} eg]sf 5g\, lj?4df cfTdjlnbfg ug{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt ub{5 .
æ/fli6«otf /fhgLlts k|Zg geO{ cfWoflTds k|Zgsf] ef/t, rLg, OlhK6, leotgfd, blIf0f clk|msf h:tf
xf] . /fli6«otf wd{ em}+ Ps cfGtl/s efjgf xf] . of] d'n'ssf hgtfsf] ToxL efjgfn] ubf{ g} tL d'n'sx?
cfWoflTds wf/0ff xf], cg'ej u/]/, ljrf/ u/]/ j:g] :jtGq ePsf x'g\ . Oh/fonsf] hGd klg oxL
of] Pp6f tl/sf klg xf] .Æ -a/fn,@)^%, k[=#!_ ;Ddf]xgsf] kl/0ffd xf]  . c+u|]hx?sf] k|e'Tj d'n'sleq
l5g{} glbg] tTsfnLg jL/ of]4fx?sf] dft[:g]xsf]
luNqmfOi6n] rflx+ /fli6«otfnfO{ o;/L kl/efliftf
k|uf9tfn] g]kfn ljZjd} ;w}+ :jtGq d'n'ssf ?kdf
u/]sf 5g\, æ/fli6«otfsf] clek|fo Tof] cfWoflTds
lrlgb} cfPsf] 5 . xfd|f] cfkm\g} ul/dfdo jL/ufyf
efjgfl;t 5, hf] Tof] hg;d'bfodf kfOG5, h;sf
5, h'g oxL /fli6«otfsf] efjeª\ludfaf6 pb\j]lnt
;b:o Pp6} d"n j+zsf x'G5g\ . Pp6} e"v08df
ePsf] xf] . oxL >4fsf] k|ltkmn g} s'g} vf;
j;f]jf; ub{5g\, Pp6} wd{ dfGb5g\ / h;sf] Oltxf;
hfltsf] uf}/j, k|lti7f / Pstf ljZjdf :yflkt x'g]
/ wd{ Pp6} 5, h;sf] cfly{s lxt ;dfg 5 / hf]
s8L ePsf] kfOG5 . b]zk|lt dfof / ljb]zLx?sf]
/fhgLlts Pstfsf ;dfg cfbz{ /fVb5g\  .Æ -hf]zL
bf;tfk|lt 3[0ff jf:tjdf /fli6«otfsf] cfef Pj+
/]UdL, @)%*, k[=@&%_
bLlKt xf] .
/f]hn] lbPsf] kl/efiff cg';f/ æ/fli6«otf Ps
/fli6«otf / b]zelQm
hg;d"x xf], hf] clxn] /fhgLlts ?kdf ;+ul7t 5}g .
cfkm\gf] cfbz{ ?kaf6 Ps ;+ul7t /fi6«sf ?kdf /xg] /fli6«otf b]zelQm;“u klg tfbfTDotf /fVb5 .
clenfiff eg] /fVb5 .Æ -a/fn, @)^%, k[=#!_ b]zelQm O{Zj/sf] cf/fwgf ug{' h:t} wd{ ePsf] x'“bf
s'g} JolQm cfkm\gf] Oi6 b]jtfsf] cf/fwgf / k"hfsf
pko'{Qm kl/efiffaf6 /fli6«otf ;docg';f/ kl/jlt{t
nflu dl/d]6\5 . To;} u/L Pp6f b]zeQmn] cfkm\gf]
klg x'g ;S5 / Jofkstfdf cg'df]lbt ug{ ;lsG5
b]znfO{ b]jtf 7fGb5  . cfkm\gf] /fi6«nfO{ cfkm\g} cfdf–
eGg] a'lemG5 . To;f] eGb}df /fli6«otf eg]sf] s'g}
jfa'nfO{ h:t} dfof ub{5 . dflg; cfkm\gf cfdf–
cd"t{ j:t' eg] xf]Og . o;sf cfkm\g} klxrfg 5g\ .
afa'nfO{ s'g} k/fofn] x]Kof] eg] Hofg dfof df/]/
/fli6«otfn] cfkm\gf] /fi6«leqsf k|To]s ljifodf cfkm+}
hfOnfU5, lryf]5{ . æhggL hGde"ldZr :juf{blk
lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] wf/0ffsf] k[i7kf]if0f ul//xG5 .
u/Lo;L .Æ cyf{t\ cfdf / dft[e"ld :ju{eGbf klg
/fli6«o :jfwLgtf Tof] /fi6«sf] cfGtl/s dfldnf xf],
7"nf x'g\ eGg] xfd|f] ;gftg ;+:s[lt klg xfd|f]
h'g lj?4 s'g} klg ;t{ :jLsfo{ x'“b}g . Pstf /
/fli6«otfsf] hu xf] . g]kfn sbdf ;fgf] eP klg
cfly{s ;d[l4 o;sf] k|d'v nIo xf] . /fi6«x?df
b'lgof“d} ljzb\ 5 / g]kfnLx?sf] zfg ;u/dfyf
k|To]s /fli6«o ;d"xnfO{ j}olQmstf / ;dfg cj;/sf]
h:t} pRr 5 . To;}n] t jfns[i0f ;dsf] d's'Gb
dfGotf lbOof] eg] dfgj ljsf; / ;fdflhs
OlGb/fsf],æ===b]zelQm t db{}g r'Ty} b]z eP klg ..Æ
PsLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'U5 eGg] s'/f /fli6«otfsf]
eGg] cleJolQm ;w+} dd{:kzL{ / x[bo:kzL{ nfUb5 .
cjwf/0ffn] :jLsf/ t u5{, t/ j}olQmstfsf gfddf
o;/L /fli6«otf Tof] d'n'ssf dflg;sf cfTdfleq
pz[ª\vn, ljv08g / :j]R5frfl/tf eg] :jLsf/
/f}+–/f}+, s0f–s0fdf leHb} ;j{JofkL eP/ :klGbt x'“b}
ub}{g .
;~rfl/t x'g] u/]sf] x'G5 . h'g /fi6«sf dflg;x?sf

180
 UNITY
dgdlitisdf /fli6«otf, sf}lzsLem+} clj/n jUb}g,
Tof] d'n'ssf dflg;x? lhp“bf nf; x'g\ / Tof] d'n's
lhp“b} d/]sf dflg;x?sf] bfx:yn xf] .
;/ jf:6/ :s6n] Patriotism zLif{ssf] sljtfdf
n]v]sf 5g\ M
Breathes there the man with soul so dead,
Who never to himself hath said…
'This is my own, native landÛ"===
High though his titles, proud his name,
Boundless his wealth as wish can claim;
Despite those titles, power, and pelf,
The wretch, concentrated all in self…
And, double dying, shall go down…
(bartleyby.com) n]vL ;'Gb/td zAbk'ikx?df
/fli6«otfsf] efjgfnfO{ t/ª\lut / em+s[t ub{}
b]zelQm;“u o;/L hf]l8lbPsf 5g\ ls /fi6«eQm dfq}
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] k[i7kf]ifs x'g ;Sb5 .
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf Ps csf{sf k"/s x'g\  . oL
Ps l;Ssfsf b'O kf6f x'g\ . Ps geP csf{] hLljt
/xg ;Sb}g . /fli6«o Pstfn] s'g} klg d'n'ssf]
;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;, :jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, If]qLo
cv08tfsf] k|jw{g ug{] OR5f hfx]/ u/]sf] x'G5 .
/fli6«o Pstfn] …Pp6f /fi6« /fHoleqsf ljleGg
;d"xsf dflg;x? hf] ljleGg wd{, ;+:s[lt, hft /
ljz]iftf af]s]sf x'G5g\, ltgLx? cfkm"n] Tof] /fi6«leq
;lxi0f'tf / Pstf sfod /fVb} Ps}7fp“df ldn]/ a:g]
k|ltj4tf hgfPsf x'G5g\Ú eGg] cy{ /fV5 .
lglZrt e"efudf a;]sf dflg;x?aLr cfk;L
k|]d, ;b\efj, d]n / ;+/If0f ug{] Wo]o /fli6«otfsf]
efjgfdf /x]sf] x'G5 eg] oxL ljz]if afgL–Joxf]/f,
k/Dk/f, /Llt–l/jfh / ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfnfO{
;Unf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{] sfd /fli6«o Pstfn]
ub{5 . Pp6} hftsf dflg;sf efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt,
181
JOURNAL
k/Dk/f, Oltxf; / ;d:ofx? Pp6} x'g] x'gfn] To:tf
d'n'sdf /fli6«otfsf] efjgf a9L k|jn /x]sf] x'G5 .
t/ s'g} klg d'n's Psn hftsf] gx'g ;S5 . To:tf]
cj:yfdf ljleGg hftsf wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f tyf
Oltxf;nfO{ Pp6} dfnfdf pGg] sfd eg] /fli6«o
Pstfsf] efjgfn] ub{5 . t/ o;}nfO{ /fli6«otfsf]
zfg eg] dfGg ;ls+b}g . -gf]N;, k[=%_
s'g} klg /fi6«df wd{–;+:s[lt, efiff–;flxTo,
/Llt–l/jfh, ljrf/, /xg;xg km/s x'g ;Sb5g\,
t/ ljljwtf aLr Pstf sfod ug{ / km/s hLjg
z}nL, /xg;xgsf aLrdf ;fdGh:o sfod u/L Ps
k|jn ;f+:s[lts PsfO lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o Pstfsf]
efjgfn] k[i7kf]if0f ul//x]sf] x'G5 .
d'n'sdf ePsf ljljwtfnfO{ :jLsfb{} /fi6«sf] cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] sfd
/fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgfn] ul//x]sf] x'G5 . Pp6}
wfld{s ljrf/sf dflg;x?sf] Pstfn] /fli6«otfsf]
ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . cem w]/} wd{x?
aLr Pstf sfod ug{ ;lsof] eg] To:tf] d'n'ssf]
;j{kIfLo ljsf; emg\ tLj| ultdf x'G5 . ;a} wd{
;dfg x'g\ / ltgLx?n] dfg]sf O{Zj/, cNnfx, o]z'
;a} p:t} x'g\ . ltgnfO{ cfkm\g} em+} dfGg' / ;a}
wdf{jnDjL, hft–hfltsf rng, efiff / ;+:s[lt
cfkm\g} ;dfg x'g\ eGg] efjgfn] /fli6«o Pstfdf
j[l4 ub{5 . s;}sf] cf:yfdfly s;}sf] bdg /
cltqmd0f ;x\o x'g ;St}g . s'g} klg d'n'ssf]
lgdf{0fsf] qmddf k'vf{x?sf] uf}/jdo Oltxf; /
:d[lt, ;dfg /fhgLlts cf:yf, k|]/0ff, ;dfg /fli6«o
lxt tyf :jfy{x?n] d'n'sdf /fli6«otfsf] efjgfnfO{
hfu[t ub{5 eg] ltgLx?sfaLrdf tfbfTDotf /fVb}
d'n'ssf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;df To;nfO{ zlQmsf?kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] To; d'n'ssf] efUo k"l0f{dfsf]
rGb|df em}+ zLtn / rdsbf/ jGg ;S5 .
 UNITY JOURNAL

/fli6«otfsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'“b} cfPsf] x'G5 . Toxf“sf] cfkm\g} k/Dk/f,e"uf]n,

Oltxf;, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, snfn] p;sf] /fli6«otf
dflg;x?nfO{ ;'/Iff, OR5f, rfxgfx?n] lk/f]Nb}
tyf /fli6«o Pstfsf] cfwf/:tDe v8f u/]sf] x'G5 .
uPkl5 ltgsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu /fHo :yfkgfsf]
rfxgf eof] / hLjgnfO{ cem ;'vL / ;'/lIft s;/L g]kfndf /fli6«otfsf] efjgf
jgfpg] eGg] dflg;n] vf]h ug{ yfNof] . To;sf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxaf6 vl08t 6fs'/] /fHox?nfO{
nflu dflg;n] ;d"x / ;dfh lgdf{0fdf nfUof] /
PsLs[t ug{] cleofg z'? ePkZrft\ g} g]kfnL
cfk\mgf] :jfy{sf nflu ;d"x lgdf{0f ugf{n] /fHodf
/fli6«otf tyf /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf d'vl/t
cfkm\gf] ;d]t lxt b]Vg yfNof] . o;/L ghflg“bf]
x'g yfn]sf] xf] . k|sf/fGt/df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
qmddf g} dflg;n] /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf]
;xh?kdf /fi6« lgdf{tf, /fli6«otf Pj+ /fli6«o
efjgfsf] ljsf; u¥of] .
Pstfsf] k|tLssf ?kdf :yflkt x'g k'u] . pgL
/fli6«otfsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; klZrdL hutdf gePsf eP clxn] g]kfn eGg] d'n's g} /xg] lyPg
k"“hLjfbsf] ljsf;;“u} c7f/f}+ ztfJbLlt/ ePsf] eGg' cltzof]lQm x'“b}g, a? ;To af]w u/fPsf] x'G5 .
xf] . hd{gL / O6fnLsf] PsLs/0f cleofg;“u} pu| tTsfnLg g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf cfwf/x? /fh;+:yf,
/fli6«otfsf] efjgf ljsl;t eO{ k|yd / bf];|f] ;gftg wd{ / PsfTds /fHo k|0ffnL g} lyP . cfh
ljZjo'4sf] ljWj+;;d]t dflg;n] ef]Ug'k¥of]  . pg}af6 :yflkt /fli6«otfsf] TofGb|f] ;dft]/ xfdL
kl5Nnf] ;do lgdf{0f ePsf Pl;ofnL, clk|msL / æ;of}“ km"nsf y'ª\ufÆ egL uj{ ul//x]sf 5f}+  . æ>L %
Nofl6g cd]l/sL d'n'sx?n] /fi6«jfb / /fli6«otfnfO{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] x[bo b]zelQmdf r'n{'Dd 8'a]sf]
cfbz{ dfGg yfn] . tTsfn hfu[t cjwf/0ffn] lyof] . ljho pgsf] hLjgsf] nIo t To; nIosf]
pklgj]zjfbL zlQmx?af6 :jtGq /xg cxd\ e"ldsf lgofds zlQm pgsf] x[bodf /x]sf] b]zelQm lyof] .
lgjf{x u¥of]  . oL d'n'sx?df ljsf; ePsf] /fli6«otf b]zeQm, ;fx;L, of]4f, ;+u7gstf{ / ;]gfkltsf ;a}
To; avt s]jn pklgj]zjfb lj/f]wL ljrf/sf] u'0fx? Ps;fy pgdf ljBdfg lyP To;}n] gof“
;femf d'b\bf dfq lyof] . clwsf/ u/]sf] lj:t[t e"efu Ps ;+ul7t s]Gb|Lo
zf;gsf] cwLg xf];\ . ltgdf a;f]af; ug{] ljleGg
jt{dfgdf /fli6«otfsf] efjgf k'ghf{u[t ePsf]
;Dk|bfo / hfltsf hg;fwf/0fn] lge{o eP/
sf/0fn] cd]l/sfdf /fi6«klt 6«Dksf] ljho,
;'/Iffsf] pkef]u ug{ kfpg\ / pgLx?sf] bdg gxf];\
j]nfotsf] o"/f]lkog ;d'bfoaf6 cnlUug] lg0f{o
eGg] s'/fdf pgL ;bf k|oTgzLn /xGy] .Æ -cfrfo{
/ ef/tdf k|wfgdGqL df]bLsf] pbo eof]  .
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k|ltljDjsf?ksf b]Vg ;lsG5 . lnk'n]s ef/tsf] g]kfn rf/ j0f{ 5QL; hftsf] ;femf km"naf/L xf]
gS;fdf /flvPsf]df eO/x]sf] lj/f]wsf] z[ª\vnf klg / ;a} ldlnh'nL o;sf] /Iff ug{' kb{5 .Æ eGg]
g]kfnLn] /fli6«otfk|lt b]vfPsf] ;b\efjsf ?kdf egfOaf6 g} :ki6 x'G5 ls pgn] l;h{gf u/]sf] of]
lng ;lsG5 . x/]s d'n'ssf] /fli6«otfsf] cfkm\g} km"naf/L?kL dgf]/d e"v08 ;femf xf] o;nfO{ ;a}
Oltxf; x'G5 . To;}leq Toxf“sf] /fli6«otf, /fli6«o ldn]/ /Iff ug'{kb{5 . pgL l5GgleGg ePsf ljleGg
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182
 UNITY
ug{ rfxGy] / Pp6f ;jn /fli6«otfo'Qm, ax'hftLo,
ax'eflifs /fHosf ?kdf g]kfnnfO{ :yflkt ub{}
k/qaf6 x'g] eoaf6 d'St, :jtGq, :jfwLg s]Gb|Lo
/fHo :yflkt ug{ rfxGy] . t;y{ h'g;'s} d"No /
cf:yfdf klg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx g]kfnsf clwi7ftf
tyf lgdf{0fstf{ / /fli6«o Pstfsf k|tLssf ?kdf
:yflkt ePsf 5g\ .
æa|fDx0fIflqoljzf+ z'b|f0f+ r k/Gtk .
sdf{l0f k|ljeQmflg :jefjk|ej}u'{0f}M..Æ
>Ldb\eujbuLtf !*÷$!
o;sf] Znf]ssf] jf:tljs cy{ a'e\mg ;Sof}+ /
Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ ;Sof} eg] dfq xfdLn] hft
/ wd{ a'em\g] x'G5f}+ / k[YjLgf/fo0fsf] of]ubfgsf]
jf:tljs cy{ a'e\mg ;Sb5f}+ . ToxL cg's"n cfr/0f
ugf{n] xfd|f] /fli6«o Pstf dha"t aGg ;Sb5 .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ckdfg ug{]x? klg kfOG5g\,
t/ pgdf s'g} vf]6 nfpg'kg{] b]lv+b}g . pgsf]
;dodf o; If]qdf cg]s jxfgfdf ;;fgf /fHoleq
k;]/ ljb]zL k|e'Tj :yflkt ug{ rnv]n eO/x]sf]
lyof], h;nfO{ /f]Sg' ;dosf] dfu g} lyof] . pgL
t ToxL kl/l:yltsf pkh / lgldQ dfq x'g\ .
To;}n] pgL cfÎgf] ;dosf] gfos x'g\, hf] clxn]
klg g]kfnL /fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstfsf j/bfg
;fljt ePsf 5g\ . pg}sf] b"/b[li6s} sf/0f g]kfnsf]
cl:tTj cfh;Dd hLljt /xg k'u]sf] xf] / xfdL
cfkm"nfO{ g]kfnL eg]/ uf}/jsf ;fy pRrlz/ /fv]/
pleg ;Sg] ePsf 5f}+ .
g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] cfwf/ o; If]qsf] ljljwtfnfO{
Pp6} ;"qdf uF“;L b]znfO{ ljv08g tyf k/fwLg
x'gaf6 arfP/ ljleGg hfthflt, efiffefifLnfO{
Pstfsf] ;"qdf af“wL, Pp6}} g]kfnL ;femf hflt,
;Eotf / ;+:s[ltdf Pstfj4 ug{] sfd olb s;}n]
u/]sf] xf] eg] Tof] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx afx]s c?n]
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JOURNAL
xf]Og . pgs} g]t[Tjdf cfh g]kfn :jhftLo
;+:s[lt, ;Eotf / snfsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;kmn /fHo
jg]sf] 5 . o; sfo{df axfb'/ zfx, /fHo nIdL zfx,
eLdz]g yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, elQm yfkf, jneb|
s'“j/ h:tf ;of}+} ;k"tx?sf] gfd klg hf]l8G5 . oxL
jL/ uf]/vfnL ;k'tx?sf] /utn] l;+lrt tyf hLjGt
/fv]sf] g]kfn clxn] klg ax'eflifs, ax'hftLo,
ax';f+:s[lts, ax'wfld{s, ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf
jLrdf klg Pp6f :jtGq, cljefHo / :jfwLg
/fHosf ?kdf ljZjsf ;fd' cfkm\gf] lz/ 7f8f] kfb{}
cl:tTjdf /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx gePsf] eP
g g]kfn /xGYof] g g]kfnL /xGy] . g]kfn g/x] g
g]kfnL /xG5g\ g t afx'g, If]qL, ls/f“t, g]jf/, lxGb",
af}4, d'lZnd, ls|lZrog /xG5g\ eGg] efjgfsf]
ljsf; ePg eg] g]kfn eGg] d'n's ljZj dfglrqdf
x/fpg]5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] cv08tf g} g]kfnL
/fli6«otfsf] cfwf/ x'g'kb{5 . d'n'ssf] /fli6«otf
alnof] agfpg d'n'sleqsf ljljwtfx?sf] ;+/If0f,
;Da4{g / ljsf; ug{' h?/L 5 eGb} k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxn] pkTosf ljho ug'{;“u} g]kfn ;a} hftsf]
;femf km"njf/L xf] egL dfu{lgb{]z u/]sf] / ;f]xL
cg'?ksf] gLlt ;d]t to u/]sf lyP . /fli6«otf
hu]gf{ ug{] dxŒjk"0f{ sjr g} ef}uf]lns cv08tf
/ ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] /Iff xf] . /fli6«otfsf] efjgfn]
g} To; d'n'ssf /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s kIfaLrsf] alnof] Pstf
xf] . d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ s8L klg Toxf“sf
hgtfdf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] Pstf
5 < eGg] s'/fn] lgSof{]n ub{5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]
blIf0f Pl;ofnfO{ g} ljb]zLx?n] vn{Kk} lgNg nfu]sf]
cj:yfdf g]kfnLx?sf aLrdf Pstf / b]zelQmsf]
h'g lzIff lbP, ToxL lzIffsf] pkh g} xf] cfh;Dd
hLjGt /x]sf] g]kfnL /fli6«otf . o;nfO{ aneb|,
elQm yfkf h:tf jL/ ;k"tx?n] hLjg pT;u{sf
;fy k'mnfP x'sf{P, h'g cfh klg ;+;f/k|l;4 5 .
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;fdl/s dxŒjsf] k"j{;+s]t lbP . o; kl5sf
lbgx?df klg g]kfn / g]kfnLx?n] /fi6«, /fli6«otf
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nfpg] 7fp“ g} 5}g .
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g]kfnL g]kfnLaLr Pstfsf] efjgf l;h{gf ub{5 .
h'g;'s} e"efu, If]q / :yfgdf j;] klg xfdL g]kfnL
Pp6f hflt xf}“ / xfd|f] Pp6} ceLi6 5 / x'g'kb{5,
h'g lagf :jfy{ ;du| d'n's / oxf“sf afl;Gbfsf]
;d[l4 / pQ/f]Q/ k|ult g} xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf
pGglt xf] eGg] ;f]r ePdf xfdL ;du|sf] sNof0f
x'g]5 . To;}n] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfo{x?nfO{
;d:t g]kfnLn] cfTd;ft\ ug{'kb{5 . To;df g} xfd|f]
sNof0f x'g]5 . o;n] xfd|f] /fi6« / /fli6«o Pstf
;jn / ;'b[9 aGg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .
184
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;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL
cfrfo{, afa'/fd -lj= ;+ @)^!_ >L % a8fdxf/fhflw/fh
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL, sf7df8f}+M >L
% dxf/fhflw/fhsf ;+jfb ;lrjfno, /fhb/jf/ .
uf]ljGb ejg sfof{no, -lj ;+ @)%&_ >Ldbeujb\uLtf
cf}/ lji0f' ;x;|gfd, uf]/vk'/ M uLtfk|]; .
hf]zL, /]UdL ;'/]Gb|k|;fb, -@)%*_ /fhgLlts lrGtg /
jfbx?, sf7df8f}+} ;'sGbf k':ts ejg .
gf]N;, 6'NnL ;L, jf6 Oh g];gfln6L, ef]n=!) k[ % hg{n
cfl{{6{sn, o'lgel;{6L ckm Soflnkmf]lg{of k|];, lh:6f]/,
cf] cf/ hL .
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 UNITY
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gful/sx?sf] OHht / ;Ddfg ;+;f/el/ oyfjt\
sfod /x]sf] 5 . h'g;'s} o'4df xf];\ jf cGo
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eP klg /fi6«sf] /Iffsf lglDt alnj]bLdf r9]sf
5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;fx; / lxDdtnfO{ Oltxf;n]
:j0f{ cIf/n] n]v]sf] 5 . ;}lgs kl/jf/sf] cfl>t
kl/jf/nfO{ dfq} lnOof] eg] gful/s / ;}lgs ;DaGw
ck"/f] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] sfnv08nfO{
kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf] eg], gful/s / ;}lgs ;DaGw gª
/ df;' h:t} hf]l8Psf] 5 . x/]s o'4sf df]rf{ tyf
nf]ssNof0fsf/L sfo{x?df gful/sx?n] ;]gfnfO{
;fy lbPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;]gfn] hgtfsf] /Iff ub}{
gful/sx?sf] ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ . :jf:Yo lzlj/,
;/;kmfO{, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, ljsf; lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL
;]gfn] k'¥ofPsf] ;]jf gful/s ;DaGwsf] ct'ngLo
pbfx/0f xf] .
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;DaGw, nf]ssNof0fsf/L, /fi6«lgdf{0f .
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s'g} klg b]zsf] ljwfgcg';f/ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts
nufotsf clwsf/ kfPsf] / tbg';f/ lglZrt
st{Jodf /xg'kg]{ JolQm gful/s xf] -kf]v/]n / c?,
lj=;+= @)$), k[=&!%_ . o'4sf d}bfgx?df gf/Lx?n]
/fi6«sf] /Iffsf lglDt ljifsGof ag]/ klg zq'kIfsf
;]gfx?nfO{ Wj:t kf/]sf 5g\  . ;tL–;fljqL gf/Lx?n]
/fi6« /Iffsf nflu hf]lvd p7fPsf 5g\ . gful/s
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åfl/sf s'df/L clwsf/L
eg]sf hgtf x'g\ . clwsf/sf] dfu jf bfjL ug]{
JolQm jf gful/sn] cfˆgf] st{Josf] Vofn u/]sf] jf
kfngf u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . s'g} b]zdf a;f]af; u/]sf
gful/stf lnPsf jf gful/stf lng of]Uo JolQmx?
Tof] b]zsf gful/s x'g\ -bxfn, lj=;+= @)&^_ .
cfhsf] g]kfnL ;]gfsf]] k|f/De tTsfnLg uf]/vfsf
/fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] yfngL u/]sf] /fHo–lj:tf/
cleofg / PsLs[t g]kfn /fHosf] lgdf{0f;“u ePsf]
dflgG5 . To;f] t uf]/vf /fHosf ;:yfks Pj+
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf k"j{h b|Jo zfxn] lj=;+= !^!^
df elu/y kGtsf ;]gfkltTjdf :yflkt ;]gfnfO{
g} /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf x'g\
eGg] egfO klg 5 . vf; u/L k[YjLgf/fo0fk"j{ /
pgsf ;do;Dd klg ltnËf elgg] uf]vf{nL ;]gfdf
c:yfoL ;]gf -ldlnl;of_, emf/f ;}lgs -v]tfnf
;]gf_ / s'?jf ;]gf -dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgsf] ;'/Iffsf
lglDt a:g] ;]gf_ s} k|wfgtf b]lvG5 -cfrfo{, lj=;+=
@)^^, k[=!$#_ .
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw eg]sf] hgtf / ;]gfaLrsf]
;xsfo{ xf]  . g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] Oltxf;b]lv
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw bl/nf]
/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;]gfn] b]z / hgtfsf] /Iff u/]sf] 5
eg] ;]gfnfO{ cg]s o'4 df]rf{x?df gful/sn] ;xof]u
u/]sf 5g\  . ;g\ !(%& sf] h]7 dlxgfdf sLlt{k'/;“u
ePsf] o'4df ;]gfklt sfn' kf08] dfl/Psf lyP
-zdf{, k[=@@%_ . ;g\ !&^$ df sLlt{k'/;“usf] bf];|f]
n8fO“df /fhfsf efO z'/k|tfksf] cf“vf km'6\of]
-g]kfn kl/ro, lj=;+= @)&@, k[=^%_ . k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfx klg 3]/fdf k/]sf lyP . em08} Pp6f l;kfxLn]
5Ksfpg nfUbf /fhfnfO{ /fhfn] g} b08 lbg'k5{ .
l;kfxLx?n] To:tf] sfd u/] cyf{t\ /fhfnfO{ df/]
 UNITY
kfk nfU5 eg]kl5 5f]l8Psf k[YjLgf/fo0f ltt/lat/
ePsf] kmf}hsf] af6f] k5\ofp“b} gfu9'ª\uf cf;kf;
k'u]sf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx Hofg hf]ufP/ efu]sf
lyP -zdf{, k[=@@&_ . Pp6f k|rlnt ls+jbGtLcg';f/,
emdSs ;f“em k/]kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f Pp6f 3/df af;
dfUg hf“bf ;f“emsf] kfx'gf eg]/ Pp6L a"9Lcfdfn]
af; / uf“;sf] Joj:yf ul/g\ . b'x'gf dgUo] eP/
xf]nf, vL/ ksfP/ vfg lb“bf ef]sn] /GylgPsf
k[YjLgf/fo0fn] yfnsf] aLraf6} tftf] kfo;df xft
xfNbf g/fd|f];“u kf]n]sf] b]v]kl5 ævfg klg ghfGg]
of] s:tf] k[YjLgf/fo0f h:tf] /x]5<Æ eg]/ vL/ vfg
l;sfOl5g\ . yfnsf] 5]paf6 yf]/} v6fp“b} vf“bf
aLrsf] efu klg ;]nfO;s]sf] x'G5 / hDd} vL/
vfg ;lsG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0fn] jl/kl/sf ;–;fgf
/fHox?dfly laho k|fKt gu/Lsg sLlt{k'/df xdnf
ubf{ clxn] tkfO“n] vL/ vfg ghfg] h:tf] eof] ls
ePg < elgl5g\  . k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ af; lbg] tL a"'9L
cfdfsf] s'/f clt{ eP5 . To;kl5 pgn] sf7df8F}+
pkTosf jl/kl/sf /fHox? PsLs/0f u/]kl5 dfq}
sLlt{k'/ x'“b} sf7df8f}+ pkTosf PsLs/0f ug{ ;kmn
ePsf lyP .
hgan g} /fi6«an cyf{t\ ;}Goan xf]  . hgtfsf] /fo
lnP/ dfq} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx PsLs/0f cleofgdf
cl3 a9\g yfn]kl5 ;kmntfsf] lzv/df k'Ug yfn] .
;k|g] 3/sf] ;f“emdf ;Nnfx eg]/ k|To]s a]n'sL
;]gf;“u 5nkmn rnfpg yflnPsf] lyof] . clxn]
Tof] /f]nsfndf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . ;]gf ltvf/L /fVg'
-zfx, lj=;+=!*#!, k[=&_ eGg] /fi6« lgdf{tfsf] pkb]z
clxn] klg lhp“b} 5 . clt;fdfGo k[i7e"ld ePsf
la;] gurL{ gfd u/]sf JolQmn] /fHo lj:tf/sf]
dxŒjfsf+Iff af]s]sf uf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxnfO{ o'4sf nflu vr{ h'6fpg] h'lQm l;sfOlbPsf]
hg>'lt 5 -b]jsf]6f, ;g\ @)!(_ . aflnk|yfsf
gurL{n] k|To]s 3/w'/Laf6 Ps÷Ps ?k}of ;fk6L
jf ;xof]u lng ;lsof] eg] !@ ;o w'/Laf6 !@
;o ?k}of hDdf x'g] / ;f] /sdn] xftxltof/ /
186
JOURNAL
aGbf]a:tLsf ;fdfgx? hDdf ug{ ;lsg] h'lQm
lgsfn]sf lyP . pgn] a? d sgf{n km's]/ pbL{
u/f}“nf eg]/ k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ ;DemfPsf lyP .
k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ Tof] s'/f u8]5 . Pslbg la;]n]
sgf{n km's]/ dflg;x? e]nf kf/]/ /fhfsf] /fHo
la:tf/sf] of]hgf ;'gfP 5g\  . ;a}n] ;xdlt hgfp“b}
PsLs/0fsf] dxfo1sf nflu 3/nf}/L Ps÷Ps ?k}of“
e]6L r9fP5g\  . /fi6«lgdf{tfsf nflu hgan ;}Goan
h:t} tfultnf] ;flat eof] . hgtfsf] /fo a'em]/
cl3 a9\g] gLltn] hgan g} ;}Goan aGg k'Uof] .
ljifoj:t'sf] laZn]if0f
;]gfx? abL{sf l;kfxL x'g\ eg] hgtf ljgf abL{sf
l;kfxL x'g\ . lagf abL{wf/L hgtfn] h;/L cf–
cfkm\gf] ufp“, 7fp“ / e"ldsf /Iff ul//x]sf x'G5g\,
To;} u/L abL{sf l;kfxLx?n] /fi6«sf] /Iff ul//x]sf
x'G5g\ . ;'/Iffkmf}hsf nflu hgtf ljgf tnasf
c;nL / e/kbf]{ ;'/fsL x'g\ . log} ljgf tnasf
;'/fsLx?n] d'un ;fd|fHosf a]nf eLdkm]bL;Dd
cfOk'Ubf xf];\ jf dNnsfndf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf
pkb|f] dRrfPsf a]nf xf];\ jf l;Gw'nLu9Ldf
cª\u|]h;“usf] o'4 x'“bf xf];\, hgann] g} ;}GoannfO{
7"nf] d2t u/]sf] 5 . hgan eg]sf] gful/s an
xf] . gful/san wganeGbf klg alnof] x'G5 eGg]
s'/f xfnsf] g'jfsf]6 a]qfjtLdf ltAataf6 cfPsf]
7"nf] ;}GoannfO{ hgtfsf] ;xof]u kfP/ g]kfnL
;]gfn] Wj:t kf/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !((@ df lrgLof“
;]gfklt km'sfª\un] g]kfnL kmf}hdfly cfqmd0f ug{
cfb]z lbPkl5 sf7df8f}+ xdnf ug{ g]kfn k;]sf]
lrgLof“ ;]gfnfO{ hgtfsf] k"0f{ ;fy / e/f];f kfP/
g]kfnL ;]gfn] a]qfjtLaf6 cl3 a9\g lbPg -dfgGw/,
lj=;+= @)$!, k[=%_ . g]kfn /fi6«lgdf{0fdf gful/s
;}lgs ;DaGw cflbdsfnb]lv g} c6'6 /lxcfPsf] 5 .
klxn]–klxn] ;x/ ahf/ jf gu/df a:g] afl;GbfnfO{
dfq} gful/s elgGYof] . clxn] of] gful/s zAb
hgtfdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . gful/sx?nfO{ lbOg]
 UNITY
gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqn] ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{ ;d]6]sf]
5 . æax'hg lxtfo, ax'hg ;'vfoÆ eGg] cfbz{
jfSo /x]sf] ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifaf6 g]kfnL
;]gfn] :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff, cfly{s /fxt, aLdf,
kl/jf/ cfjf; / ;Lkd"ns Jofj;flos tflnd
h:tf sNof0fsf/L sfo{x? ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5
eg] ;}lgs P]g, @)^# tyf ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]if
lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] kl/lwleq /xL sf]if kf/bzL{
9+un] ;+rflnt x'“b} cfO/x]sf] 5 -g]kfnL ;]gf,
lj=;+=@)&%_ . o; sfo{n] klg ;]gfsf ultljlwx?
gful/sd}qL /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 .
;]gf gx'“bf klg gful/sx?n] cfºgf] b]zsf] /Iff
ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;]gf ljgfsf /fi6« ;'/lIft x'G5g\
ls x'“b}gg\ < ef]lnsf lbgdf ;a}n] b]Vg kfpg] 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;]gf gful/sx?sf] efjgf ljk/Lt
slxNo} klg /x]sf 5}gg\  . rfx] PsLs/0f sfndf xf];\,
jf cª\u|]h / ltAat;“usf] o'4df xf];\, gful/sx?sf]
k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ;xof]u lnP/ g]kfnL ;]gfn]
/fi6«sf] hu]gf{ ul//x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= !()# c;f]h
@ ut] /fltsf] sf]tkj{sf] 36gfkl5 xf];\, jf @))&
;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 xf];\ hgefjgfcg';f/ g]kfnL
;]gfn] cfºgf] ult cufl8 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . ;]gf
gful/seGbf leGg 5}g . gful/sx?sf] dgf]efjgf
a'em]/ ;]gfn] cfºgf] sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf
NofO/x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] kl/jt{gkl5
g]kfnL ;]gf gful/sx?sf] efjgf cg'?k o' 6g{
ePsf] 5 . /fli6«otf dah't agfpg /fli6«o Pstf
cIf'00f /fVg, b]z lav08gaf6 hf]ufpg ;]gfsf]
e"ldsf k|z+;gLo 5 . o;df gful/ssf] ;fy /
;xof]u ckl/xfo{ /xG5 .
k|frLgsfndf o'gfg b]zn] cfºgf] e"efunfO{
;–;fgf gu/x?df ljefhg u/]/ /fHo u/]sf] lyof] .
gu/leqsf afl;Gbfx?nfO{ dfq} gful/s elgGYof] .
gu/ afx]s cGo If]qsf al;Gbfx? gful/s x'gaf6
jl~rt /x]sf lyP . k/fk"j{sfnb]lvsf] g]kfnsf]
187
JOURNAL
Oltxf; x]g]{ xf] eg] lj=;+= @)^% eGbf cl3 h'g;'s}
zf;gsfndf jf afO;] rf}la;] /fHosfndf ;d]t
;a} /fHodf /fhfn] g} zf;g u/]sf lyP . /fhfn]
cfºgf hgtfnfO{ k|hf eGby]  . j]bdf ænf]sfM ;d:tf
;'lvgf] ejGt'Æ (Sanathana Vedham, 2015) eg]/
hgtfnfO{ hgM jf nf]sMsf] ?kdf hgtf ;'vL /x'g\
eGg] sfdgf ul/Psf] lyof] . æ;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvgMÆ
eg]sf] cy{ klg ToxL xf]  . ;j]{ eg]sf] ;a} xf]  . ;a}sf]
cy{ ;Dk"0f{ hgtf jf gful/s eg]sf] xf] . gful/sn]
k|fKt ug]{ gful/stf eg]sf] d'n'sk|ltsf] clwsf/
xf] . o:tf] clwsf/ s'g} klg u}/gful/sn] kfpg'
x'“b}g . g]kfnL ;]gfleq x'g] u/]sf sdL–sdhf]/LnfO{
;Rofpgsf nflu gful/s;“u /fo–;'emfj lng]u/L
b]zsf laleGg :yfgdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] gful/s
cGtlqm{of sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . Aof/]sleq
g}lts cfr/0f / cg'zf;gdf /xg] g]kfnL ;]gfdf
sfd ug]{ JolQm Jof/]s aflx/ cfp“bf g}lts cfr/0f
tyf cg'zf;g u'dfpg] u/]sf], Jof/]sleq} klg
dftxtsf h'lgo/ sd{rf/LnfO{ ul/g] lje]bk"0f{
Jojxf/, efiffz}nL ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{, Oltxf;sf] hu]gf{
ug{ / o'jfdf Oltxf;sf] ;r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg]
sfddf g]kfnL ;]gfn] e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 -e'iffn,
lj=;+= @)&^_ .
;}lgs–gful/s xft]dfnf]
/fi6«sf] e"ld la:tf/ / /Iffsf nflu gful/sx?;“u
xft]dfnf] u/]/ cl3 a9]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf nf]ssNof0fsf/L
sfo{x?df ;fd]n eO/x]sf] 5  . gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw
o'4sf a]nfdf dfq} xf]Og ls ;bf ;j{bf /xL cfPsf]
5 . hg} k"l0f{dftfsf jf bz}+sf a]nf uf];fFO{s'08df
w]/} tLy{ofqLx? To;tkm{ hfg] ub{5g\ . uf];fFO{s'08
pRr:yfgdf /x]sfn] ofq'x?nfO{ n]s nfUg] /
vfgkLgsf] ;d]t ;d:of x'G5 . o:tf] a]nfdf g]kfnL
;]gfn] tLy{ofqf dfu{df :jf:Yo lzlj/ v8f u/]/
;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . o; vfnsf lzlj/x?
ljleGg 7fp“sf hfqf, d]nf–kj{x?df nfUg] u/]sf]
 UNITY
5 . k|fs[lts ljklQsf a]nf :jf:Yodfly uDeL/
;ª\s6 cfOkbf{ xf];\ jf efO/n k|efljt If]qx?df
xf];\, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] sfo{ dxŒjk"0f{ sf];] 9'Ëfsf]
?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifaf6 k|bfg
ul/“b} cfPsf] lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo ;'ljwfnfO{ ;]gfsf
axfnjfnf / cjsfzk|fKt JolQmsf 5f]/f5f]/L /
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;d]t ;'ne ?kdf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo
;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . b]zdf af9L, klx/f], 8'afg,
cfunfuL, ;8s b'3{6gf, xjfO{ b'3{6gf, e"sDk
;d]tsf ljklQx?df ;}lgsx?n] hf]lvd df]n]/
hgtf;“usf] ;DaGw sfod u/]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf]
;dodf ;]gfn] gful/s;“usf] ;DaGw la:tf/ ub}{
nu]sf] 5 . k|;'tL Joyfn] 56\k6fO/x]sf gf/Lx?nfO{
xf];\ jf b'3{6gfdf k/]sf JolQmx?nfO{ klg ;]gfn]
p4f/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .
hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yfx? gePsf zf;g
Joj:yfx?df gful/sx?sf cfjfh ;d]6]/
;]gfsf pRr clwsf/Lx?n] zf;sx?df hfx]/ u/L
af6f]3f6f], kf6Lkf}jf, k'nk'n];f lgdf{0f u/fPsf
5g\ . bf]nfn3f6sf] ;'gsf]zL / OGb|fjtLdf emf]n'ª\u]
k'n s0f]{n kmf}hl;+xsf] hfx]/Ldf >L # rGb|zDz]/n]
lgdf{0f u/fPsf lyP . lj=;+= @))& cl3;Dd
ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?df gful/ssf] ;xof]u
lnO{ hgkl/rfng u/]/ ;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f
;dIf ;sf/fTds ?kdf pEofPsf] b]lvG5 . kmlk{ªsf]
ljB't pTkfbgdf xf];\ ls sf7df8F}+df df]6/ af]sfP/
leqØfpg] sfo{df ;d]t ;]gfsf] e"ldsf sd cf“Sg
ldNb}g . gful/ssf] ;]jf g} d'n'ssf] ;]jf xf] .
d'n'ssf] ;]jf g} ;]gfsf] zlQm xf] eGg] g]kfnL ;]gfn]
;j{k|yd sflGtky lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] h;n] ubf{
b]zdf pT;fxsf] jftfj/0f km}lnof]  . s0ff{nL /fhdfu{
xf];\ ls sf7df8f}“–t/fO{ kmf:6 6«Øfs tyf /;'jf
/fhdfu{df ;]gf ;xefuL x'g'n] cfd gful/s;“usf]
lgs6kgfsf] pTs[i6 gd'gf xf] . hgtfsf] k|ToIf
;/f]sf/sf] ljifodf ;}lgs ljBfnox? :yfkgf
u/]/ klg u}/;}lgs afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k|j]z lbP/
188
JOURNAL
gful/s;“usf] ;DaGwdf ;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ km8\sf]
dfb}{ nlu/x]sf] 5 . >L jL/]Gb| ;}lgs c:ktfndf
;j{;fwf/0f tyf Ho]i7 gful/sx?sf nflu ;]jf
lj:tf/ u/]/ ;]gfn] k|z+;gLo sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf]
5 -P]ltxfl;s sfo{sf] yfngL, lj=;+= @)&^, k[=@_ .
lj=;+= !(() sf] dxfe"sDk, @)#& ;fnsf]
;'b"/klZrddf uPsf] e"sDk, @)$% ;fnsf] e"sDk,
@)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk ;d]tdf ;]gfn]
cfºgf] yftynf] eGbf cfd gful/ssf] /Iffsf nflu
v6]/ gful/s ;DaGw dha't u/]sf] 5 . cfd
gful/sleq} ;]gfsf hjfgb]lv clws[tx? kg]{ x'“bf
Toxf“ 5'§} ;]jf v6fOPsf] 5}g . cfkt\ljkt\df ;]gfn]
cfºgf], csf]{ jf 7"nf ;fgf eg]/ e]befj u/]sf] 5}g .
gful/s ;}lgs ;DaGw emg\ bla{nf] aGb} uPsf] 5 .
gful/s ;DaGwnfO{ dha't ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] kf“r
bzscl3 …/fli6«o ;]jf bnÚ u7g u/]/ tflndx?
;d]t lb“b} cfPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf cfkt\ljkt\ kbf{ jf
b}jL k|sf]k x'“bf :sfp6x?nfO{ h:t} /fli6«o ;]jf
bnnfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsPsf] v08df g]kfnL ;]gf
hghgdf c? leHg ;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . /fli6«o
;df/f]xx?df dfq} dfr{ kf; u/fP/ gful/s–;}lgs
;DaGw ljsl;t x'g ;Sb}g . /fli6«o ;]jf bn
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwsf] csf]{ s8L xf] . o;nfO{
:sfp6x?nfO{ h:t} ltvf/L /fVg'k5{  . kz'kltgfydf
h:t} 7"nf–7"nf kj{, d]nf / hfqf tyf eL8ef8df
;}lgs sdf08df ;'/IffsdL{ v6fpg ;lsP
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw c? r':t / bla{nf] eP/
hfG5 . gful/s ;}lgs ;DaGw k"/} b]zel/ h]lnPsf]
5 . ;]gf tyf /fli6«o ;]jf bnsf kl/jf/x? /
ltgsf gftfuf]tf Oi6ldqnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L x]bf{
g]kfndf gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw ;a} hfthflt,
wd{ ;Dk|bfosf] alnof] w/f]x/ xf] . ;a} hfthflt
/ e"uf]nsf dflg; ;]gfdf etL{ x'g'n] klg gful/s
;}lgs ;DaGw ;+;f/s} pRrtd gd'gfsf] lzv/sf
?kdf /x]sf] 5 .
 UNITY
b]zdf cfkt\ljkt\ cfOkbf{ gful/s ;}lgs ;a}n]
Tofusf] efjgf b]vfPsf x'G5g\ . ;]gf cg'zfl;t
;+:yf ePsfn] p;n] ;+ul7t ?kdf sfd u5{ eg]
hgtf ltgsf g]tf jf 7"nf dfG5]x?sf] lgb]{zgdf
sfd u5{g\ . zx/ ahf/df cfunfuL x'“bf ;]gf jf
k|x/Lx?sf bdsnx?n] cfuf] lgefp“5g\ . t/ ufp“
3/df hgtfn] 3/3/af6 ufu|L aflN6gdf kfgL af]s]/
s]/fsf ;'Knfx? sf6]/ w'nf] df6f] xfn]/ gful/sn]
abL{ ljgfsf ;}lgssf] sfd ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;'/Iff
kmf}h jf ;]gfsf] ;~hfn b]ze/ km}lnPsf] x'G5 .
axfnjfnfx? Aof/]sdf eP klg lgj[Q ;'/Iffkmf}hx?
cfºg} yftynf]df x'G5g\ . pgLx?n] gful/s;“u
;DaGw hf/L /fVg cfkm"x?nfO{ ltvf/L /fVg'k5{ .
cjsfzk|fKt ;}lgsx?nfO{ k|To]s pRr dfWolds
ljBfnox?df lk6L k/]8sf] k|lzIf0fsf] ef/ ;'lDkg]
xf] eg] /fli6«o ;]jf bn b]zJofkL x'g hfg]5, h;n]
ubf{ cg'zfl;t ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ;3fp k'Ug]5 .
;]gfsf] Tofu / cg'zf;gsf] lzIff lzIf0f ;+:yf
dfkm{t\ 3/–3/df k'Ug ;Sof] eg] ;Dk"0f{ gful/sn]
klg ;]gfn] h:t} cfºgf] b]zk|ltsf] ;]jfefj g} lghL
sfd xf] eGg] ;lDemg k'Ub5g\ . cfd gful/ssf
k|To]s 3/ g} b]z xf] eGg] efjgf lzIffsf] dfWodaf6
k'¥ofpg ;lsG5  . of] sfd gful/s–;}lgs
;DaGwn] dfq} k"/f ug{ ;Sb5 . e"tk"j{ ;}lgsx?sf]
;'emfj, ;Nnfx / ;xof]udf b]ze/sf gu/ tyf
ufp“kflnsfx?df ;]gfn] :jf:Yo rf}sLx? :yfkgf
ug{ ;Sof] eg] gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw c? bla{nf]
x'g]5 . o:sf nflu ;}lgs nf]ssNof0fsf/L sf]if
kl/rfng u/L :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno;“u
;dGjo u/]/ cltl/Qm ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 .
z}lIfs ;+:yfx?nfO{ klg qmdzM lj:tf/ ug{ ;s]df
gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwn] yk sf“r'nL km]g]{ cj:yf
/xG5 . ;}lgsnfO{ dfgj clwsf/d}qL agfpg] sfo{n]
klg gful/saLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ yk sl;nf] agfPsf]
5 .
189
JOURNAL
s[lif k|wfg b]z g]kfnsf %% nfveGbf a9L o'jfzlQm
cGt/f{li6«o >dahf/df (Nepal Employment:
more than 5.5 mn migrans work overse,
2019 AD) knfog ePsf 5g\ . t/fO{, kxf8,
lxdfnsf km]bL;Ddsf pa{/ e"ldx? af“emf] /xg]
cj:yf lbgk|ltlbg j[l4 x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 . tL pa{/
e"ldx?nfO{ klxn]s} cj:yfdf kmsf{pg Pp6f
;+ul7t zlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To:tf] ;+ul7t
zlQm eg]sf] ufp“–3/df cjsfzk|fKt u/]/ a;]sf
;}lgs tyf cGo ;'/Iff kmf}hx? g} x'g\ . ltgLx?nfO{
;fd'bflos gful/s ;'/Iffkmf}hsf] gfds/0f u/]/
hgzlQm kl/rfng u/]/ ;a} hUuf–hldg af“emf]
g/fVg] gLltsf] vf“rf] 5 . ltgLx?nfO{ cfw'lgs
cf}hf/ / lapljhg lbP/ hgtfsf] dg lhTg] gLlt
nfu' ug{ ;lsP gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGw Ps} df]xf]/sf
b'O{ kf6f h:t} x'g]5g\ . v]tLkftL ubf{ Hofnf klg
cfp“5, cltl/Qm cfDbfgL klg x'G5 . cgfh w]/}
pAhgL ePkl5 d'n'ssf] wg ljb]z hfg] cj:yf klg
/x“b}g . gful/s–;}lgs ;DaGwn] g]kfn xl/ofnL
ePsf] ;Gb]z ljZj ;dIf k'Ug]5 .
lgisif{
g]kfnL ;]gf gful/seGbf s'g} klg b[li6af6 leGg
x'“b} xf]Og . ljb]zLnfO{ ;d]t elt{ ul/g] ;]gf
g]kfnsf] ;]gf xf]Og . g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffkmf}h g]kfnL
gful/sx?af6 ag]sf] kmf}h xf]  . g]kfnL gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkq k]z u/]/ ;]jf jf cGo ;'/Iff lgsfodf
elt{ ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;'/Iffkmf}h gful/seGbf sbflk
leGg x'g ;Sb}g . pgLx?sf] afNosfn gful/s eP/
lat]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf jf ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ cfºgf]
afNosfnsf] cj:yf / cfkm" hGd]sf] :yfgsf] ;w}“
;Demgf cfO/xG5 . afNosfn cg'ejx?sf] vfgL
xf] . ;}lgs klg hgtfs} 5f]/f5f]/L x'g\ . ;]gfsf]
;DaGw cfd g]kfnL hgtf;“u gft]bf/sf] klg /x]sf]
5 . gft]bf/sf] klg gft]bf/ hf]8]/ x]bf{ g]kfnsf]
;]gf h]/L h:t} h]lnPsf] 5 . ;]gfn] cfkm\gf]
 UNITY
b]zsf gful/saf6 g} e/kbf]{ / ljZjfl;nf] ;"rgf
kfp“b5g\ . /fi6« lgdf{0fsfnsf] dxfcleofgb]lv g}
g]kfnL ;]gf k|To]s gful/ssf] /Ifs ag]sf] 5 .
/fi6« hf]ufpg tyf gful/ssf] b}lgs hLjgofkgdf
cfkt\–ljklQ cfOkbf{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] k'¥ofO/x]sf]
of]ubfg d'Qms07n] k|z+;f ug}{kb{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL
cfrfo{, g/xl/ -lj=;+= @)^^_, g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfnL
;'/Iff If]q M Ps ;ª\u|x, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o zflGt
cleofg  .
P]ltxfl;s sfo{sf] yfngL -k'if &, @)&^_, lbJorIf'
;fKtflxs, jif{ #( c+s @! .
hf]zL, OlGb/f (nd), g]kfn ltAat ;DaGw M P]ltxfl;s
l;+xfjnf]sg, Retrieved from http://himalaya.
socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/
ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_147_03.pdf
bxfn, d's'Gb -lj=;+= @)&^_, gful/s, clwsf/, st{Go
/ gful/s lzIff, Retrieved from https://www.
chitawan.com/?p=3376, on November 22,
2019.
b]jsf]6f, ofbj -hgj/L !%, @)!(_, la;] gurL{,
Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/nepali/
news-46861177, on November 7, 2019.
g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u -lj=;+= @)&^_, /fi6«lktf a8fdxf/fhf
>L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJo–pkb]z, Retrieved
from http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/np/
wp-content/uploads/2018/10/. On December
11, 2019.
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, lj=;+= @)&@ .
g]kfnL ;]gf -lj=;+= @)&%_, ;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf]
jt{dfg cj:yf, Retrieved from https://www.
nepalarmy.mil.np/press-release/1364, on
November 3, 2019.
g]kfnL ;]gf :jf:Yo lj1fg ;+:yfg sf] t]>f] jflif{sf]T;j
;DkGg, Retrieved from https://www.nepalarmy.
mil.np/press-release/952, December 12, 2019.
190
JOURNAL
kf08]o, km0fLGb|k|;fb -lj=;++ @)%&_, ;+:s[t–g]kfnL a[xt\
zAbsf]if, bfªM dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / c? -@)$)_, a[xt\ g]kfnL zAbsf]if,
sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
e'iffn, odnfn -sflt{s @(, @)&^_, hgtfsf] ;'emfj
ln“b} g]kfnL ;]gf, Retrieved from https://www.
newsofnepal.com/2019/11/15/263455/, on
December 10, 2019.
dfgGw/, lq/Tg -lj=;+= @)$!_, g]kfn ef]6 ljjfb,
sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, lqlj .
/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, @)&# .
zdf{, afnrGb| (nd), g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s ?k/]vf,
af/f0f;LM afa' dfwjk|;fb .
zfx, k[YjLgf/fo0f -!(#!_, lbJof]kb]z .
;fksf]6f, lai0f' -;+=_-lj=;+= @)^^_, g]kfnL ;'/Iff If]q
M Ps ;ª\u|x, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o zflGt cleofg  .
g]kfn kl/ro @)&@, sf7df8f}+ M ;"rgf ljefu .
;}lgs P]g, @)^# .
;}lgs sNof0fsf/L sf]if lgodfjnL, @)^% .
Nepal Scout (ND), History of Nepal scouts,
Retrieved from https://nepalscouts.org/
history-of-ns/, on December 8, 2019.
Sanathana Vedham (June 12, 2015), Sanatana
Dharma – An Overview, Retrieved from
https://sanathanavedham.com/sanatana-
dharma-an-overview/, on December 15, 2019.
Nepali Sansar (2019 AD), Nepal employment
overview: More than 5.5 mn migrants
work overseas, Retrieved from https://
www.nepalisansar.com/immigration/nepal-
employment-overview-more-than-5-5-mn-
migrants-work-overseas/. On December 2,
2019.
 UNITY
;'/Iff / ljsf;M Ps /ysf b'O{ kfª\u|f
n]v;f/
zflGt, ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf ljZjsf] klxnf]
hggL g]kfn xf] . g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf,
ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o Pstfsf]
/Iffsf nflu ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 ;dfj]zL g]kfnL
;]gfsf] Ps ;+u7g /xg] / g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnL
;]gfnfO{ ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd ljsf; lgdf{0f / ljkb\
Joj:yfkg nufotsf cGo sfo{df ;d]t kl/rfng
ug{ ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
;]gfnfO{ ljsf;–lgdf{0fsf] sfddf nufp“bf k]zfut
bIftfdf slQ klg c;/ kb}{g . /fli6«o ;'/Iff bla{nf]
ePg eg] ljsf;–lgdf{0fn] ult lng ;Sb}g .
zAbs'~hLM /fi6«/Iff, ljsf;, /fi6«elQm, ;fd|fHo,
uf]kgLotf, /fli6«o Pstf, /fi6«lgdf{0f .
kl/ro
cfºgf] b]z / /fi6«k|ltsf] ulx/f] k|]d g} /fli6«otf xf] .
/fi6«k|ltsf] cf:yf jf /fi6«lxtsf] efjgf, /fi6«k|]d
/ cfºgf]kg g} /fli6«otf xf] -kf]v/]n / c? -;Dkf_,
lj=;+= @)$), k[=!!$!_ . /fli6«otf eg]sf] csf]{
cy{df b]zelQm xf] . b]zsf] pGglt k|ultsf lglDt
ul/g] sfo{ g} b]zelQm xf] -kf]v/]n / c?, lj=;+=
@)$), k[=^^(_  . b]zk|lt >4f / jkmfbf/L /fVg] JolQm
g} b]zeQm xf] . g]kfnLx? ;w}“ b]zeQm /lxcfPsf
5g\ . d'un ;fd|fHon] eLdkm]bL;Dd cfqmd0f ug{
cfp“bfsf] cj:yfdf xf];\ jf l;Gw'nLu9Ldf c+u|]hx?n]
cfqmd0f ug{ cfp“bfsf a]nfdf xf];\, cf}+nf]df hLjg
ofkg ul//x]sf yf?x?n] 5f]6f]af6f]af6 ;/sf/nfO{
;"rgf lbP/ cfºgf] /fi6« hf]ufpg u/]sf] hf]lvdk"0f{
191
JOURNAL
Hof]=k+= kb\deQm v/]nf]kfWofo
tYonfO{ /fli6«otfsf] alnof] k|df0fsf ?kdf lng
;lsG5 .
uf]vf{nL -g]kfnL_ ;]gf cfOkbf{ zfb"{nsf rfndf lx“8\g,
s'b\g / 9'Sg ;Ifd /x]sf] 5 . ljutsf Oltxf;x?n]
o; s'/fnfO{ k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5 . /fli6«otfsf]
cf]tk|f]tn] l6i6f, sf+u8f / u+ufsf] t6df dfq} xf]Og,
ef]6;Dd klg cfºgf] jL/tfsf] em08f g]kfnL ;]gfn]
kmx/fPsf] lyof] . g]kfnL ;]gf o'4sf d}bfgx?df
kL7\ kmsf{P/ efUg] u/]sf] 5}g . k|yd ljZjo'4 /
låtLo ljZjo'4df g]kfnL ;]gfn] sLlt{dfg sfod
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;]gfsf] gfd cfh klg rlDsnf]
5 . ;a}eGbf dxfg\ /fli6«otf ToxL xf], h;n] cfºgf]
uf]kgLotf eª\u ub}{g . clxn];Dd g]kfn s;}sf]
u'nfd geP/ :jtGq ;fj{ef}d /fi6« x'g'sf] sf/0f
klg oxL xf] .
ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f
/fli6«otf ljgf /fli6«o Pstf x'“b}g . /fli6«otfsf] csf]{
gfd /fli6«o Pstf xf]  . /fli6«o Pstf b]zelQmn] x'G5  .
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df /fli6«o Pstf cToGt ;an 5 .
of] s;}n] xNnfP/ gxlNng] /fli6«o Pstf 5 . l6i6f–
sf+u8fb]lv gfnfkfgLsf] o'4df xf];\ ls sfnfkfgLsf]
;d:ofdf xf];\, g]kfnLx? ;w}“ Ps eP/ n8\g]
ub{5g\ . /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf
g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ;]gfn] u/]sf] xf]  . g]kfnL ;]gfk|lt
g]kfnLx?sf] k"0f{ ljZjf; / e/f];f /xL cfPsf] 5 .
o'4sf d}bfgx?df hgtfn] ;]gfnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf
5g\ / Tof] ;xof]u cem} ul//xg] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf
ljb]zL ;]gf gePsfn] g]kfnL ;]gf;“u g]kfnLx?sf]
 UNITY
kfl/jfl/s dfq} xf]Og ls cfTdLo ;DaGw klg 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gf ;a} g]kfnLsf] 3'dfp/f] gftfdf kb{5g\ .
o;}n] åGåsfndf klg pgLx?n] vf;} gf]S;fgL
k'¥ofPsf] b]lv“b}g . zq' /fi6«;“u n8\g'k/]sf] eP
g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfºgf] axfb'/L b]vfpg] lyof] . g]kfnL
;]gf /fi6« /Iffsf nflu dfq} xf]Og, /fli6«o ;'/Iff /
ljsf;sf nflu klg lg/Gt/ vl6/x]sf] 5 . o;n]
åGåsfndf ;d]t /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;df cfºgf]
lhDd]jf/L axg ul//x]sf] lyof] . ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf
vl6Psf ;}lgsx? tTsfnLg ljb|f]xLx?af6 ;xfbt
eP klg ;]gfn] pRr dgf]ansf ;fy ljsf;–
lgdf{0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb“b} uof] . ;]gfsf] cys
kl/>dsf sf/0f s0ff{nL /fhdfu{ -;]h'jfn, lj=;+=
@)&^_ ;DkGg eO ljsf;n] gofF df]8 lnPsf] 5 .
%%=% lsdL ;8s, ^=$! lsdL ;'?ª / !)=%( lsdL
k'n /x]sf] s'n &@=% ls=dL= sf7df8f}+–lghu9 kmf:6
6«Øfs @)*! a}zfv;Dddf k"/f x'g] nIo ;]gfn]
lnPsf] 5 -kmf:6 6«Øfs lgdf{0f j}zfvdf ;lsG5,
lj=;+= @)&^_ . /;'jf nufot cg]s /fhdfu{x?
;]gfn] agfP/ hgtfsf] dg lhTg ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljleGg @& ;8s cfof]hgfcGtu{t
Ps xhf/ ^% lsnf]ld6/ nDafOsf] ;8s lgdf{0f
;DkGg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/, ;8s ljefunfO{
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 . o;afx]s ;]gfsf] cu'jfOdf
dxŒjk"0f{ kf“r ;8s cfof]hgf -%#@=(& ls=dL=_
lgdf{0ffwLg qmddf /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf
g]kfnL ;]gf ;+nUg ePsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf; x]bf{
lj=;+= @)!^ df sflGt /fhky / lj=;+= @)!*
df eQmk'/–gu/sf]6 ;8s lgdf{0faf6 z'? ePsf]
b]lvG5 . cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf o'4b]lv
k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'4;Ddsf] cg'ej ;“ufn]sf]
g]kfnL ;]gf zflGtsf] ;dodf d'n'ssf 7"nf /
dxŒjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ;d]t cAan aGb} uPsf]
5 -cf]emf, lj=;+= @)&^_ . /;'jf, cf]vn9'Ëf, ?s'd,
192
JOURNAL
sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf d':tfª, dgfª /
d'u' ;b/d'sfdnfO{ /fli6«o ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8\g]
sfo{df ;]gfsf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . 8f]Nkf
/ x'Dnf ;b/d'sfd /fli6«o ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8\g]
sfo{ b|'t ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 . o;} u/L s0ff{nL
sl/8f]/ v'nfn'–n}km'–;l/;Nnf v08 -!$% ls=dL=_,
a]lg3f6–cf?3f6–nfs]{ e~Hofª -!!* ls=dL=_ /
sflnu08sL sf]l/8f]/ l/8L dfn9'Ëf v08 ;8s
-*) ls=dL=_ /x]sf 5g\ . ;]gfn] ljleGg ;8s
cfof]hgfcGtu{t Ps xhf/ !(& ld6/ nDafO{sf #)
k'n -a]lnla|h_ lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . af9L klx/f]af6
cj?4 ;8s vf]Ng] sfo{, gbL s6fg /f]Sg] sfo{df
;]gfn] cfkm\gf] Hofg afhL /fv]/ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .
@)%) ;fnsf] af9L klx/f], @)^% ;fnsf] sf]zL
s6fg / @)&! ;fnsf] h'/] klx/f] lgoGq0fdf ;]gfn]
u/]sf] sfo{sf] hgtfn] k|z+;f u/]sf 5g\ . @)&%
r}tdf af/f / k;f{df cfPsf] 3'd|kft -6f]gf{8f]_
af6 tx;gx; ag]sf] a:tLdf ;/sf/n] lbPsf]
lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/ ;]gfn] *^( 3/ lgwf{l/t ;dod}
;DkGg u/L :yfgLonfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gf gfkmfd"ns ljifodf xf]Og, ;/sf/n]
v6fPsf] sfddf ;]jfd"ns sfd ug{ bQlrQ eP/
vl6/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gf /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;df
Ps /ysf b'O{ kfª\u|f h:t} Ps;fy cufl8 al9/x]sf]
5 . cGo b]zx?df af/Daf/ ;}lgs ljb|f]xx? eP
klg g]kfnL ;]gf slxNo} ljb|f]xdf uPsf] 5}g .
;]gfsf] g]t[Tj / ltgsf ;xof]uL sdf08/x?sf
tNnf] tx;Ddsf hjfgx?sf] xft]dfnf]n] ubf{ g]kfnL
;]gf Psl9Ssf /lxcfPsf] 5 . rfx] af9L klx/f] hf“bf
xf];\ jf cGo b}jL k|sf]k x'“bf jf e"sDksf ;dodf
g} lsg gxf];\, cfºgf] 3/ kl/jf/sf] lrGtfeGbf
/fi6«sf] lrGtf af]s]/ pgLx? Hofgsf] afhL /fvL
vl6O/x]sf x'G5g\ . bz}“ ltxf/ nufotsf cg]s
rf8kj{x?df ;d]t kN6gnfO{ g} 3/ ;Dem]/ /dfOnf]
 UNITY
ub{5g\ . cfkt\ljkt\df k/]sf dflg;x? / k|;"tL
Joyfn] 56k6fO/x]sf dflg;x?sf] p4f/ u/L Hofg
hf]ufpg] sfd klg ;]gfn] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hgtfsf]
/Iff g} b]zsf] /Iff eGg] ;Gb]z lbg ;]gf ;kmn
ePsf] 5 . b]zelQm ;]gfsf] zlQm ePsf] 5 . b]z
/Iff / ljsf; g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfºgf] wd{ dfg]sf] 5 .
rGb|–;"o{ cª\lst /fli6«o em08f -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,
lj=;+= @)&@, cg';"rL !_ ;]gfnfO{ cfkm"x?n]
cfHof{sf] g]kfn hlQs} Kof/f] 5 . o;df g]kfnL ;]gf
c6n 5 . ;+;bLo, ;+3Lo, :yfgLo lgjf{rgx?sf]
;'/Iffdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] u/]sf] sfo{ k|z+;gLo 5 .
;ª\s6sfnsf] ;do tyf k|ToIf zf;gsfndf
;]gfn] lbPsf] ;'/Iff 3]/fn] ;]gfsf] cfºgf] zlQm
/ cf}sftnfO{ c? k|:6 kf/]sf] cg'ej b]v] a'em] /
;'g]s} xf] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\ -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,
lj=;+= @)&@, wf/f @^^_ tyf :yfgLo ;'/Iff ;ldlt
-:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, lj=;+= @)@*, bkmf ^-&_ df
;]gfsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] Joj:yfn] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
cnu u/]/ ;'/Iff dha't x'g g;Sg] k|:6} b]lvG5 .
/fli6«o ;'/Iff dha't ePsf] v08df g} b]z–ljsf;n]
sf“r'nL km]g]{ cj:yf /xG5 .
d'Vo v08 M ;'/Iff / ljsf;
/fli6«o zflGt ljgf ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . g]kfn
PsLs/0fkl5 /f0ff zf;gsfndf zflGt ;'/Iff r':t
/ e/kbf]{ lyof]  . sfnf] bf}/f–;'?jfn nufPsf] l;kfxL
ufp“df l5bf{ l;ª\uf] ufp“, cfkm" ;'/lIft ePsf]
cg'ej uYof]{ . ltg} l;kfxLsf] cg'/f]wdf k|To]s
ufp“df 3f]8]6f] af6fx? lgdf{0f ePsf lyP . /f0ff
sfndf clxn] h:tf] hgk|ltlglwsf] Joj:yf lyPg .
;]gfx? dfkm{t\ >L # dxf/fhx?df hfx]/ eP/
ljsf;–lgdf{0fx? x'g] ub{y] . ;]gfsf] ;xeflutfdf
ljsf;sf cleofgx? cfw'lgs g]kfn lgdf{0f;“u}
b]z}el/ rn]sf] 5 . @))& ;fndf k|hftGq :yfkgf
x'g' cl3;Dd 3f]8]6f] af6f] cleofgs} ?kdf lgdf{0f
193
JOURNAL
ePsf] lyof] . To; a]nfsf] 3f]8]6f] af6f] clxn]sf]
df]6/af6f] h:t} xf] . Plzofs} klxnf] hnljB't
cfof]hgf kmlk{ª g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cu'jfO{df tof/
ePsf] lyof]  . ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf ;]gfsf] ;+nUgtf s'g}
klg sf]0faf6 lrGtfsf] ljifo 7fGg' x'“b}g . em08} (^
xhf/sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;'/Iffsf
;fy} ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL u/fpg] sfo{n]
/fi6«lgdf{0fdf c? O+§fx? ylk“b} hfg] cj:yf /xG5 .
pkk|wfg tyf /IffdGqL O{Zj/ kf]v/]nn] ;+ljwfgn]
g} ;]gfnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd ljsf;–lgdf{0f / ljkb\
Joj:yfkgdf nufpg ;lsg] pNn]v ePsf] ;+;bdf
atfpg'ePsf] lyof] . ;/sf/af6 lhDd]jf/L kfPkl5
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] OlGhlgo/ ljefusf] bIf k|fljlwsn]
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fi6«–
ljsf;sf nflu g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k]zfut bIftf /
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{kb{5 .
lj=;+= @))& sf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gkl5
lqe'jg /fhky lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] . o;kl5
jL/u~hb]lv sf7df8f}+;Dd l;w} df]6/ cfOk'Uof] .
clxn] t df]6/af6f] ufp“–ufp“ / a:tL–a:tLdf k'Ug
yfn]sf] 5 . k"j{–klZrd dx]Gb| /fhdfu{ h:t} clxn]
d]rL–dxfsfnL dbg e08f/L÷dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{
klg lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{x?
klg alg/x]sf 5g\  . k~rfotsfn bnljxLg Joj:yf
eP klg To; ;dodf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x? tof/
ePsf 5g\  . cleofgs} ?kdf lzIf0f ;+:yfx? v'n]sf
lyP . b]zsf 7fp“–7fp“df ljZjljBfnox? v'n]sf
5g\ . cg]s k|fljlws lzIffnox? :yfkgf ePsf
5g\ . ufp“kms{ /fli6«o cleofgn] klg hgzlQm
kl/rfng u/]/ hgtfn] 7fp“–7fp“df df]6/ af6f]
lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . clxn] h:tf] /fHo Joj:yfaf6
8f]h/sf] ;xof]u pknAw x'g] cj:yf lyPg . :yfgLo
k|zf;g, ;'/Iffkmf}h / tTsfnLg hgk|ltlglwx?sf]
;xsfo{ ljsf;sf] ult lyof] .
 UNITY
lj=;+= @)$^ sf] kl/jt{gkl5 ljsf;sf] ultn] tLj|
lng yfn]sf] lyof] / @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ng;“u}sf]
/fhgLlts kl/jt{gkl5 To; ljsf; sfo{n] km]l/
lg/Gt/tf kfpg yfNof] . ;~rf/ If]qdf klg lghL
nufgL a9]sf] 5 . ha–ha d'nsdf zflGtsf] cg'ej
x'G5, ta–ta ljsf;n] ult lng] u/]sf] 5 . ;+;f/el/
ljsf;sf] nx/ kl/jt{g;“u} b]lvPsf] xf] . /fli6«o
Pstfsf] gfddf /fhf kmfn]/ l;lSsd /fi6« n]08'k
bf]h]{x?n] #@ l;6sf] ;+;b\df #! l;6 lht]kl5 b]z
g} ef/tdf ld;fpg] sfo{ eof] . t/ g]kfnsf] cj:yf
lxhf], cfh / ef]ln klg To:tf] 5}g . gfnfkfgLsf]
o'4df b'Zdgx?n] vfg]kfgLsf] d"xfg g6'6fO{ lbPsf]
eP g t gfnfkfgL hfGYof], g t axfb'/ of]4fx?
/ ltGsf cfl>t kl/jf/x?sf] g} Hofg hfGYof] .
nfndf]x/ gnfu]sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf gfddf uh/fh
ld> / rGb|z]v/ pkfWofon] /fi6«nfO{ wf]sf lbO{
cfkm"v';L ;'uf}nL ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ -of]uL g/xl/gfy,
lj=;+= @)%%, k[=&*_ gu/]sf eP g]kfn v'Dr]/
a:g'kg]{ lyPg . ;'uf}nL ;lGw g]kfnsf] rfxgf /
;To x'“b} xf]Og . To;a]nf ;]gfnfO{ 7"nf] rf]6 k/]sf]
5 . tTsfnLg ;dodf ToxL czflGtn] ljsf; cl3
a9\g kfPg .
;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu zflGt ckl/xfo{
x'G5 . To;}n] :ju{jf;L /fhf jL/]Gb|n] cfºgf] z'e
/fHofleif]ssf cj;/df ;fd]n ePsf !@( b]zdf
/fi6«fWoIf, ;/sf/ k|d'v / s"6gLlts k|ltlglwx?sf
aLr @)#! ;fndf zlGt If]q k|:tfj (Sharma, 2004
AD, pp. 44-50) /fv]sf lyP . @)$^ r}t;Dddf
!!^ /fi6«n] o;df ;dy{g hgfPsf lyP . g]kfndf
/]n s'bfpg] / cGt/f{li6«o ;fu/x?df g]kfnsf] kfgL
hxfh rnfpg] s'/fn] d"t{?k zflGtsfnd} ;Dej
x'G5 . d'n'sn] 6]lnsd / oftfoft If]qdf km8\sf]
dfb}{5 . clxn] k|To]s JolQmsf xft xftdf df]afOn
rln/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;'/Iffkmf}hsf]
194
JOURNAL
a}7s a]nf a]nfdf a;]/ ;'/Iff / ;Ldf ;'/Iffsf
af/]df ulx/f] cg';Gwfg / PsLs[t sfo{ of]hgfx?
nfu' x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] zflGt ;'/Iff /
;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] /Iff ug]{ :yfgLo k|zf;gx? /
;Qfdf a;]sf ;/sf/x?n] xf]Og, ltgLx? t cfb]z
lbg] dfq x'g\ . lkmN8df le8\g] eg]sf ;'/Iffkmf}hx?
g} x'g\ . ltgLx? @$ ;} 306f vl6/x]sf x'G5g\ .
Joj:yflksf, sfo{kflnsf / Gofokflnsfsf] ;d]t
;'/Iffkmf}hn] lgu/fgL ub{5 . ;'/Iffkmf}hn] :yndfu{,
xjfO{ dfu{, hndfu{sf] ;'/Iff lbO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o
lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, hnfwf/ If]q, ljB't u[x,
b"/;~rf/, vfg]kfgL d"xfg kf]v/Lx?, pRr lxdfnL
If]qx?, kxf8L If]q, k'n k'n];f / a]lnla|h tyf t/fO{
If]qx?sf] ;'/Iff / ljsf;df ;'/Iffkmf}hnfO{ ;fy lb“b}
cfd g]kfnLn] /fli6«o Pstf cljl5Gg hgfO/x]sf
5g\ . cfºgf] cf}sftcg';f/ g]kfn ljsf;sf] ultdf
clj/n nlDs/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff eg]sf] x/]s
cfkt\ ljkb\df ;d]t /fi6« /Iff / lxkmfht xf] .
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt cg'?k /fi6«sf] lxkmfht
eO/x]sf] 5 / eO/xg] 5 .
l6:6f, sf+u8f, u+ufsf] t6 / ef]6;Dd ljho
ug]{ g]kfnL ;]gf xf] . g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fi6«sf] 9's'6Lsf]
hu]gf{ / /Iff ul//x]sf] 5 . cfkb\ ljkb\ kbf{
zq'x?nfO{ klg g]kfnL ;]gfn] hu]gf{ / ;xof]u
u/]sf] Oltxf; kfOG5 . /fi6«lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsf] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg g]kfnL ;]gfn]
;kmn kf/]sf] xf] . a]nfotL b]zdf 3fd c:tfp“b}g
eGg] sxfjt lyof]  . egfO{sf] tfTko{ a]nfotdf 3fd
8'Abf ef/t nufotsf p;sf pklgj]z /fi6«x?df
;"of]{bo eO;s]sf] x'GYof] . To:tf] zlQmzfnL la|6]g
;/sf/nfO{ cfkt\ ljkb\ kbf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf] cfu|xdf
g]kfnn] %& s/f]8 %) nfv ?k}of“ cg'bfg ;xof]u
;d]t u/]sf] lyof] . h'g a]nf ;'gsf] efp k|lttf]nf
%) ?k}of lyof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] åGåu|:t d'n'sdf
 UNITY
zflGt ;]gf dftxt ljsf; sfo{qmd cl3 a9fPsf]df
g]kfnL ;]gf cAan ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 -sflGtk'/,
;g\ @)!*_ . sª\uf]df zflGt :yfkgfy{ ;g\ @))#
b]lv g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljsf; of]hgf agfP/ sfd
ul//x]sf]df :yfgLosf] dg;d]t lht]sf] 5 . of]
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] nflu ljZj;fd'
ultnf] pbfx/0f xf] . /fi6« ;+3Lo zflGt ld;gx?df
g]kfnL ;]gfn] k'¥ofPsf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] ljZje/
;a}n] v'n]/ k|z+;f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;]gfn]
laleGg /fli6«o dxŒj tyf uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?sf]
lgdf{0f sfo{df lj:kmf]6s kbfy{sf] cfk"lt{ u/L
/fi6«sf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lb“b} cfPsf] 5 .
casf lbgdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] bfo/f cem km/flsnf]
kfb}{ ef/t / rLg aLrsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf/]vfx?df
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] pkl:ylt hgfpg ;s] /fli6«o ;'/Iff
cem dha't eO b]z ljsf; cleofgn] ;fy{stf
kfpg] b]lvG5 .
lgisif{
5l/Psf /fHox?nfO{ PsLs/0f ul/Psf] uf}/ak"0f{
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] uf]vf{nL
;]gfsf] hGd b|Jo zfxsf] zf;gsfndf ePsf] lyof]  .
/fi6« lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] pbosfndf o;n]
;ª\ul7t ?k wf/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0fsf]
b]xfj;fgkl5 PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ /fh]Gb|nIdL,
axfb'/ zfx, eLd;]g yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, aneb|
s'“j/, elQm yfkf, plh/l;+x yfkf nufot 1ft c1ft
b]zeQm jL/ cd/ ;lxbx?n] g]kfnnfO{ :jtGq,
;fj{ef}d ;DkGg /fi6« agfPsfn] g]kfn / g]kfnLx?
k/fwLg x'g' k/]g . g]kfnL ;]gfn] cjnDag u/]sf]
PsLs/0f kbdfu{n] ljsf;sf] gof“ cfofd km}lnPsf]
5 . /fi6« ;'/lIft x'g ;s]sf] v08df ljsf;n] ult
lng] / cfd gful/sn] o;af6 kmfObf lnO hLjg:t/
;'lw|g] cj:yf /xG5 .
195
JOURNAL
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
cgnfOg va/ -d+l;/ @#, @)&^_, kmfi6 6«Øfs
lgdf{0f @)*! a}zfvdf ;lsG5, Retrieved
from https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2019
/12/818782, on December 13, 2019.
cf]emf, eLid/fh -k'if !*, @)&^_, ;]gfåf/f Psxhf/
lsdL ;8s lgdf{0f, sf7df8f}+ M /f;; .
sflGtk'/ b}lgs -h'nfO{ !*, @)!*_, zflGt ;]gfsf]
sf“wdf lsg ylk“b} 5 ljsf; < Retrieved from
https://ekantipur.com/news/2018/07/28/15327
5018606991386.html?author=1, on December
13, 2019.
uf}td, o'j/fh -;fpg !&, @)&^_, ;]gfsf] lqz"n,
Retrieved from https://nagariknews.
nagariknetwork.com/news/85029/.On
December 6, 2019.
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, la=;++= @)&@ .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f / c? a[xt\ g]kfnL zAbsf]z -;g\
@)$)_, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
;]h'jfn, sn]Gb| -c;f]h @(, @)&^_, s0ff{nL sl/8f]/
ls b|'tdfu{ <, Retrieved from https://ekantipur.
com/news/2019/10/16/157119502348448000.
html, on November 28, 2019.
:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, lj=;+= @)@*
Nepal Army (2019 AD), Retrieved from www.
nepalarmy.mil.np, January 5, 2020.
Sharma, Umakant (2004 AD), The peace zone
concept and its utility in Nepalese foreign
policy, Journal of Political Science, Vol VII,
Kathmandu : CDPSTU. pp. 44-50
 UNITY
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/df ;]gfsf] e"ldsf
n]v;f/
kl5Nnf] ;do cGt/f{li6«o txdf g]kfnsf] ;DaGw
/ ;fem]bf/L a9\b} hf“bf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf klg
dxŒjk"0f{ /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;}Go
s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 tyf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf]
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ lgjf{x ug{] qmddf ljleGg 9+un]
g]kfnsf] cGo d'n's;“usf] s'6gLlts ;DaGwdf gof“
O6\6f yk\g] sfd ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;]gfn] g]kfnsf]
s'6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/sf nflu ul//x]sf] k|of;
gf}nf] eg] xf]Og . ;doqmd;“u} ;]gfn] cGo d'n's;“u
/fVg] ;DaGw / o;sf] k|s[ltdf s]xL kl/jt{g
cjZo ePsf] 5 tfklg o;sf] e"ldsf kl/jlt{t
;dodf cem a9L dxŒjk"0f{ / ;zQm x'“b} uO/x]sf]
5 . ljleGg d'n's;“u x'g] ;}Go ;fem]bf/L / ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] dftxtdf /x]/ zflGt;]gfsf ?kdf
g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]ln/x]sf] e"ldsf / o;n] cGt/f{li6«o
;DaGw lj:tf/df k'¥ofO/x]sf] 6]jf kl5Nnf] ;do
;“lRrs} k|z+;gLo /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . o; n]vdfkm{t\
Oltxf;b]lv jt{dfg cj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf cGt/f{li6«o
;DaGw lj:tf/ / ;fem]bf/Ldf ;]gfn] v]ln/x]sf]
e"ldsfnfO{ s]nfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
zAbs'~hLM ;}Go s"6gLlt, g]kfn PsLs/0f, g]kfn–
c+u]h
| o'4, zflGt ;}lgs, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;}Go
Oltxf;, ;}Go ;fem]bf/L .
k[i7e"ld
g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfnsf tkm{af6 cGt/f{li6«o txdf
v]ln/x]sf] s"6gLlts e"ldsfsf af/] JofVof ug'{eGbf
196
JOURNAL
a;Gt v8\sf
klxn] o;sf] Oltxf;af/] ;+lIfKtdf pNn]v ug'{
af~5gLo x'g]5 . tTsfnLg uf]vf{nL ;]gf, zfxL g]kfnL
;]gf x'“b} xfn g]kfnL ;]gfsf ?kdf /x]sf] uf}/jdo
;+u7gsf] ;fOgf] g]kfn PsLs/0f;“u hf]l8Psf] 5 .
tTsfnLg uf]/vf /fHodf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf]
g]t[Tjdf :yfkgf ePsf] o; ;+u7gn] g]kfn
PsLs/0fsf] sfo{ef/ k"/f ub{} tTsfnLg O:6 OlG8of
sDkgL -a]nfot_ ;“u ;d]t jL/tfk"j{s n8\b}
g]kfnsf] e"–efusf] /Iff u/]/ uf}/jdo Oltxf;
sfod ug{ ;kmn ag]sf] lyof] .
Pp6f sf“wdf /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L / csf{]
sf“wdf cfºgf] e"ldnfO{ af≈o zlQmaf6 hf]ufpg'kg{]
dxŒjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s sfo{af/nfO{ ;“u;“u} af]w ub{}
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]s}
sf/0f ljZjdfem g]kfn jL/ uf]/vfnLsf] d'n'ssf
?kdf kl/lrt aGg ;kmn ePsf] xf] . o;sf] ;Dk"0f{
>]o ;]gfnfO{ hfG5 .
P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L
afO;] / rf}la;] cj:yfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf] e"–efunfO{
PsLs/0f ug{] / cfw'lgs xltof/af6 ;';lHht
a]nfotL ;]gf;“u n8]/ cfºgf] e"ldsf] /Iff ug{]
sfo{ef/ tTsfnLg uf]/vfnL ;]gfsf nflu ;xh
cjZo klg lyPg . t/ klg uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] l;+uf]
g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf ub{} g]kfnsf] e"–efu lj:tf/
ug{] tTsfnLg /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;kgfnfO{
;fsf/ agfp“b} a]nfotL zf;ssf] pklgj]zaf6
g]kfnnfO{ d'Qm /fVg cys k|of; ul//xof] h;sf]
 UNITY
kl/0ffd:j?k ljZj–dfglrqdf g]kfn Pp6f :jtGq
d'n'ssf ?kdf :yflkt x'g ;kmn eof] . cf}krfl/s
lx;fan] b"tfjf; :yfkgf u/]/} g]kfn ljZj hut;“u
hf]l8g yfn]sf] !(#) sf] bzskl5 dfq xf] .
jf:tjdf uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o
?kdf cfkm\gf] kx'“r / k|efj b]vfpg yfn]sf] ;g\
!&$$ df sfhL sfn'kf“8]sf] g]t[Tjdf ;}Go 6's'8L
:yfkgf ePb]lv g} xf] . -lb Jof6n_ -lx:6«L ckm lb
g]kfnL cfdL{M lb o'lglkms]zg_
g]kfnsf] ;}Go ;fdYo{s} sf/0f ;Ldf–lj:tf/sf]
cleofg k"j{df l6i6f / klZrddf lsNnf sf+u8f;Dd
k'Ug ;kmn ag]sf] xf] .
h'g ;dodf d'n'sx?sf] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/ o'4 jf
;}Go zlQmnfO{ dflgGYof], To; ;dodf g]kfnsf]
tTsfnLg ;]gfn] ;}Go ;fdYo{ / jL/tfk"0f{ o'4sf
dfWodaf6 g]kfnnfO{ cGo d'n's;“u lrgfpg] sfd
u¥of] . ;g\ !*!$ b]lv !^ ;Dd g]kfn / O:6 OlG8of
sDkgLaLr ePsf] n8fO“ / To;df klg ljz]if u/L
sKtfg aneb| s'“j/n] jL/tfk"j{s n8]sf] 36gfn]
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Oltxf; / k|efj g]kfndf dfq geO{
aflx/L d'n'sx?df klg :yflkt aGg k'Uof] . -hg/n
aneb| s'“j/_
kl5Nnf] ;do k//fi6« dGqL k|bLks'df/ 1jfnLn]
g]kfn ljZjdf b]lvg / ;'lgg yfn]sf] atfpg]
ug'{ePsf] 5 . -g]kfn ljZjdf ;'lgg / b]lvg yfn]sf]
5, @)&^ c;f/ @#_ o;sf] cy{ s"6gLlts lx;fan]
g]kfn clxn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgdf 5, eGg] xf] . of]
d'n'ssf nflu uj{ / v';Lsf] s'/f xf] . tyflk
;}Go ;fdYo{ / k|efjsf lx;fan] g]kfn b'O{ ;o
jif{ klxn]b]lv g} cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;'lgg / lrlgg
yfln;s]sf] lyof] . o;sf] cy{ ;]gfnfO{ ;/sf/eGbf
k[ys eGg vf]lhPsf] eg] xf]Og .
197
JOURNAL
uf]vf{nL ;]gfn] cu|]h;“u dfq xf]Og, vDkf ljb|f]xb]lv
ef/tsf] u'h/ft / ldhf{k/' df ;g\ !*!& b]lv )!*
;Dd ePsf] lk08f/L o'4 x'“b} ;g\ !*$% b]lv $^
;Dd ef/tsf] k~hfadf rn]sf] Pªnf] lzvo'4 /
!*$* b]lv )$( ;Dd rn]sf] bf];|f] lzvo'4 ;fDo
kfg{ klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .
;g\ !*%& b]lv )%( ;Dd ef/tdf ePsf] l;kfxL
ljb|f]x, !*&* b]lv !**) ;Dd ePsf] bf];|f] ckmufg
o'4, klxnf] ljZjo'4, bf];|f] ljZjo'4 x'“b} ef/tsf]
x}b/fjfbdf ePsf] cfGbf]ng /f]Sg g]kfnsf] ;]gfn]
v]n]sf] e"ldsf Pp6f uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;sf ?kdf
:yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . -lxl:6« ckm km]d; uf]/vfh
c 6fOdnfO{g @)!(_
Oltxf;df g]kfnsf] ;]gfn] b]vfPsf] ;fx;, sf};n
/ s"6gLlts ;DaGws} sf/0f g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
txdf cfºgf] kx'“r / k|efj lj:tf/df ;xh ag]sf]
lyof] . ef/tLo ;]gf, a]nfotL ;]gf, l;+ufk'/ k|x/L
nufotsf ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sdf clxn] klg
uf]/vf etL{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f
tTsfnLg cj:yfdf oxf“sf] ;]gfn] v]n]sf] axfb'/Lk"0f{
e"ldsfnfO{ g} k|d'v sf/0f dflgG5 .
;}Go s"6gLlt
;fdfGotof s'g} d''n'ssf] /fli6«o gLltsf] lj:tfl/t
?knfO{ ljb]z gLltsf ?kdf cYof{pg] ul/G5 .
d'n'ssf] cfGtl/s lxt k|j4{gsf lglDt ckgfOg]
cGt/f{li6«o gLlt g} ljb]z gLlt xf] . g]kfnL ;]gfn]
;}Go If]qaf6 cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf ;DaGw lj:tf/df
v]ln/x]sf] e"ldsf o;}sf] Pp6f kf6f] xf] h;nfO{
;}Go s"6gLltsf ?kdf cYof{pg] ul/Psf] 5 .
;}Go s'6gLlt /Iff ljefusf k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ ul/g]
ultljlw xf] . o;sf dfWodaf6 Pp6f d'n'sn] cfºgf]
d'n'ssf] ;'/Iff / /Iff rf;f]nfO{ csf{] d'n's;fd' /fVg]
u5{ . ;}Go s"6gLlts} dfWodaf6 Ps d'n'sn] csf{]
 UNITY
d'n'ssf] ;'/Iff lgsfo / ;'/Iff cj:yfsf af/]df
;"rgf ;+sng tyf ljZn]if0f ug{], ;'/Iff lgsfoaLr
;+jfb, cfk;L ;DaGw / ;xsfo{ clej[l4 ug{], b'O{
d'n'ssf ;'/Iff clwsf/LaLrdf e|d0f cfbfg–k|bfg
u/fpg] Pj+ ;}Go pks/0fdf ;xfotf Pj+ ;xsfo{
ug{] nufotsf sfd k5{g\ . -klH6gsf, @)!^_
d'n'sx? ;}Go s"6gLltdf ;xefuL x'g'sf] nIo jf
pb]Zo eg]sf] cfk;df ldn]/ sfd ub{} zflGt /
ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f tof/ kfg{' xf] . /Iff s"6gLltn]
j}b]lzs ;DaGwnfO{ k|j4{g ub{} / ;/sf/sf cGo
s"6gLlts ;DaGwnfO{ ;dy{g ub{} d'n'ssf] ljlzi6
ljb]zgLltsf] p2]ZonfO{ cufl8 a9fpg d2t u5{ .
-d'yfGgf, @)!!, k[=#_
g]kfnL ;]gf ;/sf/s} Pp6f ;'/Iff c+u ePsfn]
o;n] cGo d'n's;“u lj:tf/ ug{] ;DaGw ;/sf/s}
s"6gLlts ;DaGwleq kg{] u5{g\ . s'g} klg d'n'sn]
csf{] d'n's;“u lj:tf/ ug{] ;DaGwsf ljljw kIf
cGtu{t ;}Go s"6gLlt Pp6f kf6f]sf ?kdf /x]sf]
x'G5 . o;y{ g} ;/sf/n] s"6gLlts lgof]u /x]sf
d'n'sdf ;}Go ;xrf/Lsf] klg Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfn] xfn} dfq cd]l/sfsf tkm{af6 cg'bfgdf
k|fKt u/]sf b'O{ :sfO 6«s tyf cfpg] qmddf /x]sf
s]xL :sfO{ 6«s / ut c;f/df rLgn] g]kfnnfO{ ;af
b'O{ ca{ g]kfnL a/fa/sf] ;}Go ;fd|u|L lbg] ;Demf}tf
;}Go s"6gLltsf pkh x'g\ . cGo ldq/fi6«x?n] klg
g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf dfgjLo
;xfotf nufotsf If]qdf ;xof]u ug{ tflnd tyf
cGo ;xof]u ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} ;xof]u g]kfnL
;]gf / cGo d'n'ssf ;]gfaLrsf] ;}Go s"6gLltsf
sf/0f ;Dej ePsf] xf] .
cGt/f{li6«o txdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf
g]kfnL ;]gfn] o'4 jf ;fdYo{sf] lx;fan] cfºgf] kx'“r
lj:tf/ ug{] ;dodf dfq xf]Og, abln“bf] kl/j]z;“u}
198
JOURNAL
zflGt / ;xsfo{sf dfWodaf6 d'n'sx?sf] ;DaGw
lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] kl/l:yltnfO{ klg ;xh}
canDag ug{ ;kmn ag]sf] 5 . kl/l:yltcg';f/
cfkm"nfO{ cAan ;fljt ub{} cGt/f{li6«o txdf
d'n'ssf] lxt / cfºgf] klxrfgsf nflu ;]gfn]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
;g\ @)!% df ef/tsf] gfsfaGbLsf aLr tTsfnLg
k|wfg;]gfklt /fh]Gb| If]qLn] k|wfgdGqL s]kL cf]nLsf]
;Nnfxcg';f/ ef/t e|d0f u/]/ ;}Go Rofgndfkm{t\
gfsfaGbL cGTo ug{ kxn u/]sf] atfpg] ul/G5 .
g]kfnsf k|wfg;]gfklt ef/tsf klg dfgfy{ ;]gfk|d'v
x'g] k|fjwfgsf sf/0f klg ;}Go txaf6 ePsf] pQm
k|of;n] ;kmntf ldn]sf] atfOG5 . -lbNnLn] lsg
lnof] o" 6g{, kmfu'g @)&@, _ o; ljifodf tTsfnLg
k|wfg;]gfklt If]qLn] ljleGg sfo{qmddf klg af]n]sf]
kfOG5 . k|wfg;]gfklt If]qLn] df3 !*, @)&@ df
ef/t e|d0f nuQ} ^ dlxgf}“b]lv hf/L gfsfaGbL
cGTo ePsf] lyof] . b'O{ d'n'saLrdf cemdembf/L
eO/x]sf a]nf ;}Go s"6gLltsf dfWodAff6 ePsf]
pQm k|of;n] b'O{ d'n'saLrsf] lrl;Psf] ;DaGw
;fwf/0f cj:yfdf NofPsf] lyof] . ;]gfn] eg]
o;sf af/]df cflwsfl/s bfaL jf 8s'd]G6]8 u/]sf]
kfO“b}g . g]kfnL ;]gfn] b'O{ d'n'saLrsf] ;}Go tyf
s"6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/df Ps csf{sf] d'n'ssf]
dfgfy{ ;]gfk|d'v x'g] k/Dk/fn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Nn] atfpg] u/]sf] 5 . gfsfaGbL vf]Ng /fhgLlts
lx;fan] k|of; eO/x]sf] lyof] . ;}Go tj/n] klg
xfdLn] k|of; u¥of}“ . -If]qL, sflQs @)&$_
g]kfn / ef/taLrdf Ps csf{sf] ;]gf k|d'vnfO{
dfgfy{ ;]gf k|d'vsf] ;Ddfg lbg] k/Dk/f bf];|f]
ljZjo'4 cGTo ePkl5 ;g\ !($% b]lv ;'? ePsf]
xf] . ;g\ )$% df tTsfnLg la|l6; ef/tsf tkm{af6
;]gfk|d'v ;/ Snfp8]nfO{ tTsfnLg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL
h'4 zdz]/n] klxnf]k6s dfgfy{ hg]{nsf] pkflwaf6
 UNITY
;Ddfg u/]sf lyP . h'4 zdz]/n] ;/ Snfp8]nfO{
dfgfy{ ;]gf k|d'vsf] ;Ddfg lbgs} nflu cfºgf]
cjsfzsf] ;do ;d]t yk u/]sf lyP . ;g\ )$%
cS6f]a/ klxnf] ;ftf la|l6; ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
hfkfg;“u o'4 n8]sf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kN6g :jb]z
kmls{Pkl5 @$ cS6f]a/ )$% df tTsfnLg la|l6;
ef/tsf ;]gfk|d'v ;/ Snfp8]n] g]kfn e|d0f u/]sf
lyP . To; cj;/df pgnfO{ dfgfy{ hg]{naf6
;Ddfg ul/Psf] lyof] -k|;fb, ;g\ !((^, k[= @&^_ .
en} jt{dfg cj:yfdf cGo d'n'sx?;“u klg ;}Go
;DaGwsf gof“ cfwf/x? tof/ x'“b} ubf{ o;sf]
lg/Gt/tf slt pko'Qm x'G5 eg]/ ax; ug{ ;lsPnf,
t/ tTsfnLg cj:yfdf g]kfn / tTsfnLg a]nfotL
zf;saLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg ;]gfsf] dfgfy{
k|d'v agfpg] k|rngn] cjZo dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
lgjf{x u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnL ;]gfn] abln“bf] k/l:yltdf cGt/f{li6«o
If]qdf cfºgf] kx'“r / k|efj lj:tf/ ug{] qmddf xfn
cGt/f{li6«o zflGt :yfkgf sfo{ / l5d]sL d'n's tyf
cGo ldq /fi6«;“usf] ;}Go cEof; / ;xsfo{ ub{}
cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 -o'Pg_ dftxt /x]/
gLnf] 6f]kLsf] dfWodaf6 åGå/t d'n'sx?df zflGt
sfod ug{] sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]ln/x]sf] e"ldsf
k|z+;gLo /x“b} cfPsf] 5 .
kl5Nnf] ;do ;}Go Ifdtf clej[l4df g]kfnL ;]gfn]
pNn]Vo k|ult xfl;n ug{ g;s] klg lgz:qtf /
zflGt sfodsf If]qdf p;n] v]n]sf] e"ldsfn] g]kfnL
;]gf o'Pgsf] dftxtdf zflGt :yfkgfy{ ug{] ljZjs}
kf“rf}“ d'n's aGg ;kmn alg/x]sf] 5 . -lb g]kfnL
cfdL{ Og o'Pg lk; ;kf]6{ ck/]zg_
o;n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ dfq geP/ ;du| d'n'ssf]
lz/nfO{ 7f8f] kfg{] sfd dfq u/]sf] 5}g, cGt/f{li6«o
If]qdf g]kfnsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;d]t cem k|uf9 agfpg]
199
JOURNAL
sfd o; ;+u7gn] u/]sf] 5 . zflGt ;]gfdf g]kfnL
;]gfn] v]n]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfs} sf/0f g]kfn
;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o If]qaf6 k|fKt ug{] ;xof]u /
;b\efjdf klg j[l4 x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 . cfh g]kfnn]
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / g]kfnsf] e"ldsfsf af/]df
af]Nbf g]kfnL ;]gfn] zflGt :yfkgfy{ v]ln/x]sf]
e"ldsf cu| :yfgdf cfpg] u5{ .
g]kfn cGt/f{li6«o hutdf zflGtsf cu|b"t
uf}td a'4sf] hGde"ldsf ?kdf dfq geP/ ljZjd}
zflGtsf] ;Gb]z 5g{] zflGt ;}lgsx?sf] hGde"ldsf
?kdf klg lrlgg yfn]sf] 5 . o;n] cGt/f{li6«o
If]qdf d'n'ssf] 5lj pRr ug{] dfq geO{ d'n'ssf]
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/df klg dxŒjk"0f{ /
cy{k"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] u/]sf] 5 .
;/sf/n] l5d]sL tyf ldq /fi6«x?;“u s"6gLlts
;DaGw lj:tf/df dxŒjk"0f{ sfd ul//x“bf g]kfnL
;]gfn] klg l5d]sL tyf ldq/fi6«sf ;}lgsx?;“u
cfºg} 9+un] ;}Go s"6gLltnfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x]sf]
5 . cd]l/sf, a]nfot, rLg / ef/t;“u kl5Nnf]
;do eO/x]sf ;}Go ;fem]bf/L, tflnd, pks/0f tyf
1fgsf] cfbfgk|bfg o;}sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
cd]l/sf;“u x'“b} cfO/x]sf] Kofl;lkms sdf08 tflnd,
rLg;“u x'“b} cfPsf] ;u/dfyf ;+o'Qm ;}Go tflnd
tyf ef/t;“u x'“b} cfO/]sf] ;"o{ls/0f tflnd kl5Nnf]
;dodf ;]gfn] ;}Go s"6gLltsf dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf]
;DaGw / ;fem]bf/L lj:tf/df ul//x]sf s]xL k|of;
x'g\ . g]kfnL ;]gfn] clxn] klg ljleGg !# d'n's;“u
;+o'Qm tyf 5'6\6f–5'6\6} ;}lgs tflndx? ;~rfng
ub{} cfPsf] 5 . -gful/s b}lgs, ebf} @)&^_
g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljleGg d'n'ssf ;]gf;“usf] ;xsfo{df
k|fs[lts ljkb\;DaGwL tflnd–cEof; ub{} cfPsf]
5 . g]kfndf lj= ;+=@)&@ df uPsf] e"sDksf a]nf
g]kfnL ;]gfn] p4f/sf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
 UNITY
To; lsl;dsf tflndn] e"ldsf v]n]sf] atfpg]
u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\sf a]nf g]kfnL ;]gf dfq geP/
g]kfn;“u ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;fem]bf/L tyf ;+o'Qm
cEof; ub{} cfPsf rLg / ef/tsf ;}lgsn] p4f/df
tTsfn} ;xfotf / ;xsfo{sf xft cl3 a9fPsf
lyP . ef/t, rLg nufot cGo d'n'ssf ;]gfx?n]
e"sDksf a]nf p4f/ / /fxtdf tTsfn} ;xof]u cl3
a9fpg' / cfkm}“ /fxt / p4f/df vl6g'nfO{ ;]gfn]
;}Go s"6gLltsf] sf/0f dfGb} cfPsf] 5 .
lgisif{
g]kfnL ;]gf s7f]/ ldlxg]t, w}o{, ;fx; / sf}zn
tyf Jofj;flostfsf sf/0f zlQmzfnL d'n'ssf
;]gfsf] gh/df ;d]t kg{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ToxL
sf/0fn] ubf{ zlQmzfnL elgPsf d'n'ssf ;]gfn]
klg g]kfnL ;]gf;“usf] ;+o'Qm cEof; tyf tflnddf
;xeflutf hgfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .
d'n'ssf] cfly{s cj:yfsf sf/0f ;}Go Ifdtf
clej[l4df en} ;Gtf]ifhgs pknlAw xfl;n
x'g g;s]sf] 5}g, tyflk g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o /
cGt/f{li6«o txdf cfkm"nfO{ sdhf]/ x'g lbPsf]
5}g, a? Ps sbd cl3 a9]/ zlQmzfnL d'n's;“u
;fem]bf/L, ;xsfo{ / ;DaGw lj:tf/df w]/} 7"nf]
of]ubfg lb“b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ g]kfnL
;]gfk|ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o ljZjf; ;d]t a9\b} uO/x]sf]
5 . o;n] s] b]vfp“5 eg] ljutdf g]kfnL ;]gf
jL/tfsf sf/0f cGt/f{li6«o txdf cfºgf] kx'“r /
d'n'ssf] ;DaGw lj:tf/df cl3 nlDs/x]sf] lyof] eg],
cfh ;xh kl/l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg ub{} s"6gLlts
lx;fan] cfºgf] kx'“r / d'n'ssf] ;DaGwnfO{ lj:tf/
ug{] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfn] cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;DaGw lj:tf/df
dfq geP/ d'n'sleq} klg Pp6f ljZjfl;nf] /
e/kbf{] ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt
200
JOURNAL
ug{ ;kmn alg/x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;]gfsf] ljZjf; a9\b} uPsf] 5
eg] cfd gful/sdf ;d]t ;]gfk|lt uf}/j / k|]dsf]
efj emlNsg] u/]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
Dofgkfng, Pg (n.d.), a]E; ckm a|]e, l/–lk|h]G6];g ckm
lb uf]vf{ Og la|l6; ldln6/L lj|U;\ .
If]qL, /fh]Gb| -@)&$, sflQ{s !(_, td;f]df Hof]ltu{do,
PkL 6]lnlehgdf lbg'ePsf] cGtjf{tf{ .
hg/n aneb| s'“j/M lb lxGb" nfOkm ckm g]kfn
(n.d.),ldN6«L 86 ljlsof 86 cf]cf/hL .
lbNnLn] lsg lnof] o' 6g{ < -@)&@ kmfu'g ^_ gof“ klqsf
b}lgs .
lb g]kfnL cfdL{ Og o"Pg lk; ;kf]6{ ck/]zg (n.d.),g]kfn
cfdL{ 86 ldn Pglk
gful/s b}lgs -@)&^ ebf} !#_
g]kfn, k|bLk -@)&^ c;f/ @#_, g]kfn ljZjdf b]lvg /
;'lgg yfn]sf] 5 -lxdfn_
g]kfn cfdL{, lx:6«L ckm lb g]kfnL cfdL{, lb o'lglkms]zg
Aof6n–g]kfn cfdL{ 86 dLn 86 PgkL
klH6gsf, O= -@)!^_ ldN6«L l8Knf]d];L P08 O6\;\ lk|h]G6
kmª\;g, ljBfjfl/lw zf]w k|aGw, d6]h j]n o'lgel;{6L
Og jf+:sf, jf:6]l/sf, :nf]eflgof .
k|;fb, O{Zj/L -!((^_ lb nfO{km P08 6fO{d ckm dxf/fh
h'4 zdz]/ h+u axfb'/ /f0ff cfkm g]kfn
d'yfGgf, s] -@)!! hgj/L !_, ldN6«L l8Knf]d];L
lx:6«L ckm km]d; uf]/vfh\ c 6fOdnfOg -@)!( cu:6
!%_
 UNITY
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg
n]v;f/
;d[l4sf] k"j{;t{ ljsf; / ljsf;sf] cfwf/ ;'/Iff
xf] . ljsf;sf] ck]Iffs[t ;kmntf k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff
Joj:yfaf6 dfq ;'lglZrt x'G5 . ;'/Iff / ljsf;df
Pscsf{sf] cGt/lge{/tfn] dfq /fli6«o nIo k|flKt
ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsf;df ;'/Iffsf] of]ubfgnfO{ b'Oj6f
cfwf/af6 x]g{ ;lsG5≤ klxnf], ljsf;sf x/]s r/0fdf
;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] ck]Iffs[t Joj:yfkg / bf];|f]df,
;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] g]t[Tj, Joj:yfkg / cu'jfOdf
ul/g] ljsf; . ljsf;df ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"ltn]
:jb]zL tyf j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ ljsf;df cfsif{0f /
;~rfngdf ;xhtf k|bfg ub{5 . ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{
/fli6«o ljsf; k|0ffnLdf cfj4 ug{ ;s]df k"jf{wf/,
pmhf{, ;8s oftfoft, k'glg{df{0f, ;Lkh:tf If]qdf
lbuf] / u'0f:t/Lo ljsf;sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .
;+ljwfg, If]qut sfg'gx?, kGw|f}+ of]hgf, jh]6,
/fli6«o gLlt tyf sfo{s|dx?n] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{
ljsf;;Fu cGt/cfj4 u/]df dfq ljsf;n] ;fy{s
/ ck]lIft nIo k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf]
b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] lj= ;+= @!)) ;Dd k|fKt ug]{ u/L
/fv]sf] ;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]+rsf]
;xh k|flKtsf nflu /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;nfO{
Ps /ysf b'O{ kf+u|fsf ?kdf lng] u/L gLlt tyf
sfo{s|dsf] cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;'/Iff gePsf]
ljsf; / ljsf; gePsf] ;'/Iffn] d'n's lgdf{0f /
gful/s ck]Iff k"/f ug{ s'g} cy{ g/fVg] x'“bf b'j}
If]qsf] tfbfTDotfn] dfq /fli6«o ;f]+r / NfIo k|flKt
;xh x'g] b]lvG5 .
201
JOURNAL
eljZj/ l3ld/]
zAbs'~hLM ;'/Iff ;+oGq, ;fOj/, ljsL/0f, ;}Go,
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg .
ljifo k|j]z
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf
;DaGwdf kof{Kt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn]
g} :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf
/ :jfwLgtfsf] ;+/If0f ub]{ dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf] k"0f{
k|Tofe"lt ug]{ gLltnfO{ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 -g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg, @)&@, k[i7 @@_ . g]kfn ;+3Lo ;+/rgfaf6
cufl8 j9\b} ubf{ k|efjsf/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yf
/ u'0f:t/Lo ljsf;df kof{Kt sl7gfO / r'gf}tL
b]vfkb{} hfg] x'gfn] o;sf] ;xh / lbuf] Joj:yfkg
ub{} ljsf;sf ;j} cfofdx?nfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u
cfa4 ul/+b} cufl8 a9\g'kb{5 . zflGt ;'Joj:yf /
;'/Iffsf] ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f g} ;'zf;g / ljsf;sf]
k"j{;t{ xf] . ;'zf;g / ljsf; zflGt / l:y/tfsf]
d"n cfwf/ klg xf] . ;+3Lo Joj:yfadf]lhd ;+3,
k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;'/Iff
r'gf}tLnfO{ k"j{ cg'dfg ug{ ;Sg] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; ub{} ;d'Ggt, cfTdlge{/ / lbuf] cfly{s
ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm ;'/Iff jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
ug'{ /fHosf] klxnf] k|fyldstf x'g'kb{5 . ef}lts
k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / cf}Bf]uLs/0fdf afwf k'¥ofpg]
ultljlwdf ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ub}{
ljsf;sf] ultdf tLj|tf Nofpg'kb{5 .
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;
/fli6«o ;'/Iff jx'cfoflds /fli6«o ljifo ePsfn]
o;n] d'ns ' sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, /fli6«o cv08tf,
 UNITY JOURNAL

/fhgLlts, ef}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts e"kl/j]li7t d'n's g]kfnn] b'j} b]z;“u cfly{s /
/ dfgjLo kIfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ljsf;sf] ;xofqf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg]
;'lgof]lht ;'?jft bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kZrft\ cd]l/sfaf6 ef/ttkm{sf] v'nf l;dfgfsf sf/0f /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf
ePsf] xf] . k|frLg ;dodf ;'/IffnfO{ ;}Go ;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL b]lvg] kSsf 5 . ljz]if u/L ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L,
dfq s]lGb|t ul/P tfklg ;dfhsf] abln“bf] :j?k, sfof{Tds pBf]ux¿sf] cefj, sd j}b]lzs nufgL,
/fli6«otf / ljsf;sf] ;jfnn] k|fyldstf kfp“b} ubf{ ;fj{hlgs sf]ifsf] ljrng, o'jf k|lt/f]wstf, wfld{s
/fli6«o ;'/Iff ;}Go If]qdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ o;n] / ;fdflhs lx+;fh:tf ;"rsx? ;'/Iff k|0ffnL;“u
/fhgLlts, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo, vfB, pmhf{, ;Ldf– cGt/;DjlGwt /x]sf 5g\ . oL If]qx?sf] :ki6
;'/Iff cflbnfO{ klg ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . klxrfg / plrt Joj:yfkgaf6 d'n'sn] ;d[l4 k|fKt
ug]{ x'“bf ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf ;femf ;"rs / cfofdsf]
ljsf; Ps k|lqmof xf] h;n] tTsfnsf] :j?kdf
klxrfg ug'{ klxnf] cfjZostf klg xf] . s'g} d'n's
u'0ffTds ;'wf/ / ?kfGt/0f Nofp“5 . ljsf;sf]
cNkljsl;t x'g'df ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] k|efjsf/L
kl/j{ltt cjwf/0ffn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs cj:yfsf]
Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sg'nfO{ klg lng] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
;'wf/, :t/Lo / ;Ddflgt hLjgofkgsf] ck]Iff
pbfx/0fsf nflu blIf0f ;'8fg, Sofd?g, e]g]h'o]nf,
/fv]sf] x'G5 . ljsf;sf] p2]Zo eg]sf] jftfj/0fdf
gfOh]l/of h:tf d'n'sx?sf] ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] oyf]lrt
s'g} gsf/fTds k|efj gkf/L hLjgsf] u'0f:t/df
Joj:yf gx'“bf ljsf;df lgs} k5fl8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
j[l4 tyf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf jf lj:tf/
o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f cfGtl/s åGå / c;'/Iff g} x'g\ .
h:tf u'0f:t/ kl/jt{gsf] kIf ;dfj]z ub{5 .
o;n] klg ;'/IffnfO{ ljsf;sf] ckl/xfo{tf xf] /
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw k"j{;t{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 ub{5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff
;+oGqdf ul/Psf] nufgL / vr{sf] ljsf; / ;'/Iff
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf; km/s t/ cGt/;DalGwt pknlJwsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ tnsf] lrqaf6 :k:6
ljifox? x'g\ . /fli6«o ljsf; / /fli6«o ;'/Iff Pp6} kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 :
l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6fx? x'g\ . /fHo tyf gful/ssf]
• ;'/Iff If]qdf ul/Psf] vr{
k|efjsf/L ;'/Iff Joj:yf ug'{ ljsf;sf] k"j{ ;t{ ljsf; ;+rfng • ;'/Iffsf nflu ah]6 ;xof]u
klg xf] . /fli6«o ;'/Iff, /fli6«o cl:tTj / /fi6«sf] • :yfloTj, lgz:qLs/0f / k'gM PsLs/0f
;fdflhs, /fhgLlts lxtsf] :yfkgf / o;nfO{ sfod
/fVg ljsf; / ;'/IffnfO{ cGt/cfj4 ug'{kb{5 . ;'/Iff pknlAw
• Jofj;flos ;'/Iff k|0ffnL
• ;'/Iff, zfGtL / lgoGq0f
d'n'ssf] ck]Iffs[t ljsf;n] ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] • ;'/Iff l:y/tf
k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;+s]t ub{5 eg] ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf]
s'zn Joj:yfkgn] ;sf/fTds ljsf;sf] kIfnfO{ • k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx
ljsf; pknlAw • c;'/lIft If]qdf ljsf; kx'“r
klg ;+s]t u/]sf] x'G5 . t;y{ oL b'a} ljifonfO{ Ps
• ul/aL lgjf/0f
csf{;“u 5'6\ofpg g;lsg] / Pssf] ;xof]udf dfq
csf]{n] ;fy{s ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . lrq g+ !
;}Go ;'/Iff
ef/t / rLgh:tf ljzfn / cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ljsf;sf] of]hgf lgdf{0fsf r/0fb]lv g} ;'/Iff
ljsf;df k|lt:kwf{/t d''n'ssf jLrdf cjl:yt k|lqmofgful/s;dfj]
;'/Iff cfly{s ;'/Iff
z x'g] x'“bf ljsf;sf] ;kmntf tyf
jftfj/0fLo cfly{s
ljsf; ljsf;
ljsf;
202;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;fdflhs ef}lts jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff
ljsf; ljsf;
 UNITY JOURNAL

pknlJwsf] lgwf{/ssf ?kdf klg ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ ;/sf/n] lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ nufgL, pTkfbg,
;dfj]z ul/Psf] kfOG5 (Stewart, 2006, p. ljt/0f / /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L cfly{s ljsf;df
2) . ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf /fli6«o ;'/Iff k|0ffnLdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg] If]qsf ?kdf klxrfg u/]sf]
dfq geP/ ljsf;sf cfofdx?df pNn]Vo ?kdf 5 . kGw|f+} of]hgf cjlwdf lghL If]qsf tkm{af6
/x]sf] kfOG5 . ;'/Iff ;+oGqleq klg g]kfnL ;]gfn] %%=^) k|ltzt nufgL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . lghL
ljsf;df lbPsf] of]ubfg pRr /x]sf] b]lvG5 . If]qsf] nufgL cfs{if0f ug{sf nflu ;'/Iff / cGo
;8s ;+hfnsf] lgdf{0fdf ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] pNn]Vo kIfsf] plrt Joj:yf x'g' h?/L x'g] ePsf] x'“bf klg
• ;'/Iff If]qdf ul/Psf] vr{
e"ldsf b]lvG5 h'g ljsf;sf] klxnf] ;"rs klg xf]  . ;'/Iff ;+ljsf;
oGqsf];+rfng e"ldsf
• ;'/Iffsf pRrnflu ah]6 agfpg'
;xof]u kg]{ b]lvG5 .
• :yfloTj, lgz:qLs/0f / k'gM PsLs/0f
To:t} jgh+un tyf lgs'~hsf] ;+/If0f, k'glg{df{0fdf To:t} g]kfnsf] e"–w/ftnsf] ljs6tf / b'u{dtfn]
cu|;/tf, vfg]kfgL, :jf:Yo, k'n lgdf{0f, ljkb\ ;a} :yfgdf ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu lghL If]q sd
• Jofj;flos ;'/Iff k|0ffnL
Joj:yfkg nufotsf cg]sf} If]qdf /x]sf] of]ubfg cfsif{0f;'/x'IffgpknlAw
] cj:yf• ;'ePsf] / pRr hf]lvd jxg
/Iff, zfGtL / lgoGq0f
/ ;kmntfn] ubf{ d'n'ssf] ljsf; k|0ffnL;“u /fli6«o •
ug{ g;Sg] x'“bf ;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ g} kl/rfng u/]/
;' / Iff l:y/tf

;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ cGt/cfj4 ug'{kg]{ s'/f :k:6 x'G5 . ljsf;sf] nIo k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . ljsf; k|lqmof;“u
• k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfx
k|efjsf/L / of]hgfj4 ljsf; dfkm{t\ ck]Iffs[t k|ToIf ljsf;
;DjlGwt pknlAw /• c;'cGt/cfj4
/lIft If]qdf ljsf; kx';'
“r /Iff If]qx?nfO{
glthf xfl;n ug{sf nflu ;'/Iff k|0ffnL;“usf] • ul/aL lgjf/0f
b]xfocg';f/ pNn]v ul/G5M
ljsf;sf] ;xsfo{ clgjfo{ /xG5 .
ljsf;sf] nIo–k|flKtdf ;'/Iffsf] e"ldsf ;}Go ;'/Iff

gful/s ;'/Iff cfly{s ;'/Iff

;'/Iff / ljsf; aLrsf] ;DaGw / ljsf; k|ultdf jftfj/0fLo cfly{s
ljsf;
ljsf;
;'/Iffn] v]Ng] e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf ax;x¿ w]/} ljsf;
;fdflhs ;'/Iff ef}lts jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff
eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn h:tf] cltsd ljsl;t ;fdflhs
ljsf; ljsf;
d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf
pRr /x]sf] ;xh} ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . j}b]lzs ;Ldf ;'/Iff vfB ;'/Iff

nufgL leœofpg] ;jfndf xf];\ jf :jb]zL nufgLsf]

;'/Iffsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"ltsf] ;jfndf xf];\, ;a};“u ;'/Iff
k|0ffnL hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . d'n'sleq zflGt ;'Joj:yf lrq g+ @
sfod /fVg / ltg txsf ;/sf/sf sfo{qmddf
;fs{sf s]xL d'n'sx?sf] ;}Go ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf]
;l/s eO{ lbuf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;'/Iff
ljut % jif{ ;do cGt/fnsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f
Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' h?/L 5 .
ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf
Df'n'sdf zflGt–;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ x'g g;s]df cfwf/df ;}Go If]qdf ul/Psf] vr{sf] k|ltztsf
nufgLsf] jftfj/0f lau|g hfg] / ljb]zL, lghL cfwf/df klg d'n'sn] u/]sf] ljsf; / hf]l8Psf]
Pjd\ ;/sf/L ltg} If]qaf6 x'g] nufgLdf gsf/fTds ;'/IffnfO{ ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
c;/ kg]{ x'G5 . d'n'ssf] ;dli6ut ljsf;sf nflu
;'/IffnfO{ nufgL Pjd\ ljsf;;“u ;DjlGwt u/]/
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ ;s]df k|efjsf/L /
ck]Iffs[t glthf xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]df z+sf /x“b}g .

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s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf cfwf/df ;}Go If]qdf h'g d'n'sn] ;'/Iff rf;f]nfO{ /fi6«sf] k|fyldstf
ul/Psf] vr{ k|ltztdf / pRr dxŒjsf ;fydf x]/]sf] 5, ToxL d'n'ssf]
g} ;'/Iff / ljsf;n] cu|tf klg lnPsf] b]Vg
jif{ ;lsG5 . o;} u/L j+unfb]z, ef/t, >L+nsf, g]kfn
b]z
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 / kfls:tfgn] ;g\ @)!* df u/]sf] ;}Go ;'/Iff vr{
a+unfb]z 1.32 1.32 1.27 1.38 1.36 / cfly{s j[lbb/sf] cj:yfnfO{ tnsf] lrqjf6 :ki6
ef/t 2.70 2.53 2.49 2.50 2.41 ul/Psf] 5 M
>Ln+sf 2.70 2.15 2.41 2.14 1.89
g]kfn 1.56 1.43 1.62 1.70 1.44
kfls:tfg 3.42 3.48 3.47 3.59 4.02
ljZj 2.49 2.35 2.24 2.20 2.14
;|f]tMdata.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.
XPND.GD.ZS

;'/Iff ;+oGqdf x'g] nufgLn] b]zsf] ljsf; / zflGt

;'/Iff nufotsf ;"rsx?sf] ;xh} ljZn]if0f ug{
;lsG5 . ;'/Iff / ljsf;sfaLrdf k|ToIf ;DaGw
x'g] x'gfn] / ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff / ljsf;df
;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] ;DaGwnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ;s]df
To;sf] k|efj ;d[4 d'n's jgfpg ;lsg] s'/fdf c?
d'n'sx?sf] cEof; cg's/0fLo x'G5 . To;} u/L s'n lrq g+ #
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf cfwf/df s'n jflif{s cfly{s ;|f]tM data.worldbank.org/indicator
j[lbb/sf] tnsf] tYof+ssf cfwf/df klg ;'/Iff /
cfly{s j[lbsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf If]qx?

s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf cfwf/df cfly{s j[l4b/ d'n'ssf] jbln+bf] kl/j]z, k|ljlwsf] pRr ljsf;,
k|ltztdf ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] Jofkstf, ;+3Lotf h:Tff
jif{ kIfx?n] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] ofqfdf ;'/Iff r'gf}tL
b]z j9fPsf] b]lvG5 . ljBdfg /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs,
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
a+unfb]z 5.57 6.52 6.06 7.11 7.86 cfly{s, kof{j/0fLo cflb If]qdf j9\b} uPsf] ;'/Iff
ef/t 8.49 5.45 7.41 8.17 6.81 rf;f] / hl6ntfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s / kl/kSj 9+uaf6
>Ln+sf 8.01 9.14 4.96 4.48 3.20 ;dod} bL3{sfnLg ;f]r ;lxt ;Djf]wg ug{ ;lsPg
g]kfn 4.81 4.78 5.98 0.58 6.65
kfls:tfg 1.60 3.50 4.67 5.52 5.83 eg] o;af6 l;h{gf x'g] ;d:ofn] d'n'sdf ;Í6sf]
ljZj 4.29 2.50 2.83 2.48 2.97 cj:yf Nofpg] x'G5 . tn plNnlvt ;'/Iff /
;|f]tMdata.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL. ljsf;sf If]qx?n] ljsf;sf] ofqfdf k|ToIf k|efj
kfg]{ x'“bf tL If]qx?nfO{ oxf“ pNn]v ul/G5 M
XPND.GD.ZS

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/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf If]qx? ljsf;sf If]qx?

/fhgLlts ;'/Iff /fhgLlts ljsf;

;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;fdflhs ljsf;
cfly{s ;'/Iff cfly{s ljsf;
jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff jftfj/0fLo ljsf;
hn>f]t ;'/Iff k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
k|fs[lts ;'/Iff u|fdL0f ljsf;
dfg ;'/Iff ;fd'bflos ljsf;
lzIff ;'/Iff zx/L ;'/Iff
;fOa/ ;'/Iff, ;Ldf, s"6gLlts ;'/Iff cflb . dfgj>f]t, ;8s, s[lif ljsf; cflb .

lrq g+ $
ljBdfg gLltut Pj+ sfg'gL Joj:yf ;DaGw / cfjZostfnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
rfn' kGw|f} of]hgfn] ;jf+{uL0f dfgjLo ;'/Iff
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] wf/f %! -s_ df /fli6«o Pstf
;lxtsf] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu zflGt–;'/Iffsf]
/ /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL gLltdfkm{t\ /fli6«o ;'/Iff
k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt ub{} /fli6«o :jfy{ / lxtsf] ;+/If0f /
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L zflGt–;'/Iffsf] ljsf; ug]{,
;+j4{g ug]{ pb]Zo /fv]sf] 5 eg] k|d'v /0fgLltdf
;jf+{uL0f dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug]{, /fli6«o
ljsf;sf ;j} cfofddf ;'/Iff rf;f]nfO{ ;Djf]wg
;'/Iff gLltsf cfwf/df ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
ub}{ ;'/Iff lgsfosf] sfo{Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ Joj:yf
tyf /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf cfwf/df g]kfnL ;]gf,
u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L aflif{s jh]6, gLlt tyf
g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, nufot ;a} ;'/Iff
sfo{s|dx?n] klg hgtfdf ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt u/fO{
lgsfonfO{ ;jn, ;'b[9, ;Ifd, Jofj;flos, ;dfj]zL
ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf
/ hgpQ/bfoL agfpg] gLlt c+uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
ug]{ s'/f pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 -/fli6«o ;'/IFf gLlt,
;+ljwfgs} efu @* df /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL
@)&#, k[i7 #, &_
Joj:yfdf ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, g]kfnL ;]gf / cGo ;'/Iff
;+oGqsf ;¨u7g;DaGwL kof{Kt Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;;DaGwL b]lvPsf ;d:of tyf
:yfgLo k|zf;g P]g, @)@* nufot cGo ljleGg r'gf}tLx?
P]g tyf sfg'gx?df zflGt–;'/Iff Joj:yfsf nflu
1. ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/sf] ;'/Iff gLlt, sfg'g tyf
ljleGg k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg,
;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] cBfjlwstf / kof{Kt Joj:yf
@)&@, k[i7 @@, !$#_ . /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt @)&# n]
x'g g;s]sf] .
ljsf; / ;'/Iffsf ;DaGwdf ;'/Iff ;+oGq, ;'/Iffsf
2. g]kfnsf] v'nf l;dfgfsf sf/0f ;'/Iff
k|fyldstf, /0fgLltut Joj:yf / ljsf;sf aLrsf]
Joj:yfkgdf 7"nf] r'gf}tL /x]sf] .

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3. ljsf;sf] ;'/Iff / ;'/Iffsf] ljsf;df
cjwf/0ffut tyf Jofjxfl/s r'gf}tL / ;d:of
b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
4. ljb]zL cft+sjfbLx¿n] g]kfnsf] e"lddf /x]/
cGt/f{li6«o cft+ssf/L ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{
u/]sf] ;'Ggdf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ :jb]zL
tyf ljb]zL nufgLdf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x?sf] dxŒj /
?lr Go"g b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
5. cj}w xftxltof/sf] cf];f/–k;f/, dfgj
a]rljvg tyf cGo ljleGg lsl;dsf t:s/Lx¿
x'g] u/]sf 5g\ .
6. d'n's ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf uO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df
&^! ;/sf/sf rfxgf, cfjZostf / k|fyldstfx?n]
cGtå{Gå / c/fhstfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] ;+s]tx?
b]lv“b} cfPsf] kfOG5 h;df ;'/Iff r'gf}tL k|d'v
/xg] b]lvG5 .
7. jif]{GfL x'g] Kf|fs[lts k|sf]kn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;'/Iff
r'gf}tL ;d:ofsf ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 h;af6 ljsf;
lgdf{0fdf 7'nf] r'gf}tL l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 .
8. c/fhstf tyf b08xLgtf a9\b} uPsf] 5 h;n]
ljsf;sf ljljw cfofd / k|ls|ofdf gsf/fTds
k|efj kfb}{ uPsf] 5 .
9. ;'/Iffsf b[li6af6 cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgsf]
kf6f]sf] Go"g ljZn]if0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
10. k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / OG6/g]6 tyf ;fdflhs
;+hfnsf] a9\bf] k|of]u;“u} ;fdflhs dof{bf, d"No–
dfGotf ljk/Ltsf ultljlw al9/x]sf 5g\ /
cfk/flws 36gfx¿df j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 h:fsf]
k|ToIf k|efj ljsf; lgdf{0fdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
11. g]kfndf ;+3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog;“u} ;+3, k|b]z
/ :yfgLo tx u/L ltg txsf] ;/sf/ u7g eO{
sfo{;Dkfbg ;'? ePsf]] nfdf] ;do geP tfklg
ltg} txsf ;/sf/x¿aLr clwsf/sf] af“8kmf“8
/ k|of]usf ;DaGwdf b]lvg yfn]sf] dgd'6fjn]
;'/Iff / ljsf;df k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 . -kGw|f}+
of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, k[i7 @(), @(!_ .
206
JOURNAL
12. /fli6«oPstf / /fli6«o :jtGqtfsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf
;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] k|hftflGqs / Joj;foLs/0f ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g .
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
pkfox?
cfly{s ;anLs/0f, ;+/rgf, :jtGqtf / zf;g
Joj:yfsf] ;'/Iff, dfgj hLjgsf] cl:yTj
nufot dof{lbt hLjgsf nflu ckl/xfo{ ;t{ /
cfTd;Ddfgsf] k|j4{g, lje]b, bdg, g/;+xf/,
hflt;+xf/, lx+;fh:tf ck/fwsf] ;Gqf;af6 dl'Qm,
ljZjhutaf6 cx:tIf]k, ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/sf]
cg'e"lt u/fpg] ;+oGq /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf] . dfly
klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLsf] k|efjsf/L
;dfwfg ug{sf nflu b]xfocg';f/sf] pkfox?
cjnDag ug'{ pko'{Qm x'G5 M
!= Df'n'sdf ;~rflnt 7"nf / /0fg}lts dxŒjsf
ljsf; of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ To;n] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf
kfg]{ k|efj n]vfhf]vf / ljZn]if0f ul/g' kb{5 .
@= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg / ;Defljt IftL Go"gLs/0f
ug{ cfjZos sfo{Ifdtf ljsf; ug{] u/L ;'/Iff
;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
#= /0fg}lts / ;fdl/s dxŒjsf k"jf{wf/
lgdf{0f nufotsf cfof]hgfdf ;'/Iff lgsfonfO{
cfjZostfcg';f/ ;+nUg u/fpg'kb{5 .
$= /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgf / ;fdl/s dxŒjsf
ljsf; cfof]hgfsf nflu hUuf k|flKt, lgdf{0f,
;~rfng, tyf Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf cfjZostfd'vL
;'/Iff Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 -kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf]
cfwf/kq, k[i7 #!),#!!_ .
%= cf}Bf]lus, ;]jfd"ns / ptkfbgzLn If]qx?df
ljz]if ;'/Iff PsfOsf] :yfkgf u/L ;'/Iffsf] plrt
jGbf]j:t ul/g'kb{5 .
^= /fli6«o dxŒjsf cfof]hgfsf] ;~rfng tyf
lgdf{0fdf ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;Lk, Ifdtf, sfo{s'zntf
 UNITY
pkof]u ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L jgfpg'kb{5  .
&= :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL ck]Iffs[t ?kdf
leœofpg] / ;f]sf] k"0f{ ;'/Iff ;lxtsf] nufgL
jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
*= lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;dofg's"n ;'/Iff gLlt,
sfg'g th'{df / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .
(= zflGtd}qL ljsf; k|0ffnL k|ls|of cjnDjg
ub}{ ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf If]qdf ;'/Iff
Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg ug'{kb{5 .
!)= ;'/Iffsf] ljsf; / ljsf;sf] ;'/Iff ck]Iffs[t
jgfpg] u/L /0fg}lts sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug'{kb{5 .
!!= e"sDk, e"Ifo, af9L–klx/f] h:tf k|fs[lts ljklQ,
hnjfo' kl/jt{g / kof{j/0fLo x|f;, /f;folgs,
ljsL/0f / k|ljlwhGo ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;'/Iff
;xeflutf pRr jgfpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
!@= Df'n'ssf] k'glg{df{0fsf] /fli6«o cleofgdf ;'/Iff
;+oGqsf] clwstd pkof]u tyf kl/rfng ug]{
Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .
!#= sdhf]/ cy{tGq / k/lge{/tf, clzIff, ul/aL,
cJojl:yt a;fO;/fO, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dGoflos
ljt/0f, /fh:j r'xfj6, nufgL k|lts"n jftfj/0f,
gful/s clwsf/sf] b'?kof]u, g}lts d"Nosf]
pbf;Lgtfk|lt ;Daf]wg  . -k|zf;g, cgnfOg
klqsf, @)!(_
lgisif{
;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf jx'cfoflds If]qx?sf] klxrfg ub{}
ljsf; of]hgfdf ;'/IffnfO{ d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug{
;s]df dfq d'n'ssf] /fli6«o nIo ;xh ?kn] k"/f
ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'/Iffn] dfgj sNof0fsf cltl/Qm
ljsf;sf cfofdx¿df k'¥ofpg] ;xof]u / of]ubfgsf]
pRRf d"Nof+sg u/L ljsf; k|lqmof;“u cfa4 u/fpb}
hfg'kb{5 . gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog
/ ;du| k|ls|ofdf ;'/IffnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] uDeL/ ljZn]if0f ul/g'kb{5 .
207
JOURNAL
ljZjJofkLs/0f, cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f / lghL If]qsf]
cfudgn] ljsf;df ;'/Iffsf] e"ldsf / /0fgLltut
r'gf}tLnfO{ a9fjf lb“b} uPsfn] o;sf] ;Gbe{df
/0fg}lts of]hgf / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg dxŒjk"0f{
x'G5 . g]kfnn] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] nIo k"/f
ug{ tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tf k"/f ug{ ;Gt'lnt
?kdf ljsf;sf cfofddf ;'/Iff Joj:yf k|efjsf/L
/ ;zQm jgfpg] gLlt cjnDjg ug'{ jf~5gLo x'G5  .
:jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ub}{
d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'/\ofpg
;'/Iff Joj:yfdf sfg'gL, gLltut, ;+:yfut, sfo{ut
/ Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ / ;'b[bLs/0f ub}{ ljsf;“u
cGt/cfj4 ug]{tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;'rL
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, -@)&@_, wf/f %! -s_ / wf/f @^^-
@^*, g]kfn sfg'g cfof]u, sf7df8f}
/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt, -@)&#_, a'“bf !=#, @=$, @=*, g]kfn
sfg'g cfof]u, sf7df8f}
kGw|f}+ of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, -cf= j= @)&^÷)&&-
@)*)÷)*!_, kl/R5]b (sf] (=# v08, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}
Stewart, F. (2006), Development and decurity,
human security and ethnicity, university of
Oxford. Queen Elizabeth House, pp. 3-6.
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
(SIPRI), (2019), Yearbook: Armaments,
disarmament and international security,
Sweden. indicator code MS.MIL.XPND.
GD.ZS, military expenditure (% of GDP),
Excel sheets by world bank.
World Bank Group, (2019), Indicator code
NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG, GDP Growth
(annual %), Excel sheet.
cgnfOg k|zf;g kqklqsf, -@)!(_, sf7df8f}+
 UNITY JOURNAL

xfd|f] ;'/IffM xfd|f] ;d[l4

dl0f/fd zdf{

æd]/f] ljrf/df l;dfgfx¿sf] dfq} ;'/Iff geO{ ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug'{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff xf]Æ
hL nLe/d]g

n]v;f/ zAbs'~hLM cfd;'/Iff, cv08 /fHo, nf]stGq,

j}wflgs clwsf/, ;d[l4 .
k|:t't n]vdf ;'/Iffn] dfgj / ;dfhsf] ljsf;df
v]Ng] e"ldsfnfO{ phfu/ ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg kl/ro
;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;'/Iffsf] k|d'v e"ldsf x'G5 . s'g}
ljleGg vfnsf /fhg}lts, ;f“:s[lts P+j P]ltxfl;s
klg d'n'ssf] ;d[l4 ;'/Iffljgf c;Dej 5 . ;'/Iff /
kl/j{tgnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{} cfh g]kfn o; cj:yfdf
;d[l4 Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\  . nf]stGqsf ;j{dfGo
cfPsf] 5 . xTof, lx“;f / c;'/IffnfO{ Tofu]/
d"No, dfGotf / l;4fGtcGtu{t ;du| b]zsf] ;'/Iff
nf]stGqsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx?nfO{ cª\uLsf/ ub}{
k|0ffnL dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t
;'/Iff / b]zsf] lbuf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{ef/ cfhsf]
dfGotfx? ;kmn ePsf] /fHodf gful/sn] cfkm"dfly
cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . /fHodf zflGt–;'/Iff sfod
zf;g ug]{ j}wflgs clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ub{5g\ .
ug'{ g} /fHosf] bfloTj x'G5 . /fHosf] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLn]
xfd|f] ;'/Iff k|0ffnL / ljsf;sf ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf
b]zsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f, zflGtlgdf{0f, /fHo lgdf{0fsf]
r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ g]kfnL ;]gf nufot cGo
;+:yfut ;'wf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . g]kfnsf]
;'/Iff If]qx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ o; n]vdf ljZn]if0f
;Gbe{df nf]stflGqs k|lqmofx? k6s–k6s ljkmn
ul/Psf] 5 . ljsf; / /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] ;DaGwnfO{
x“'b} uPkl5 ;'/Iff / ljsf;df r'gf}tL ylkPsf] dfGg
/fHosf] lbuf] ljsf;df s;/L hf]8\g ;lsG5
;lsG5 . t/ of] ;do u0ftGqsf] pbo ePsf] ;do
/ /fHodf ;'/Iffsf] ;'wf/ gx'g'n] ;d[l4df s:tf]
xf] . ;+3Lo ;+/rgfx¿ sfo{Gjog ePsf] a]nf xf] .
gsf/fTds k|efj kf5{ eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
/fHosf ;a}] ju{, hfthflt, ;d"xsf] ljsf; / ;'/Iff
b]zsf] /fli6«otf, cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf k|flKtsf
k|bfg ug'{ clxn]sf] ckl/xfo{tf ePsf] 5 . gful/ssf]
nflu ;'/Iff cfjZos kb{5 . nf]stGq k|flKtsf
;'/Iff If]qsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gn] nf]stflGqs k4ltsf
lglDt /fHosf ;a} zlQmx? Psh'6 eP dfq} /fi6«sf]
lgodx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjogsf ;}4flGts
;'/Iff / ;d[l4sf] nIodf k'Ug ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf]
cfwf/lznf tof/ ub{5 . d'Vo u/]/ e"–kl/j]li7t
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;ljgf ;d[4, cv08 /fHosf]
:t/sf b]zx?n] cfºg} vfnsf ljsf; / kl/lwdf
sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g eGg] tYonfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
;'wf/ ub{5g\ -;'jb] L, @)!), k[= *)_ ljsf; /
;d[l4sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ lgisif{;lxt s]nfOPsf] 5 .
nf]stGqsLo cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw x“b' fx“b' } klg
;+;f/df ljsf;ljgfsf] nf]stGq ljkmn ePsf] b]Vg

208
 UNITY
;lsG5 . jf:tjdf ;'/Iff If]qsf] ?kfGt/0fn] ljsf;
/ nf]stGqsf] k/Dk/fut ;DaGwsf sf/0f pTkGg
x'g] ;d:ofnfO{ em]Ng ;Sg'k5{ . -gfO6, @))(_
hgtfn] cfkm"dfly zf;g ug{ /fHonfO{ cfkm\gf s]xL
clwsf/x? j}wtfk"0f{ x:tfGt/0f ub{5g\ h;sf
cfwf/df /fHon] pgLx¿dfly zf;g ub{5 . To;}n]
;'/Iff eGg] s'/f dfgj ljsf;sf] lg/Gt/tf xf] .
/fHosf ljleGg ljsf;n] cfcfkm\g} ¿k/]vfsf]
lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'G5 . cfh g]kfn /f0ff zf;g,
/fhtGqfTds /fHo–Joj:yf, @))& ;fnsf] k|hftGq
x“'b} @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng / )^@÷)^#
;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo
Joj:yfdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf /fHosf]
;'/Iff gLlt / ljsf;sf] ¿k/]vfdf r'gf}tL / cj;/
b'j} xfd|f cufl8 b]lvPsf 5g\  . ;d[l4 / ;'/Iff /fHo
;~rfngsf dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u x'g\ . cfd gful/ssf]
;'/Iff /fHo ljsf;sf] cfwf/lznf xf] . hgtfsf]
lgoGq0f g} /fHo;Qfdf ;jf]{kl/ x'G5 . ;d[l4n]
;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] vfnsf] Joj:yf g} ;'/lIft
/fHosf] pbfx/0f xf] . gful/s ;xeflutfdfkm{t\
/fHodf x'g] ljleGg vfn] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf]
9f“rfsf dfWodn] ;dfwfg ul/g'kb{5 .
s] xf] ;'/Iff <
…;'/IffÚ eGg] zAb s'g} klg nf]stflGqs d'n'sdf
k|To]s gful/ssf] hLjg, :jtGqtf tyf ;Dkltsf]
/Iff;“u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;“u}
;'/Iffsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] xf] . cfd gful/ssf]
;Dk"{0f ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L /fHon] lnPsf] x'G5 .
/fHozlQmsf k|d'v eg]sf hgtf x'g\ . hgtfsf]
;xeflutf dfkm{t\ ;d[4 g]kfn / ;'vL g]kfnL x'g]
kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5  . /fli6«o lxtnfO{ dWogh/
u/L xfd|f] b]zsf] cfGtl/s / af≈o ;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{
;+:yfut Pjd\ ljsf; ug'{ /fHosf] st{Jo x'G5 .
b]z ;+3Lo u0ftGqfTds /fHo Joj:yf;Dd cfOk'Ubf
209
JOURNAL
ljleGg vfnsf r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf]
5 . xfdLn] pknlAw u/]sf clwsf/x? nf]stflGqs
;dfhjfb pGd'v 5g\ . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f /fli6«o
;'/Iff / ;d[l4sf] pbo g} xf]  . ;'/Iff eg]sf] /fHosf]
cv08tf, ;fj{ef}ldstf, /Iff / ;'/Iff lbg] sfo{
xf] . ;'/Iff Ps ;fdflhs ljwf xf] h;sf sf/0f
;'/Iff b[li6sf]0fsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] ePsf] 5 .
(Security is unavoidable political; that is, it
plays a vital role in deciding who gets what,
when, and how world politics) (Lasswell,
1936) o; egfOjf6 s] a'lemG5 eg] ;'/Iffn] ;du|
b]zsf] klxrfg k|ltlalDat x'g] eflifs, ;f+:s[lts,
ef}uf]lns, /fhgLlts / hftLo ljljwtfsf cg]sf}+
kIfx¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s / Jofks agfpg cu|;/
x'g'kb{5 . /fi6«df cfOkg]{ s'g} klg ;fdl/s
sl7gfOx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
s] xf] ;d[l4 <
;d[l4 eGgfn] gful/ssf] cfly{s ;d[4tf
(Economic well being) eGg] a'lemG5 . cfly{s
;d[l4sf nflu gful/ssf] lzIffdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf
nufgL dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 h;sf sf/0f gful/snfO{
b]zsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ zlQm / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng
ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . lzIffsf dfWoodaf6 pTkfbg;“u
hf]8\g'sf ;fy} ;do ;fGble{s ?kdf j}1flgs tj/n]
pTkfbgzLn / kl/jt{gzLn agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 .
lzIffn] k|ljlw / gof“–gof“ cfofdx? dfkm{t\ ;d[l4sf
nflu k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Nb5 . z}lIfs ;+:yfx?n]
bIf hgzlQm lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b} pTkfbg /
gof“ cflj:sf/df hf]8 lbg] ePsfn] lzIffn] b]zsf]
;d[l4df cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm tof/ ub{5 . -ljZj
a}+s, @)))_ . To;sf/0f xfdL / xfd|f] ;d[l4sf]
k|d'v cfwf/ lzIff g} xf]  . To;}n] /fHon] gful/snfO{
pTkfbgd'vL lzIff lbg ;s] dfq cfly{s ;d[l4
;Dej x'G5 .
 UNITY JOURNAL

s;sf] ;'/Iff < If]qdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k¥'ofPsf] 5  . cfw'lgs o'udf

/fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ ;kmn agfpg cGo u}/;}lgsnfO{
xfdL af“r]sf] jt{dfg ;do tLj| ultdf lj1fg
klg Wofg lbg'kb{5 . -Nof+lugefOlgof lds]OnL, ;g\
tyf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] ;do xf] . lj1fg tyf
@)!!, k[=$*_ . /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu /fHosf ;a}
k|ljlwsf] ultzLn kl/jt{gn] ;+;f/ Pp6f ufp“sf
zlQmx¿ Psh'6 eO{ cl3 a9\g' g} /fli6«o ;'/Iff /
?kdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . b}lgs ¿kdf /fli6«o,
;+d[l4sf] dfu{df lx8\g' xf]  . /fHo, gful/s, ;]gf tyf
If]qLo / cGt{/fli6«o :t/df ljleGg vfnsf ;'/Iffsf
k|x/L ;a} ldn]/ dfq} /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf / ;d[l4
r'gf}tLx? al9/x]sf 5g\ . clgolGqt a]/f]huf/L,
;Dej 5 . t;y{ hgtf, ;'/Iff / ;+d[l4 /fHosf
a;fO“;/fO“, pmhf{ tyf vfBfGg ;+s6, dxfdf/L,
kl/jt{gzLn cjwf/0ff x'g\ . h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf
k|fs[lts Pjd\ dfgjhGo k|sf]k, cj}w xftxltof/sf]
klg /fHon] hgtfnfO{ ;'zf;g, ;'/Iff / ;+d[l4sf]
cf];f/k;f/ / ljleGg :j¿ksf ljsf; lj/f]wL
dfu{df ;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 . gful/s ;xeflutf g}
lqmofsnfkn] ljZjzflGt ;'/Iffdf r'gf}tL ylkPsf]
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / lbuf] ljsf;sf] ;DaGwsf] s8L xf] .
5 . /fHosf] ljsf; / pGgogsf nflu ;j{k|yd
dfgj ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf /fHon] ug'{kb{5 . dfgj ;d[4 g]kfnsf] cjwf/0ff
;'/Iff cGt{ut hgtfsf] cfly{s ;'/Iff, vfB ;'/Iff,
g]kfnsf] sl/a ;Q/L jif]{ ljsf;sf qmddf ePsf
:jf:Yo ;'/Iff, JolQmut ;'/Iff, kof{j/0f ;'/Iff,
P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{gx?n] xfd|f ;fd' w]/} s'/f hGd]sf
;d'bfosf] ;'/Iff / /fhgLlts ;'/Iff kb{5g\ .
5g\  . ;j{k|yd ;g\ !($( sf] hgj/L @) df cd]l/sL
;du|df eGg'kbf{ dfgj ;'/Iff eg]sf] hgtfsf]
/fi6«klt Xof/L 6o"dgn] cfkmgf] efif0fåf/f ljsf;sf]
;'/Iff xf] . -cfNd cf]OnL, ;g\ @)!!, k[=!&_ .
cjwf/0ff JoQm u/]sf lyP . ;+d[l4sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf
cfw'lgs o'udf hgtfsf] ;jfª{\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu
eg]sf] ;fk]If kl/jt{g xf] . ljsf; k|flKtsf nflu
;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] sfd /fHosf]
g]kfndf 7"nf – 7"nf kl/jt{gx? eP . xfdL clxn]
xf] . olb gful/ssf] ;'/Iff clwsf/nfO{ alxisf/
…;'vL g]kfnL / ;d[4 g]kfnÚ agfpg] cleofgdf
ul/of] eg] ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 /fi6«sf] sNkgf g} ug{
h'6]sf 5f}“ . ljsf; cfd gful/ssf] cfly{s,
;ls“b}g . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn
;fdflhs, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, eflifs, z}lIfs,
k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ljefun]
efjgfTds, cf}Bf]lus / s[lif ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt
cfkm"nfO{ e/kbf]{, cg'zfl;t, cfTdlge{/, /fhgLlts
5 . ljsf; dfgj ;Eotfsf] cf/Deb]lv g} cEof;df
/ ;Ifd tj/n] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ Jojl:yt /
cfPsf] xf] . a]nfotsf] afG6 cfof]un] eg]sf] 5
ljsl;t ul//x]sf 5g\ . nf]stflGqs cfbz{leq /xL "Development never will be, and never can
d'Vo u/L g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf, be, defined to universal satisfaction." jf:tjdf
;fj{ef}ldstf / ;fdl/s /0fgLltnfO{ ;an agfPsf] ljsf; kl/jt{gzLn 5 . lxhf] x'g] u/]sf] ljsf;sf]
5 . ;+/rgf cfh / ef]ln p:t} x'b}g . ljsf;sf] Pp6}
g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljkt\ Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o dxŒjsf kl/efiffn] ;a}nfO{ lrQ a'emfp“b}g . of] t ;do
ljsf;–lgdf{0f sfo{, P]ltxfl;s k/Dk/f / ;Dkbfsf] ;fk]lIfs clg hgtfsf] rfxgfadf]lhd x'G5 h;n]
;+/If0f, k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;'/Iffdf pgLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft tj/n] af“Rg l;sfp“5 .
7"nf] ;xof]u k¥'ofPsf] 5 . olt dfq geO{ b]zsf] ljsf;ljb\ l/U; s] eGb5g\ eg] ljsf; ljat{g
k//fi6« gLltdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b} ljZjzflGtsf (Diffraction) sf] :t/ p7fP/ ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf]

210
 UNITY
:jfoQtf jf ljj]sflwsf/ / thlahdf j[l4 u/fpg]
k|lqmof xf] . ;'/Iff k|flKtsf lglDt hgtfsf] ljsf;
ug'{ h¿/L 5  . To;} u/L cfd'r]hL -!(*)_ s] eGb5g\
eg] ljsf; JolQmsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofsf] cfofddf x'g]
oyfy{k/s kl/jt{g;“u ;DalGwt x'G5 h;sf sf/0f
p;sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, dgf]j}1flgs / ;fdflhs
;+d[l4df an k'U5 . ;du|df eGg'kbf{ JolQm /
/fHosf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;df x'g] lg/Gt/ ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf] . g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs
;+ljwfgn] klg plNnlvt kIfx?nfO{ k|fyldstfdf
/fv]sf] 5 .
;'/Iff / ;d[l4 M nf]stGqsf cfwf/
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;d[l4sf] ;DaGw gª / df;'sf]
h:t} cGof]Gofl>t x'G5 . nf]stGqdf ljlw, ;/ntf
clg kf/blz{tf x'g'kb{5, clg dfq nf]stGq k|flKtsf]
;fy{stf l;4 x'G5 . nf]stGq k|flKt;“u} ;+d[4 g]kfn
lgdf{0fsf If]qdf y'k|} r'gf}tLx? b]lvG5g\ . b]zsf]
;Dk"0f{ ljsf;sf] lx+:;]bf/ eg]sf ;'/Iff If]q x'g\ .
/fi6«sf ljleGg sfnv08df g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn
k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6«o u'Ktr/ ljefu, lghL
;'/Iff sDkgLsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /lxcfPsf] 5 . d'Vo
u/L g]kfnL ;]gf nf]stGq k|flKtsf lglDt ;b}j tTk/
/ ljZjfl;nf] ;+:yf ePsf] 5 .
k|hftGq k|flKt, bz jif]{ dfcf]afbL hgo'4, lj:t[t
zflGt ;Demf}tf x“'b} ;+3Lo u0ftGq;Dd cfOk'Ubf
g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;'/Iff / ;+d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fdf k}/jL
ul//x]sf] 5 h;sf sf/0f b]zdf lbuf] ljsf;sf]
:yfloTjsf] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . b]zsf] /fli6«o
;'/Iffljgf lbuf] ljsf;sf] sNkgf ug{ ;ls“b}g .
;'/Iff If]qn] nf]stGqsf d"No–dfGotfnfO{ ;ª\ul7t
ub}{ /fi6«-lgdf0f{df ;fem]bf/L ub{5 . ;'/Iff / ;d[l4
;dfh– kl/jt{gsf gof“ cfofdx¿ x'g\ . ;dfhsf]
cfly{s j[l4 / gful/s ;+d[l4sf nflu ;'/Iff / ljsf;
geO{ gx'g] tŒj x'g\ . gful/s ;'/IffnfO{ JolQmut,
211
JOURNAL
dfgj / /fli6«o tj/n] b]zsf] ;fdl/s If]qnfO{ kmfObf
x'g] u/L ;'/Iff gLlt sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . JolQmnfO{
:jtGq ?kdf aF“Rg kfpg] clwsf/ /fHon] k|bfg
u/]sf] x'G5 . /fHodf x'g] ljleGg vfnsf ljsf;
lj/f]wL lqmofsnfknfO{ lgif]lwt ub}{ /fli6«o Pstfdf
;dflxt u/fpg'kb{5 . s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ljsf;df
cGofo, e|i6frf/, ul/aL, wd{ / sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/n]
;'/IffnfO{ ;ª\s6df kfb{5g\ . t;y{ ;'/Ifflagfsf]
;d[l4 kv]6f gePsf] k+IfL h:tf] x'G5 .
s'g} klg /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu /fi6« Ps
e/kbf]{ pks/0f xf] . of] dflg;sf] ljsf;sf]
p2]Zo;“u hf]l8Psf] x'G5  . hgtfsf] ;'/Iffdf
sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/, hg;ªVof j[l4, Go"g pTkfbg
/ a]/f]huf/Ln] ljsf;sf p2]Zox¿nfO{ afwf
k'¥ofp“5g\ . /fHosf] ljsf; Toxf“sf] ;'/Iff If]q;“u
lge{/ /xG5  . ;'/Iffdf x'g] vt/fn] /fHosf] ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, k|fs[lts, /fhg}lts / dgf]j}1flgs x|f;df
;xof]u k'U5 . ;d[l4 / /fli6«o ;'/Iffn] s'g} klg
b]zsf] cfGtl/s Pjd\ af≈o ;'/Iffsf] kIfnfO{
Wofg lbPsf] x'G5 . b]zleq cdgrog sfod ug{
;'zf;g, /fhgLlts l:y/tf sfod ug{, ;fdflhs
Gofo / ;b\efjsf] l;h{gf ug{, hgtfsf] cfly{s
cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{, j}b]lzs cfqmd0faf6 b]znfO{
hf]ufpg / s'zn k//fi6« gLltdf ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o
;'/Iffn] ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff
s'g} klg l:yltdf cfGtl/s Pjd\ af≈o zlQmaf6
hf]luPsf] s'/f Oltxf;af6 k'li6 ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL
hgtf / /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ;DaGw ulx/f] x'g]
x'gfn] hgtfsf] ;xeflutf dfkm{t\ /fli6«o ;'/Iff /
ljsf;df ;xhtf pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
ljZj a}+s, cGt{/fli6«o d'b|fsf]if h:tf ljZjJofkL
;+:yfx?n] ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu sfd
u/] tfklg Psnf}6L cf}klgj]lzstfdf k|efljt kf/]sf]
cf/f]k 5 . -a/fn, @)!&, k[=!*@_ . t/ g]kfndf eg]
hgtfaf6 lgj{flrt hgk|ltlglwx? :jtGq ¿kn]
 UNITY
b]zsf] ljsf;–lgdf{0fdf nfu]sf 5g\ . ljljwtfn]
el/Psf] xfd|f] b]z ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf uPkl5 /fHo
;~rfnsx? :yfgLo zf;g, k|b]zsf] zf;g /
s]Gb|Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf dfWodjf6 l;ª\uf] b]z–
lgdf{0fsf] af6f]df nfu]sf 5g\ . xfd|f] k//fi6« gLlt
g} /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] jf:tlas xltof/ xf] . slxn]
sfxL“ l5d]sL b]zx?;“u ;fgf–ltgf c;Gt'li6x¿ eP
tfklg o:tf ;DaGwn] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ct'ngLo
;xof]u k¥'ofPsf 5g\ . c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlt /
k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtn] /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf yk ;xof]u
k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
;'/Iff / ;d[l4 M cfhsf] cfjZostf
b]zsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff;“u zflGt / ;d[l4 hf]l8Psf]
x'G5 . e"–kl/j]li7t /fi6« x'g'sf gftfn] xfd|f
l;dfgfx¿ v'n} /x]sf 5g\ . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k|d'v
r'gf}tL v'nf l;dfgf ePsfn] /fi6« ljsf;df cj/f]w
x'g k'Ub5 . o;sf nflu cf–cfk\mgf] tx / tKsfaf6
;d[4 g]kfn lgdf{0fsf nflu Psh'6 x'g] a]nf cfPsf]
5 . k6s – k6s ;Ldf–ljjfbsf] ljifo ;DalGwt
:t/af6 6'ª\uf] nufO{ Jojl:yt ug'{kb{5 . /fhgLlts
zlQmx?sf aLrdf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf ;Gb{edf Pstfsf]
sdL / ljZjf;sf] cefj ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf]
cGTo x'g'kb{5 . ljsl;t b]zx¿ :jLh/Nof08,
cl:6«of / l;ª\ufk"/ h:tf b]zx?n] cfk;L ;+jfb
/ s"6g}lts ljlw4f/f ljsf;sf] dfGotf cjnDjg
u/]sf 5g\ . -vgfn, @)!^, k[=!)*_ o;/L /fHo
;~rfngsf zlQmx? gldNbf /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt
sfof{Gjogdf sl7gfO x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ljsf;sf
ljleGg of]hgfx¿ k|efljt x'G5g\  . bnLo ;dembf/L
g} nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf] cfwf/ xf] . b]zdf ePsf
bIf hgzlQmx? ljb]z knfog ePsf 5g\ . o:tf]
cj:yfdf b]z–ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] hgzlQmsf]
cefj x'g' /fd|f] xf]Og . ;do ;fk]lIft ¿kn]
Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} /fli6«o gLltx? lgdf{0f u/L
b]z ljsf;df ;a}nfO{ ;dflxt u/fpg'k5{ .
212
JOURNAL
g]kfn ;fgf] eP tfklg :jtGq /fi6« xf]  . ljljwtfsf]
d'n'sdf ;a} ju{ / ;d'bfosf] cfjfhnfO{
ljz]if u/L /fHosf ;xdtLx¿ ljgf;t{ ;'/Iff /
;d[l4df hf]8\g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . /fHosf
;|f]t;fwgx¿ ;dfg ¿kn] ljsf;df ljt/0f
ug'{kb{5 . bIfhgzlQmnfO{ /fHosf] ;'/Iff–ljsf;df
;xefuL u/fpg'kb{5 . /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf nflu
;a}nfO{ proactive tj/n] clkn ug'{kb{5 . I. C.
Ukwu (1984) s] eGb5g\ eg] ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf
nflu ljlwsf] zf;g, ;|f]t–;fwgsf] ;dfg ljt/0f,
hg;xeflutf / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/fpg' /fHosf]
k|d'v bfloTj x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf] cj:yfdf b]zdf
JofKt e|i6frf/ lgd"{n kfb}{ ;'zf;g / ;bfrf/sf]
cg'e"lt lbnfpg ;s] dfq ;'/Iff / ;d[l4n] ;kmntf
k|fKt ub{5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfh k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv
ljleGg efiff–efifL, hfthftL, wd{ lnª\u, k/Dk/f
/ /Lltl/jfhdf ljljwtfk"0f{ ;dfh ePsf]n] xfdLdf
cg]stfdf Pstf 5 . a9\bf] ;fdflhs lav08gn]
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ;d[l4df gsf/fTds c;/ ub{5 .
t;y{ /fHosf ;a} ju{, ;d'bfonfO{ /fi6«k]|dsf]
;"qdf af“Wb} /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff / ;d[l4df nfUg' g} cfd
g]kfnLsf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .
lgisif{
;d[l4 / ;'/Iff zflGtsf kof{o x'g  . ;'/Iff / ;d[l4ljgf
gful/s cdgrog k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . h;/L ;L=Ps]=
(1972) s] :ki6 kfb{5g\ eg] :jtGqtfn] JolQmnfO{
;d[4, ;'/lIft / :jtGq x'g pTk|]l/t ub{5, To;/L
g} cfk;L ;dembf/L, lgoldt cGt;{+jfb, Pstfn]
ljsf;df xft]dfnf] ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . ljZj–
JofkLs/0fsf] a9\bf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s ljljwtfn]
;'/Iff / ljsf;df ;DaGw /fVb5 . dft[e"lddf zflGt
/ ;'/Iffsf] e"ldsf c;Lldt x'G5 . To;sf/0f ;'/Iff
l;4fGtdf dfq} ;Lldt x'g' x'“b}g . ;d[l4sf nflu
ljZjJofkLs/0f, :jtGqtf, cGt/f{li6«o cy{tGqdf
;'wf/ / cftª\sjfbsf lj?4df ;a}n] organic
 UNITY
ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3 ;fg'{kb{5 . xfdL ;a}
;d[4 g]kfnsf ;xefuL xF}+ eg] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf
nflu kx/]bf/ xf}+ . zflGt / ;'/Iff lbuf] ljsf;sf]
nIo–k|flKtsf cfwf/–:tDe ePsf]n] b]zdf zflGtk"0f{
ljsf;sf nflu ;'/Iff ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . /fHon] cfd
gful/ssf ;a} k|sf/sf ;'/Iff / clwsf/ ;'lglZrt
ug'{ g} nf]stflGqs /fi6«sf] ;d[l4 kydf nDsg' xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
cfNd cf]OnL -@)!!_ x\o"dg ;]s'l/6L – k|:k]lS6e P08
k|flS6sn PShfDkN; l;len ;f];fOl6 slGkmNS6,
sft' lkmgNof08, k[e]G;g g]6js{ .
Ake, C. (1972). Development of what? for
what ? A paper presented at a conference on
Development Strategies in Africa of the 1970's
held in Arusha, Tanzania, September, 1972.
Amucheazi,E.C.(1980). Reading in social
sciences: Issues in national development.
Fourth Enugu Dimension Publishing Co.Ltd.
Baral, (2017) . Globalization and its impacts on
developing nations including Nepal,
Pragyik Prabhaha, Vol, VI.
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Khanal, (2016). Security of small states. Journal
of Political Science Vol XII No.2.
Subedi, P. (2010). The challenges to the national
security Nepal and the role of international
law and foreign policy in emerging security
challenges of Nepal, Edited by Rajan Bhattrai
and Geja Sharma Wagle Kathmandu :Nepal
Institute for Policy Studies(NIPS).
Lasswell, D. (1936), Politics, who gets? What and
when how. NewYork: McGraw- Hill.
Ukwu I. U. (1984). Managing government
bureaucracy. A Public Lecture series No.
1. Anambra State Government of Nigeria,
August, 1984.
gfO{6, Pd -@))(_, ;]so'l/6L ;]S6/ l/kmd{, 8]df]qm];L
P08 b ;f];n sG6«ofS6 M k|md OlDKnl;6 6'
PS;lKnl;6, hg{n ckm ;]So'l/6L ;]S6/ Dofg]hd]06,
& -!_ , @) .
NoflugefO{lgof lds]nL, -@)!!_lb d]gL km];]; ckm
ldln6/L s|fO{l;; Dofg]hd]06, t'Hnf lkmgNof08,
lkmG;]G6 klAns];g l;l/h .
World Bank.(2000). Higher education in
developing countries: Peril and promise.
Washington, D.C: World Bank.
 UNITY
/fi6« lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gf
n]v;f/
nfdf] uf}/jdo Oltxf; ePsf] g]kfnL ;]gf cfd
g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;femf /fli6«o ;]gfsf ?kdf /x]sf]
5 . ;+ljwfg Pjd\ sfg'gk|bQ bfloTjx? lgjf{x ug]{
s|ddf g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff,
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, ljsf;–lgdf{0f, kof{j/0f ;+/If0f,
;Dkbf ;+/If0f, ko{6g k|j4{g, v]ns'b ljsf;,
sNof0fsf/L sfd, ljZj zflGt :yfkgf nufotsf
sfo{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/L / s'zntfk"j{s ;Dkfbg
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf x/]s
kIfx?df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]nL g]kfn ;/sf/n]
lnPsf] æ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÆ eGg] bL3{sfnLg
;f]r ;lxtsf] ljsf;sf nIonfO{ k"/f ug{ k|lta4
eP/ nfu]sf] 5 . /fi6«–lgdf{0fsf ljljw cfofddf
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpgsf
nflu g]kfnL ;]gf cfkm}“ / cGo ;Da4 lgsfox?n]
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] k]zfut bIftf / Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{
lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . o; n]vdf g]kfnL
;]gf, /fi6« lgdf{0fsf ljleGg cfofddf g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
e"ldsf, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfpg] pkfox?sf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
zAbs'~hL M g]kfnL ;]gf, /fi6«–lgdf{0f, /fli6«o lxt,
;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff, ljkb\ .
kl/ro
g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns
cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] /Iffsf nflu
:yfkgf ePsf] ;+u7g g]kfnL ;]gf xf] . g]kfnL ;]gf
g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;'vb'Mvsf] e/f];f xf] . g]kfnsf]
214
JOURNAL
/d]z cof{n
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^& df g]kfnL ;]gf;DaGwL
Joj:yf 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;+3Lo
sfg'gadf]lhd ljsf;–lgdf{0f / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
nufot cGo sfo{df kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg] ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @^&-$_ df pNn]v 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ blIf0f Plzofs} klxnf] ;}lgs
;+:yfsf ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsf kfnfdf lj=;+= !*!( df dsjfgk'/ u9Ldf
dL/sfl;dsf] kmf}h;“u n8L vf]l;Psf xftxltof/af6
>Lgfy nufotsf % j6f sDkgL :yfkgf eP/
cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ;]gfsf] z'?jft ePsf] xf] -a}B,
dfgGw/ / a:Goft, @)^%, k[= #%@_ .
;femf efiff, ;+:s[lt, Oltxf; tyf wd{ ePsf
JolQmx?sf] ;d'x /fi6« xf] . /fi6«sf] ;'/Iff ug]{,
/fli6«otfsf] efjgf alnof] agfpg], b]zsf] ;du|
ljsf; sfo{ ug]{ nufot /fli6«o lxtsf] k|a4{g ub}{
b]znfO{ ;d'Ggt / ;d[4 agfpg] sfo{ /fi6« lgdf{0f
xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # cg';f/ ax'hftLo,
ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f“:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm,
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff /
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf,
/fli6«o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg\ /xL Pstfsf]
;'qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf ;dli6df /fi6« xf] .
g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf,
/fli6«otf, :jfwLgtf, :jfledfg, g]kfnLsf] xslxtsf]
/Iff, l;dfgfsf] ;'/Iff, cfly{s ;d'Gglt / ;d[l4nfO{
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -wf/f %_ n] /fli6«o lxtsf cfwf/
e"t ljifosf ?kdf lnPsf] 5 eg] /fi6«lxt k|lts"nsf]
 UNITY
cfr/0f / sfo{ ;+3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd b08gLo x'g]
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
/fi6« lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf
ljZjsf ljleGg /fi6«x?df /fi6«lgdf{0fsf sfo{df
ljleGg tl/sfaf6 /fli6«o ;]gfsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf]
k|z:t pbfx/0fx? kfOG5 -;'Aaf, @)&#, k[=!!^_ .
g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o hLjgsf ljljw If]qx?df
;Dkfbg u/]sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f“:s[lts
?kfGt/0fsf sfo{x? tyf b]zdf cfOk/]sf k|fs[lts
Pj+ dfgj l;lh{t ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf lgjf{x u/]sf]
e"ldsf k|sf/fGTf/df /fi6« lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfn]
k'¥ofPsf of]ubfg x'g\ ->]i7, @)&$, k[=**_ .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / /fli6«o
;'/Iff gLlt, @)&% sf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnL ;]gfn]
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt lhDd]jf/L tyf lgb]{zgx?
Kffngf ub}{ /fi6« lgdf{0fsf x/]s cfofddf cfºgf]
uxg lhDd]jf/L axg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
cg';"rL % df ;+3sf] clwsf/ ;"rLcGtu{t
klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /Iff / ;]gf pNn]v ePaf6
/fi6«lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf]
k'li6 x'G5 . /fi6«lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{
b]xfo cg';f/pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff, k|lt/Iff / Pstf k|j4{g
g]kfnL ;]gf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iffdf
dg, jrg / sd{n] ;dlk{t eP/ nfu]sf]] 5  . of] ;+u7g
ljleGg hfthflt, wd{, efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;Dk|bfoaLr
kf/:kl/s ;b\efj, ;lxi0f'tf / P]Soa4tf sfod ub}{
/fli6«o Pstf k|j4{g ug{ ;b}j tlNng /x]sf] 5 .
Oltxf;sf] cg]s sfnv08df g]kfnnfO{ Ps :jtGq,
;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg / cljefHo /fHosf ?kdf
:yflkt / ljsl;t ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
215
JOURNAL
æhfOs6s gug"{, lemsLs6s ug"{Æ eGg] /fhf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lbJof]kb]znfO{ zL/f]wfo{ ub}{
s;}dfly cfs|d0f gug]{ t/ cfkm"dfly s;}n] cfs|d0f
u/]df cfOnfUg] lj?4 slxNo} kl5 gx6\g] gLlt lnP/
g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljb]zL ;]gfnfO{ o'4df k/flht u/]sfn]
cfh xfdL :jtGq b]zsf] gful/s x'g kfPsf 5f}“ .
d''n'sdf cK7]/f] kl/l:ylt cfp“bf g]kfnL ;]gfn] tL
;a} ufx|f];fx|f] sfdx? ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
Gf]kfnL ;]gfn] b]zleq lx+;fTds, ljWj+;fTds tyf
cftÍjfbL sfo{ ePdf lg:t]h kfg]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 .
o;n] cfjZostfcg';f/ dxŒjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn
:yfg tyf ljlzi7 JolQmnfO{ ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]sf]
5 eg] ljleGg ;dodf ;DkGg ePsf lgjf{rgnfO{
;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 . o;n] /fli6«o ;]jf bn ;~rfng u/L
ljBfnox?sf ljleGg txsf 5fq5fqfnfO{ cg'zf;g
/ /fli6«otfsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^& -^_ df g]kfnsf]
;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf jf s'g} efusf]
;'/Iffdf o'4, af≈o cfs|d0f, ;z:q ljb|f]x jf r/d
cfly{s ljz[+vntfsf] sf/0fn] uDeL/ ;+s6 pTkGg
ePdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn
;/sf/, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd /fi6«kltaf6
g]kfnL ;]gf kl/rfngsf] 3f]if0ff x'g] pNn]v ePsfn]
;'/Iff / k|lt/Iffdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] dxŒj 5n{Ë x'G5 .
-v_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
ljZjdf e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf b[li6sf]0fn] !! cf}“ tyf
af9L klx/f]sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 #) cf}“ clt hf]lvd
d'ns' sf ?kdf g]kfn /x]sf] 5 -/fli6« of]hgf cfof]u,
@)&^, k[=#%*_ . ljkb\sf] cTolws hf]lvddf /x]sf]
g]kfndf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{df g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
e"ldsf cu|0fL /x]sf] 5 . ljkb\sf ;dodf kLl8tnfO{
;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug],{ p4f/ ug],{ /fxt
;fdu|L ljt/0f ug],{ ljkb\af6 ePsf] IfltnfO{ km}lng
 UNITY
glbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ nufotsf sfddf g]kfnL
;]gfn] km:6 /]:kf]08/sf ?kdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
lj=;+= !((), @)$% / @)&@ sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf
;dodf xf];\ jf t/fO{df cfPsf] af9L]sf] ;dodf
xf]:f\ jf l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] h'/]df uPsf] klx/f]df xf];\,
x/]s ljkb\df g]kfnL ;]gfn] zL3| p4f/ Pjd\ /fxt
ljt/0fdf u/]sf] sfdsf] k|z+;f / ;x|fgf :jb]z tyf
ljb]z ;a}lt/af6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljkb\sf ;dodf
t'?Gt} v6\g] Pjd\ ;xof]u ug]{ eg]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf g}
xf] eGg] 5fk hgdfg;df k/]sf] 5 .
ljkb\u|:t If]qsf] ;du| kIfdf ljsf; u/L
d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg] / ljsf;nfO{ sDtLdf klg
k"j{jt\ cj:yfdf Nofpg Ifltu|:t ef}lts ;+/rgf
nufotsf k"jf{wf/sf] k'glg{df{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfn]
uxg lhDd]jf/L axg u/]sf] 5 . @)&% r}qdf af/f
/ k;f{df cfPsf] xfjfx'/L ;lxtsf] rqmjft -6f]gf{8f]_
af6 k|efljt Onfsfdf tTsfn kl/rflnt eO{
vf]h, p4f/ / /fxt ljt/0fdf g]kfnL ;]gf vl6Psf]
lyof] / cfxt ag]sfnfO{ /fxt lbPsf] lyof] . rf/
dlxgfsf] cjlwdf jftfj/0fd}qL / k|fs[lts k|sf]k
k|lt/f]wL *^( 3/x? lgdf{0f -g]kfnL ;]gf, @)&^
efb|_ u/]/ kLl8tnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug'{ rfgr'g] s'/f
xf]Og . o;af6 s] cjut x'G5 eg] ;]gfn] h:tf];'s}
kl/l:yltdf klg lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;S5 .
-u_ ljsf;–lgdf{0f
g]kfnL ;]gfn] b]zsf ljleGg e"–efudf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfdx? ub}{ cfPsf] 5  . PsLs/0fsf
;dodf kmf}h tyf aGbf]j:tLsf ;fdfg cf];f/kf];f/
ug{sf nflu uf]/]6f], 3f]8]6f] af6f] lgdf{0f u/]sf]
lyof]  . g]kfnL ;]gfn] xfn;Dd b]zsf ljleGg efudf
#) ;8s cfof]hgf ;DkGg u/L !@&@ lsdL ;8s
/ #@ a]nLlj|h lgdf{0f ul/;s]sf] 5 eg], dxŒjk"0f{
$ ;8s cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0ffwLg 5g\ -g]kfnL ;]gf,
@)&^ ebf}, k[=@!_ .
216
JOURNAL
b'u{d lhNnfsf ;b/d'sfdnfO{ /fli6«o ;8s
;~hfn;“u hf]8\g] ;+oGq g]kfnL ;]gf ePsf] 5 .
k|lts"n kl/l:yltdf ;d]t g]kfnL ;]gfn] /;'jf,
cf]vn9'Ëf, ?s'd, sflnsf]6, h'Dnf, hfh/sf]6,
d':tfª, dgfª, d'u' / 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf ;b/d'sfdnfO{
/fli6«o ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8]sf] 5 . clxn] x'Dnfsf]
;b/d'sfdnfO{ ;8s ;~hfndf hf]8\gsf nflu
hf]8tf]8n] sfd ul//x]sf]] 5 . /fli6«o uf}/jsf]
cfof]hgfsf ?kdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}+–t/fO{÷dw]z
b|'tdfu{ rf/ jif{df lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug]{ u/L ;/sf/n]
g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lhDdf lbPsf] 5 . /0fgLlts dxŒj
af]s]sf] t/ nfdf] ;dob]lv lgdf{0f x'g g;s]sf] of]
cfof]hgf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lhDdfdf cfPkl5 sfdn]
ult lnPsf] 5 . of] cfof]hgfnfO{ ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf]
cfly{s ;d[l4sf] nfOkmnfOgsf ?kdf lnPsf] 5 .
-3_ kof{j/0f / k|s[lt ;+/If0f
g]kfndf xfn /x]sf !@ j6f /fli6«o lgs'~h,
! jGohGt' cf/If / ! lzsf/ cf/Ifsf] ;'/Iff
lhDd]jf/L g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . o:tf ;+/If0f
If]qx?sf] /]vb]vaf6 jg, jGohGt' tyf h}ljs
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / lbuf] pkof]udf d2t
eO{ jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf]
5 . /fi6«klt r'/] t/fO dw]; ;+/If0fdf ;xefuL
eP/ tyf cfºg} kxndf …Ps l;kfxL Ps kmnkm"nsf]
lj?jfÚ cleofg, ;kmf lxdfn cleofg, uf] u|Lg
sfo{s|d / Knfl:6s lk|m hf]g cleofg ;~rfng
u/]/ g]kfnL ;]gfn] :jR5, ;kmf / xl/ofnL k|j4{gdf
;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
-ª_ ko{6g / ;+:s[lt k|j4{g
g]kfnL ;]gfn] u9L, sf]t, lsNnf nufotsf P]ltxfl;s
dxŒjsf :yn, ;f“:s[lts w/f]x/, ljleGg k'/ftflTjs
;+ux| fnosf] ;+/If0f u/]/ tyf ;}lgs ;+ux| fno
;~rfng u/]/ snf–;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbPsf]
5 . g]kfn e|d0f jif{ @)@) nfO{ ;kmn / eJotfsf
 UNITY
;fy ;DkGg ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ax'/fli6«o ;+oQ ' m
;}lgs ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f, h+un ;kmf/L, dfp06]g
6«l] sË, lnulnu] bf}8, kf/fUnfl8Ë, PsLs/0f kbofqf,
g]kfn Dof/fyg, lk;lsk;{ ;]ldgf/ nufotsf
sfo{sd | cfof]hgf u/]/ e|d0f jif{sf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{
;xof]u ug]{ u/L sfo{sd | to u/]sf] 5 -g]kfnL ;]gf,
@)&^ ebf}, k[= #$_ .
-r_ ljZjzflGt :yfkgf
;g\ !(%* df ;j{k|yd ko{j]Ifs v6fP/
ljZjzflGtsf] ofqf z'? u/]sf] g]kfnL ;]gf ljZjsf
;d:ofu|:t / åGåu|:t d'n'sdf zflGt ;]gfsf ?kdf
;xefuL x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf
ug]{ s|ddf !,@(,*() g]kfnL ;}lgs ;xefuL ePsf
5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ a9L ;]gf pknAw u/fpg]
/fi6«sf] ;"rLdf g]kfn kf“rf}“ :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . xfn
g]kfnL ;]gfsf %)(% ;}lgsn] !@ j6f ld;gdf
;xeflutf hgfO/x]sf 5 (Nepali Army, 2020
January 14) .
:jb]zdf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{df dfq geO{ ljb]zdf
dWok"j{sf] uf]ng xfO6\;, clk|msfsf] ;xf/f d?e"ld
/ cd]l/sL dxfåLksf] xfO6L;Dd ;}lgs kmf}hx?n]
cfºgf] JolQmut ;'lj:tfsf] s'g} klg kjf{x gu/L
k|f0fsf] afhL /fv]/ cxf]/fq vl6O{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
k|lti7fnfO{ pRr /flv/x]sf 5g\ -g]kfnL ;]gf, @)&^,
k[=v_ . ljZjzflGt :yfkgfdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] lgjf{x
u/]sf] e"ldsfn] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] OHht Pjd\
5ljdf clej[l4 ePsf] 5 .
-5_ sNof0fsf/L sfo{
g]kfnL ;]gfn] æax'hg lxtfo, ax'hg ;'vfoÆ cfbz{
jfSo ePsf] sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/]/
:jf:Yo, lzIff, cfly{s /fxt, cfjf;, ljdf, 5fqj[lQ
h:tf sNof0fsf/L sfo{x? ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . o;sf] kmn:j?k ljBfno, d]l8sn sn]h Pjd\
217
JOURNAL
c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngaf6 b]zsf] lzIff /
:jf:Yo If]qsf] ljsf;df of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnL
;]gfn] :jf:Yo lzlj/, ;k{b+z pkrf/, /Qmbfg, xjfO{
p4f/, >dbfg nufotsf sfo{ ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
-h_ cfocfh{g Pjd\ gful/s ;DaGw lj:tf/
g]kfnL ;]gfn] cfk"mn] k|of]udf Nofpg] ;fdu|Lsf]
pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/tf a9fp“b} uP/ cy{tGq
k|j4{gdf ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;n] axfnjfnf tyf
cjsfzk|fKt / cfl>t kl/jf/nfO{ ljleGg ;Lkd"ns
tflnd lbP/ cfo cfh{g dfkm{t\ hLjg ;xh
agfpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . To:t} g]kfnL ;]gfn]
gful/sx?;“usf] ;DaGwnfO{ k|uf9 agfpg ;}lgs
/]l8of] sfo{qmd, 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd, gful/s ;]gf
cGtlq{mof nufotsf sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
-em_ s"6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/
g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljb]zL /fi6«sf ;]gf;“u ;}lgs ;DaGw
ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L ;}lgs s"6gLlt dfkm{t\
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lxt k|a4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
s"6gLlts ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ s|ddf g]kfnL ;]gfn]
lj|l6zsf] ;dodf ef/tdf ePsf] l;kfxL ljb|f]x,
k|yd ljZj o'4 / x}b/fjfbdf ePsf] ljb|f]x lgoGq0f
ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] eg] ;g\ !(&$ df
g]kfnL e"–efuaf6 ltAatL vDkfx?n] rLg lj?4
u/]sf] sf/jfxLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;kmntf xfl;n
u/]sf] lyof] ->]i7, @)^%, k[=%_ .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] s"6gLlts lj:tf/n] l5d]sL b]z;“usf]
bf}To ;DaGwnfO{ k|uf9 agfpg d2t k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jL/tf / OdfGbf/Ln] ubf{ ljZjdf
jL/ uf]vf{nL ;]gfsf ?kdf g]kfnL ;]gf kl/lrt 5 .
clxn] klg ef/t, a]nfot nufotsf b]zdf g]kfnL
o'jfnfO{ ;]gfdf egf{ ug]{ / clt ljlzi7 JolQmsf]
;'/Iffdf v6fpg'sf] sf/0f g]kfnL ;]gfsf] axfb'/L /
OdfGbf/Ln] ubf{ xf] .
 UNITY
-`_ v]ns'b ljsf;
g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf
;xeflutf hgfP/ Pjd\ cfkm}“n] klg v]ns'b
k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng u/]/ v]ns'bsf] ljsf;df
dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . xfn} ;DkGg !# cf}“
blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnn] %!
:j0f{, ^) /ht / (% sf:o u/L s'n @)^ kbs
k|fKt u/L ;du|df bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] lyof] .
o;dWo] g]kfnL ;]gf;“u cfj4 v]nf8Ln] @# :j0f{,
#! /ht / $( sf:o u/L !)# kbs k|fKt u/]sf
lyP -g]kfnL ;]gf, @)&^ k'if, k[=#_ . cf7f}“ /fli6«o
v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] !$) :j0f{,
&( /ht / ^& sf“:o kbs ;lxt s'n @*^ kbs
lht]/ /fli6«o RoflDkog ag]sf] lyof] -g]kfnL ;]gf,
@)&^ ebf}, k[=@^_ . o;/L g]kfnL ;]gfn] v]ns'bsf]
ljsf;df 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
-6_ ;dfj]zL ljsf;
pQ/df lxdfnb]lv blIf0fdf t/fO{ / k"j{df d]rLb]lv
klZrddf dxfsfnL;Ddsf ;a} hft–hflt, efiff–
efifL, Ifq, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] ;femf rf}tf/Lsf ?kdf
/x]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;dfj]lztfsf] pbfx/0fsf ?kdf
lnOG5 . o;n] b]zsf] ax'ljljwtfnfO{ k|ltlalDjt
ub}{ km"njf/Lsf ;a} /ËLlj/ËL km"nx?nfO{ d"nwf/df
Nofpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} v;,
du/, u'?ª\, 7s'/L nufotsf ;a} hfthfltnfO{ egf{
ub}{ cfPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] dlxnfnfO{ lj=;+= @)!*
b]lv egf{ u/]sf]df lj=;++= @)^# kl5 dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL tyf lk5l8Psf If]qsf
gful/snfO{ cf/If0f dfkm{t\ egf{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gfsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg]
pkfo
cGt/f{li6«o, If]qLo tyf cfGtl/s r'gf}tLsf :j?kx?
kl/jt{g x'“b} gof“ ;'/Iff–cjwf/0ffsf cfofdx?
218
JOURNAL
ljsf; x'“b} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ;]gfn] /fli6«o
;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] /fhg}lts, cfly{s,
;fdflhs, s"6g}lts, ;"rgf–k|ljlw / kof{j/0fLo
ljifox?sf ;an / b'j{n kIfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L
pko'Qm sbd rfNg'k5{ . k|wfg;]gfklt sdf08
dfu{lgb]{zg -@)&%_ df pNn]v eP h:t} cl:y/,
clglZrt, c:ki6 / t/n ;'/Iff jftfj/0fdf
/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] kx/]bf/ ;+:yfsf ?kdf g]kfnL
;]gfn] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLnfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf af“Wg
;Sg] cfºgf] P]ltxfl;s rl/q sfod /fVg'kb{5 .
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL, ;bfrf/o'Qm /
k|ljlwd}qL agfpg'k5{ .
;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ /fhgLlts k|efjaf6 6f9f
/fVb} ;dofg's"n bIf, ;an, ;'b[9, Jofj;flos,
glthfd'vL, ;dfj]zL, cfw'lgs, ;"rgf–
k|ljlwd}qL / ;|f]t–;fwg ;DkGg agfpg'k5{ . ;+3Lo
;+/rgfcg';f/ tLg} txsf ;/sf/, g]kfnL ;]gf /
cGo ;'/Iff lgsfo aLr plrt ;dGjo sfod u/L
;'/Iff k|0ffnLnfO{ dha't agfpg'k5{  . kmf}hsf nflu
cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f, ;}Go ;fdu|Lsf]
pTkfbg ug]{ sf/vfgfsf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/df hf]8
lbg'k5{ .
afx\o cfs|d0fsf] cj:yfdf k|lt/IffTds o'4 n8\g
;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf] ;}lgs ;+u7gsf] lgdf{0f / cfw'lgs
xftxltof/sf] k|aGw ug'{k5{ . ;dfhsf of]Uo /
;Ifd JolQmnfO{ g]kfnL ;]gfdf egf{ u/L ;+u7gnfO{
cem k|lt:kwL{ / ;Ifd agfpgk5{ . j[lQ ljsf;sf
ljljw kIfdf Wofg lbO{ dgf]ano'Qm hgzlQmnfO{
l6sfO/fVg'k5{ . k"j{ ;}lgs /fi6«;]jsx?df /x]sf]
1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejnfO{ /fi6«sf] lxtdf ;d'lrt
pkof]u ug'{k5{ . O06]lnh]G; ;+oGqsf] lj:tf/ Pjd\
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{k5{{ .
;}lgs u'6;“usf] cEof;df afx]s g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo cGt/f{li6«o ;}lgs cEof;df
 UNITY
;xefuL u/fO{ Ifdtfjfg\ agfpg'sf ;fy} ;}lgs
s"6gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg'k5{  . d'n'ssf]
afx\o ;'/Iff ;/f]sf/sf ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L
k|lt/Iff gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'k5{ .
/fli6«o ;'/Iff Pjd\ k|lt/Iff;DaGwL ljifodf cWoog–
cg';Gwfg ug{ …/fli6«o k|lt/Iff ljZjljBfnoÚsf]
:yfkgf u/L ;~rfngdf Nofpg'k5{ .
lgisif{
/fi6«sf] k|d'v ;'/Iff c+u g]kfnL ;]gf b]znfO{ Pstfsf]
;"qdf af“Wg] k|d'v ;+oGq xf]  . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fb]lv
cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f;Ddsf] ofqfdf b]z /
hgtfnfO{ dg / dl:tisdf /fv]/ b]zsf] /Iffy{
v6]sf] g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;'/Iff, ljsf; lgdf{0f, ljkb\
Joj:yfkg nufot /fi6« lgdf{0fsf ;a} cfofddf
;zQm e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . ctM /fi6«–lgdf{0fsf] uxg
lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ cem ;an, ;'b[9,
k]zfut ?kdf ;Ifd / pQ/bfoL agfpg /fhgLlts
bafa / k|efjaf6 tyf ;|f]t;fwgsf] cefjaf6 d'Qm
u/fO{ ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgcg'?k kl/rfng ug{ ;Da4
kIf P]Soa4, k|lta4 / sl6a4 x'g'k5{ . g]kfnL ;]gf
klg ljutb]lvsf] pRr 5lj / Jofj;flos rl/qnfO{
sfod /fVb} ;b}j /fi6« / hgtfsf] lxtdf ;dlk{t
/xg'k5{ .
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;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
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g]kfnL ;]gf -@)&%_, k|wfg;]gfklt sdf08 dfu{lgb]{zg,
sf7df8f}+ M h+uL c8\8f .
a}B, t'n;L/fd, dfgGw/, ljgo s'df/ / a:Goft, k|]dl;+x
-@)^%_, g]kfnsf] ;}lgs Oltxf; -efu @_, sf7df8f}+
M h+uL c8\8f .
/Iff dGqfno -@)&%_, /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt sf7df8f}+ M
/Iff dGqfno .
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sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u .
>]i7, hLjgf/fo0f -@)&$_, /fi6«lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
e"ldsf l;kfxL jflif{s, %) -%!_, k[=*&–*(
>]i7, Affa''/fd -@)^%_, g]kfnL ;]gf M ;+lIfKt lrgf/L
sf7df8f}+ M h+uL c8\8f .
;'Aaf, lbnljqmd -@)&#_, /fi6«lgdf{0fdf g]kfnL ;]gf M
of]ubfg tyf ;Defjgfx?, l;kfxL jflif{s, $( -%)_,
k[= !!^–!@&
Nepali Army (nd), The Nepali army in UN peace
support operations, Retrived from https :
//www.nepalarmy.mil.np/page/na_in_un on
January 14, 2020
 UNITY
g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf
n]v;f/
æg]kfnL xfdL /xf}“nf, sxf“ g]kfn} g/x], prfO xfd|f]
r'lnG5, sxf“ lxdfn} g/x]Æ /fi6«slj dfwj l3ld/]sf]
dd{:kzL{ /fi6«efjo'Qm uLtn] /fi6« /fHo, /fli6«otf,
/fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tf b]z / hgtfsf]
/fli6«o cl:tTj;“u uf“l;Psf] ;To k|:6 u/]sf] 5 .
oL ;a}sf] 5'§f5'§} cy{ / kl/efiff eP klg oL
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csf]{nfO{ ;jn / Pp6fdflysf] cfktn] ;a}nfO{
k|efljt agfO/x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6«/fHosf] lgdf{0f tyf
/fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf]
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o;sf/0f n]vnfO{ /fi6« /fHo, /fli6«otf, /fli6«o
Pstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, tyf logsf] dxŒj, jfwf
/ k|a4{gsf] cfwf/df ;+ul7t ul/Psf] 5 .
zAbs'~hLM /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf, cv08tf,
;fj{ef}d;Qf, ;dfj]zL .
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x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] /fi6« / /fHosf] kl/efiff
u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs kl/efiffcg';f/ æg]kfn Ps
:jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If,
;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] . æax'hftLo,
ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f“:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff /
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o :jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf,
/fli6«o xLt tyf ;Dj[l4k|lt cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf]
220
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/ gful/s /fHozlQmsf ;|f]t x'g\ . -uf]vn], @))&,
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/fli6«otf, cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf / hg;'/Iffsf
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a;f]jf; ug]{ JolQm tyf ;d"xsf] /fi6«k|ltsf] ;dfg
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efjgf, dgf]a}1flgs b[li6sf]0f, /fi6«nfO{ dfof ug]{,
/fi6«k|lt ;dlk{t x'g] cf:yf / ljZjf; /fli6«otf
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;lsG5 .
dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($*
sf] bkmf !% n] æx/]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otf;+aGwL
xs x'g]5 / s;}nfO{ klg /fli6«otfaf6 al~rt
 UNITY
ug{ kfOg]5}g .Æ-;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, ;g\ !($*_ egL
/fli6«otfsf] ljZjJofkL ;+/If0f / k|rng u/fPsf]
5 . /fli6«otf gful/ssf] xs xf] eg] /fli6«otf
lbg] clwsf/ /fHosf] xf] . /fli6«otf hGd:yfgsf
cfwf/df lgdf{0f x'G5 . /fHon] hGd]sf] jf c+uLs[t
gful/s ePsf] sf/0faf6 cfºgf gful/ssf nflu
sfg'gcg'?k gful/stf hf/L ub{5 . gful/stf
JolQmsf] /fli6«otf;lxtsf] kl/rokq xf], h;n]
JolQmsf] /fHo;“usf] gftf pb\3f6g ub{5 .
cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnon] /fli6«otfnfO{ /fhgLlt /
sfg'gL ?kdf JolQm / /fHonfO{ cfk;df hf]8\g]
s8Lsf ?kdf JofVof u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«otfn]
gful/snfO{ /fHosf] ;b:osf] ?kdf cGt/f{li6«o
d~rdf kl/ro u/fp“5 eg] gful/stfn] cfGtl/s
?kdf JolQmsf] /fhgLlts clwsf/, ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f
tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ xs l;h{gf ub{5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfºgf gful/snfO{ j+zhsf
cfwf/df, g]kfndf a;f]jf; u/]sf ljb]zLx?nfO{
sfg'gL ;t{ k"/f u/]sf cfwf/df / u}/cfjf;Lo
g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f“:s[lts clwsf/
pkof]u ug{ kfpg] u/L /fli6«otf;lxt gful/stf
lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . gful/stf /fli6«otfsf]
k|df0f xf] . t/ /fli6«otf gful/stfdf dfq ;Lldt
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/fli6«o Pstf /fli6«o zlQmk'~h xf] . /fi6«/fHo
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ljz]iftf xf] . /fli6«o Pstf b]z / hgtfsf] klxrfg
alnof] agfpg] tTj dfq geP/ zflGt / ljsf;sf]
cfwf/ klg xf] . g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf] sf]dntf,
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jL/tf / ;xgzLntfn] /fli6«o PstfnfO{ dhj't
agfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o Pstfn] gful/snfO{ /fli6«o
ljsf;df ;“u} sfd ug]{, ;“u} ljsf;sf] :jfb lng]
/ /fi6«dfly cfOnfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vt/f / r'gf}tL lj?4
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/fli6«o lrGx, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;/sf/L sfdsfh /
;Dks{ ug]{ g]kfnL efiff, t6:y ;/sf/, ;dfj]zL Pj+
ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnL, ef}uf]lns ?kdf ;Gt'lnt
ljsf;, gful/s :jtGqtf / JolQmut ;Dkltsf]
;'lglZrttf, ljljwtfdf Pstf, ;f“:s[lts ax'njfb
l;4fGtsf] cjnDag, ;f“:s[lts ;Dkbf efiff;flxTo,
njfOvjfOsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;, rf8kj{x?df ;dfg
;xeflutf, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / Gofo, k|fs[lts
;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u, /fhgLlts bn, lghfdtL
;]jf, g]kfnL ;]gf, Psn d'b|f, ef}uf]lns sg]lS6le6L,
cfGtl/s Pj+ af≈o ko{6g, /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o v]n
k|ltof]lutfx?, ljZje/sf u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx?sf]
;+:s[lt df]x, ldq tyf l5d]sL /fi6«x?;“usf] xflb{s
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;+:yfx? sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, k|];,
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xflb{s ;DaGw /fli6«o PstfnfO{ bl/nf] agfpg]
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ef}uf]lns cv08tf
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x'G5  . b]zsf] e"uf]n cv08 x'G5  . /fi6«sf]
ef}uf]lns ;Ldf / /fi6«sf] ;Dk"0f{ /fHoIf]qsf]
cljlR5Gg c6'6kgf cyjf l;Ëf]kgfnfO{ cv08tf
elgG5 . -sf]O/fnf, @)&%, k[=@**_ hn jf gbL
jf /fhgLlts sf/0fn] hldg 6'lqmPsf] eP klg
/fhgLltzf:qdf Tof] cv08tfsf] kl/efiffleq
kb{5 . /fli6«otf ef}uf]lns cv08tf / /fli6«o
 UNITY
Pstfsf] k|tLs xf] . ef}uf]lns cv08tf Pstfsf]
cfwf/ xf] . /fli6«o Pstf cv08tfsf] zlQm xf] eg]
cv08tfsf] cljlR5Ggtfn] /fli6«o PstfnfO{ k|a4{g
/ /fli6«otfnfO{ lj:tf/ ub{5 .
/fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] dxŒj
P]ltxfl;s sfndf g]kfn 6'qmf6'qmf ePsfn] e'/]6fs'/]
ljleGg /fHosf gfddf sflGtk'/], kj{t], lt?x't] h:tf]
u/L /fli6«otf ljeflht lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]
g]kfn PsLs/0f u/]kl5 dfq g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf
/fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf ;+ul7t, ;d[4 / lj:tfl/t
ePsf] xf] . /fhtGq sfnsf] Psn /fli6«otfsf] 7fp“
clxn] ax'/fli6«otfn] lnPsf] 5 . sfg'gtM g]kfnsf
gfddf hf/L g]kfnL /fli6«otf clxn] ljZje/ kl/lrt
5 .
/fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf cv08tf / gful/ssf]
clwsf/ st{JoaLr /x]sf]] cGof]Gofl>t, kl/k"/s
/ kl/kf]ifs ;DaGwn]] b]z / hgtfnfO{ cfWoflTds
?kdf ;jn / ;Ddflgt agfO/x]sf] x'G5  . /fli6«otfn]
/fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ub{5, Pstfn] ef}uf]lns
cv08tf ;+/If0f u5{ eg], cv08tfn] /fli6«otfnfO{
alnof] kfb{5 . /fli6«otf /fli6«o kl/ro xf] . o;n]
JolQm ;d'bfonfO{ csf]{ JolQm ;d'bfoeGbf km/s
b]vfp“5 . gful/snfO{ /fi6« lgdf{0fdf ;dlk{t
u/fpg] tTj /fli6«otf xf] . /fli6«otfn] JolQm /
/fHoaLrsf] 3lgi6 ;DaGw, /fi6«jfbL efjgf, cfk;L
ldqtf clej[l4 ub{5 .
/fli6«o Pstf ljsf;sf] d]?b08 xf]  . o;n]]
zflGt;'/Iff, ;fdflhs ;f“:s[lts Gofo, cfk;L
;xof]u, ;b\efj, ;fdflhs l:y/tf / /fli6«o
ljsf;nfO{ pTk]|l/t ub{5 . o;n] cfGtl/s / af≈o
?kdf b]zdf zflGt / ;'/Iff k|bfg ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs
Pj+ k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u,
;f“:s[lts k/Dk/f / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt
ub{5 . ;fdflhs s'/Llt, e]befj / c;'/Iffsf]
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k|ltsf/ ug{ hgtfaLr Pstf rflxG5 . hgPstfn]
cfTdljZjf; a9fp“5 . ljljwtfo'Qm ;dfhnfO{
hf]8\5 / /fi6«/fHo lgdf{0f Jojl:yt ub{5 . b]zdf
cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;dfg / Gofok"0f{ ?kn]
ljt/0f u/L ul/jL Go"gLs/0f / hg;Gt'li6 j[l4 ub}{
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/fHozlQm ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L b]z / hgtfsf] /fli6«o
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v08–v08 x'gk'U5 . /fli6«o Pstfn] /fi6«nfO{
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/fli6«o Pstf 6'lqmg ;S5 . /fli6«otfdf ljrng
cfof] eg] /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf hf]lvddf kg{
;S5 . dfwj l3ld/]sf] æKffl/G5 ;Qf ha v08
v08, /xG5 s] /fi6« Toxf“ cv08 < y'ltG5 kQf
ha vft vft, l;l4G5 zf]ef clg km"naf6Æ -l3ld/],
@)&#, k[=@(_ eGg] cleJolQmn] /fli6«otf, Pstf /
cv08tfsf] dxŒjdfly k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 .
/fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf jfwsx¿
/fhgLlts hLjgsf] piffsfndf Pp6} hft, efiff,
k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt ePsf dflg;x?sf] Pp6f 5'§}
/fHo x'GYof]  . ljZjJofkLs/0f, ;"rgf;~rf/ k|ljlwsf]
ljsf; / k|of]u, cGt/hflt ljjfx, oftfoft ljsf;
/ gful/sdf b]lvPsf] ultzLntf, /fHox¿sf] v's'nf]
cWofudg gLlt tyf ;'ud cfjthfjtn] ldl>t
;dfh, ldl>t efiff / ldl>t ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;
u/]sf] 5, ;f“:s[lts ;ªsL{0ftf w'ldn ePsf]5 /
/fi6«/fHosf] b[li6sf]0fdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfPsf]5 .
oBlk g]kfn h:tf] ef}uf]lns, hftLo, ;f“:s[lts,
eflifs, wfld{s ljljwtfo'Qm b]zdf cv08tf
/fli6«otf / /fli6«o Pstf dhj't /fVg ;lhnf] 5}g .
cv08tf, /fli6«otf, / /fli6«o Pstfdfly cfGtl/s
Pj+ af≈o sf/0fn] r'gf}tL l;h{gf x'g] ub{5 . g]kfnL
o'jfx? lzIff tyf /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] /
 UNITY
:jb]z gkms{g] k|j[lt tyf u}/g]kfnLnfO{ gful/stf
lbg] ljifodf eO/x]sf] cTolws /fhgLlts/0f,
/fli6«otf cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu 8/nfUbf]
r'gf}tL aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
ul/aL, c;dfgtf / ;fdflhs e]befj, lg/If/tf,
cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ljz[ª\vntf, hfToGw, hftLo
åGå, ;fDk|bflostf, If]qLotf, eflifs cltnufj,
clt ;f“:s[ltsjfb, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljgf;,
Pp6f efiff ;+:s[lt / e]ifnfO{ dxŒj lbg]
/fHogLlt, c;dfj]zL /fhgLlts zf;g k|0ffnL,
dflkmofsf] rnv]n, ck/fw, c/fhstf, gful/s
ljb|f]x tyf ljv08gsf/Låf/f rnfOg] ljv08g
pGd'v lqmofsnfk /fli6«otf, cv08tf / Pstfsf
cfGtl/s tyf ljb]zL cfqmd0f, ;Ldf ljjfb, a}b]lzs
;xof]udflysf] cTolws lge{/tf, /fhgLlts cfly{s
If]qdf aflx/L x:tIf]k tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g af≈o
r'gf}tLx? x'g\ . -sf]O/fnf, @)&%, k[=@(!_
/fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|a4{g
/fli6«otf cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf k|a4{g ug'{
/fHo / gful/s b'j}sf] st{Jo xf] . ;f]sf nflu
/fHosf] gLlt / gful/ssf] cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/
dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . b]zsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;, /fhgLlts
:jtGqtf, ;fdflhs ;b\efj, cfly{s ;Dj[l4 /
;'dw'/ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwn] dfq /fli6«otf, Pstf /
cv08tfsf] lbuf] k|Tofe"lt lgwf{/0f ub{5 .
;+ljwfgnfO{ /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns
cv08tf k|a4{g / ;Daw{g ug]{ k|d'v sf/s
dflgG5 . ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf]  . ;+ljwfgdf
/x]sf] gful/ssf nflu ;dfg gful/stf lbg]
Joj:yf, ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf, df}lns xs, st{Jo
tyf xssf] k|rngsf nflu pkrf/sf] Joj:yfn]
/fli6«otfnfO{ dhj't u/]sf] 5  . /fli6«o Pstf lj?4sf
lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ k|f/lDes txdf g} Joj:yfkg
ug{ gful/ssf] df}lns xsdf aGb]h nufpg ;Sg]
223
JOURNAL
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . ;dfhsf ljljwtf,
c;dfgtf / e]befjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;+ljwfgsf]
k|:tfjgf, /fHosf] bfloTj lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf
gLltx¿df ljz]if Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 .
;+ljwfgn] /fi6«kltnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o Pstf k|j4{g
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 eg], /fli6«o em08f, /fli6«o
ufg, /fli6«o lrGx, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;Dks{ efiffsf]
Joj:yf klg u/]sf]5 . /fHosf nflu ;+s6sfnLg
clwsf/sf] Joj:yf tyf cv08tfdf k|lts"n
c;/ kg]{ u/L s'g} ;Demf}tf ug{ gkfOg] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfn] /fli6«o cv08tfnfO{ ce]B agfPsf] 5 .
;+ljwfgn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f“:s[lts ljsf;sf
nflu :jlg0f{o / :jzf;g;lxtsf] ;xsfl/tfd"ns
;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL
Joj:yf, lghfdtL ;]jf tyf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Joj:yf
klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf, ;+/If0f
/ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog eO/x“bf;Dd g]kfnsf]
/fli6«otf, cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9, lj:tfl/t
/ ;Ddflgt x“'b} hfg]5 .
b]zsf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] zLif{ p2]Zo b]zdf zflGt
cdgrog sfod /fVg', hgsNof0f ;'lglZrt ug'{
tyf ljZjd~rdf /fi6«nfO{ kl/lrt u/fpg' xf] .
ljut Oltxf;sf] ;+/If0f, jt{dfgsf] ;'Joj:yf
/ ;'/Iff tyf eljiosf] ;'gf}nf] cfzfn] hgtfdf
zf;g k|0ffnLdfly ljZjf; k}bf ub{5 . k|hftflGqs,
ljlw;+ut, ;dfj]zL, ;xeflutfd"ns, / pQ/bfoL
zf;g k|0ffnLk|lt hgtfsf] cf:yf / ljZjf; /x];Dd
/fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfdfly s'g} cf“r
cfpg ;Sb}g .
dfgj hLjgdf ;f/e"t / cfwf/e"t ?kdf ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g x'g' ljsf; xf] . cfly{s ljsf;n] ljsf;sf]
k|hftfGqLs/0f, dfgj ;+;fwgsf ljsf; / /f]huf/Lsf]
l;h{gf, wgsf] ;dfg ljt/0f, gful/ssf nflu
cj;/df ;dfg kx'“r, ;fdflhs Gofo, ;Gt'lnt
 UNITY
ljsf; / jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 .
/fhgLlts ?kdf ljsf;nfO{ :jtGqtf / /fhgLlts
cy{zf:qsf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . lgjf{rgdf
g]tfsf] 5gf}6b]lv cfjZostf / ?lrcg'?k
j:t';]jfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ /fgLlts cy{zf:q
/ :jtGqtfn] ;d]6\5 . -6'8f/f], !((&_ ;fdflhs
ljsf;n] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfnfO{ ;d]6\5 eg],
;f“:s[lts ljsf;n] ef}lts Pj+ dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{
lbuf] agfp“5 . b]zsf] /fli6«o ljsf;n] hgtfsf
ljrf/, rfxgf / efjgfx¿sf] ;Ddfg tyf :jtGqtf
/ ;Gt'li6 clej[l4 ul//x“bf;Dd /fli6«otf cv08tf
/ /fli6«o Pstfdfly slxNo} cf“r cfpb}g  .
efiff–;+:s[lt /fli6«o klxrfg xf]  . ljleGg wd{;+:s[lt,
hflt, ;d'bfo, pTklt, efiffefifLx¿aLr ;dfgtf
Pj+ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs
;DaGw tyf ;femf efjgf, d"No, ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;n]
;fdflhs ;F“:s[lts ;b\efj clej[l4 u5{ . /fHon]
b]zdf /x]sf efiff;flxTo, lnlk, snf;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg
?kdf ljsf; u/L ;f“:s[lts ljljwtf / ;fdflhs
;b\efj k|a4{g ul//x“bf;Dd /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf
/ cv08tf ;'/lIft / ;Ddflgt eO/xG5 .
/fHon] ;+j}wflgs ?kdf hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ /
st{Jo lbPsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] df}lns
xs tyf /fi6«k|lt lgi7fjfg\ x'“b} g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf,
;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{', ;+ljwfg /
sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{', /fHon] rfx]sf] avt clgjfo{
;]jf ug{' / ;fj{hlgs ;Dkltsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f
ug{' k|To]s gful/ssf] st{Jo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
-g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f $*, k[=@!_ st{Josf]
kfngf / gful/s xs clwsf/sf] ;'/lIft ?kdf
k|rng ug]{ jftfj/0f eO/x“bf;Dd zflGtJoj:yf,
/fli6«otf, cv08tf, / /fli6«o Pstf ;b}j ;'/lIft
/ ;jn eO/xG5 .
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gful/sdf If]qLo efjgfsf] ljsf; ;d[l4 / bl/b|tf
b'a}n] Nofpg] ub{5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] k|b]z / :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] ;xof]u / ;xsfo{df If]qLotfsf] efjgf
ljsf; gx'g] u/L ;a} ef}uf]lns If]q, hfthflt,
efiff;+:s[lt / dfgj ;+zf]wgsf] ;dfg ljsf;,
/fHo;+oGqdf hgtfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf tyf
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'“r ;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 .
;dfg ljsf;, ;dfg cj;/ / ;dfg Jojxf/n]
If]qLo efjgfsf] abnfdf /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf;n]
b]zsf] /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfnfO{ ;'b[9
/ dhj't agfO/xG5 .
b]zsf] cfGtl/s Pj+ af≈o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg
/fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg xf] . ;+ljwfgdf g]kfnsf]
;du| /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iff;DaGwL gLlt
th{'df tyf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng jf lgoGq0f
;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kml/; ug{ …/fli6«o
;'/Iff kl/ifb\Úsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfGtl/s zflGt
;'Joj:yf Pj+ af≈o ;'/Iffy{ …/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt
@)&#Ú, …:yfgLo ;'/Iff P]g @)@*Ú, …;}lgs P]g,
@)^#Ú / …g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)^#Ú, s]Gb|Lo Pj+
k|b]z ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, lhNnf ;'/Iff ;ldlt nufot
g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L / cg';Gwfg ljefusf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnL ;]gf /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tfsf]
d]?b08 xf] . ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ g]kfnsf]
:jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jfwLgtf, /fli6«o Pstf
/ ef}uf]lns cv08tf /Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 .
-g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@, wf/f @^^ / @^&, k[=!$*_
g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fb]lv g} g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfnsf]
Pstf, /fli6«otf / cv08tfsf] ;Gt'lnt ?kdf
;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf ;]gf
b]zjf;Lsf] b'Mvsf] ;fyL ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n] g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{
cfw'lgs, ;+ul7t, cg'zfl;t, Ifdtfjfg\ / pQ/bfoL
 UNITY
agfp“b} n}hfg'kb{5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf] jL/tf, dgf]jn
/ ;d{k0f efj pRr /x];Dd g]kfnsf] /fli6«otf,
cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstfdfly slxNo} cf“r cfp“b}g .
g]kfnsf] e"/fhgLlt cToGt ;+j]bgzLn 5 . ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt
cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf
cfwf/df /fi6«sf] lxtnfO{ Wofg /fvL cGt/f{li6«o
;DaGw gLlt ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] 5 . -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@,
wf/f %!-8_, k[=##_ l5d]sL / ldq/fi6«;“usf] ;DaGw
;f}xfb{k"0f{, pTkfbs tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf g]kfnsf]
5lj pRr /fVg] s"6gLlts sf}zntf eP;Dd b]zsf]
;Ldf ;'/lIft /fVg, /fli6«otf / Pstf ;'b[9 ug{ s'g}
afwf cfp“b}g .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkqsf] wf/f @-$_n] æs'g} klg
/fi6«sf] k|fb]lzs cv08tf cgltqmDo x'g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 eg] /fi6«;+3n] s'g} klg /fi6«sf] k|fb]lzs
cfv08tfdfly cf“r k'Ug] u/L zlQm jf wDsL k|of]u
ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf ub}{ ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f
ug{ /fi6«nfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/n] k|ltjfb ug{;Sg]5Æ
-;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, !($%_ egL df}lns clwsf/
k|bfg u/]sf]n] ;b:o /fi6«nfO{ cfGtl/s ?kdf ;'b[9,
;'/lIft / Pstfa4 x'g k]|l/t u/]sf] 5 .
/fi6«/fHo lgdf{0fn] /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o
cv08tfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVb5 . hgtf /fi6«/fHo
lgdf{0fsf vDaf x'g\ . /fi6« lgdf{0f hgtfsf] cf:yf,
;femf ;f]+r, ck]Iff, nIo / ckgTjsf] ljsf; ug{'
xf]  . /fHozlQm k|of]u u/]/ /fli6«o ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf
/ kl/rfng ug'{, /fi6«sf] klxrfg /fli6«otfnfO{ ;'b[9
agfpg', zflGt cdgrog sfod ug'{, hgtfaLr
Pstf alnof] kfg{' / hgtfsf cfjZostf kl/k"lt{
ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx ug{' /fi6«–lgdf{0f xf] .
/fi6«/fHo lgdf{0fdf hgtfsf] cf:yf, ljZjf; tyf
;/sf/, gLlh If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xof]u /
225
JOURNAL
;xsfo{ x'“bf;Dd /fli6«otf, Pstf / cv08tfdf s'g}
;d:of cfp“b}g .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkof]uåf/f cfly{s ;fdflhs
ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . cGwfw'Gw ?kdf ;|f]t;fwgsf]
pkof]un] ljZjdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf s'nIf0fx?
b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljgf;n] /fli6«o
ljsf;, zflGt;'/Iff tyf hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n
c;/ k/]sf] 5 . ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u tyf lbuf]
ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/ / /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/fli6«o
;d'bfoaLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ubf{;Dd b]zsf]
/fli6«otf, Pstf / cv08tfdfly s'g} ;+s6 cfpb}g  .
/fli6«o Ifdtf eg]sf] /fHosf] zf;g Joj:yfsf]
;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ Ifdtf
xf]  . ;r]t gful/s, ;zQm /fhgLlts lg0f{o Ifdtf,
s7f]/ gful/stf ljlw, gful/s / ef}uf]lns If]qaLr
sg]lS6le6L, df}lns xs pkof]usf] jftfj/0f,
;/sf/k|lt hgljZjf;, ;f“:s[lts Pstf / ;Dkbfsf]
;+/If0f, ;/sf/ / /fhgLlts bn, lghL If]q, ;dflhs
;d'bfoaLr xflb{s ;DaGw, ;|f]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf
/ pQ/bfoL k|zf;g /fli6«o IfdtfcGtu{t kb{5g\ .
cfºgf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldfleq zf;g ug{, gful/s–xssf]
lgjf{w k|rng u/fpg, s/ p7fpg, ;fj{hlgs gLlt
tyf gLlt tyf sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug{, sfg'gsf]
jlv{nfk ug]{dfly sf/jfxL ug{, cfGtl/s Pj+
af≈o?kdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg bl/nf] agfpg
/ gful/snfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx
ug{ tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf v/f] pqg ;Sg]
Ifdtfjfg ;/sf/ eP;Dd /fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf
/ ef}uf]lns cv08tfdfly s'g} ;d:of cfp“b}g  .
lgisif{
/fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / /fli6«o cv08tf
JolQm ;d'bfosf] cfsf+Iff / bnLo :jfy{eGbfdfly
/xg] kljq tŒj x'g\, /fi6«sf cd"No lglw x'g\ .
 UNITY
:jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf /
:jfwLgtfnfO{ cIf'00f /fVg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] .
gful/sx?sf] of]ubfg tyf g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z
/ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]] pbf/ b[li6sf]0f, ;sf/fTds
;f]r / ;dfj]zL /fHogLltsf dfWodaf6 hgtfsf]
/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, ;f“:s[lts Pj+ cfly{s
:jtGqtf ;'/lIft / km/flsnf] agfO{ g]kfnsf]
/fli6«otf, /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf]
uf}/j lr/sfnko{Gt pRr /fVg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo
xf] .
226
JOURNAL
;Gb{e ;fdu|L ;"rL
sf]O/fnf, nIdL ljnf;, -@)&% df3_, nf]s;]jf /
k|zf;gM gLlt / Jojxf/, ;f]kfg dfl;s .
uf]vn], lj= s]=, -@))&_, kf]lnl6sn ;fOG;, d'DaO{M
lxdfno klAnl;ª xfp; .
l3ld/], dfwj, -@)&#_, /fi6«lgdf{tf, nlntk'/M ;femf
k|sfzg .
6'8f/f], Pd= lk=, -;g\ !((&_, Osf]gf]lds 8]enkd]G6,
-5}7f}“ ;+:s/0f_ .
bfxfn, /fds'df/, /fhgLlt zf:qsf l;4fGt, /Tg k':ts
e08f/, ef]6flx6L, sf7df8f}}+, @)%@
e§rg, s[i0f / Kofs'/]n, s}nf;sf] -@))*_, b O{:o" ckm
g]zgn O{lG6u|];g O{g g]kfnM O{lygf]l/hgn Pk|f]r,
j]a;fO{6
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, -;g\ !($*_, j8fkq tyf ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3 dfgj clwsf/;+jGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff .
;"rgf ljefu, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, g]kfn å}dfl;s, jif{
$^, ljz]iff+s, c+s @ / # c;f]h, sflQs / d+l;/
k'if, -@)&@_
l;jfsf]6L, uf]kfn, -@)^$_, cfw'lgs /fhgLlts
ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}+M k}/jL k|sfzg .
 UNITY
/fl{i6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;M cfwf/ tyf b[li6sf]0fx¿
n]v;f/
dfgj ;Eotfsf ljleGg r/0fx¿;“u} ;Dk"0f{ ljZj
v08Ls/0f x'“b} Pp6f lglZrt l;dfgf / ;F“wdf
;d]l6g k'Uof] . kl/0ffd:j?k jt{dfgdf km/s–km/s
/fi6« / /fHox¿ Vf8f eP . ljZjsf] Oltxf;df
ljleGg sfnv08df /fi6«–/fi6«lardf ePsf o'¢sf
36gfx¿af6 /fi6« aGg] / eTsg] z[ª\vnfsf
?kaf6 x]bf{ klg /fi6«x¿ lgdf{0f ePsf] dfGg
;lsG5 . k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo hut\sf wd{u|Gy
tyf k|frLg b:tfj]hx¿n] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf qmddf
cg]sf}+ 36gfx¿ 36]sf] s'/fsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . k"jL{o
;Eotfsf] ;a}eGbf k|frLg dflgg] lxGb" wd{u|Gysf
ljleGg 36gfx¿dWo] dxfef/tdf /fi6«leqsf
ultljlw / /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf ckgfpg' kg]{
ljleGg cEof;x¿sf] rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;}
u/L kfZrfTo ;Eotfsf] u|Ls ldyf]nf]hL cGtu{tsf]
6«f]hg jf/ nufot cGo ljleGg 36gfx¿nfO{ /fi6« /
/fHo lgdf{0fsf qmddf cfOkg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ / k|]/0fbfoL
;|f]tsf ?kdf dfGg ;lsG5 . oBlk oL kf}/fl0fs /
P]ltxfl;s kIfx¿nfO{ jt{dfg ljZj;“u k"0f{ ?kdf
t'ngf eg] ug{ ;ls“b}g . cfhsf] ljZj / Toxf“leq
/x]sf /fi6« / /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] rrf{ o;
n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 .
zAbs'~hLM /fli6«o ;'/Iff, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw,
;fdflhs ljsf;, k/Dk/fjfb, cfw'lgsLs/0f,
ljZjJofkLs/0f, ;]gf tyf gful/s .
227
JOURNAL
;'hg clwsf/L
ljifo kl/ro
/fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ qmddf
ljleGg cWoog, cg';Gwfg x'g'sf ;fy} JolQmx¿sf
cf–cfºg} wf/0ff / ts{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . xfj{8
ljZjljBfnosf cg';f/ gful/s / ;d'bfonfO{
ljZj;gLo tj/n] cfTdlg0f{o, :jfoQtf, ;d[l¢ /
;'vsf] pkef]u ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg] u/L cfGtl/s /
af≈o kl/l:yltnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /flv/fVg] /fhsLo
jf zf;sLo IfdtfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yf egL
kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o; k|sf/n] /fli6«o
;'/Iffsf] kl/efiffnfO{ x]bf{ k|ydtM gful/s /
;d'bfonfO{ g} k|d'v ?kdf pEofOPsf] b]lvG5 .
/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] cjwf/0ff ljz]if u/L bf];|f]
ljZjo'¢sf] cGTokZrft\ ljleGg d'n'sx¿n]
ckgfPsf] dflgG5 . o; cjwf/0fsf] gLlt ;a}eGbf
a9L zlQm;DkGg /fi6«x¿n] tyf ljZjo'¢sf qmddf
d'Vo sf/s ag]sf d'n'sx¿n] o;sf] k|of]u a9L
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'VotM o; gLltsf] cd]l/sfdf
a9L k|of]u / ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . tt\kZrft
k|mfG;, hd{gL / ?; nufot o"/f]k / cd]l/sfsf y'k|}
zlQm;DkGg /fi6«x¿n] o; k|sf/sf] gLltnfO{ alnof]
kfb}{ nu]sf] b]lvG5 h;sf] k|efj / k|of]u kl5Nnf]
;dodf Pl;of / clk|msfsf lgs} alnof dflgg]
/fi6«x¿df klg k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljZn]if0ffTds b[li6sf]0f
/fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] k/Dk/fjfbL /fHo s]lGb|t cjwf/0ff
kl/jlt{t eO{ dfgj s]lGb|t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . t/
klg ;fgf /fi6«x¿n] ljleGg cfsf/ / k|s[ltsf
 UNITY
r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . ;fgf /fHox¿n]
o; k|sf/sf] s7LgfOx¿ Eff]Ug'df s]xL cfGtl/s
tyf JFF≈o tTjx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k"j{jt\
lsl;ds} /fhg}lts k|0ffnL, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
ljsf;sf 9f“rfx¿nfO{ hf]8]/ x]g{ ;lsG5 -a/fn,
k[= !_ . o;} u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] gjLg kl/efiffdf
k/Dk/fut ;}Go k|efj tyf ;}Go tTjsf cfwf/
x¿nfO{ k|fyldstdf g/fvL hxf“ ;z:q ;'/Iffsf]
l;4fGt k|wfg ?kdf /x]sf] x'“b}g . ;fwf/0f k|sf/sf
dfkgx¿ Jofks?kdf nfu' eO{ k'/fgf dfGotfx¿nfO{
k|lt:yfkg ub}{ pQm s'/fnfO{ pRrtd k|fydLstfsf
?kdf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 - lu|hf]N8, k[= #&–%#_ . /fli6«o
;'/Iffsf laleGg a'emfOx¿nfO dfkg ubf{ lagf]h
a:Goftn] o;sf] k|d'v rf/j6f :tDex¿ cl3 ;fb}{
o;sf] jt{dfg kl/efiffnfO{ cf}Nofp“5g\M ;fj{ef}d
;QfnfO{ alnof] agfpg' / o;sf] /Iff ug'{, b]zsf]
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/nfO{ ldnfpg' / o;sf] ;'/Iffsf]
;'lglZrttf ug'{, ;DktLx¿sf] ;'/Iff, ef}lts
;+/rgf / ;+:yfx¿ ;fy} If]qLo cg's"ntfsf] ;Da4{g
/ cGt/f{li6«o jftfj/0fnfO{ pgn] k|d'v k|fyldstf
7fg]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] d'n'ssf]
:jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf,
/fli6«otf / :jfwLgtfsf] ;+/If0f ub{} /fli6«o PstfnfO{
cIf'00f /fVg' tyf JolQmsf] lhp–wg / :jtGqtfsf]
;+/If0f k|Tofe"t ug{'nfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff egL pNn]v
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iff Ps ax'cfoflds
ljifoj:t' xf] . d'n'ssf] k|lt/Iff dfldnf, cfGtl/s
;'/Iff, k//fi6« dfldnf, ;fdflhs, cfly{s gLlt /
ljsf;sf] kIf a[xTf\ cy{df /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cGtj{:t'
x'Gf\ . jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgleq ;d]l6Psf
/fli6«o ;'/Iff ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf oL cnu–
cnu cGtj{:t'x¿, g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff /
ljsf;sf ;t{x¿nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{cg'?k kfngf
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; kl/efiffaf6 s] k'li6 x'g cfp“5
eg] Pp6f l;ª\uf] d'n'ssf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg
228
JOURNAL
k"0f{ x'gsf nflu dfly plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{
clgjfo{ / ;lqmo ?kdf Jojxf/df ptfg'{ clgjfo{
5, cGoyf /fli6«o ;'/Iffdfly g} r'gf}tL k}bf x'g
hfG5 . ;“u};“u} ljsf;sf kIfx¿ klg sdhf]/ x'g
uO{ /fi6« g} w/fkdf kg]{;Dd x'g hfG5 . ;'/Iffsf]
/0fg}lts kIfsf] cefjdf sfo{sf/L cj:yfsf] ;du|
b[li6sf]0fsf] vf“rf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / k|zf;gnfO{ kg{
hfG5 . olb ;'/Iff If]qnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvPg
eg] 7"nf] / s7f]/ d"Nosf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
To;}n] g]kfnnfO{ Ps s'zn, gjLg / r':t ;'/Iff
k|0ffnLsf] vf“rf] /x]sf] 5 -a:Goft, @)&^_ .
gjLgtd ;}4flGts cfwf/x?
ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] d'2fnfO{
klg /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{;“u} hf]8]/
x]g{ ;lsG5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf ;DaGwdf dfz{n
DofSn'xfg æUnf]an len]hÆsf] cjwf/0ffdf n]V5g\M
æ;doÆ aGb eO;Sof], ;dosf] cjlwÆ x/fO;s]sf]
5 . ;Dk"0f{ ljZj Pp6} ufp“ ePsf] 5 ===;a}lt/
Ps}k6s rln/x]sf] 5 . -cg'M DofSn'xg, !(^&, k[=
^#_ pgsf] of] ljrf/ ;fGble{s g} dfGg ;lsG5 .
ljZjsf] s'g} s'gfdf 3l6/x]sf] h'g;'s} 36gfnfO{
klg OG6/g]6 jf 6]lnlehg dfkm{t\ xfdL tTsfn
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;S5f}“ . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf]
a[xQ/ ljsf; / k|;f/n] ljZj v'Drg uO{ Pp6} ufp“
h:tf] aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;/L kg{ uPsf] k|efjn]
/fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf ljsf;sf kIfdfly klg ;f]Rg afWo
t'NofPsf] 5 . Ps /fi6«n] csf]{ /fi6«dfly k|ljlwsf
dfWodaf6 lgu/fgL ul//x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg b]zsf]
rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh, Jojxf/ tyf ;/sf/sf]
l:yltnfO{ glhsaf6 lgofNg] cj;/nfO{ olt a]nf
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;a}eGbf ;lhnf] dfWod
ag]sf] 5 . o;f] ePsf] x'“bf o;tkm{sf] s'/fnfO{ klg
Wofgdf /fvL /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{
;'ema'emsf ;fy ;'/lIft tyf Jojl:yt agfpg'kg]{
h?/L x'g hfG5 .
 UNITY
cfw'lgsLs/0f csf]{ /fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf ljsf;sf]
d'2f;“u} hf]l8P/ cfpg] dxŒjk"0f{ ljifoj:t' xf] .
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn]
k|of]udf Nofpg] hd{g ;dfhzf:qL dfS; j}a/
x'g\ eg] kl5 ;g\ !(^) df uP/ ;f]xL l;4fGtnfO{
xfj{8sf csf{ ;dfhzf:qL 6fNsf]6 kf;{gn] o;}nfO{
cufl8 a9fPsf lyP . cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] kl/efiff lbg]
qmddf k/Dk/fut hLjgz}nL, k'/fgf d"NodfGotf
nufot cGo ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ w]/} dfqfdf
kl/jt{g u/L gof“ Joj:yfx¿ / hLjgz}nLnfO{ u|x0f
ub}{ n}hfg'nfO{ o;sf k|:tfjsx¿n] cfw'lgsLs/0f
egL ;'emfPsf 5g\ . ;do qmdcg';f/ cfd
ljZj k'/fgf :yflkt dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
5f8\b} gof“–gof“z}nLx¿nfO{ c“ufNg] k|lqmofsf]
tLa| ?kdf ljsf; eof] h;sf] ;a}eGbf ;lqmo
k|efj cf}Bf]uLssLs/0fdf b]Vg ;lsG5  .
cf}Bf]uLssLs/0fn] ;Dk"0f{ ?kaf6} ljZjnfO{ lj:tf/}
cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] laNs'n goF“ b'lgof“df ws]lnlbof]
h;sf] k|efj alnof] u/L :yflkt x'g uof] / cfhsf]
of] ;+;f/ aGg k'Uof] . cfw'lgsLs/0f cfkm}“df Pp6f
ultzLn k|lqmof xf] . o;n] cfºgf] k|efj ;w}“el/ /
;a}lt/ hdfO/xG5 . of] k|efj klg /fli6«o ;'/Iff /
ljsf;sf] s'/f;“u} hf]l8g hfG5 . o; cy{df xfdLn]
cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ gsf/]/ /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;
h:tf] uDeL/ s'/fnfO{ ;~rfng jf Joa:yfkg ug{
;Sb}gf}“ . cfw'lgsLs/0f of] o'usf] clgjfo{ dfu /
;t{ alg;s]sf] 5 / o;nfO{ /fli6«o ;jfn;“u hf]8]/
x]g'{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;}n] cfw'lgsLs/0f /fli6«o
;'/Iff / ljsf;df klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] tTj
xf] .
cGt/b]zLo ;+/rgf
jt{dfg ljZjnfO{ d'VotM zlQm;DkGg /fi6«x¿sf]
;d"x / sdhf]/ /fi6«x¿sf] ;d"x u/L b'O{ wf/df
laefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L b'O{ wf/df ljeflht
/fi6«x¿n] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿nfO{
229
JOURNAL
cf–cfºg} tj/af6 cEof; / ;~rfng ul//x]sf
5g\ . o;sf/0f ;DkGg /fi6« / lakGg /fi6«sfaLr
/fli6«o ;'/Iff ljsf;sf gLlt tyf k|lqmofx¿nfO{
Pp6} sf]0faf6 x]g{ eg] ;ls“b}g . o;} ;DaGwdf
nf]s/fh a/fn …Pl;og ;e]{Ú k':tsleqsf] n]vdf
laz]if u/L blIf0f Pl;ofsf d'n'ssf ;'/Iff gLltsf
;DaGwdf n]V5g\M æblIf0f Pl;ofdf d"ntM s'g} If]qLo
;'/Iff gLlt g} 5}g . b]zx¿ If]qLo ?kdf Pscsf{;“u}
sl;Psf] x'“bf af≈o r'gf}tL sf] ;femf cg'ej klg
st} 5}g . o; k|sf/sf] 9f“rfnfO{ x]bf{ blIf0f Pl;ofsf
/fHox¿n] ;femf /0fgLltsf] sfo{tkm{ a9]sf] h:tf]
b]lv“b}gÆ -cg'M a/fn, ;g\ !(*^, k[= !@)&–!@!(_ .
of] Pp6f df]8]n h'g lgtfGt blIf0f Pl;of;“u} dfq
d]n vfg hfG5, o;afx]s cGo o"/f]k, cd]l/sf /
clk|msf dxfb]zsf d'n'sx¿sf k[ys gLltx¿ 5g\ .
o; cy{df ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«x¿nfO{ t/fh'df
/fv]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;dfg tf}n kfpg eg] ;ls“b}g .
k/Dk/fut dfGotfsf] cGTo tyf gjLg cfofdx?sf]
pbo
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;nfO{ at{dfg ;dodf ;“u}
hf]8]/ x]l/g' lgs} ;fGble{s / dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .
o;sf lglDt ;a{k|yd /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf
cfofd, d'2fx¿ / ljleGg b]zx¿n] ckgfO/x]sf
/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / ljsf;sf k|;ª\+ux¿nfO{ hf]8]/
x]g{' cfjZos x'G5 . /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfofdx¿
cGtu{t Eff}lts ;'/Iff, /fhg}lts ;'/Iff, cfly{s
;'/Iff, kof{j/0fLo ;'/Iff, pmhf{ tyf k|fs[lts
;|f]tx¿sf] ;'/Iff, ;fOa/ tyf sDKo'6/ ;'/Iff,
lgdf{0f tyf ;+/rgfut ;DklQx¿sf] ;'/Iff cflb
kb{5g\ . o;} u/L bf];|f] ljZjo'4eGbf otfsf] /fli6«o
;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ffdf k'/fgf], ef/L tyf :yflkt
;}Go laz]iftf h'g h/f ufl8P/ /x]sf] dfGotfdfly
;'/Iffsf ;}4flGts r'gf}tLx¿ ylkof] / /fli6«o
;'/Iffdf ;}Go r'gf}tLx¿sf] a'emfO ;}Go an jf
zlQmsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] laz]iftfx¿ :yflkt
 UNITY JOURNAL

lyP . cGttM of] a'emfOnfO{ gof“ r'gf}tLx¿n] k[ys z}nLsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] kIfnfO{ ljsl;t,
/ hl6n agfOlbof] - a|fpg, !(*^, k[= @%–#@_ . ljsf;zLn / ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf cfwf/df x]bf{
o;df /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf cfodx¿ klg k|d'v dflgG5g\ Toxf“sf cfly{s ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿ k[ys /x]sf]
h;sf] rrf{ lgDgk|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M kfpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnnfO{ klg Ps ljsf;zLn /fi6«
dflgG5 . oxf“sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf /0fgLltx¿ Tolt
cfofd tyf d'2fx?
w]/} pTs[i6 kfpg eg] ;ls“b}g h;n] ubf{ b]zdf
ef}lts ;'/IffM of] ;'/IffcGtu{t d'VotM ;]gf tyf /f]huf/Lsf] cefj x'g', b]zn] cfºgf pTkfbgdf
;}Go Joa:yfkg, ;Ldf–/Iff / ;]gfsf ;fy;fy} hf]8 lbg g;Sg', k|fljlws k5\of}6]kg, s[lifdf
/fHosf cGo k|d'v ;'/Iff lgsfosf kIf tyf cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] cefj, ko{6g Joj;fodf a]jf:tf,
st{Jox¿nfO{ ;d]6\g ;lsG5  . o;sf] p2]Zo Jofjxfl/s / k|fljlws lzIffsf] cefj, oftfoft,
/fi6« la/f]wL tTj, cft+safbsf] km}nfj6, /fi6« / ;~rf/sf] c;'ljwf, cf}wf]lusLs/0fdf a]jf:tf,
/fHok|lt cgfb/ ;d"xx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf /f]sL s'g} vlghhGo kbfy{sf] pTvgg\ / pTkfbgdf hf]8 glbg'
klg k|sf/sf] ef}lts r'g}tLx¿nfO{ xn u/L /fi6«leq h:tf sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s /0fgLltnfO{ k|:6
;f}xfb{k"0f{ jftfj/0f l;hgf{ ug'{ ef}lts ;'/Iffsf] kf/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;f]emf] c;/ k|ltJolQm cfodf
lhDd]jf/LcGtu{t kb{5 . kg{ uPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ /fHosf] cfly{s gLltsf]
sdhf]/Ln] ubf{ ;du| /fHoJoj:yf tyf ;'/Iff
/fhg}lts ;'/IffM s'g} klg /fi6«leq /fHo ;~rfng gLltdf g} k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ljsl;t d'nsx¿n]
tyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fhgLlt clgjfo{ kIfsf] eg] cfºgf] cfly{s ;'/IffnfO{ dha't agfpg cfºg}
?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6«sf] zf;g k|0ffnL To; pTkfbg / pkof]udf hf]8 lbP/ /fli6«o ahf/ tyf
/fi6«sf] /fhgLlts Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ klg ;'/lIft ul/;s]sf 5g\ .
zf;g k|0ffnL jf b]zsf] /fhgLltn] /fHosf] ;'/Iff o;}n] b]z ljsf;sf] nflu cfly{s ;'/Iffsf ljljw
gLltnfO{ klg lbzflgb]{z ub{5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf kIf ;an x'g'k5{ eGg]df b'O{dt x'“b}g .
/ sfg'g, /fhgLlts ;+:yf, s"6gLlt, ;GwL tyf
;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ b]zsf gful/sx¿nfO{ kof{j/0fLo ;'/IffM kof{j/0fn] dflg;;“u;“u} k|s[ltdf
;dfg lsl;dsf] zf;g k2lt ckgfpg' klg /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ hLjfTdf tyf lghL{j ;+;f/;“u}sf]
/fhg}lts ;'/Iff cGtut{sf kIfx¿ x'g\ . o;}leq ;DaGwnfO{ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/ssf ?kdf c6fPsf]
pQm d'nssf] ljsf; / ;d[l4 hf]l8P/ /x]sf] x'G5 . x'G5 . hxf“ Pp6f ;Gt'lnt b'lgof“sf] lgdf{0f eO{
;+;f/ ;~rflnt ePsf] x'G5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf]
cfly{s ;'/IffM nueu ljZjdf clxn] k"“hLafb lgs} ;Gt'lnt b'lgof“nfO{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkx¿åf/f
;lq|mo ?kdf xfjL ePsf] 5 . k"“hL lagf casf] ;+;f/ x:tIf]k x'g k'Uof] eg] xfdL cfºg} cGTotkm{ ws]lng
rNg} g;Sg] xf] ls, eGg] dfGotf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . afWo x'g] s'/f lglZrt 5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] a9\bf] rfk,
k'“hL;DaGwL o; lsl;dsf] dfGotf jf cjwf/0fn] pBf]uwGbf tyf snsf/vgfaf6 pT;lh{t w'jf“,
jt{dfg b'lgof“nfO{ cem k|lt:kwL{ agfPsf] 5 . r/d ag km8fgL, k|s[ltsf ;|f]tx¿ -hn, vlgh,
k"“hLsf af/]df ePsf] c:j:Yo k|lt:kwf{n] /fli6«o jg:klt cflb_ sf] cg'lrt k|of]u, hLjhGt'x¿sf]
;'/Iffdf lbgfg'lbg r'gf}tL ylk“b} uPsf 5g\ . rf]/L l;sf/L, a;fO“ ;/fO, cJojl:yt a;f]af;,
ljleGg b]zx¿n] cfºg} z}nLdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] lagfof]hgf ;x/Ls/0f cflb ljifox¿ jt{dfg ljZjsf
/0fgLltx?nfO{ ckgfPsf] kfOG5  . cGt/f{li6«o kof{j/0fLo ;d:osfsf k|d'v r'g}tLsf laifo ag]sf

230
 UNITY
5g\ . ljZjdf at{dfgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d'2f eg]s}
kof{j/0fsf] xf] . o; ;DaGwdf a]nfa]nfdf ljleGg
b]zx¿df o;sf] r'gf}tLnfO{ lrg{ ;Dd]ngx¿ klg
ePsf] lyof] . jftfj/0f cfkm}“df Pp6f ;+j]bgzLn
kIf xf] . o;/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf;sf kIfnfO{
cufl8 a9fp“b} ubf{ kof{j/0fsf] ;'/IffnfO{ klg
s]Gb|df /fv]/ x]l/g' cfjZos 7xl/G5 .
pmhf{ tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] ;'/IffM s'g} klg
d'n'ssf] cy{ lgdf{0f tyf pGglt–k|ult tyf
ljsf;sf] nflu To; /fi6«sf] pmhf{ tyf k|fs[lts
;|f]tx¿sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;sf] pkof]u
ljz]if dflg;sf] b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu Psbd}
cfjZos dflgG5 . dflg; nufot ;+;f/sf ;Dk"0f{
hLjfTdfx¿ k"0f{?kdf k|s[ltd} lge{/ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
o;/L s'g} klg b]zsf] pmhf{ tyf k|s[lts ;|f]tx¿
pQm /fi6«sf] dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{ hut\sf] ;emf /x]sf]
x'“bf o;tkm{ klg /fli6«o ;'/Iff tyf ljsf;sf
;jfndf x/]s /fi6« / To;leqsf /fHon] uDeL/
eP/ Joj:yfkg tyf dfqfnfO{ ldnfP/ dfq pkof]u
ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .
;fOa/ tyf sDKo'6/ ;'/IffM clxn]sf] o'u
sDKo'6/sf] xf] . k|ljlwsf] tLa| ljsf;n] xfd|f] ;do
/ ;+;f/nfO{ ;/n / ;xh agfPsf] 5 . oBlk
o;sf r'gf}tLsf ;jfnx¿ klg ;“u};“u} xf]nfg\
tfklg sDKo'6/ jt{dfgsf] clgjfo{tf alg;s]sf]
5 . csf]{tkm{ o;sf] k|of]u ub}{ ubf{ xfdL ;r]t /
;hu /xg'kg]{ klg cfjZos 5 . sDKo'6/ jt{dfgdf
nueu xfd|f] b}lgsL;“u} hf]l8g k'lu;s]sf] 5 . s'g}
klg /fi6«leqsf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L cGo ljleGg
;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{;DkbgnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] tyf
r':t–b'?:t agfpgsf lgldQ sDKo'6/df ljleGg
;º6j]o/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5, h;nfO{
;'/lIft agfO{ cflwsfl/s JolQmnfO{ dfq ;~rfng
ug]{ clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . pQm s'/fsf]
slxn]sfxL“ b'?kof]u, Xoflsª, Donkmª\;g x'g uO{
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uf]kgLotf eª\u x'g], dxŒjk"0f{ ;fdfg tyf j:t'x¿
rf]/L x'g] OToflb 36gfx¿ x'g uO{ To;sf] g/fd|f]
Iflt x'g] u/]sf] s'/fx¿sf] ;a't xfd|f ;fd' k|:6
5g\ . ;+;f/sf] Ps s'gfdf tof/ ul/Psf /fli6«o
;'/Iffdf k|efj kfg]{ xltof/x¿ csf]{ s'gfdf a;]/
k|of]u / pkof]u ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ dha't agfpg o:tf k|ljlwsf]
pkof]u h?/L ag]sf] 5 . vf; u/L ;Ldf ;'/Iffsf
;jfndf b]zsf] /fhwfgLdf a;]/ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnsf]
;Ldf cjnf]sg ug]{ k|0ffnL ;+;f/df ljsf; / k|of]u
eP klg xfd|f] ;Gbe{df …cfsfzsf] kmn cf“vftl/
d/Ú ePsf] 5 . t;y{ ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] hlt ljsf;
x'g ;Sof], /fli6«o ;'/Iff klg Tolt g} ;an x'g]
lglZrt 5 .
lgdf{0f tyf ;+/rgfsf] ;'/Iff M of] ;'/IffcGt{ut
s'g} klg b]zleq /x]sf cfj;, k'n, k'n];f, af6f],
lah'nL aQL, s'nf], ejg cflb kb{5g\ . /fHon] oL
ljljw kIfdf plrt Wofg lbg ;s]df dfq /fli6«o
;'/Iffdf logn] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . g]kfn
ef}uf]lns ljifdtfn] el/Psf] d'n's xf] . If]qkmnsf
b[li6n] ;fgf] eP klg o;sf ;Dk"0f{ e"–efudf k'Ug
sl7g 5 . o; sl7gfOsf sf/0fn] ljleGg :jfyL{
/ ck/fwL ;d"xn] g]kfnsf] e"ldaf6 nfe lnO/x]sf
5g\ . of] /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] uDeL/ r'gf}tL
xf] . o;}n] ;Dk"0f{ e"–efudf ;xh kx'“rsf] cj:yf
l;h{gf ug{ /fHo tTk/ x'g'k5{ . /fHon] /fHosf ;j}
e"–efudf g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;xh kx'“rsf] cj:yf
l;h{gf u/]df /fli6«o ;'/Iff :jtM ;an aGg k'Ub5 .
lgisif{
b]zsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff / b]zsf] ljsf; Ps csf{sf
kl/k"/s x'g\  . o;sf nflu b]zsf] /fhgLlts Joj:yf
jf zf;g k|0ffnL, b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf jf gLlt,
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;fdflhs ljsf;, ;fdflhs
;f“:s[lts ;DaGw, jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng / ;'/Iff,
ljsf;–lgdf{0f, oftfoft, ;~rf/, lzIff, :jf:Yosf]
 UNITY
ljsf; ;an ePdf dfq /fli6«o ;'/Iff klg ;an
x'G5 . /fi6« /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] ;an x“'b}g
ta b]z ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . ;fdflhs–;f“:s[lts
;b\efj gx'g', cfGtl/s snx l;h{gf x'g', /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf x'g', pBf]u snsf/vfgfsf] ljsf; gx'g'
cflbn] /fli6«o ;'/IffnfO{ sdhf]/ agfp“5 . t;y{
/fli6«o ;'/Iff / ljsf; Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f
ePsf x'gfn] Pssf] cefjdf csf]{ k"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g .
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;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
lu|hf]N8, P=, -;g\ !(($_, b sG;]K6 ckm g];gn
;]So'l/6L Og b sG6]Dkf]//L jN8{, OG6/g];gn hf]g{n
cg jN8{ lk;, ef]n'd !!, g+=#, k[= #&–%#, JSTOR,
www.jstor.org/stable/20751984.
b'jf8L zdf{, gf/fo0fk|;fb, -@)&^_, /fli6«o ;'/Iff
Aoj:yfsf] kl/ro, gof“klqsf b}lgs @)&^ h]7
% cfOtaf/, https://www.nayapatrikadaily.
com/news-details/14522/2019-05-19
a/fn, la=, ;]So'l/6L Rofn]Gh ckm :dn :6]6,
ef]n'd !&, k[ !, https://www.nepjol.info/index.
php/JPS/article/view/20510/16851
a/fn, Pn= -;g\ !(*^_, g]kfn;\ ;]So'l/6L kf]n];L PG8
;fpy Pl;og l/hglnhd, Pl;og ;e]{, ef]n'd
@^, g+=!!, k[ !@)&–!@!(, JSTOR, www.jstor.
org/stable/2644316
a:Goft, la=, -;g\ @)!&, h'g (_, g];gn
;]So'/L6L, b sf7df08" kf]i6, https://kathmandupost.
com/valley/2017/06/09/national-security
a:Goft, la=, -@)&^_ l/;]G6 kf]lnl6sn P08 ;]So'l/6L
l8l;hg P08 O6\; ODKofS6, ef]n'd !@, g+= @), h]i7
@$, @)&^, doi: 584, https://www.spotlightnepal.
com/2019/05/13/recent-political-and-
security-decisions-and-its-impact/
a|fpg, Pn= cf/, -;g\ !(*^_, l/8LkmfO{gLª g];gn
;]So'l/6L, Rofn]Gh, ef]n'd @(, g+=#, k[= @%–#@,
JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40721024.
DofSn'xfg, Pd=, -;g\ @)!#_ sG6]S:6 ckm k|flS6;, @)!#,
l8;]Da/ * cfOtaf/, http://a-mushtaq1114-dc.
blogspot.com/2013/12/marshall-mcluhan-
global-village.html
 UNITY JOURNAL

/fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df e"/0fgLlts ;'/IffM cj;/ / r'gf}tL

z}n]Gb| axfb'/ yfkf

n]v;f/ lgdf{tfx?n] g]kfnsf] /li6«o Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu
/fli6«o e"uf]n, Oltxf;, ;+:s[lt / /fli6«o klxrfgnfO{
dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmdb]lv g} wdf{lwsf/L, /fi6«
d'6"df /fvL axlsP/, em'lSsP/, nf]leP/ jf k/fwLg
lgdf{tf, gLlt lgdf{tf, /fli6«o lje"lt, j}1flgs /
dfgl;stf af]s]/ xf]Og, :jfwLg eP/ 3/]n'gLlt
o'4 ;/bf/x?n] cfºgf] …dft[e"ld / wd{–;+:s[ltsf]
lgdf{0fsf kIfdf …:jtGq lg0f{oÚ lng ;fdYo{jfg\
/Iff Pj+ lj:tf/sfÚ vflt/ ;"Id cg';Gwfg /
/xg] ljZjf; g]kfnL hgsf] 5 . ctM g]kfnsf
/x:odo /Iff–gLltx? lgdf{0f u/L k[YjLsf] 6f9f–
b'j} ;“lwof/ ldq/fi6«x? jf cGo ldq/fi6«x?sf]
6f9f;Ddsf ;Eotfx?dfem k'¥ofO{ nfu'' u/fpg'
g]kfn x]g]{ cGt/f{li6«o gLltx?nfO{ ;"Id ?kdf
cgf}7f] xf]Og . hgs, ;Ltf, a'4, c+z'jdf{, c/lgsf],
s]nfO{ t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f u/L g]kfnlj?4 b"/ufdL
kmfNu'gfgGb, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnufotsf w]/} g]kfnL
c;/ kfg{;Sg] s'g} klg ljb]z gLltx?k|lt ;hu
/fli6«o JolQmŒj / lje"ltx?sf] of]ubfgaf6 k|fKt
/xL t6:y, ljj]szLn Ifdtf / /fHod}qL c;+nUg
;fj{ef}d g]kfnsf] /Iff–gLltdfly g]kfneGbf kl5
ljsNkx? c¨Lsf/ ug]{ NofstnfO{ s] s:tf
:yflkt sltko zlQmzfnL /fi6«sf lnl8n xf6{sf]
l;4fGtx?n] lgb]{lzt ug{ ;S5g\ < ;jfn of] xf] .
…OG8fO{/]S6 Pk|f]rÚ, sfn{ ef]g Snfplhh\sf] …cg
/fhgLltsf If]qdf …:jfwLgtfsf] l;4fGtÚ / cfly{s
jf/Ú h:tf o'4zf:qLo /0fgLltx?n] r'gf}tL lbg]
If]qdf …cfTdlge{/tfsf] l;4fGtnfO{Ú of]hgfj4
b'i;fx; ub}{gg\  . o4lk km/s ;Eotfsf s]Gb|x?n]
?kdf ;~rfng ub}{ …;}lgs kIfnfO{Ú k//fi6«
g]kfnnfO{ …cg';Gwfgsf] p2]Zok"0f{ gd'gf 5gf}6sf]
gLltsf] clgjfo{ tTj dfGbf -cfrfo{, k[=!(!–!(*_
Ps PsfOÚ dfg]/ k|of]uzfnfsf] :ynut sfo{If]qsf
o;n] /fHosf] yk Ifdtf clej[l4;“u} e"/0fgLlts
?kdf sfd ul//x]sf] elgPsf] O08f]–Kofl;lkms
;'/IffnfO{ k|a4{g ug{ ;Sg] wf/0ff sltko jl/i7
/0fgLlt÷ldn]lgod Rofn]Gh skf]{/]zgsf]
s"6gLlt1x?sf] 5 .
;'gf}nf cj;/x? xfdLdfem cfOk'u]sf 5g\ . logsf
xflgsf/s tTjx?;“u ;ts{ /x“b} ;sf/fTds kf6f]x? zAbs'~hLM ljj]sk"0f{ 5gf}6, :jtGq lg0f{o,
klxNofO{ …ljj]sk"0f{ 5gf}6åf/fÚ /fli6«o lxtsf kIfdf k//fi6« gLltsf] clgjfo{ tŒjsf ?kdf ;}lgs kIf,
;+zf]wg u/L nfe lng ;lsof] eg] /fd|f] cj;/ k|fKt lqkIfLotfjfbsf] l;4fGt, gjoyf{yjfbL l;4fGt,
x'g]5 . t/ o:tf] ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} Joj:yf;“u g]kfn cfGtl/s s]Gb|Ls/0f zlQm, s]Gb|fk;f/s zlQm,
sfg'g aflemPdf sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg l5d]sLŒj gLlt, /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4, /fli6«o
gf}nf] /x]g . ;dosf] bafasf sf/0f of] Rofn]Ghn] lxt, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ljZjzflGt .
g]kfnsf] …c;+nUgÚ gLltnfO{ nË8f] agfO{ g]kfnL
ljifo k|j]z
;fj{ef}d ;Qfdfly r'gf}tL v8f ul/lbof] eg] …jjf{b
eP5Ú egL tkfO“ of] bzssf] e"n;“u csf]{ bzsb]lv g]kfn Ps e"–kl/j]li7t :jtGq d'n's xf] . g]kfn
k5'tfpg' l;jfo bf];|f] e"n x'g]5}g . g]kfnL gLlt– /fi6« ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ …;u/dfyfsf] b]zÚ, ltg

233
 UNITY
dfgj a'4x?M …qms'R5Gb a'4Ú, …sgsd'gL a'4Ú, …
uf}td a'4 hGde"ldsf] b]zÚ / ljZjdf Vofltk|fKt …
axfb'/ of]4fx?Ú ePsf] b]z – oL ltg sf/0fx?n]
ljZjdf k|Voft 5 -j}B, dfgGw/ / a:Goft,
@)^%, e"ldsf_ . n'lDagLdf O{=k"=^@#sf] j}zfv
z'Snk"l0f{dfdf hlGdPsf Plzofsf tf/f af}4 bfz{lgs
zfSod'gL a'4, lh;;eGbf ^@@ jif{n] h]7f eP klg
Plzofjf;Ln] a'4k"j{ / a'4 ;Djt\nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
k|rngdf Nofpg ;s]gg\  . O{;fO{ ;Eotfsf bfz{lgs
lh;;\ qmfOi6sf] hGd ;Dat\nfO{ …z"GoÚ jif{ -±!@
dlxgf_ cfwf/ dfgL O{zfk"j{ / ;g\nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
;Djt\sf ?kdf ;xif{ :jLsf/ ul/of] -yfkf, lj=;+=
@)&$, k[=3_ . ;g\ ^#) df rLg -ltAat_ n]
g]kfnnfO{ æPs :jtGq /fHosf]Ú dfGotf k|bfg u/L
g/]Gb|b]j / ltAatL /fhf ;|ªrª uDkf]aLr klxnf]
æk|lt/Iff ;}lgs ;xof]u tyf Jofkf/;DaGwL ;lGwÆ
;DkGg eO;s]kl5 ltAatsf] blIf0fkl§sf] ;LdfnfO{
g]kfnn] ;'/lIft ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfsf ;fy g/]Gb|b]jnfO{
ltAatL ;]gfsf] …;'j]bf/Ú kb lbOof] ->]i7 / c?,
lj=;+= @)&$, k[=%#$–%#%_ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf
!(# ;b:o b]zx?dWo] ;fj{ef}ldstf / :jtGqtfsf
x}l;otdf ;a}eGbf Ho]i7 /fi6«x?sf] dof{bfqmddWo]
Plzofsf qmdzM klxnf] b]z hfkfg -O{=k"=^^)_,
bf];|f] d+uf]lnof -O{=k"=@)(_, t]x|f}+ cf]dfg -hgj/L @^,
!^%)_, rf}wf}“ ckmuflg:tfg -clk|n !), !&)(_,
;f]x|f}+ yfONofG8 -gf]e]Da/ ^, !&^&_ x'g\ eg], g]kfn
;qf}“ :yfg -l8;]Da/ @!, !&^*_df /x]sf] b]z xf]
->]i7, lj=;+= @)&%, k[=$^–$&_  . If]qkmnsf cfwf/df
g]kfn ;+;f/sf] (# cf}“ :yfgdf /xL lxdfnog /]~hdf
kg]{ ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z xf] hxf“ ;u/dfyf,
s~rghª\uf, nf]T;], dsfn', rf]o', wf}nflu/L, dgf:n'
/ cGgk"0f{ cf7j6f lxdfnx? ljZjsf bzf}“ ;jf]{Rr
lxdlzv/ cGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ . !,$&,!*! ju{
ls=ld=If]qkmnleq ljZj ;Dkbf ;'rLdf bz k'/ftTj
;Dkbfx? ;"rLs[t ePsf] b]zdf ;}lgs of]ubfgsf]
k[i7e"ldsf sf/0f Plzofsf] Oltxf;df g]kfn slxNo}
234
JOURNAL
pklgj]zjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] cwLgdf /xg' gk/]sf]
e"–/0fgLlts ;'/Iffn] /fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df
ljlzi7 cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
ljifosf] ljZn]if0f
g]kfn–ef/taLr @% clk|n !(%$ df ;DkGg
sf]zL ;Demf}tfaf6 blIf0fL ;+lwof/ d'n'sn] aqmLo
af6f] k|of]u u/L ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL If]qleq k:g z'?
u/]sf] $ lbgkl5 g]kfnL e"ld …a'+bLÚ ufp“dfly 6]s]/
pQ/L ;+lwof/ d'n's;“u cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw IF]q–
lj:tf/ ug]{ gLlt lnO;s]sf lyP . bfr{'nf lhNnfsf]
lnlDkofw'/fb]lv k"j{df /x]sf] a'+bL ufp“df ( h'g !(%@
df ef/tLo ;]gfn] r]skf]i6 /fv]otf ef/t–rLgaLr
@( clk|n !(%$ df lnk'n]s kf; eP/ Jofkf/L
tyf tLy{ofqLx? cfjthfjt ug{ kfpg] ;Demf}tf
eof] . ;g\ !(%( df g]kfnL sfnfkfgL ju/ 5gf}6
u/L ef/tLo ;]gf t}gfy eof] . ef/tn] ;g\ !(^@
df rLg;“usf] o'4df s]xL ;dosf nflu ;fdl/s
e"ld sfnfkfgL cfjZos k/]sf] /0fgLlts sf/0f
b]vfO{ o; If]qsf] sl/a #&@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/eGbf
a9L ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL e"–efu cltqmd0f u/]sf] 5 .
ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL /fhLj ufGwLn] !(–@# l8;]Da/
!(** df lnk'n]s kf; eP/ gof“ yk ;Ldf–Jofkf/
;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ;xdt eof] . l8;]Da/
!((! df lrgLof“ k|wfgdGqL ln kmªsf] gof“ lbNnL
e|d0fsf cj;/df gof“ yk ;Ldf–Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfdf
x:tfIf/ eof] . h'nfO !((@ df lnk'n]s kf;
;Ldf–Jofkf/nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ ef/t–rLgn] æk|j]z /
lgsf; k|lqmofsf]Ú k|f]6f]sndf x:tfIf/ u/] . ;g\
@))# df ef/t–rLgaLr lnk'n]s kf; eP/ ;Ldf–
Jofkf/ lj:tf/ ug{ ;xdt eof] . !! clk|n @))%
df lrgLof“ k|wfgdGqL j]g lhcfjfcf] / ef/tLo
k|wfgdGqL dgdf]xg l;+xaLr kf/:kl/s k/fdz{sf
cfwf/df lnk'n]s kf; / lnk';“u} hf]l8Psf] Rofªnf
kf;nufotsf If]qx?nfO{ rLg–ef/taLrsf] ;Ldf
a}7s ljGb'sf] ;++oGq lj:tf/ ug]{ l;4fGtdf ;xdtL
 UNITY
eof] (Sam, 2015) . ;]K6]Da/ @)!$ df lrgLof“
/fi6«klt l; lrglkmªsf] ef/t e|d0fsf] ;dodf
rLg–ef/taLr …s}nfz dfg;/f]j/ ofqLsfÚ nflu
lnk'n]s kf; / gfy'nf gfsf vf]Ng] ;xdlt eof] .
* dlxgfkl5 ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bLsf] rLg
e|d0fsf qmddf !% d] @)!% df ef/t–rLgaLr
g]kfnsf] lnk'n]s kf;÷Rofªnf kf;nfO{ …;Ldf
Jofkf/ gfsfÚ agfpg] ;Demf}tf eof] . rLg–ef/t
d]nldnfkaf6 pTkGg hfnem]nn] …rLg–g]kfn–ef/tÚ
lqkIfLotfjfb\sf] l;4fGtnfO{ pNnª\3g ub}{ ;fj{ef}d
g]kfnL e"ld cltqmd0f u/]sf 5g\ .
/fhf dx]Gb|n] ;g !(^^ sf] d] @^ df eQmk'/df u/]sf]
c/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] pb\3f6gaf6 g]kfn …Ps dfqfsf]
:jtGqtfÚ (One Degree of Freedom) af6 …bf];|f]
dfqfsf] :jtGqTff (Second Degree of Freedom)
k|fKt u/]b]lv (Shrestha, 2015, p. 16) g]kfnsf]
l5d]sL;“usf] k//fi6« gLlt …;db"/LÚ -OlSjl8:6]G;_
ePsf] xf . g]kfnn] rLgsf] ;f+3fOdf ;g\ @))$
clk|n @^Dff Pl;ofnL /fhdfu{ ;~rfng;DaGwL
;Demf}tfkqdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]kl5 PlzofnL
/fhdfu{sf] g]kfndf kg]{ ?6 k"j{–klZrd dx]Gb|
/fhdfu{ AH–2 / pQ/–blIf0f c/lgsf] /fhdfu{
AH–42 /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;g\ @))^ gf]e]Da/df
rLgsf] ;lqmotfdf blIf0f sf]l/ofl:yt a';fgdf
cfof]lht PlzofnL oftfoft dGqLx?sf] ;Dd]ngdf
Plzof / o'/f]ksf b]zx?nfO{ hf]8\g] …6«fG;–Plzog
/]Nj] g]6js{sf]Ú ;xdltkqdf x:tfIf/ u¥of] . of]
/]ndfu{ ;~hfnsf] klxnf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(^) df
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqL
;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] g]kfnsf tkm{af6 ;a{k|yd !*
l8;]Da/ @)!$df a]Olhªdf ;DkGg …Ps If]q Ps
dfu{Ú -cf]lacf]cf/_ df ;}4flGts ;xdlt hgfO{
;dembf/Lkqdf x:tfIf/ u/] -yfkf, lj=;+=@)&^ -v_,
k[=%_ .
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hgu0ftGq rLgsf] jfl0fHo dGqfnodf g]kfnL kIf
/ lrgLof“ kIfsf aLr !&–!* l8;]Da/ @)!$df
g]kfn–rLg ;+o'Qm cfly{s / Jofkfl/s sld6Lsf]
!!cf}+ ;];g\df …l;Ns /f]8 Osf]gf]lds j]N6dfÚ
;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 (Shrestha, 2015, pp. 194-
206) . k|wfgdGqL s]=kL=cf]nLn] @! dfr{ @)!^Dff
rLgdf P]ltxfl;s kf/jxg / oftfoft ;Demf}tfdf
x:tIf/ u/] . Plzof–k|zfGtsf nflu cfly{s tyf
;fdflhs ;ldltåf/f of]hgf ul/Psf] PlzofnL
/fhdfu{sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cËsf ?kdf o;nfO{
ljsl;t ul/Psf] xf] . rLg -ltAat_ ;/sf/n]
@)&$ efb| !$ ut] blIf0f PlzofnL d'n'sx?;“u
hf]8\g] dxŒjk"0f{ k|j]z dfu{sf ?kdf /;'jfu9L–
s]?ª gfsfnfO{ …cGt/f{li6«o gfsfÚ 3f]if0ff u/]sf]
5 (Story of Kerung, 2019) . sf7df8f}+–sf]bf/L–
Nxf;f /fhdfu{ …PlzofnL /fhdfu{sf] ;~hfnleqÚ
;dfj]z ePsf] 5 . oL pQ/–blIf0f /fhdfu{ tyf
gfsfx?sf] ;~rfngn] g]kfnsf] e"–kl/j]li7t ‰ofn–
9f]sfx?nfO{ v'nf u/L cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf bf]xf]/f]
kx'“rsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf ‰ofn–
9f]sfx? y'gL /fHonfO{ …e'6fgÚ h:tf] ef/tj]li7t
agfpg] ;kgf a'Gg dflx/ jflz¨6g–lbNnL Ansn]
g]kfnnfO{ j]Olhªtkm{ 9Ns]sf] cf/f]k nufOlbPsf]
j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/df ?kfGt/0f
ug]{ Ifdtf sf7df8f}+;“u 5 . g]6f] u7aGwg cd]l/sL
;}lgs /0fgLlts sf/jfxLn] km/s ljrf/, cf:yf
/ lj/f]wL /fi6«x?dfly xdnf (Sangroula, 2018,
pp. 19-20) u/L rLg 3]g]{ cd]l/sL /0fgLlt,
Sjfl8«Nof6/n PnfOG;÷O08f]–Kofl;lkms /0fgLlt,
k|ltåGåL /fi6«sf] 8S6«fOgM k|efj jf g]kfn ;Gbe{df
jflz¨6g–lbNnL s]lGb|t e"–/fhgLlts÷e"–/0fgLlts
:jfy{n] k|ToIf k|efj (Sangroula, 2015, pp. 138-
139) kf/]sf] sltko ljZn]ifsx?sf] a'emfO 5 .
;g\ !($(df cª\u|]h cf}klgj]lzs babafaf6 ef/t
:jtGq eP;“u} ;g\ !(%)df ;DkGg æg]kfn–ef/t
 UNITY
zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGwÆ / ;g\ !(^%sf] æg]kfn–
ef/t ;'/Iff ;lGwsfÆ sf/0f e"kl/j]li7t g]kfnnfO{
ef/tj]li7t agfPsf] sltko ljåfg\x?sf] d"Nofª\sg
5 . lj=;+=@)!%df g]kfnsf] …/Iff Joj:yfÚ ef/tnfO{
;'Dkg] uf]Ko of]hgfnfO{ tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|n]
lgit]h agfPsf] (Upadhya, 2018, p. 29) Oltxf;
efjL g]kfnL ;GttLx?nfO{ a'emfpg' h?/L 5 .
g]kfndf klxnf] hgcfGbf]ng r/d pTsif{df k'Ubf
lj=;+=@)$^ r}q !* ut] ef/tsf tTsfnLg ljb]z
;lrj P;=s]=l;+x ;'n g]kfn cfO{ !( ut] /fhf;dIf
k]z u/]sf] k|:tfljt uf]Ko ;lGw (Upadhya,
2018, p. 470)df …hn;|f]tsf] clwsf/ ef/tnfO{
;'lDkg'kg]{Ú egL /flvPsf zt{x?nfO{ ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL
ljBfyL{x?sf nflu cfh ulx/f] cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo
alg/x]sf] 5 . lj=;+=@)^$ efb| !* df rLglj?4
ef/t / cd]l/sL u'6sf] …rt'ikIfLo ;'?jftsf]
;Demf}tfÚ -Sjfl8«Nof6/n Olgl;Pl6eM…SjfbÚ_ sf]
ljifonfO{ df]xdb cnLn] aL=aL=;L=af6 ;fj{hlgs
u/]sf lyP . …SjfbÚ If]qLo ;'/Iffsf nflu xf] elgP
klg of] …ef/t–cd]l/sf cf0fljs xltof/;DaGwLÚ
ePsf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/sf] klxnf] r/0f x'g ;Sg]
cfz+sf s"6gLlts j[Qdf rrf{ rNg] ub{5 . Sjfbn]
g]kfnnfO{ ;fdl/s /0fgLlts If]qdf k]lng] cj:yf
l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 (Upadhya, 2018, pp. 333-334) .
ef/tn] nfu" u/]sf] æ;Ldfkf/ ljB't Jofkf/;DaGwL
lgb]{lzsf @)!^Æ cGtu{t g]kfnleq …zt k|ltzt
ef/tLo ;/sf/ jf ef/t ;/sf/sf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfx?
/ ef/tLo lghL If]qn] nufgL u/]sf] cfof]hgfaf6
pTkflbt lah'nL dfq ef/tdf lgof{t ug{ ;lsg]Ú
k|fjwfgn] -If]qL, @)&$, k[= !)*_ g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t
/ kfgLsf d'xfgx?dfly gLltut clwsf/ hdfpg]
l5d]sLx?sf] s'6Ln /0fgLlts bfpk]rk|lt g]kfnL
gLlt–lgdf{tfx? / g]kfnLhg ;+j]bgzLn x'g'kg]{
b]lvPsf] 5 . xfdLn] sf7df8f}+df …sf8{Ú kmfNg'cl3
g} ;+ljwfgsf nflu æ;Demf}tfÆ eO;s]sf], ;+ljwfg
nfu' ul/;s]kl5 gfsfaGbL nufPsfn] dw]zsf
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dw]zLx?nfO{ xfd|f] l/df]6af6 Ps agfpg g;s]sf] /
kxf8x?df xfd|f] 7"nf] cnf]slk|otf ePsf] (Tharoor,
2018, pp. 460-463) df]bL ;/sf/sf kfqx?sf]
a'emfO ;fj{ef}d g]kfnLsf nflu d}qLk"0f{ 5}gg\, clkt'
;a}vfn] r'gf}tLx?nfO{ cj;/df abNb} g]kfnn]
;a} ldq/fi6«x?;“u …cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gÚ / …;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] j8fkqsf]Ú kfngf ub}{ …lgz:qLs/0fdflyÚ
hf]8 lb“b}cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] …zflGtk"0f{Ú cfu|xåf/f
…;db'/LÚ (Equi-distance), …;d–;fldKotfÚ (Equi-
proximity), …ultzLn t6:ytfÚ (Dynamic
Neutralism), …Ps rLg gLltÚ / …k~rzLnsf]
l;4fGtsfÚ cfwf/df cfGtl/s Pjd\ af≈o Ifdtf
clej[l4sf nflu ;Gt'lnt …l5d]lsTjsf] gLltÚ
(Neighborhood Policy) cl3 ;fb}{cfPsf] 5 .
lge{/tf l;4fGt -l8k]G8]G;L Yof]/L_ n] b]z ljsf; /
cl:tTjsf nflu csf]{ /fHodf lge{/ /xg] cj:yfsf]
j0f{g ub{5 (Dahal, 2018, p. 35) . lge{/tf
l;4fGtsf] b[9 ljZjf; 5 ls, cljsl;tsf] cj:yf
7Ls t];|f] ljZjsf] cy{zf:qnfO{ k"“hLjfbL ljZj
k|0ffnLdf ;dflxt ug]{ kl/0ffd xf], h'g klZrd /
pQ/ cd]l/sfn] k|e'Tj hdfPsf] 5 (Dahal, 2019,
p. 36) . lge{/tfsf] l;4fGt eg]sf] g]kfnnfO{ ef/tn]
æPs dw]z Ps k|b]zÆ jf slDtdf æb'O{ dw]z
k|fGtsf]Æ ljsNk;lxt g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;Ldfª\sg
agfpg bafa lbO{ Psk6s gof“ lbNnLn] dw];L
g]tfnfO{ ;dfTof] eg] o;n] sf7df8f}+sf ;De|fGt
ju{nfO{ wDsL lbg jf lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lsof];\ egL
rfx]h:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ …lbjf:jKgfÚ b]Vg' klg xf]Og .
lge{/tfsf] l;4fGt;“u} hf]l8P/ cfpg] cfTdlg0f{osf]
clwsf/ rLg, ef/t jf s'g} klg t];|f] d'n'sx?;“u
g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug{
kfpg] …:jtGq clwsf/Ú xf] . cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/
eg]sf] /fHoaf6 6'lqmP/ cnu /xg] k|lqmof xf]Og,
/fHoleq /xL JolQmn] k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/x? x'g\ .
o;sf nflu …;fs{Ú, …ljd:6]sÚ / …c;+nUg /fi6«x?Ú
 UNITY
h:t} lj|S; sf]ck/]zgcGtu{t …a|flhnÚ, …/l;ofÚ, …
OlG8ofÚ, …rfOgfÚ / …blIf0f clk|msfsf]Ú ;DaGwn]
ldqtfd} a9L hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . of] 5ftf ;+u7gleq
rLg / ef/tsf aLrdf æg]kfnn] ;+of]hgsf/L
e"ldsfÆ v]Nb} dWoPlzof / blIf0f PlzofaLr zlQm
;Gt'ng sfod u/]sf] 5 (Baral, 2018, p. 60) .
o;/L If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o zlQm k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f
g]kfn e"–/0fgLlts zlQm s]Gb|sf ?kdf cufl8
al9/x“bf, To:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfnn] kfOnf–kfOnfdf
;r]t eP/ ljj]sk"0f{ lg0f{o (Baral, 2018, p. 61)
lng'kg]{ ljåfg\x?sf] hf]8 5 .
g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf tLg ;t{x?M …kfl/l:ylts
5gf}6Ú, …;t{sf cfwf/df ug]{ 5gf}6Ú / …ljj]s;Ddt
Pjd\ ;fjwfgLk"0f{ tl/sfn] ug]{ 5gf}6n]Ú dfq
g]kfnsf] …/fli6«o :jfy{Ú ;'/lIft x'g]df hf]8lb“b}
P]ltxfl;s?kdf æsf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:qÆ / lrgLof“
;g\ T;psf] æo'4snfÆ ef/t–lrgLof“ bz{gsf]
af}l4s ljsf;df cfwfl/t /x]/ n]lvPsf u|Gyx?
x'g\ . oL b'j} u|Gyn] o'4df zq' k/f:t u/L ljhoL
x'g] /0fg}lts b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ub{5g\ . ;g\ T;p,
æcfkm"nfO{ lrg / ltd|f] zq'nfO{ lrg, ltdLnfO{ slxNo}
klg vt/f x'g]5}gÆ (Haiming, 2017, p. 60) h:tf
h¨L–dGqx?n] …rLg–g]kfn–ef/tsf] lqb]zLo ldqtfÚ
/ l5d]sLsf] ;DaGwnfO{ …Jojxf/f]kof]uLÚ agfpg]
ef/tLo a'l4hLaL uLtf sf]R5f/ / k|df]b h};jfnsf]
ljZn]if0f 5 . pgLx?n] zf:qLo oyfy{jfbaf6
ljsl;t gjoyfy{jfbL l;4fGtsf] Jojxf/sf sf/0f
g]kfn–rLg–ef/tsf] ;DaGwdf …;'/Iff b"lawfsf]
;d:ofÚ /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ . lqb]zLo
;DaGwlj?4 cGo af≈ozlQm /fi6«x? s'g} g s'g}
?kdf ;lqmo /x]/ lbO/x]sf] r'gf}tLk"0f{ gLltlj?4
k|lt/Iff ug'{kg]{ sltko ef/tLo a'l4hLaLx?sf]
wf/0ff 5 . csf]{lt/ lqb]zLo /fi6«x? :jod\ cfGtl/s
?kdf ;'/Iff z+sfaf6 k|tfl8t 5g\ . ef/t–g]kfn
;DaGwdf uf]/vfafbL÷lxGb"–;+:s[ltsf] cfbz{ /
rLg–g]kfn ;DaGwdf af}4–;+:s[lt÷;dfhjfbsf]
237
JOURNAL
cfb{znfO{ :jLsf/ u/L b'j} ;+lwof/ ldq /fi6«x?aLr
g]kfnn] Pscsf{sf] ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltdf ulx/f] k|efj
kfl//x]sf] (Kochhar & Jaiswal, 2016, pp. 49-
51) n]vs åosf] ts{;+u k|Voft ef/tLo ljåfg\
cfgGb:j?k jdf{ k+lQmsf ljåfg\x?sf] 7"nf] ;d"x
;xdt b]lvPsf 5g\ .
lgisif{
…olb g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fHosf] Ifdtf a9fpg ;Sb}g
eg] /fHo cfkm}“ lj:tf/} lj36g x'g ;S5Ú (Kaplan,
2012, p. 252) eGg] /f]a6{ sKnfgsf] cg'dfgnfO{
;xL dfGg' x'G5 eg], /f]a6{ k|mf]:6sf] …c;n af/a]/n]
c;n l5d]sL agfpg]Ú (Frost, 1984, pp. 47-48)
eGg] sygnfO{ tkfO“n] s;/L a'‰g' ePsf] 5 < g]kfn
/fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df g]kfnL e"–/fhgLlts
l:yltnfO{ alnof] agfpg …cfGtl/s s]Gb|Ls/0f
zlQmÚ -;]lG6«lk6n kmf];{_ cyf{t\ of] zlQm s]Gb|lt/
hfg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ cljefHo cj;/sf ?kdf
lng ;lsG5 . t/ cfGtl/s …s]Gb|k;f/s zlQmÚ
-;]lG6Ǽo'un kmf];{_ cyf{t of] zlQm s]Gb|af6 aflx/
hfg] x'“bf o;n] /fHonfO{ ljb|f]x / ljv08g u/L
r'gf}tL lbg ;Sg] -e08f/L, k[= &(^–&((_ a'emfO
sltko lj1x?sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu pQ/–blIf0f
bf]nvfb]lv gf}nvf;Dd hf]l8Psf] e"–efunfO{ cnu
ul/“bf ef]ln x'g ;Sg] ;]lG6«ºo'un kmf];{af6 pTkGg
b'ikl/0ffdnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ;]lG6«lk6n kmf];{ -h¨L–
k[tgf zlQm_ df Nofpg ;Sg] ;fdYo{ /fHo;“u x'g'k5{  .
g]kfnnfO{ b'O{ b]zaLrsf] …akm/ :6]6Ú ePsf] 7fGb}
cfPsf ;+lwof/ ldq/fi6«x?n] cd]l/sL e"–/0fgLlts
l;4fGtcg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ rLg;“usf] …åGåsf]Ú cv8f
agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] sltko ljåfg\x?sf] a'emfO
5 . g]kfnL ;]gfsf k"j{/yL Pjd\ Dofgdf/sf nflu
g]kfnL k"j{/fhb"t leS6«Lzdz]/ h=a=/f=sf] dfGotf
s] 5 eg], cGt/f{li6«o dfldnfdf xfdL v]nf8L aGg]
xf], d}bfg xf]Og . xfdLn] c? b]zsf] :jfy{ cfºgf]
b]zleq 3':g lbg} x'Gg . To;sf nflu g]kfnn]
 UNITY
klxn]b]lv ckgfp“b} cfPsf] c;+nUgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{
s8fOsf ;fy nfu' ub}{ -l/hfn, ;+= @)!(, k[=
!%^_ g]kfnL–e"ld /0fgLlts ;Gt'ngsf] ;}4flGts
(Theory of Nepalese-Ground Strategical
Balance: TONGSB) hudfly pleP/ /fli6«o
lxt, ljZjzflGt / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ;'b[9 u/L
e"–/0fgLlts ;'/Iffsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ cj;/df abNb}
/fHosf] Ifdtf clej[l4df ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
cfrfo{, ho/fh -@)%(_M ob'gfy vgfn hLjgL / ljrf/,
nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
If]qL, u0f]z -@)&$_M ef/tsf] g]kfn …gLlt Ps zNolqmofÚ,
sf7df8f}+M hgtf k|;f/0f tyf k|sfzg ln=.
yfkf, z}n]Gb|-@)&^,-s__M af}4 ;Eotfsf] kl/ky, uf]/vfkq
zlgjf/, c;f/ @!, jif{ !!(, c+s ^!, sf7df8f}+} .
yfkf, z}n]Gb| -@)&^-v__M Ps If]q Ps dfu{df g]kfn,
uf]/vfkq zlgjf/, cflZjg @%, jif{ !!(, c+s !%%,
sf7df8f}+} .
e08f/L, efg'-@)^(_M e"–/fhgLlts bfpk]r, nlntk'/M
cf]l/PG6n k|sfzg u[x .
l/hfn, lji0f'M -;Dkf,@)!(_M g]kfnsf] s"6gLlts cEof;
/fhb"tx?sf] cg'ej, sf7df8f}+}M k//fi6« dfldnf
cWoog k|lti7fg .
j}B, t'n;L/fd / dfgGw/, lq/Tg -lj=;+=@)$(_ g]kfnsf]
;}lgs Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+M zfxL g]kfnL, hËL c8\8f .
j}B, t'n;L/fd, dfgGw/, ljho s'df/ / a:Goft, k|]dl;+x
-@)^%_M g]kfnsf] ;}lgs Oltxf;–efu @, sf7df8f}+
g]kfnL h+uL c8\8f .
>]i7, cdg / c? -@)&@_M g]kfn–ef/t / rLg ;lGw
;dLIffTds ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}+M dw'jg k|sfzg .
>]i7, a'l4gf/fo0f-@)&%_M l;dfgfsf] 1fg, sf7df8f}+}M
lkmlgS; a'S; .
Baral, L.R.(2018): Politics of geo-politics:
Continuity and changes in India-Nepal
relations, New Delhi: Adarsh Books.
238
JOURNAL
Dahal, S.H.(2019): China-Nepal-India triangle
The dark side of Indo-Nepal relations,
Kathmandu: Sangri-La Pustak P. Ltd.
Frost, R. (1984) Complete poem of Robert Frost
(11th Printing), NewYork: Mending Wall
Haiming, W.(2017): Chinese philosophy, Beijing:
China International Press.
Kaplan, Robert D.(2012): The Revenge of
geography, Newyork: the United States
by Random House Trade Paperbacks, and
important of The Random House Publishing
Group.
Kochhar, G. & Jaiswal, P. (2016). Unique Asian
traingular India-China-Nepal, New Delhi: Smt
Neelam Batra.
Sam, C.(2015): The Indian checkposts, Lipu
Lekh, and Kalapani, December 14,
Sangroula, Y.(2018): South Asia China geo-
economics, Bhaktapur: Lex & Juris
Publication.
Shrestha, H.(2015): Sixty years of dynamic
partnership, Kathmandu: Nepal-China
Society.
Tharoor, S.(2018) : The paradoxical prime
minister Narendra Modi and his India,
NewDelhi: Alpha Book Company.
Upadhya, S.(2018): Nepal and the geo-strategic
rivalry between China and India, New York:
Routledge.
https://www.mountainmonarch.com/highest-
mountains-world/
http://www.nepal.saarctourism.org/world-
heritage-sites.html
Story of Kerung .. 10 Jun 2019. https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=pZ4nHbljssE&feature।।
 UNITY JOURNAL

;lxi0f'tfjfbL g]kfnL ;dfh / o;sf r'gf}tLx¿

1fgaxfb'/ sfsL{, kLPr=8L=

n]v;f/ /fi6«sf ¿kdf lrlg“b} cfPsf] 5 . sl/a # s/f]8
hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] oxf“sf] ;dfhdf lj=;+= @)^* sf]
ljZjsf k|frLg b]zx¿dWo]sf] b]z g]kfn / g]kfnL
hgu0fgfcg';f/ !@% hfthflt / !@# efiffefifLsf
;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] Oltxf; xhf/f}“ jif{sf] /x]sf] 5 .
dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; 5 . olt w]/} hfthflt /
d"ntM g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fdf v;–cfo{ tyf
efiffefifLsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] o;
dª\uf]n ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] ljz]if e"ldsf 5 .
d'n'ssf afl;Gbfx¿df Oltxf;sf] piffsfnb]lv g}
O{;fk"j{ ;of}“ jif{ cufl8 g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf cg]sf}“
d"ntM hftLo, eflifs tyf wfld{s ljjfb /x]sf]
hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf k'vf{ d"ntM g]kfnsf
5}g . of] cfd g]kfnLsf nflu uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] /
l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ rLg / ef/ttkm{af6 g]kfn k|j]z
ljZj;fd' Ps pbfx/0f klg xf] . oxf“sf] Pstfj4
u/]sf x'g\ . a;fO“–;/fO tyf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df
g]kfnL ;dfhdf cl:y/tf / ljefhg NofO{ cfºgf]
ePsf /fhgLlts–;fdflhs ;ª\3if{ cflbsf] kl/0ffd
:jfy{ k"lt{ ug]{, b]zLljb]zL cj;/jfbLx¿sf]
klg ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x¿ g]kfn k|j]z
O;f/fdf gfRg] s]xL To:tf tŒjx¿n] ckjfbsf
u/]sf 5g\ h;sf sf/0f g]kfn ljljw hfthfltsf
¿kdf s]xL s'/fx¿ p7fpg' eg] c:jfefljs
dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\ud:yn ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] ljljw
xf]Og . o:tf lemgfdl;gf s'/fx¿afx]s g]kfnL
hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ cf–cfºgf wd{–;+:s[lt lgjf{w
;dfh ;lxi0f'tfd"ns ;dfhsf ¿kdf ljBdfg 5
¿kdf dfGb} Pscfk;df ldnh'n u/L xhf/f}“ jif{b]lv
/ o;nfO{ sxL“ st}af6 cf“r cfpg lbg' x'“b}g .
oxf“ al;/x]sf 5g\ . oxf“ s'g} hftLo–wfld{s ;ª\3if{
xfdL g]kfnLx¿sf] klxrfgsf] d"n cfwf/ oxL xf] .
ePsf] Oltxf; 5}g / oxf“sf] ;dfh ;lxi0f'tfjfbL
To;}n] xfd|f k'vf{n] sfod ub}{ cfPsf] xfd|f] …;dfhÚ
;dfhsf ¿kdf ljBdfg 5 . of] ;lxi0f'tfnfO{
nfO{ ljeflht x'g glbO{ ;lxi0f'tfo'Qm ;dfhsf
sfod /flv/xg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0fdf lg/Gt/tf
¿kdf sfod /flv/xg / o;df k|ZglrGx gcfpg]
lbO/xg' g} o;sf] r'gf}tL xf] .
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul//xg] kl/l:yltsf] ljsf; ug{
zAbs'~hLM ;lxi0f'tf, hfthflt, hghflt, ;d'bfo, ;Sg' g} o;sf] r'gf}tL klg xf] . o; kl/l:yltnfO{
v;, cfo{, dª\uf]n, ;+:s[lt, c5"t, lje]b . sfod /flv/xg' cfd g]kfnLx¿sf] st{Jo xf] .
k[i7e"ld o; k|frLg d'n'sdf ljBdfg ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] rrf{
ubf{ o;sf] ljsf; xhf/f}“ jif{ cufl8 g} eO;s]sf]
g]kfn ljZjsf b'O{ 7"nf /fi6«x¿ rLg / ef/tsf kfOG5 . rfx] v; cfo{ ;d'bfoleqsf dflg;x¿ x'g\
aLrdf ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf;lxt jf dª\uf]n ;d'bfosf ls/f“tj+zL, oL ;a}sf] g]kfn
lxdfno kj{tdfnfsf] sfvdf cjl:yt k|frLg cfudg O{zfk"j{ ;of}“ jif{ cufl8 ePsf] s'/f Oltxf;
d'n'sx¿dWo]sf] Ps :jtGq d'n's xf] . Oltxf;sf] ;fIfL 5 . v; ;d'bfosf uf]kfn–dlxifkfnj+zL tyf
piffsfnb]lv g} g]kfn ljZjdf Ps :jtGq

239
 UNITY
ls/f“tx¿n] o; d'n'sdf sf7df8f}+nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL
nfdf] ;do;Dd zf;g u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] klg :ki6
Oltxf; 5, t/ P]ltxfl;s / e/kbf{ k|df0fx¿sf]
cefjdf lglZrt ;dosf] ls6fgL gePsf] sf/0f
ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] Psdtsf ;fy pgLx¿sf]
zf;gfjlw / zf;g Joj:yfsf af/]df ;du| kIfx¿
k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] kfO“b}g . ptf klZrd g]kfndf
v; ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] cfudg / ;Eotfn]
d"ntM s0ff{nL k|b]z u'~hfodfg x'“b} cfof] . csf{lt/
klZrd t/fO{l:yt slknj:t'df /fhf z'4f]wgn]
hgtfn] 5fg]sf] /fhfsf ¿kdf /fHo ;~rfng u/]sf
lyP  . t/ pgsf 5f]/f l;4fy{ uf}td -%^#–$*# O=k"=_
eg] /fhsfh ;~rfng ug]{ k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf; gu/L tk:ofdf uPsf] / pgL kl5Nnf]
cjlwdf …a'4Ú agL ljZjdf k|l;4 :yfg cf]u6]sf]
s'/f :jod\l;4 5 . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ O{ZjLsf]
;]/f]km]/f]df :yflkt lnR5ljsfnk"j{ ;of}“ jif{cufl8
g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f d"ntM v;–cfo{ tyf
dª\uf]n d"nsf ls/f“t ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ tyf
lxGb" Pj+ af}4 wd{;+:s[ltaf6 ljsl;t eO;s]sf]
tYo :jtM k'li6 x'g cfp“5 .
g]kfnL ;dfh tyf Oltxf;sf cWo]tf ljleGg ljåfg\
x¿sf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf O{zfk"j{ pGgfO;f}+
ztfAbLlt/ g} af≈o If]qaf6 ;d]t dflg;x¿sf]
cfudg / a;f]af;sf] ;'?jft eO;s]sf] a'lemG5 .
ltgLx¿nfO{ …g]kÚ jf …uf]kfnÚ hfltsf dflg;x¿sf
¿kdf dflgPsf] 5 hf] ef/ttkm{af6 oxfF cfPsf
lyP -j}B, dfgGw/ / hf]zL, !((# k[= #_ . logLx¿s}
gfdaf6 cyf{t\ gLk, g]kaf6 g} …g]kfnÚ gfds/0f
x'g k'u]sf] s'/f ljåfg\x¿ JoQm ub{5g\ . uf]kfnx¿
cfo{ jf dª\uf]n s'g lyP eGg] ;Gbe{df ljåfg\x¿sf
aLrdf klg Psk|sf/sf] cGof]n /x]sf] cj:yfdf
logLx¿ cfo{ gZnsf …v;Ú hfltsf dflg;x¿
ePsf] ljrf/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf ljz]if cWo]tf dflgg]
;dfhzf:qL 8f]/axfb'/ lji6sf] dt /x]sf] 5 -lji6,
!(((, k[=!$–!%_ . o:t} u/L g]kfnsf] pQ/tkm{af6
240
JOURNAL
dª\uf]n ;d'bfosf ls/f“tLx¿ O{zfk"j{ kGw|f}“ jf rf}wf}“
ztfAbLlt/ g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf] k|fWofks t'n;L/fd
j}B cflb ljåfg\x¿sf] cg'dfg 5 -j}B, dfgGw/ /
hf]zL, !((#, k[=#_ . csf{lt/ l;Gw'3f“6Lsf] ;Eotf /
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ;Eotf Pp6f d'b|fsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\
eGb} l;Gw'3f“6Lsf] ;Eotf / klZrdL g]kfnsf] v;
;Eotf ;dsfnLg ePsf] s'/f /Tgfs/ b]jsf]6fn]
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ -b]jsf]6f, @)^$, k[=^*_ . oL
cfwf/x¿af6 g]kfnL ;dfhdf xhf/f}+ jif{ cufl8
g} d"ntM v;–cfo{ ;d'bfo tyf ls/f“t ;d'bfosf
dflg;x¿sf] cfudg eO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf;
eO;s]sf] s'/f 1ft x'g cfp“5 . o;/L g]kfnL ;dfh
k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnd} lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] / …g]kfnÚ b]z
klg ljZjsf k|frLg b]zx¿dWo]sf] Ps b]zsf ¿kdf
k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnd} :yflkt ePsf] s'/f 5n{Ë x'g
cfp“5 . lnR5ljsfnk"j{ qmdzM uf]kfn, dlxifkfn,
ls/f“tj+zLo /fhfx¿n] o; b]zdf zf;g u/]sf] s'/f
:ki6 5 . t/ s'g–s'g /fhfn] slt–slt jif{ zf;g u/]
eGg] s'/fx¿ km/s–km/s cfwf/df j+zfjnLx¿af6
hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] / lglZrt gePsf] sf/0f k|fKt
;|f]tx¿sf cfwf/df k|To]s /fhfx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotM
@%÷@% jif{sf] ;do 5'6\ofP/ x]bf{ uf]kfnj+zLo
/fhfx¿n] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf /fHozf;gsf]
;'?jft O{;fk"j{ !^!! af6 ;~rfng u/]sf] x'g
;Sg] Pp6f cg'dfg Oltxf;ljb\ k|f= t'n;L/fd j}Bn]
u/]sf 5g\ -j}B, @)^!, k[=!–^_ . /fHo;Qf ;~rfng
ePsf] pQm cfwf/nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f
of] ;doeGbf lgs} cufl8b]lv g} x'“b} cfPsf] dfGg
;lsG5 . ;doqmddf ljleGg kl/j]zdf km/s gZn
/ If]qaf6 oxf“ cfPsf dflg;x¿df ldnh'n u/L
a:g] ;lxi0f'tfjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] klg ljsf; eof] .
o;/L xhf/f}+ jif{ cufl8 g} lgld{t g]kfnL ;dfh
hftLo tyf wfld{s ¿kdf Pp6f ;lxi0f'tfjfbL
;dfhsf ¿kdf /x“b} cfof] .
 UNITY JOURNAL

g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f tyf ax';f“:s[lts d'n's xf] . IfqL, afx'g, u'?ª,
du/, /fO{, lnDa"", g]jf/, sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{, ufOg],
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] rrf{ ubf{ oxf“ O{zfk"j{
ofbj, bg'jf/, kf;jfg, nf]xf/, d';x/, ;tf/ cflb
;of}+ jif{ cufl8 g} ljleGg kl/j]zdf d"ntM v;–
hfthfltsf] ;ª\ud:yn g]kfn ePsf] 5 . To;}n]
cfo{ tyf ls/f“t–dª\uf]n ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf]
olt w]/} hfthflt÷efiffefifL /x]sf] oxf“sf] ;dfhsf]
k|j]z ePsf] s'/f cufl8 rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 .
cWoog ;+;f/d} Ps sl7g cWoog ePsf] s'/f
lnR5lj zf;gk"j{ :jo+ lnR5lj, dNn, j[HhL,
hL=6';L gfds ljåfg\ JoQm ub{5g\ -6';L, !(^@,
sf]nLo cflb hfltsf dflg;x¿ klg ef/taf6
k[=^_ . jf:tjd} of] Pp6f hl6n k|Zg xf] ls oL
g]kfn lelqO;s]sf lyP . lnR5lj zf;gsfndf
ljljw hfthflt, efiff–efifL tyf wdf{jnDaLx¿sf
g]kfndf rf/ j0f{ / …ci6fbzk|s[ltÚ sf dflg;x¿
k'vf{x¿ g]kfndf oxL g} ;dob]lv a;f]af; ub}{
cyf{t\ rf/ j0f{ c7f/ hftsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af;
cfPsf x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] cflwsfl/s ltlyldlt;lxt
lyof] eGg] s'/f lnR5ljsfnLg clen]vaf6 hfgsf/L
pQ/ lbg] k|df0fsf] lgZro g} cefj 5 . oxf“
kfOG5 . yfgsf]6 cflbgfyl:yt lnR5ljsfnLg /fhf
/fHozf;g ug]{ /fhj+zx¿ uf]kfn, dlxifkfn
j;Gtb]jsf] clen]vdf ci6fbzk|s[ltsf af/]df
tyf ls/f“tj+z / lnR5ljj+zsf sltko /fhfx¿
pNn]v 5 . ;f] clen]vdf …Ptl:du|fd] o] k|lji6fM
;d]t s'g–s'g / s]–slt lyP, ltgLx¿n] slt–slt
k|ljljIfjZr a|fXd0fk|wfgfM ;fi6fbzk|s[toÚ
jif{ zf;g u/] eGg] s'/f t cflwsfl/s k|df0fsf]
elgPsf] kfOG5 . elgG5, ls/f“tsfnb]lv g} j0f{–
cefjdf c:ki6 5 eg] oxf“ a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf
Joj:yfeGbf leGg Joj:yfdf x's]{sf hfltx¿sf] klg
tL k|frLgsfnLg ljljw hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf]
oxf“ a;f]af; ePsf] / ;a}nfO{ rf/ j0f{leq ;dfj]z
cfudg / ;do tyf j+zsf] af/]df klg cGof]n
ug{ sl7gfO ePsfn] rf/ j0f{ c7f/ hft elgPsf]
/xg' c:jfefljs xf]Og . o; kl/j]zdf dfq s] eGg
xf] -ah|frfo{, @)#), k[=!)$–%_ . kl5Nnf] sfndf
;lsG5 eg] Oltxf;sf ljleGg sfnv08df O{zfk"j{
eg] rf/ j0f{ 5QL; hftsf dflg;x¿ eGg] k|rng
;of}+ jif{ cufl8 g} o; e"lddf cg]sf}+ hfthfltsf
rNof] . k|fu}ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} g]kfndf v; /
dflg;x¿sf k"vf{x¿sf] oxf“ cfudg ePsf] xf] /
ls/f“t÷dª\uf]n ;d'bfo cGtu{t ljljw hfthfltsf
xfd|f] …g]kfnL ;dfhÚ sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf
eg] g]kfndf cg]sf}+ hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] jf:tjdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f d"ntM v;–cfo{ /
cfudg ePsf] kfOG5 . dª\uf]n d"nsf dflg;x¿af6 ePsf] 5 . oL d"nsf
dflg;x¿dWo] v;–cfo{ d"nsf dflg;x¿sf k'vf{
g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ oxfF !@%
ef/ttkm{af6 / dª\uf]n d"nsf dflg;x¿sf k'vf{
hfltsf dflg;x¿ a:b5g\ . oL hfthfltx¿df
rLgsf] ltAat If]q tyf ef/tsf] pQ/k"jL{ If]qaf6
cg]sf}+ efiff–efifL, wd{–;Dk|bfo tyf cf–cfºgf
cfPsf x'g\ -yfkf, !(**, k[=@_ . cem a[xt\ ¿kdf
;+:s[ltx¿ 5g\ . ltgLx¿dWo] !@# efiffefifLx¿
eGg] xf] eg] u'?ª, z]kf{, tfdfª cflb hfltsf
5g\ . wfld{s ¿kdf lxGb", af}4, lqmlZrog, h}g,
dflg;x¿ ltAat If]qaf6 g]kfn cfPsf] dflgG5
d'l:nd cflb wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] oxf“ a;f]af; 5 .
eg] /fO{–lnDa"sf k'vf{x¿ g]kfnsf] pQ/–k"jL{
logLx¿ cf–cfºgf ;f+:s[lts d"No–dfGotfx¿sf
If]qaf6 cfPsf] dflgG5 . To:t} v;–cfo{ ;d"xsf
cfwf/df ldnh'nsf ;fy a;f]af; ul//x]sf 5g\ .
dflg;x¿ g]kfnsf] klZrd / blIf0ftkm{af6 cyf{t\
To;}n] g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s
ef/tsf] pQ/klZrd / pQ/L If]q cyf{t\ s'dfpm“,

241
 UNITY
u9jfn tyf d}bfgL If]q x'“b} g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf x'g\ .
logLx¿ slxn] a;fO{–;/fO ub}{ t slxn] pko'Qm
jf;:yfgsf] vf]hL ub}{ cfºgf kz'x¿;lxt sf7df8f}+
pkTosf;Dd cfOk'u] eg] sltko kxf8–t/fO{df
klg /x] . slxn] rLg, ltAat tyf ef/tdf ePsf
/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs u8a8Lsf sf/0f klg s}of}+
dflg;x¿ g]kfn lelqP / oxL“sf] ;dfhdf 3'nldn
eP/ a;] . o;/L w]/} y/Lsf dflg;x¿sf] g]kfn
cflbynf] aGof] / oxf“ cfO{ a;f]af; ug]{ ljljw
hfthflt tyf ;+:sf/sf dflg;x¿ Pscfk;df
ldn]/ a:g'kg]{ afWotf klg eof] / ;f]xLcg';f/
;+:sf/sf] ljsf; eO{ ;lxi0f'tfjfbL ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f
eof] .
;doqmddf g]kfnsf] pQ/ tyf blIf0fdf ePsf
/fhg}lts åGå Pj+ ;fdflhs u8a8L cyf{t\ em}+emu8f,
bª\uf cflb sf/0faf6 klg xhf/f}+ dflg;x¿ g]kfndf
k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ . uf}td a'4 -O{zfk"j{ %^#–$*#_
sf] ;do -clwsf/L, @)%&, k[=(#–($_ d} klg
slknj:t'sf zfSox¿dfly sf]zfnf /fHosf /fhfsf]
cfqmd0f x'“bf Toxf“af6 zfSox¿ efu]/ sf7df8f}+
cfPsf lyP eg] ef/tdf duwx¿sf] zlQm j[l4sf
qmddf lnR5lj, dNn, sf]nLo, j[HhL cflb hfltsf
dflg;x¿ g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf lyP -j}B / dfgGw/,
!(*%, k[=!*_ . o;/L k|frLg ;dodf g]kfn k|j]z
u/]sf dflg;x¿sf] l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ljåfg\
;"o{dl0f clwsf/Ln] eg]sf 5g\ æsf]xL cln klxn]
cfP, sf]xL cln kl5 k|j]z u/], sf]xL h+unL cj:yfs}
cflbjf;L x'g\ ;S5g\ t/ oxf“sf] ;Eotfsf lgdf{tf
eg] cfuGt's hfltx¿ g} lyPÆ -clwsf/L, @)%(,
k[=!)_ hf] oxf“ gª–df;';/x ldn]/ a:g yfn] /
;lxi0f'tfo'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f eof] .
k|frLgsfndf ef/tdf duwx¿af6 k/flht lnR5ljx¿
g]kfn k|j]z u/]sf / pgLx¿n] sf7df8f}+af6 zf;g
ub}{ cfPsf ls/f“tx¿nfO{ x/fO{ g]kfndf /fHozf;g
lng ;kmn ePsf lyP . elgG5, j0ff{>dsf]
242
JOURNAL
cEof; ul/;s]sf log} lnR5ljx¿af6 g} g]kfndf
j0f{Joj:yfsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs ljefhg ug]{ sfd
ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf nfu u/fpg]
lnR5lj /fhf ;'k'ik dflgG5g\ . pgn] O{;fk"j{
kf“rf}“ ztfAbLlt/ o; Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf]
dflgG5 . pgn] u}/ lxGb"x¿af6 cfºgf] lxGb" wd{sf]
/Iffy{ j0f{Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft u/]sf lyP . ef/tsf]
j}zfnLaf6 g]kfn cfPsf oL lnR5ljx¿ zf;s
ju{sf ¿kdf :yflkt ePkl5 logLx¿sf] k|e'Tj cGo
;dfhdf klg kb}{ uof] -j}B, dfgGw/ / hf]zL, !((#,
k[=@@–@#_ .
oL cfwf/x¿af6 ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f lnR5ljsfnk"j{ cyf{t\ O{;fk"j{s} ;dodf
eO;s]sf] :ki6 x'g cfp“5 . cem sltko ljåfg\x¿sf
ljrf/df– æljleGg k|frLg dfgj Pjd\ hLjhGt'sf
cjz]if Pj+ 9'ª\u] xltof/x¿sf cfwf/df ljrf/ ubf{
g]kfnL cflbdfgjsf] h}ljs ljsf; oxL e"lddf
ePsf] / ltgs} j+z lg/Gt/tfdf oxf“ k|fu}ltxfl;s
;Eotfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf]Æ ->]i7, @)%#, k[=$#–$%_
;d]t a'lemg cfp“5 . of] cfwf/tkm{ b[li6 lb“bf
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] hu O{;fk"j{ xhf/f}+ jif{ cufl8b]lv
g} to ePsf] lyof] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, g]kfnsf] pQ/L
If]q tyf blIf0fL If]qaf6 dflg;x¿ oxf“ cfpg] qmd
cBfjlw hf/L g} 5 / clxn] t s]xL klZrdfx¿
;d]t g]kfnL aGg yfn]sf 5g\ . ljåfg\ hgsnfn
zdf{sf] dt 5– æcfhsf] j}1flgs cg';Gwfgaf6
o; k|foåLkdf b]vfk/]sf ;d:t hfltsf k'vf{
aflx/af6} cfPsf x'g\Æ -zdf{, @)#(, k[=#(_ . o;
cfwf/af6 ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljleGg
gZnsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf / oL ;a}sf] ;lDd>0f
g]kfnL ;dfh xf] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]q k|frLgsfnaf6} pQ/ / blIf0fsf
dflg;x¿sf nflu x/t/xn] ;'/lIft uGtJo :yn
ag]sf] kfOG5 . o:t} oxf“ lxGb" / af}4dfuL{x¿sf]
cfjfudg klg eO/x]sf] kfOG5 . elgG5, sf7df8f}+
 UNITY
pkTosf cfOk'u]sf kz'kfnsb]lv s[ifs jf
Jofkf/L jf cGo hf] oxf“ cfP pgLx¿ kms]{/ hfg]
sd ;Defjgf x'GYof] . tL cfuGt'sx¿ oxL+sf]
jftfj/0fdf /Dg yfn] . o;/L oxf“ ljleGg If]qsf
dflg;x¿sf] ;+:s[lt klg lelqof] . To;}n] of] 7fp“
;f+:s[lts b[li6sf]0faf6 Pp6f …wft' kufNg] ef“8fÚ
(Melting Pot) h:t} aGof] -s'“j/, @)^^, k[=!$_ .
o;/L 3f]lnP/ ag]sf] xf] – g]kfnL ;dfh . h] eP
tfklg rfx] oxL ;Eotfsf] r/0faf6 u'lh|P/ cfPsf
x'g\ rfx] aflx/af6 cfPsf x'g\ oL ;a} hfthfltsf
dflg;x¿ ldn]/ dfq xf]Og, k"0f{tM 3f]lnP/ g]kfnL
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . o;df b'O{dt 5}g .
o;/L ldl>t ¿kdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] agfj6 /x]sf]
5 . hftLo ¿kdf !@% hfltsf dflg;x¿sf]
a;f]af;:yn /x]sf] g]kfne"ldsf] hfltut ljj/0fn]
:ki6 b]vfp“5 ls g]kfndf olt w]/} ;ª\Vofdf ljleGg
hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf 5g\ / logLx¿df
cg'kd hftLo ;lxi0f'tf ljBdfg 5 hf] xfdLn]
cg'e"lt ul//x]sf 5f}“ . o; oyfy{tfnfO{ cfTd;ft\
ub}{ cfufdL lbgx¿df klg o; k|sf/sf] hftLo
;lxi0f'tfsf] lg/Gt/tf ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] ;a}df 1ft
x'g' h?/L 5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf hftLo ;lxi0f'tf
g]kfndf O{;fk"j{ ;of}+ jif{ cufl8 d"ntM v;–cfo{
/ dª\uf]n ls/f“t ;d'bfosf ljleGg hfthfltsf
dflg;x¿ g]kfn k|j]z ul/;s]sf] k|;ª\u o; cufl8
rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;/L O{;fk"j{ cyf{t\ g]kfnsf]
k|fdfl0fs Oltxf;sf] sfn dflgg] …lnR5ljsfnÚ k"j{
g} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;+/rgf alg;s]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf v;–cfo{ d"nsf If]qL, afx'g,
sfdL, bdfO{, ;fsL{ cflb hfltsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf
5g\ eg] dª\uf]nd"nsf /fO{, lnDa", u'?ª, du/,
tfdfª, z]kf{ cflb hfltsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
s]xL a:tLx¿ afx]s b]zsf ljleGg efudf cg]sf}+
hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] ldl>t a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 /
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;a} hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ ldn]/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . Ps cfk;df g]kfnLx¿ ;a}
bfh'efO h:t} u/L ldlnh'nL al;/x]sf] kl/j]zdf of]
jf Tof] jxfgfdf s;}n] klg g]kfnLx¿leq ljBdfg
…hftLo ;b\efjÚ nfO{ vNaNofpg' x'“b}g . olb of]
;b\efj st}af6 vNaNofpg] k|of; eof] eg] Tof]
/fi6«3ftL sbd x'g]5 . To;n] ;dfh ljv08g dfq
xf]Og, /fi6« ljv08gsf] 9f]sf klg vf]Ng ;Sb5 .
t;y{ o;df cfd g]kfnLsf] ;r]t b[li6 /lx/xg'k5{  .
:d/0f /xf];\, ;j{k|yd g]kfn cfO{ /fHo zf;gsf]
;'?jftstf{ dflgg] uf]kfn, dlxifkfn j+zsf
dflg;x¿nfO{ oxf“ s;}n] klg cfqmd0f u/]sf] k|df0f
k|fKt 5}g . To:t} u/L uf]kfnx¿nfO{ dlxifkfnx¿n]
/ dlxifkfnx¿kl5 ;Qf cfºgf] xftdf lng ;kmn
ls/f“tx¿n] klg pgLx¿dfly cfqmd0f u/]gg\ .
o:t} ls/f“tx¿kl5 zf;g cfºgf] xftdf lnPsf
lnR5ljx¿n] klg ls/f“tx¿dfly cfqmd0f u/]sf]
kfO“b}g . dWosfnsf] pQ/fw{lt/ PsLs[t g]kfn
;fdGtx¿sf] dxŒjfsfª\Iff, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf,
s]Gb|Lo zf;gsf] sdhf]/L cflb sf/0faf6 vl08t
x'g uof] . o; kl/j]zdf g]kfnleq afO;]–rf}la;]
/fHox¿, pkTosfsf /fHox¿ / k"j{lt/sf /fHox¿
u/L %) eGbf a9L /fHox¿ b]vfk/] . /fHox¿sf
aLrdf a]nfavt åGå eP tfklg ;a} hfthfltsf
dflg;x¿ ;lxi0f'tfk"j{s g} a;f]af; u/] . s'g} klg
If]qdf ljleGg hfltx¿sf aLrdf hftLo åGå tyf
;fdflhs ;b\efjdf vnn cfPsf] Oltxf; 5}g .
kl5Nnf] ;dosf] s'/f ubf{ klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosf
ljho u/L dNn zf;gsf] cGTo ug]{ k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxn] klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf g]jf/x¿nfO{
hftLo ¿kdf s'g} b'Jo{jxf/ u/]gg\, a? sflGtk'/
ljhosf qmddf OGb|hfqf dgfO/x]sf sflGtk'/]
g]jf/x¿nfO{ pgn] xf};nf lbPsf lyP -1jfnL,
@)##, k[=!%@_ / g]jf/x¿sf] ;fdflhs dfGotfnfO{
;fy lbP . To:t} pgL / pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿sf]
;dodf k"j{lt/sf ljleGg /fHox¿ nufot afO;]
 UNITY
rf}la;] /fHox¿ ljho u/L uf]/vf /fHodf ldnfpg]
cleofg cyf{t\ g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf klg
Ps hflt / csf]{ hfltsf aLrdf j}dgZo x'g] vf;
36gfx¿ ePgg\ . o;/L oL cfwf/x¿af6 /fHosf]
zf;g Ps j+zaf6 csf]{ j+zdf zlQmsf dfWodaf6
hfg] 36gfx¿ eP tfklg hgtfsf] txdf /fHo
zf;g ;Dxfn]sf hfltsf dflg;x¿n] jf zf;sx¿
:jo+n] klg c¿ j+z jf hfltsf dflg;x¿nfO{
cfqmd0f ug]{ 36gfx¿ ePsf] kfO“b}g . /fHo;Qf
sAhfsf qmddf ePsf] cfk;L åGåsf] s]xL kl/0ffd
t cjZo} eof], t/ hg:t/df ljleGg hfltsf
dflg;x¿aLr hftLo, wfld{s, ;f“:s[lts, eflifs
s'g} k|sf/sf ljz]if åGåx¿ ckjfbsf 36gfafx]s
g]kfnL e"lddf ePsf 5}gg\ . o;/L g]kfnL ;dfhdf
o'uf}+b]lv ljBdfg ;xcl:tTj, ;b\efj, ;dGjo /
;lxi0f'tfsf] ;+:s[lt /x]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ sfod ug'{
ckl/xfo{ 5 .
ljleGg hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af;sf
;Gbe{df klg lxhf]sf lbgx¿df sltko :yfgdf
s]xL hfltljz]ifsf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; eP tfklg
cfhsf] ;dodf lglZrt If]qdf lglZrt hfltsf
dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af;sf] l:ylt sd /x]sf] 5 .
cf]Nnf] ufp“ / kNnf] ufp“ jf cf]Nnf] 6f]n / kNnf]
6f]n t xf]nf, t/ ;du|df Ps} hfltsf dflg;x¿sf]
a;f]af;sf nflu tf]lsPsf] :yfg 5}g . zx/L If]qsf]
t s'/} gu/f}“ u|fdL0f If]qdf klg v;–cfo{ tyf
dª\uf]n d"ncGtu{tsf ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x¿sf
a:tLx¿ 5\of;ld; ¿kdf / cf]Nnf]–kNnf] ufp“sf
¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ / æpgLx¿ lhp“bfsf hGtL tyf
dbf{sf dnfdLÆ aGg'sf ;fy} cd{–kd{ cflb ;a}
sfdx¿ ldlnh'nL ul//x]sf 5g\ . cf–cfºgf wd{,
;+:s[lt, k/Dk/fcg';f/sf /Lltl:ylt, vfgkfg,
e]ife"iff, gfrufg, wfld{s lqmofsnfkx¿ cflb lgaf{w
¿kn] rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . lxhf]sf lbgx¿df ljBdfg
hftLo s§/tfsf] efjgfaf6 dfly p7]/ cGt/hftLo
ljjfxn] k|>o kfpg yfn]sf] 5 . ;dfhdf ljBdfg
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5'jf5"t h:tf] cdfgjLo k|yf ;dfhdf nfdf]
;dob]lv cBfjlw /x] tfklg To;df la:tf/} sdL
cfpg yfn]sf] 5 . /fHon] o:tf] cdfgjLo k|rng
x6fpgsf nflu sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm oL ;a} cfwf/x¿nfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
:j¿kdf cg]stf eP/ klg Pstf /x]sf] 5 /
ljBdfg ;fdflhs e]befj–c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fP/
;dfhnfO{ cem bl/nf] agfpg'kb{5 .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿
lxGb" hut\df j}lbssfndf ljsl;t j0f{Joj:yf
cyf{t\ sfd cg';f/sf] …hftÚ aGg] k/Dk/f kl5Nnf
lbgx¿df cyf{t\ ;fdGtjfbL k|0ffnLdf hGdsf
cfwf/df …hftÚ df ¿kfGtl/t x'g] k|rng ag]kl5
tyfslyt dflyNnf] j0f{sf dflg;x¿af6 tNnf]
j0f{df /flvPsf …z"b|Ú hfltsf dflg;x¿nfO{ …c5'tÚ
hfltsf ¿kdf u|x0f ug'{ tTsfnLg ;fdGtjfbL
;dfhsf] 3f]/ cGofoL sbd lyof] . d"ntM lxGb"
;dfhdf /x]sf] To; cGofoL Pj+ lje]bk"0f{ sbdsf]
df/n] clxn];Dd klg ef/tLo Pj+ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
Pp6f 7"nf] lx:;f lklN;O/x]sf] 5 . cem kl5Nnf
lbgdf af}4dfuL{x¿n] ;d]t To; s'k|yfnfO{ k|ToIf–
ck|ToIf ;fy lb“bf c5't agfOPsf] ;f] ju{ yk
df/df kg{ uPsf] tYo klg :jod\l;4 5 . o;n] ubf{
;du| ;dfhaf6 pm PSnf] cZk[io aGof] . ;don]
of] r'gf}tLsf] cGTo vf]lh/x]sf] 5 . o:t} u/L g]kfnL
zf;sx¿sf] cb"/blz{tfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k g]kfn
ul/a /fi6«sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] cfd g]kfnL
hutdf lrGtfsf] ljifo 5 . ;fy;fy} /f]u, ef]s,
clzIff, c1fgtf cflb g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljz]if
r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf v8f 5g\ .
g]kfnL ;dfhdf hfltut cjwf/0ffn] k|>o kfpg
yfn]kl5 ljsl;t xf]8afhLsf] cleofgdf cf–cfºgf
hfltsf] klxrfg / xs–clwsf/x¿ :yfkgf ug]{
;jfnnfO{ lnP/ tyf hfltut Pstfsf] gf/fnfO{
 UNITY
cufl8 ;f/]/ ljleGg hftLo ;dfhx¿ lgdf{0f
ePsf 5g\ . cNk;ª\Vos ¿kdf /x]sf hfltsf
dflg;x¿ dfq xf]Og, ax';ª\Vos¿kdf /x]sf
hfltsf dflg;x¿ d"ntM If]qL / afx'gx¿ klg
7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf cf–cfºgf hftLo ;dfhdf ;ª\ul7t
x'“b} uO/x]sf] kfOG5 . cf–cfºgf hfltsf dflg;x¿
;ª\ul7t aGg] s'/f cfkm}“df g/fd|f] gxf]nf, t/ Psn]
csf]{k|lt cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k / Pscsf{sf] cl:tTjdfly
g} k|ZglrGx nufpg] l:yltsf] ljsf; x'g] xf] eg]
To;n] hfltut bª\uf tyf emu8f gNofpnf eGg
;ls“b}g . olb To; k|sf/sf] b'ef{Uosf] cj:yf l;h{gf
eof] eg] xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv ljBdfg g]kfnL ;dfhleqsf]
;lxi0f'tfsf] ;+:s[lt (Syncretic Culture) sf] cy{
s] g} /xnf / < dw]zdf 6f]kL nufpg]x¿ / kxf8df
wf]tL nufpg]x¿sf aLrdf clg r'Rr] gfs /
y]Kr] gfs ePsfx¿sf aLrdf ljjfb a9\g] xf] eg]
g]kfnL ;dfhleq s:tf] b'b{zfsf] l:ylt /xnf < o;
k|sf/sf] l:yltsf] sNkgf dfq ug'{ klg x'“b}g . o:t}
…lnDa"jfgÚ, …td"jfgÚ, …g]jfÚ tyf …:jtGq t/fO{ /fHoÚ
cflb h:tf gf/fn] /fli6«o cv08tf / ;fdflhs
Pstf sfod /xnf / < sltko hghfltx¿n] cf–
cfºgf gfdsf /fHo dfu ug]{ gf/fnfO{ c¿ hfltn]
s;/L a'‰g] < afx'g, If]qL tyf blnt ju{ elgPsf
b]z}e/ 5l/P/ /x]sf hfltx¿ / cGo ljleGg ;fgf
hfltx¿sf] l:ylt s] x'g] < pgLx¿n] klg /fHosf]
dfu ug]{ ls gug]{ < o:tf cjwf/0ffx¿sf] ;dod}
cGTo x'g' h?/L 5 cGoyf wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg{
vf]Hg] tŒj Pj+ j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] ;DefjgfnfO{
;d]t gsfg{ ;ls“b}g . ljut s]xL jif{ otf ljsl;t
x'“b} cfPsf] / jt{dfgdf ;d]t To; k|sf/sf]
wf/0ff /x]sf] of] l:ylt g]kfnL ;dfhsf] PstfnfO{
vnaNofpg] ljz]if r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf v8f ePsf] 5 .
pko'{Qm cfwf/df g]kfnsf] o; ljlzi6 kl/l:yltdf
/fHo tyf hfltut g]t[TjbfoL cª\u ;r]t /
ljj]s;Ddt ¿kn] cufl8 a9\g' cfjZos 5 .
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JOURNAL
g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;d'Ggt ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{
Vofn /fvL /fHo cufl8 a9\g cfjZos 5 . hftLo
/fHo lgdf{0fsf] cjwf/0ff xf]Og ls ;a} hfthfltsf
dflg;x¿sf] pTyfg / cem ul/aLsf] df/df
lklN;Psf hgtfx¿sf] pTyfgsf] of]hgf;lxt ljjfb
/ lje]b/lxt ;ª\3Lo /fHox¿sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;
clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . ;du| g]kfn tyf ;Dk"0f{
hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf] pTyfgsf] lrGtg, gLlt
/ of]hgfsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf kf/blz{tf
sfod u/L cufl8 a9\g ;s]df ;fdflhs ¿kdf
b]vf k/]sf ljjfbx¿ :jtM ;dfwfg x'g]5g\ . g]kfnL
hgtf cfk;L åGå / c/fhstf xf]Og', zflGt, ljsf;
/ ;b\efjk"0f{ cv08 g]kfn rfxG5g\ . ;/sf/,
/fhgLlts bn tyf ;fdflhs g]t[Tjsf] b[li6sf]0f
o;df s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .
lgisif{
k|fu}ltxfl;ssfnb]lv lgld{t g]kfnL ;dfhdf cg]sf}+
hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] cl:tTj /x]sf] eP tfklg
d"ntM g]kfnL ;dfh v;–cfo{ tyf dª\uf]n d"nsf
dflg;x¿sf] ;d"xaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . s] afx'g,
s] If]qL, s] u'?ª, s] du/, s] /fO{, s] lnDa", s] g]jf/,
s] sfdL, s] bdfO{, s] ofbj, s] /fhj+zL, s] nf]xf/,
s] ;tf/ cflb ;a}sf] ;fdflhs Pstf g} g]kfnL
;dfh xf] . o; ;dfhleq /x]sf] ;fdflhs Pstf
g} g]kfnLx¿sf] uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] . o; ;dfhleq
/x]sf ljs[ltx¿, ul/aL, k5f}6]kg, clzIff, c1fgtf
cflb ;a}nfO{ ;a} g]kfnLx¿ ldn]/ cGTo ug]{ gLlt
agfpg'kb{5 . oL dfdnfx¿df /fHosf] ;Daf]wg
x'g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnnfO{ wd{lg/k]If
/fHosf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqfTds d'n'ssf ¿kdf ;d]t :jLsf/
ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ctM hftLo–wfld{s åGå
lgDTofpg] tyf ;fdflhs dfGotfdf vnn k'¥ofpg]
tyf em}–emu8f xf]Og ;dGjo u/L ;a} ;ª\3Lo
/fHox¿sf] ljsf; / d'n'ss} ljsf; x'g] gLlt /fHon]
 UNITY JOURNAL

lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ vf“rf] /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"–efu
;a}sf] ;femf cyf{t\ …lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{ sf]xL 5}g
k/fO{Ú eGg] efjgf ;a} b]zjf;Lx¿df sfod /lx/xg]
gLlt lgdf{0f x'g h?/L 5 . g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf]
;lxi0f'tf tyf efjgfTds Pstfdf sxL“ st}af6
klg s''7f/f3ft k/f];\ . d'n's / d'n'sjf;Ln] ;'vsf]
sf“r'nL k]mg]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f xf];\ . cfd g]kfnL
hgtfsf] oxL ck]Iff 5 . o; ck]IffnfO{ k"0f{tf k|bfg
ug'{ ;/sf/, /fhgLlts bn tyf cfd hgtf;d]t
nflukg'{ cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf v6\lsPsf]
cg'ej eO/x]sf] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL
clwsf/L, ;"o{dl0f -@)%&_, ljZj Oltxf;sf] ¿k/]vf
sf7df8f}+ M e'“8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg .
–––––– -@)%(_, g]kfnL sf“u|];sf] Oltxf; sf7df8f}+
M e'“8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg .
s'“j/, wgaxfb'/ -@)^^_, æg]kfnsf jf:tljs
cflbjf;L M v; IfqLÆ v; IfqL ;Gb]z, -jif{ !,
c+s !_ k[=!$ .
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bflh{lnª, g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng .
6';L, hL= -!(^@ O=_, g]kfn b l8:se/L ckm dNn
n08g M hh{ cn]g P08 clGjg lnld6]8 .
yfkf, s[i0faxfb'/ -!(** O=_, d]g cf:k]S6; ckm
;f]l;on, Osglds P08 P8\ldlgi6«]l6e lxi6«L
ckm df]8g{ g]kfn sf7df8f}+ M clDasf yfkf .
b]jsf]6f, /Tgfs/ -@)^$_, a[xt\ h'Dnf /fHosf]
P]ltxfl;s ljj]rgf sf7df8f}+ M s'df/ v8\u
k|fOe]6 :6l8h\ .
ah|frfo{, wgah| -@)#)_, lnR5ljsfnsf clen]vx¿
sLlt{k'/M g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| .
lji6, 8f]/axfb'/ -!(((_, km]6flnhd P08 8]enkd]G6
k6gfM cf]l/o06 nªd]g lnld6]8 .
j}B, t'n;L/fd / dfgGw/, lq/Tg -!(*% O=_, qmfOd
P08 klgZd]06 Og\ g]kfn sf7df8f}+ M ljgL j}B
P08 k"0f{b]jL dfgGw/ .
j}B, t'n;L/fd -@)^!_, PhDk;g ckm b /]lgª
lkl/o8 ckm b ?n;{ P08 8fOgf:6Lh ckm b
k|f]6f] lx:6f]l/s lkl/o8 ckm g]kfn, lx:6f]l/of,
kf]v/f M k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, Oltxf; tyf
;+:s[lt ljefu .
j}B, t'n;L/fd, dfgGw/, lq/Tg / hf]zL, z+s/nfn
-O{=!((#_, ;f]l;on lx:6«L ckm g]kfn, Go" lbNnL
M cgdf]n klAns]zG; .
zdf{, hgsnfn -@)#(_, xfd|f] ;dfh Ps cWoog
sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k|sfzg .
>]i7, xl/ -@)%#_, g]kfnsf] k|fu}ltxfl;s Oltxf;
M Ps ;+lIfKt cjnf]sg, lx:6f]l/of, kf]v/f M
k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, Oltxf; tyf ;+:s[lt
ljefu .

246
 UNITY JOURNAL
Contributors

Anga Raj Timilsina, Global Programme Advisor on Anti-corruption, UNDP, Singapore

Asafal Gautam, Journalist, President of Free Journalist Association, Kaski
Aswasthama Bhakta Kharel, Assistant Professor, Central Department of Political Science,
Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Bashant Khadka, Foreign Affairs & Defence Correspondent, Nagarik Daily
Bhabishor Ghimire, Statistics Officer, Central Statistics Department, Thapathali
Bihari Krishan Shrestha, Anthropologist and former Additional Secretary of the Government
of Nepal.
Bikash Dhakal, Researcher & Board of Director at Nepal Institute of Foreign Affairs and
Prosperity (NIFAP), Kathmandu, Nepal
Chiranjibi Bhandari, Assistant Professor, Department of Conflict, Peace and Development,
Tribhuwan University, Nepal
Chiran Jung Thapa, Regional Security Advisor, Asia Region, OXFAM
Dharma Bahadur Baniya, Former Brigadier General of the Nepali Army
Dwarika Kumari Adhikari, Human Rights Officer, National Human Rights Commission
Gaurav Bhattarai, International Relations Scholar and the faculty in the Department of
International Relations and Diplomacy (DIRD), Tribhuvan University. Associated with the
Nepali Military Academy, Kharipati as a faculty of Strategic Studies and Political Science
Geja Sharma Wagle, International and Strategic Affairs Scholar, Co-editor of ‘Emerging
Security Challenges of Nepal’
Gyan Bahadur Karki, Professor, History-Culture Department, Prithvi Narayan Campus,
Pokhara, Tribhuvan University
Jhamak Prasad Sharma, Former Joint Secretary, Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary
Affairs
Kosh Raj Koirala, Associate Editor, Rebublica Daily
Laxmi Bilas Koirala, Former Joint Secretary, Public Service Commission, Government of
Nepal
Man Bahadur Khattri, Lecturer at Central Deparment of Anthropology, Tribhuvan University,
Kathmandu, Nepal

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Mani Ram Sharma, Faculty Member, Department of English Education, Mahendra Ratna
Campus, Tahachal
Manoj Barakoti, Student, Bachelor in Agriculture, Tribhuvan University
Padma Bhakta Kharelopadhyaya, Editor in Chief, Dibya Chakshu Weekly
Padam K Angbo, Former Brigadier General of the Nepali Army
Pashupati Nepal, Professor of Geography, Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan
University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Phanindra Subba, Teaches Strategic Studies at the Nepali Military Academy, Kharipati.
Pragya Ghimire, Freelance International Consultant and a Board Member of International
Association for Women in Radio and Television (IWART) USA Chapter.
Rajendra Sharma, Graduates of Conflict, Peace and Development Studies, Tribhuvan
University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ramesh Aryal, Under Secretary, Ministry of Finance
Ratindra Khatri, Former Colonel of the Nepali Army, Crisis Emergency and Disaster
Management Specialist, Kathmandu, Nepal
Shailendra Bahadur Thapa, Trainer, Army Education Wing
Sonika Adhikari, MBA Student, Tribhuvan University
Sujan Adhikari, Master's Student, Tribhuvan University
Thakur Prasad Baral, Advocate, Dhankuta
Youba Raj Luintel, Associate Professor of Sociology, Tribhuvan University and Executive
Member of Nepal Sociological Association

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