FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES

KUALA LUMPUR CAMPUS

Practical Submission Form

Course Code & Title: AACB1133 Physical Chemistry

Group: -

Student’s Name (Registration number):

1. Goh Hui Ling 2214424

2. Tee En XIn 2210215
3. Tan Wei Jia 2211261

Submission Date: 12/5/2023

Title of Experiment:

Lecturer: Dr. Sin Sau Leng

Objective
1) To study the solubility curve for potassium chlorate
2) To determine the solubility of potassium chlorate at different temperature

Introduction

The crystalline solid potassium chlorate is white in colour. When combined with
combustible elements, it becomes extremely flammable. If the flammable element is split very
finely, the mixture can be explosive. Friction could ignite the combination. When it comes into
touch with sulfuric acid,it may result in explosions or flames. It may spontaneously decompose
and ignite when mixed with ammonium salts. It may explode under prolonged exposure to heat
or fire. It can be used to make matches, paper, explosives, and many other uses. (PubChem,
2016).
Potassium chlorate has a molecular weight of 122.5495 g/mol. Another helpful oxidizer
is potassium chlorate, which is similarly easily manufactured from common home chemicals in
modest quantities. Start by bringing a sizable amount of household laundry bleach to a rolling
boil until crystals begin to form . Remove it from the fire right away and allow it to cool.As it
cools make a saturated solution of potassium chloride. Potassium chloride is sold as a
"sodium-free" salt. When potassium chlorate was dissolved in water, the solution becomes a
homogeneous mixture.On the industrial scale, potassium chlorate is produced by the Liebig
process: passing chlorine into hot calcium hydroxide, subsequently adding potassium chloride.

6 Ca(OH)2 + 6CL2 → Ca(CLO3)2 + 5CaCL2

Ca(CLO3)2 + 2KCL → 2KCLO3 + CaCL2

A solution is a uniform mixture of two or more substances, the ratios of which can
change within a specific range. Gas in gas, liquid in liquid, solid in liquid, and gas in liquid are
the several sorts of mixtures that can occur. A solubility curve for solid potassium chlorate in
water at various temperatures is obtained by the experiment.
Method

1. 3.00g of potassium chlorate was weighed accurately into a boiling tube.

2. 10.0cm3 of water was added in from a burette and a thermometer was put into a boiling tube.
3. The boiling tube was put into a beaker of water.
4. The water was heated and the content was stirred in the boiling tube gently with a glass rod
until the solid had just dissolved completely.
5.The boiling tube was removed from the hot water, and it was allowed to cool in air with
constant stirring.
6. The temperature at which crystals started to form was noted.
7. The experiment was repeated and the temperature was determined again.
8.The average temperature can be taken as the temperature at which the solution was just
saturated.
9. 5.0cm3 more of water was added from the burette, and the temperature was determined .
10. The procedure was repeated until about 40.0cm3 of water had been added.

Result

Volume of water ◦
Temperature ( 𝐶) Average temperature
(mL) ◦
( 𝐶)

Set 1 Set 2

10.00 62 63 62.5

15.00 51 50 50.5

20.00 42 43 42.5

25.00 34 34 34.0

30.00 24 25 24.5

35.00 21 20 20.5

40.00 16 16 16.0
Concentration of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 in 100g of water (g/100g water) = [(mass of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3used) / (mass of
water added)] x 100

3
Mass of water added (𝑐𝑚 ) Concentration of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 in 100g of water
(g/100g water)

10 3.00g/10mL x 100 = 30.00

15 3.00g/15mL x 100 = 20.00

20 3.00g/20mL x 100 = 15.00

25 3.00g/25mL x 100 = 12.00

30 3.00g/30mL x 100 = 10.00

35 3.00g/35mL x 100 = 8.57

40 3.00g/40mL x 100 = 7.50

Graph
Discussion

Solubility is a chemical attribute that refers to a substance's ability to dissolve in a solvent. It is

defined as the maximum quantity of solute that may be dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. A
saturated solution is the resultant solution. Potassium chlorate solubility in water is an
endothermic process. This is due to the fact that the magnitude of the lattice enthalpy
(endothermic) is bigger than the total of the ion hydration enthalpies (exothermic). This is a
thermodynamically beneficial process because of the huge rise in entropy as the solution
develops.

A solubility curve is a graph that shows how the concentration of a saturated solution changes
with temperature. In general, we quantify a solute's solubility in an aqueous solution in grammes
of solute per 100 grams of water. Solutions are likewise made up of a combination of solvents
and solutes. A coffee, for example, is a solution in which the solute is coffee powder and is
dissolved in the solvent, which is water. The solute and solvent can both be solids, liquids, or
gasses. When the attractive forces between the solute and the solvent are comparable, a solution
occurs. Sodium chloride, NaCl, for example, dissolves in water and creates a polar solvent.
When water molecules collide with the ionic compound NaCl, the positively charged water
molecules get attracted to the positive Na+ions and Cl-ions. The ions migrate into solution as
the water molecules surround them. Solvation refers to the attraction between water molecules
and the ionic substance NaCl. It will continue until the entire crystal has dissolved and all of the
ions have been disseminated throughout the solvent.

When determining a substance's solution, we must know the heat of solution (Hsol), lattice
energy, and heat of hydration (Hhydr). Heat of solution is one of two parameters that influence a
solute's solubility. Heat of hydration is the enthalpy change caused by the hydration of one mole
of separated (gaseous) ions, whereas lattice energy is the enthalpy change caused by the
separation of one mole of ionic solid into gaseous ions, which reflects the strength of ionic
interaction in the solid. The total enthalpy change that happens when a solution is produced from
solute and solvent is referred to as heat of solution. A negative heat of solution value indicates
that the process is exothermic (it releases heat), whereas a positive heat of solution value
indicates that the process of dissolving a material is endothermic (it absorbs heat).

Because their lattice energy is larger than the heats of hydration, most ionic solids have positive
temperatures of solution. As a result, heat is absorbed to produce a solution. This suggests that at
higher temperatures, solids become more soluble.Solubility increases with increasing
temperature. The graph showing the relationship between potassium chlorate concentration
(g/100g water) and temperature of KClO3 in this experiment indicates that concentration
increases as temperature rises.

Conclusion

The solubility of many substances dissolved in liquid water rises with temperature. Higher
temperatures enhance the kinetic energy of the solvent molecules, allowing them to more
efficiently break apart the solvent molecules that are bound together by intermolecular
interactions. The graph showing the relationship between potassium chlorate concentration
(g/100 g of water) and temperature of KClO3 in this experiment indicates that concentration
increases as temperature rises.

Reference

Solubility curve (no date) https://byjus.com/chemistry/solubility-curve/.

Wikimedia Foundation. (2023, April 23). Potassium chlorate. Wikipedia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chlorate.

Person (no date) Solubility of potassium chlorate, GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com.
Available at:
https://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/science/solubility-of-potassium-chlorate.html.

(Accessed: 12 May 2023).