PED 10: FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE
EDUCATION
Special Education - is a type of educating individuals via
accommodation, modification and individualization depending on their
individual differences and needs.
LSEN: Learner with Special Educational Needs
PWD: Persons with Disability
Gifted: people who have an IQ of more than 120
Accommodation: giving minimal assistance to the LSEN, but using
the same task as everyone else
Modification: changing some parts of the task to help the LSEN
Individualization: completely changing the task according to the
ability of the LSEN
Impairment – any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological
or anatomical structure or function.
Disability – any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the
manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
Handicap – the result when an individual with an impairment cannot
fulfill a normal life role.
Republic Acts on SPED
RA 3562: an act promoting the education of people with blindness
thus, pioneering the Philippine National School for the Blind
RA 7277: an act providing for the rehabilitation, self-development and
self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the
mainstream of society and for other purposes
RA 9442: an act amending RA 7277 by adding more privileges to PWD
such as discounts
RA 5250: an act promoting a ten-year training program for SPED
teachers in the Philippines and authorizing the appropriation of funds
thereof
RA 10754: an act expanding the benefits and privileges of PWD.
TYPES OF DISABILITIES:
1. Intellectual Disability: characterised by someone having an IQ
below 70 (the median IQ is 100), as well as significant difficulty with
daily living such as self-care, safety, communication, and socialisation.
● Fragile X Syndrome: is the most common known cause of an
inherited intellectual disability worldwide. It is a genetic condition
caused by a mutation (a change in the DNA structure) in the X
chromosome.
● Down Syndrome: is not a disease or illness, it is a genetic disorder
which occurs when someone is born with a full, or partial, extra copy of
chromosome 21 in their DNA.
● Developmental Delay: when a child develops at a slower rate
compared to other children of the same age
● Prader-Willi Syndrome: is a rare genetic disorder which affects
around 1 in 10,000 – 20,000 people. This disability is quite complex
and it’s caused by an abnormality in the genes of chromosome 15.
● Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: refers to a number of conditions
that are caused when an unborn foetus is exposed to alcohol.
2. Physical Disabilities
● Cerebral Palsy: is a physical disability resulting from injury to the
developing brain during pregnancy, birth, or shortly after birth
● Stroke: is a physical disability resulting from bleeding in the brain or
interruption of the central nervous system's blood supply
● Spina Bifida: is a type of physical disability, which occurs during
pregnancy where there is incomplete closure of the bony encasement
of the spinal cord, leaving the spinal nerves exposed
● Arthritis: is a physical disability that causes inflammation and pain in
joints, bones, and muscles
● Spinal Cord Injury: result from a lack of sufficient blood and oxygen
supply to the spinal cord
● Epilepsy: is a neurological condition where an individual tends to
have recurrent unprovoked seizures
● Muscular Dystrophy: occurs when the muscles responsible for
controlling movement become weak.
3. Learning Disabilities
● Dyslexia: a disorder that impacts reading, writing, and
comprehension
● Dysgraphia: have trouble converting their thoughts into writing or
drawing
● Dyscalculia: disabilities related to mathematical calculations
● Dyspraxia: is a common disorder that affects movement and
coordination
● Auditory Processing Disorder: difficulty processing sounds
● Language Processing Disorder: arises when an individual has
specific challenges in processing spoken language, impacting both
receptive and expressive language
● Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: refers to difficulties in decoding
nonverbal behaviors or social cues
● Visual Perceptual/Visual Motor Deficit: exhibits poor hand-eye
coordination, often lose their places when reading, and have difficulty
with pencils, crayons, glue, scissors, and other fine motor activities.
4. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): is a mental
disorder that affects the brain’s regulation of behavior. The symptoms
of ADHD include difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity, and
impulsiveness.
5. Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
● Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): is a common, chronic,
and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable,
reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that
he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
● Agoraphobia: is the fear of being alone in a public place, generally,
in situations in which it would be difficult or embarrassing to escape in
the event of a panic attack.
● Adjustment Disorder: difficulty in coping with change.
● Acute Stress Reaction: is a short-term response to a traumatic
event.
● Bipolar Disorder: is a mental health condition marked by intense
mood changes.
● Conduct Disorder: children with a conduct disorder are selfish, do
not relate well to others, and lack an appropriate sense of guilt.
6. Sensory Disabilities
● Blindness and Low Vision: is defined by permanent vision loss,
which cannotbe corrected using glasses and affects daily functioning
● Hearing Loss and Deafness: is the loss of the hearing sensory
● Deaf-Blindness: is a type of sensory disability is characterized by
loss of both hearing and seeing
● Sensory Processing Disorder: is a disability where an individual
has difficulties receiving and responding to information coming in via
senses.
7. Eating Disorders
● Anorexia Nervosa: people with anorexia generally view themselves
as overweight, even if they’re dangerously underweight
● Bulimia Nervosa: people with bulimia frequently eat unusually large
amounts of food in a specific period of time
● Binge Eating Disorder: people who typically eat unusually large
amounts of food in relatively short periods of time and feel a lack of
control during binges
● Pica: involves eating things that are not considered food
● Rumination Disorder: describes a condition in which a person
regurgitates food they have previously chewed and swallowed, re-
chews it, and then either re-swallows it or spits it out
● Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake: individuals with this disorder
experience disturbed eating either due to a lack of interest in eating or
distaste for certain smells, tastes, colors, textures, or temperature.
● Purging Disorder: individuals with purging disorder often use
purging behaviors, such as vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, or excessive
exercising, to control their weight or shape. However, they do not binge
● Night Eating Syndrome: individuals with this syndrome frequently
eat excessively, often after awakening from sleep.
Aptitudes
● Intellectual Quotient (IQ): our ability to comprehend, solve
problems, think and express our thoughts.
● Emotional Quotient (EQ): our ability to deal with our emotions and
with others’ as well.
● Adversity Quotient (AQ): our ability to face problems and pass
through them without losing ourselves.
● Social Quotient (SQ): our ability to build, handle and maintain
relationships.

Formula in computing for the IQ: