BIOLOGY PASSIVE TRANSPORT- Movement of molecules down a

concentration gradient from a region of higher concentration to a lower

Biology is the study of living organisms, their morphology, physiology,
anatomy, behavior, origin and distribution.
Characteristics of life:
• Living things are composed of cells
• Living things have different levels of organization
• Living things use energy
• Living things respond to their environment
• Living things grow
• Living things reproduce
• Living things adapt to their environment
concentration. (Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT – movement of molecule against a gradient;
requires energy usually in form of ATP.
(Exocytosis and Endocytosis)
-Cell division functions in growth, repair and reproduction. The two
types of cell division are;
Mitosis – cell division that occurs in somatic cells; a parent cell that
produces two new cells whose
chromosomes are the same in number as the parent cell; daughter
cells are diploid.

Cell Biology CYTOKINESIS – Splitting of cytoplasm

The cellular theory of life states that:
• All living organisms are made of cells.
• Cell is the basic functional unit of an organism
• All cells arise from preexisting cells.
A group of similar cells having similar functions form tissues. A group of
tissue forms an organ. Several organs working together form a system
Cells are divided into two varieties: prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
CLEAVAGE FURROW – Animals
CELL PLATE – Plants
(MIDDLE LAMELLA – sticking cement adjacent in plant cell)
Meiosis – occurs in sexually reproducing organisms and results in
cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell; daughter cell
is haploid.

Prokaryotes have no nucleus or other internal membranes. Bacteria

are prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are more complex cells. They make
up every other form of life such as human cells.

General functions of cells include:

(a) the manufacture of proteins and other materials that build the cell;
(b) the manufacture of food for energy and
(c) reproduction

THEORY OF ENDOSYMBIOSIS
– Eukaryotic cells containing organelles like mitochondria and
chloroplast evolved when free living prokaryotes took up permanent
residence inside other prokaryotes about 1.5 billion years ago.

Parts of a cell
Nucleus – found in the center of the cell; contains chromosomes,
which carry genetic materials; controls and regulates the functions of
the organelles
Ribosomes – the site of protein synthesis.

Endoplasmic reticulum
Rough E.R. – the site of protein synthesis resulting from the attached
ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – assists in the synthesis of steroid hormones and other
lipids and carries out various detoxification processes

Golgi apparatus – they “package” substances produced in the rough

endoplasmic reticulum and secrete then toother parts or to the cell
surface for export
Lysosomes – the principal site of intracellular digestion.
Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration
Vacuoles – single, membrane bound structures for storage
Plastids – found only in plants and algae. They are small organelles
that contain pigment or food. They are three types:

Chloroplasts – the site of photosynthesis; contains

chlorophyll, a green pigment present in all green plant
and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of
light to provide energy for photosynthesis.

Leucoplasts – store starch and are found in roots or in

tubers.

Chromoplasts – store carotenoid pigments and are

responsible for the red-orange-yellow color of carrots
and tomatoes.

Cell wall – present only in plant cells; a rigid layer of polysaccharide

that lies outside of the plasma membrane.
Cell membrane – a selectively permeable membrane that regulates
the steady traffic that enters and leaves the cell.