GED 4: CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Bretton Wood Conference
Globalization -The intensification of all the interactions (economic,
political, social) among the different actors in the international system.
Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology
have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.
Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social
changes that have come about as a result. It may be pictured as the
threads of an immense spider web formed over millennia, with the
number and reach of these threads increasing over time.
1. Development of Globalization
• Traders traveled vast distances in ancient times to buy commodities
that were rare and expensive for sale in their homelands.
• The Industrial Revolution brought advances in transportation and
communication in the 19th century that eased trade across borders.
• The critical steps in the path to globalization came with the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), signed in 1993. One of
NAFTA's many effects was to give American auto manufacturers the
incentive to relocate a portion of their manufacturing to Mexico where
they could save on the costs of labor.
• The Bretton Wood Conference where GATT or the General
Agreement on Tariff and Trade was born.
• Governments worldwide have integrated a free market economic
system through fiscal policies and trade agreements over the last 20
years. The core of most trade agreements is the removal or reduction
of tariffs.
2. Pros and Cons of Globalization
A. Pros
-A larger market for goods and services
-Cheaper consumer prices
-Outsourcing can benefit both domestic firms and foreign labor
-Increased standard of living
B. Cons
-Concentrates wealth in richer countries
-Some poorer countries can be left behind
-Poorer countries can be exploited of their labor and physical &
intellectual resources
-Cultures and the products consumed around the world can become
homogenized
3. Perspectives in Globalization
A. Hyperglobalist
• View globalization as purely economic
• Positive Effects of Globalization
B. Skeptics
• View globalization as Not ‘Globalization’ but Americanization or
Westernization
C. Transformationalist
• Middle-ground
• Globalization as Transformation of Human lives
• Both Positive and Negative sides Negative Effects of Globalization
4. Ways to achieve Globalization
A. Liberalization of Trading Policies
B. Foreign Direct Investment
C. Privatization
D. Presence of Multinational Companies
E. Contractualization
3. Global Economy
A. Historical Background
World War II
• War between the Allied Powers (USA, Britain, France, and USSR)
and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan)
• Political (World Domination) and Economic (Resources)
• Allied powers win in 1945
• Devastation after the war = Developmental problems
• The need for global cooperation for development
• Establishment of International Institutions due to the intensified
relationships among the different members of the community
(Globalization)
B.
• 1944 – Bretton Woods, New Hampshire; 44 delegates
• GOLD STANDARD based on US Dollars
• Adjustable-peg exchange rate system
• Created the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD) – now known as the World Bank – and the International
Monetary Fund (IMF)
• 1947 – Attempt to create an International Trade Organization (ITO)
• The US Congress vetoed the ITO. Alternatively, the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created. This would later
become the World Trade Organization (WTO).
C. Problems encountered after the Bretton Wood Conference
• Cold War
• 1971 – Abandonment of the Gold Standard
• Triffin Dilemma – international liquidity à US provides more dollars ß
risk in converting dollars into gold
• Vietnam War, Korean War, US Deficits, Oil Crisis
D. The Global Financial Institution
I. The World Bank
5 Institutions under the World Bank (worldbank.org)
1. International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
– loans for middle-income and deserving low-income countries
2. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
– loans for the private sector
3. International Development Association (IDA)
– interest-free loans (credits) to poorest
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
– encourage foreign direct investments
5. International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
– conciliation and arbitration of investment disputes
II. International Monetary Fund
Functions:
1. Foster global monetary cooperation
2. Secure financial stability
3. Facilitate international trade
4. Promote higher employment
5. Reduce poverty
III. World Trade Organization
• Formerly the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• Became the WTO in 1995
• Facilitation of international trade is the main goal of the WTO
• Rules-based system was established
Functions
• Trade Negotiations
• Dispute Settlement
• Implementation and Monitoring
• Building Trade Capacity
Basic Information
MEMBERSHIP: 164 members and 24 observers
DIRECTOR-GENERAL: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
HEADQUARTERS: Geneva, Switzerland
Definition of Terms:
1. Triffin Dilema
• In October 1959, a Yale professor sat in front of Congress' Joint
Economic Committee and calmly announced that the Bretton Woods
system was doomed.
• The dollar could not survive as the world's reserve currency without
requiring the United States to run ever-growing deficits. This dismal
scientist was Belgium-born Robert Triffin, and he was right.
• The Bretton Woods system collapsed in 1971, and today the dollar's
role as the reserve currency has the United States running the largest
current account deficit in the world Concentrates wealth in richer
countries Some poorer countries can be left behind
• Poorer countries can be exploited of their labor and physical &
intellectual resources Cultures and the products consumed around the
world can become homogenized.
2. Floating Currency 2. Security Council
• A floating exchange rate is a regime where the currency price of a • Composed of 5 permanent members (USA, Russia, France, UK,
nation is set by the forex market based on supply and demand relative China)
to other currencies. This is in contrast to a fixed exchange rate, in • 10 elected members – 2-year term
which the government entirely or predominantly determines the rate. • Intervention arm (international security)
• A floating exchange rate is one that is determined by supply and • Legitimate use of force
demand on the open market.
• A floating exchange rate doesn't mean countries don't try to intervene 3. International Court of Justice
and manipulate their currency's price, since governments and central • To decide legal disputes among states
banks regularly attempt to keep their currency price favorable for • Recommend sanctions
international trade. • The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague
• A fixed exchange is another currency model, and this is where a (Netherlands).
currency is pegged or held at the same value relative to another • The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of
currency. office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the
• Floating exchange rates became more popular after the failure of the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ.
gold standard and the Bretton Woods agreement. Its official languages are English and French.
• Secretariat
3. International Liquidity • Composed of the Secretary-General (presides the General Assembly
• The term ‘International liquidity’ refers to the supply of certain meeting) and Staff
categories of financial assets or claims which are created by all the • Manages the general assembly
different countries and international financial organizations in the • Record keeper of the sessions
international community, as receptacles of calculable ready purchasing • The Secretariat is organized along departmental lines, with each
power over all the domestic currencies in vogue” department or office having a distinct area of action and responsibility.
Offices and departments coordinate with each other to ensure
4. Privatization cohesion in the UN’s programmed of work.
• transfer of government services or assets to the private sector. State-
owned assets may be sold to private owners, or statutory restrictions VII. ASEAN
on competition between privately and publicly owned enterprises may
be lifted. Services formerly provided by government may be contracted 1. Basic Information
out. The objective is often to increase government efficiency; • Establishment: August 8, 1967 (Bangkok Declaration or ASEAN
implementation may affect government revenue either positively or Declaration)
negatively. • Founding Members: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and
Philippines
THE INTER-STATE SYSTEM • Other members: Brunei Darussalam (January 4, 1984); Viet Nam
(July 28, 1995); Laos and Myanmar (July 23, 1997); Cambodia (April
1. Configuration of World Power 30, 1999); Timor Leste (2023)

A. BIPOLARITY 2. Objectives
• Two dominant powers in the world • To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural
• USA and USSR emerged as world powers after WWII development in the region through joint endeavors in the spirit of
• Engaged in the COLD WAR equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a
prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations;
B. UNIPOLARITY • To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for
• A single world power exists (hegemon) justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the
• USA became the sole power after the disintegration of USSR region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter;
• To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of
C. MULTIPOLARITY common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific
• There are multiple world powers and administrative fields
• Our situation today can be described as such • To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and
• Unlike before, power is measured by economic prosperity research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and
administrative spheres;
2. International Law
• Usually, these refers to treaties and agreements among the different actors 3. Principles
• Not the same as domestic laws • Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial
• Due to the sovereignty of state actors, they are based upon CONSENT integrity, and national identity of all nations;
• No assurance of COMPLIANCE especially from powerful states • The right of every State to lead its national existence free from
external interference, subversion or coercion;
3. UNITED NATIONS • Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
• Predecessor: League of Nations (after WWI in 1920) • Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
• Established after WWII in 1945 (San Francisco Charter of 1945) • Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and
• HEADQUARTERS: New York • Effective cooperation among themselves• To accelerate the economic
• MEMBERSHIP: 193 states growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through
• LEADERSHIP: António Guterres joint endeavors in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to
• MANDATE: to end international war and promote social and strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of
economic development Southeast Asian Nations;
• To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for
ORGANS OF UNITED NATIONS justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the
region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter;
1. General Assembly • To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of
- Meeting of all member states common interest in the economic, social, cultural, technical, scientific
- Recommendatory function only and administrative fields
- Øappointing the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the • To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and
Security Council research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and
- electing the non-permanent members of the Security Council administrative spheres;
- approving the UN budget
3. Principles
• Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial
integrity, and national identity of all nations;
• The right of every State to lead its national existence free from
external interference,subversion or coercion;
• Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another;
• Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner;
• Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and
• Effective cooperation among themselves
THE WORLD DIVISION
1. Division after the Cold War
• The EAST and WEST Dichotomy was created
• Western countries are considered to be more advanced as compared
to Eastern counterparts
• The West promoting their VALUES as UNIVERSAL; the East trying to
adapt these values OR trying to resist (to find own identity)
2. Clash of Civilization
• Samuel Huntington believed that the conflicts after the Cold War are
not IDEOLOGICAL but, CULTURAL
• More particularly, it will be based on RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
• The September 11 attack on the World Trade Center gave this theory
more credence
• Different Division of the World
1. Sinic: the common culture of China and Chinese communities in
Southeast Asia. Includes Vietnam and Korea.
2. Japanese: Japanese culture as distinctively different from the rest of
Asia.
3. Hindu: identified as the core Indian civilization.
4. Islamic: Originating on the Arabian Peninsula, spread across North
Africa, Iberian Peninsula and Central Asia. Arab, Turkic, Persian and
Malay are among the many distinct subdivisions within Islam.
5. Orthodox: centered in Russia. Separate from Western
Christendom.
6. Western: centered in Europe and North America.
7. Latin American: Central and South American countries with a past
of a corporatist, authoritarian culture. Majority of countries are of a
Catholic majority.
8. Africa: while the continent lacks a sense of a pan-African identity,
Huntington claims that Africans are also increasingly developing a
sense of African Identity.
• Decline of the Western Power
1. The current Western decline is a very slow process and is not an
immediate threat to World powers today.
2. Decline of power does not occur in a straight line; it may reverse,
speed up, or pause.
3. The power of a state is controlled and influenced by the behavior
and decisions of those holding power.
• Clashes of Civilization
1. The West's ability to maintain military superiority through the
nonproliferation of emerging powers.
2. The promotion of Western political values such as human rights and
democracy.
3. The Restriction of non-Western immigrants and refugees into
Western societies.
4. The West's ability to maintain military superiority through the
nonproliferation of emerging powers.
5. The promotion of Western political values such as human rights and
democracy.
6. The Restriction of non-Western immigrants and refugees into
Western societies.
4. The Division using Brandt Line
• The world is divided by an imaginary line called the Brandt Line
• Incidentally, most of the countries NORTH of this line are developed
ones. Meanwhile, those SOUTH of this line are developing ones.
• There is a strong anti-globalization (homogenizing) movement from
the Global South.
Characteristics of the North Characteristics of the South
Global North Global South
1/4 of the world's people 3/4 of the world's people
4/5 of world's income 1/5 of world's income
Average life expectancy more than 70 Average life expectancy of 50 years
years
Most people have enough to eat 1/5 or more suffer from hunger and
malnutrition
Most people are educated 1/2 of the people have little chance of
any education
Over 90% of the world's manufacturing less than 10% of the world's
industry manufacturing industry
About 96% of the world's spending on 4% of the world's research and
research and development development
Global Issues
1. The climate crisis
This is the big one. A toxic combination of dependence on fossil fuels
and unsustainable industrial practices has created extremely
dangerous weather events that threaten to destroy terrestrial and
marine ecosystems as well as our access to basic resources like food
and water.
Most of the world’s recent natural disasters – including superstorms,
freak floods and out of control fires, as well as some of hottest and
coldest seasons on record – are the direct result of man-made, fossil-
fuel induced global warming.
2. Marine ecosystem deterioration
• Our oceans aren’t doing much better. Global warming has caused an
increase in coral bleaching, killing ecosystems sustained by the
nutrients the coral provides, including fishing grounds on which local
communities across the world depend.
• We are also endangering countless marine species with
unsustainable fishing practices like overfishing and bycatch, where
dolphins and turtles are caught in commercial fishing nets and
later discarded as waste. Meanwhile, pollutants like boat fuel,
pesticides, fertiliser, sewage and plastics are causing ocean dead
zones – spots where no organism can live.
3. The hunger crisis and water scarcity
• One in nine people in the world go hungry each day and suffer from
nutritional deficiencies as a result. Current estimates show that 957
million people across 93 countries do not have enough to eat.
• The problem isn’t that we aren’t producing enough food; it’s that
people lack access to food. Many people don’t have enough money to
buy basic foodstuff and cannot grow their own. And the number of
displaced persons who suffer from food insecurity is increasing too.
According to the World Food Programme (WFP), countries with the
highest level of food insecurity also have the highest outward migration
of refugees.
4. The hunger crisis and COVID-19
• The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic severely exacerbated the food and
water crisis, seeing food and fuel prices rise dramatically due to supply
chain issues, failing economies, and an energy crisis brought on by forced
lockdowns and closed borders.
• The hunger crisis and the war in Ukraine. The recent Russian invasion of
Ukraine further complicates this problem. Sanctions against Russia, one of
the world’s biggest producers of fossil fuels, have further increased energy
prices, causing food prices to rise too, ultimately making it much harder on
people already struggling to afford food. Ukraine is also one of the world’s
largest exporters of grain, which it has had to stop producing due to the war.
Most of these exports were due to countries suffering food shortages.
Together, Russia and Ukraine are also the world’s largest exporter of
fertilizer. The war has caused a lack of supply, creating higher prices for
farmers that ultimately translate to higher food prices.
5. Health Issues
• The current overwhelming threat to our overall global health and well-
being is the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Even though we now have access to effective vaccines and treatment
is better understood, more than six million people have died, and the
virus continues to threaten vulnerable populations across the world,
especially in those areas where access to healthcare is limited. There
have also been serious socio-economic side effects that will further
contribute to health issues, including mental health issues, for a long
time to come.
6. Gender Inequality (1971), Ecuador
(1973), Gabon (1975),
• There are well-established historic and social barriers to economic NAFTA provides Mexico, Canada, and
and personal freedom for women across the world. While much has coverage to services the United States
been done to alleviate this, there is still quite a way to go, especially except for aviation
transport, maritime,
in communities where women are disempowered from a young age, and basic
held back from attending school for financial reasons or because of the telecommunications.
perception that their education does not matter. The agreement also
provides intellectual
• Globally, women still earn less than men, and women with children property rights protection in
tend to earn even less. Meanwhile, it is estimated that one in three North American a variety of areas including
women are subjected to physical or sexual violence. This places Free patent, trademark, and
Trade copyrighted material. The Shri Steephen
women at greater risk of mental health issues caused by trauma, as Agreement government procurement
well as sexually transmitted infections. (NAFTA) provisions of the NAFTA
• Other diseases also affect health on a global scale. Fortunately, apply not only to goods but
to contracts for services
increased access to clean water and improved education around and construction at the
proper sanitation has resulted in an overall decrease in the prevalence federal level. Additionally,
of some communicable diseases like hepatitis, cholera, malaria, U.S. investors are
guaranteed equal
tuberculosis and HIV. And while the focus of the global healthcare treatment to domestic
community has now shifted to non-communicable diseases like cancer, investors in Mexico and
diabetes, chronic respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, all of these Canada.
health problems remain a concern in countries that lack healthcare The G8 is a forum that France, Germany,
provides the opportunity for Italy, the United
resources. its members to co- Kingdom, Japan, the
operate in addressing United States,
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION global challenges. The Canada, and Russia
G8 standards it sets, Gary Carroll
Organization Nature Director Members commitments it
NATO promotes ALBANIA (2009) makes and steps it
democratic values BELGIUM (1949) takes aim to drive
and enables members to BULGARIA (2004) prosperity and economic
consult and CANADA (1949) growth all over the world.
cooperate on defense and CROATIA (2009) Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam,
security-related CZECHIA (1999) Indonesia, Malaysia Indonesia, Malaysia
issues to solve DENMARK (1949) and the Philippines and the Philippines
problems, build trust and, in ESTONIA (2004) created the East
the long run, prevent FRANCE (1949) ASEAN Growth Area
conflict. GERMANY (1955) to shift economic
GREECE (1952) Dato’ Ahmad
activities from
HUNGARY (1999) BIMP EAGA Zamri
resource extraction to
NATO is committed to the ICELAND (1949) bin Khairuddin
higher levels of
peaceful ITALY (1949) processing and value-
resolution of LATVIA (2004) added production,
North Atlantic disputes. If diplomatic LITHUANIA (2004) focusing on industries
Treaty efforts fail, it has the Jens Stoltenberg LUXEMBOURG (1949) that adopt clean and
Organization military power to MONTENEGRO (2017) green technologies.
undertake crisis- NETHERLANDS (1949) The common European Austria, Belgium,
management operations. NORTH MACEDONIA principles and values Parliament Bulgaria, Croatia,
(2020) that underlie life in president – Republic of Cyprus,
NORWAY (1949) the EU: freedom, Roberta Czech Republic,
POLAND (1999) democracy, equality Metsola Denmark, Estonia,
PORTUGAL (1949) and the rule of law, Finland, France,
ROMANIA (2004) promoting peace and Germany, Greece,
SLOVAKIA (2004) stability. European Hungary, Ireland,
SLOVENIA (2004) Council Italy, Latvia,
SPAIN (1982) EU
president – Lithuania,
TÜRKIYE (1952) European Union
Charles Luxembourg, Malta,
THE UNITED Michel Netherlands, Poland,
KINGDOM (1949) Portugal, Romania,
THE UNITED STATES Slovakia, Slovenia,
(1949) European Spain and Sweden.
To support sustainable Australia; Brunei Commission
economic Darussalam; Canada; president
growth and prosperity in the Chile; People's – Ursula von der
Asia-Pacific region. Republic of China; Leyen
Hong Kong, China;
Indonesia; Japan;
United in our drive to Republic of Korea; Sustainable Development Goal
build a dynamic and Malaysia; Mexico; 1. Eliminate Poverty
harmonious Asia- New Zealand; Papua
Pacific community by
2. Erase Hunger
New Guinea; Peru;
championing free and Philippines; Russian 3. Establish Good Health and Well-Being
Asia Pacific open trade and
Dr Rebecca Federation; 4. Provide Quality Education
Economic investment, promoting and Singapore; Chinese
accelerating regional Fatima Sta Maria 5. Enforce Gender Equality
Cooperation Taipei; Thailand; the
economic integration, United States of 6. Improve Clean Water and Sanitation
encouraging economic and America; 7. Grow Affordable and Clean Energy
technical cooperation,
enhancing human
8. Create Decent Work and Economic Growth
security, and facilitating a 9. Increase Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
favorable and sustainable 10. Reduce Inequality
business environment. Our
initiatives turn policy
11. Mobilize Sustainable Cities and Communities
goals into concrete results 12. Influence Responsible Consumption and Production
and agreements into 13. Organize Climate Action
tangible benefits.
14. Develop Life Below Water
OPEC to coordinate and HE Al Ghais Republic of Iran, Iraq,
Organization of unify the petroleum Kuwait, Saudi Arabia 15. Advance Life on Land
Petroleum policies of its member and Venezuela are 16. Guarantee Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions
Exporting Countries and ensure the Founder 17. Build Partnerships for the Goals
Countries the stabilization of oil Members of the
markets in order to Organization.
secure an efficient,
economic and regular
supply of petroleum These countries were
to consumers, a later joined by Qatar
steady income to (1961), Indonesia
producers and a fair (1962), Libya (1962),
return on capital for the United Arab
those investing in the Emirates (1967),
petroleum industry. Algeria (1969), Nigeria
GED 5: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY & SOCIETY Historical Sources

Historiography 1. Primary
-The study of how history is written - First hand experience
-Involves how history is interpreted by the various writers - Written during the event
-History is not totally OBJECTIVE; It has a SUBJECTIVE side - Diaries, letters, pictures, and government documents

Factors Affecting Historiography 2. Secondary

1. Time it was written - Interpretation of primary sources
2. Bias of the writer - Written at the time way beyond the event
3. Intentions of writing narrative
4. Proximity to the event Elements of History
1. People
Philosophy of History 2. Date
3. Place
1. Herodotus 4. Significance
-Father of History
- the origins and execution of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–479B.C.) CONTROVERSIES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
that he called “The Histories.”
-The Histories” was a straightforward account of the wars. A. First Mass
1. Account of Antonio Pigafetta
2. Thucydides That island lies in a latitude of nine and two thirds degrees toward the
- History of Peloponnesian War Arctic Pole and in a longitude of one hundred and sixty two degrees
• His writing is condensed and direct, almost austere in places, and is from the line of demarcation. It is 25 leguas from the Acquada
meant to be read rather than delivered orally. (Humonhon) and is called Mazaua
• He explains in a scientific and impartial manner the intricacies and
complexities of the events he observed 2. Account of Fr. Urdaneta
The Spaniards' next attempted call was at Camiguin... but they met the
3. Giambattista Vico same reception at Masava. Then the ships made for Butuan but
-“comes to be at once a history of the ideas, the customs, the deeds of contrary currents drove them northwards, to Bohol.
mankind.
- the principles of the history of human nature, which we shall show to B. CAVITE MUTINY
be the principles of universal history, which principles it seems hitherto 1. Account of Jose Montero Vidal
to have lacked. Events: The soldiers wanted to assassinate their officers, their masters
and the escort of the Captain General at Malacanang and dispose the
4. Georg Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel governor general. The rebels will start the rebellion upon the firing of
-History has a Telos (Goal) the rockets from the walls of the city.
-Dialectics (Thesis-Antithesis= Synthesis)
- Ideas towards the Human Freedom 2. Account of Jose Montero Vidal
Jan 20, 1872 the rebels started the mutiny
5. Karl Marx The assault headed by P. Felipe Ginoves in Jan 22, 1872
- Materialistic version of Dialectic The rebellion failed because the people of Cavite mistook the fireworks
- Production affecting the movement of history in the fiesta in Sampaloc Manila as the signal to start the rebellion.
-A history of class struggle
-Towards a communist society 3. Account of Rafael Izquierdo
The native clergy encouraged the Indios to join the rebellion because
6. Fernand Braudel God was with them.
-Founded the Annales school of History The rebels made the signal agreed upon by means of lanterns, but the
- Importance of economic, social, political and cultural context of the native civilians in Bacoor although they tried it, failed because of the
writing of History vigilance of the Spanish Navy that had placed there a gunboat and
- The subject matter of history changes because of the changes in time armed vessels.
frame
4. Account of Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
7. Michel Foucault Few soldiers participated the attack
-Archeology of knowledge No further disturbance on peace or insubordination in any kind.
- There is no such thing as objective truth The uprising among soldiers in Cavite was used as powerful lever by
-Everything is an interpretation the Spaniards and by the friars.
-History is about power relation
C. CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN
8. Zeus Salazar 1. Account of Dr. Pio Valenzuela
- “Pantayong pananaw” lamang kung ang lahat ay gumagamit ng mga In August 22, 1896, 1000 members of the Katipunan attended the
konsepto at ugali na alam ng lahat ang kahulugan, pati ang relasyon meeting in the house of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino.
ng mga kahulugang ito sa isa’t isa. Ito ay nangyayari lamang kung iisa In August 23, 1896, debate and discussion on whether or not the
ang code o “pinagtutumbasan ng mga kahulugan,” revolution against Spain should be started in August 29, 1896.
After the meeting they tore their cedula and shouted “long live the
MGA DALUMAT ayon Philippines”.
1. Pasalaysay na Kasaysayan
2. Epiko 2. Account of Mariano Alvarez
3. Mito In August 23, 1896, 10 AM, 500 members of the Katipunan arrived in
4. Kwentong Bayan Sampaukan, barrio of Bahay Toro, property of Melchora Aquino.
5. Biro In August 24, 1896, about 1000 katipuneros arrived and attended the
6. Awit meeting at 10:00 AM. In 12 noon of August 24,1896, they tore their
7. Tula cedula and shouted “long Live The Philippines”.

3. Account of Gregoria de Jesus

In August 25, 1896, the first cry for freedom happened.
Through my friends, I learned that I will be arrested by the Spanish
soldiers. At 11 pm, I left our home and fled to rice field of Laloma.
4. Account of Guillermo Masangkay
-In August 26, 1896, the meeting was held in Balintawak house of
Apolonio Samson
-At about 9 AM, the meeting was open with Andres Bonifacio as
presiding and Emilio Jacinto as secretary.
-The topic is about whether to start the revolution or not.
ORAL HISTORY
1. NATURE OF ORAL HISTORY
Unwritten sources couched in a form suitable for oral transmission and
that their preservation depends on the power of memory of successive
generations of human beings
2. DANGER OF ORAL HISTORY
The end-product is conditioned both by the historian’s social position
vis-à-vis the informant, and by the terms in which he or she learned to
analyze the past and which may well be communicated to the
informant.
3. INTERPRETATION OF ORAL HISTORY
It requires critical evaluation and that it must be deployed in
conjunction with all other available sources.
Transcriptions of testimonies is needed.
LOCAL HISTORY
1. NATURE OF LOCAL HISTORY
- Narrative in the Local Context
- Concentrated in the local community Important in Building the
National History.
- Local history is the study of history in a local context, often
concentrating on events that affected a local community.
STATE
1. Nature
- A community of persons, more or less numerous, permanently
occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their
own to which great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external control. (de Leon & de Leon, 2014)
2. Element
A. People
B. Territory
C. Government
D. Sovereignty
3. Power of the State
A. Power of Eminent Domain
B. Power of Taxation
C. Police Power
Constitution
A. Malolos Constitution
Date of Ratification: January 21, 1899
Historical Event Which Leads to the Creation: Philippine Revolution
against Spain and Declaration of Independence
Chairman of the Commission: Felipe Calderon
President of the Philippines: Emilio Aguinaldo
Form of Government: Republican
Form of Legislature: Unicameral
Term of the President: 4 years with reelection
Suffrage: Male, 21 yrs old, welleducated and had properties and
annual tax amounting to 500 pesos.
Significant Provisions of Malolos Constitution
1. Legality of the Declaration of Independence
2. Division of Government into three branches; Legislative, Executive
and Judiciary.
3. The Separation of Church and State
4. Freedom of Religion
5. National Assembly approve rules for it’s internal government.
6. To approve a bill, only 1⁄4 of the vote of the members of the
legislative body is required.
7. The Chief Justice and the Solicitor-General shall be chosen by the
Natl. Assembly.
8. the Executive Committee, headed by the Prime Minister, as
hereinafter provided, shall exercise the powers and discharge the
duties of the President until a President shall have been elected and
qualified
9. If the Batasang Pambansa withdraws its confidence in the Prime
Minister, the Speaker shall preside over the Executive Committee.
10. In the absence of an Executive Committee, the Speaker of the
Batasang Pambansashall act as President until a President shall have
been elected and qualified.
B. 1935 Constitution
Date of Ratification: May 14, 1935
Historical Event Which Leads to the Creation: Ratification of Tydings
Mcduffie Law by Philippine Assembly
Chairman of the Commission: Claro M. Recto
President of the Philippines: Manuel L Quezon
Form of Government: Commonwealth
Form of Legislature: Unicameral
Term of the President: 4 years with re-election Notable Provisions
The government established by this Constitution shall be known as the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
The public debt of the Philippines and its subordinate branches shall
not exceed limits now or hereafter fixed by the Congress of the United
States.
C. 1973 Constitution
Date of Ratification: January 17, 1973
Historical Event Which Leads to the Creation: Martial Law
Chairman of the Commission: Ferdinand Marcos
President of the Philippines: Ferdinand Marcos
Form of Government: Parliamentary
Form of Legislature: Unicameral
Term of the President: 6 years without re-election.
Notable Provisions
1. Suffrage shall be exercised by citizens of the Philippines not
otherwise disqualified by law, who are eighteen years of age or over,
2. No literacy, property, or other substantive requirement shall be
imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
3. The Legislative power shall be vested in a Batasang Pambansa
4. The Prime Minister may advise the President in writing to dissolve
the Batasang Pambansa whenever the need arises for a popular vote
of confidence on fundamental issues, but not on a matter involving his
own personal integrity
5. The Legislative power shall be vested in a Batasang Pambansa
6. The Prime Minister may advise the President in writing to dissolve
the Batasang Pambansa whenever the need arises for a popular vote
of confidence on fundamental issues, but not on a matter involving his
own personal integrity
7. The incumbent President shall continue to exercise legislative
powers until martial law.
D. 1987 Constitution
Date of Ratification: February 2, 1987
Historical Event Which Leads to the Creation: EDSA Revolution I
Chairman of the Commission: Cecilia Munoz-Palma
President of the Philippines: Corazon Aquino
Form of Government: Republican
Form of Legislature: Bicameral
Term of the President: 6 years without re-election
Important Provisions:
1. The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy
2. The State shall develop a self-reliant and independent national
economy effectively controlled by Filipinos.
3. In case of serious illness of the President, the public shall be
informed of the state of his health
4. Military Bases of other countries are not allowed in the country.
5. In case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it, he
may, for a period not exceeding sixty days, suspend the privilege of the
writ of habeas corpus or place the Philippines or any part thereof under
martial law.
6. The Congress, voting jointly, by a vote of at least a majority of all its
Members in regular or special session, may revoke such proclamation
or suspension.
7. The Congress may, in the same manner, extend such proclamation
or suspension Taxation in the Philippines
8. There is hereby created an independent office called the
Commission on Human Rights. TRAIN
-The Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) under the
LAND REFORM Comprehensive Tax Reform Program seeks to correct a number of
deficiencies in the tax system to make it simpler, fairer and more
A. Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 efficient.
- RA No. 1199 - those with annual taxable income below PHP250,000 are now
- President: Ramon Magsaysay exempt from paying personal income tax.
- It allows tenants to shift from share tenancy to leasehold.
- This act prohibited the ejection of the tenants, unless the Court of
Agrarian Relations found a just cause.

B. Land Reform Act of 1955 RA No. 1400

- President: Ramon Magsaysay
- Provided for the expropriation of private agricultural land over 300
hectares of contiguous area if owned by private individual
- It allows for the expropriation of the land regardless of the hectares in
the places where there were justified agrarian unrest

C. RA No. 3844
- President: Diosdado Macapagal
- This code provided the purchase of private agricultural land with the
intention of distributing them to the landless tenants in easy-term
payments.
- It lowered the retention limit to 75 hectares.
- It formulated the bill of rights for the agricultural workers.

D. Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1971

-President: Ferdinand Marcos
- Abolition of personal cultivation or the conversion of agricultural land
to residential land as reasons for the ejection of the tenants.
- Automatic conversion of the share-tenants to leasehold tenants with
some exemptions and qualifications.
- Creation of the Department of Agrarian Reform

E. CARP or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or RA 6657

- Except as otherwise provided in this Act, no person may own or
retain, directly or indirectly, any public or private agricultural land, the
size of which shall vary according to factors governing a viable family-
size farm, such as commodity produced, terrain, infrastructure, and soil
fertility as determined by the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council
(PARC) created hereunder, but in no case shall retention by the
landowner exceed five (5) hectares.
- Three (3) hectares may be awarded to each child of the landowner.

F. CARP or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or RA 6657

- Except as otherwise provided in this Act, no person may own or
retain, directly or indirectly, any public or private agricultural land, the
size of which shall vary according to factors governing a viable family-
size farm, such as commodity produced, terrain, infrastructure, and soil
fertility as determined by the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council
(PARC) created hereunder, but in no case shall retention by the
landowner exceed five (5) hectares.
- Three (3) hectares may be awarded to each child of the landowner

THEORIES IN TAXATION
A. Ability-to-pay principle
-the belief that taxes should be based on the individual’s ability to pay.

B. Benefit principle
- the idea that there should be some equivalence between what the
individual pays and the benefits he subsequently receives from
governmental activities.

Types of TAXATION

-A progressive tax imposes a higher percentage rate on taxpayers who

have higher incomes.
-A regressive tax is a tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate
decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases
-A Proportional Tax- A proportional tax is a tax imposed so that the tax
rate is fixed, with no change as the taxable base amount increases or
decreases.