REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
College of Computer Studies
San Enrique, Iloilo
5036 Philippines
Contact No.: (+63) 917-624-6100/ (033) 323-2058
Website: www.iscof.com.ph / Email: iscofpresident2016@gmail.com/sanenriquecampus@gmail.com
TABULAR PRESENTATION OF DATA
The organization of data in tabular form yields frequency distribution. Data in
frequency distributions may be grouped (n ≥ 30) or ungrouped (n ≤ 30).
Raw data are collected data that have not been organized numerically. An
arrangement of raw data in ascending or descending order is an array. The number of
times a value appears in the listing is its frequency. The relative frequency of any
observation is obtained by dividing the actual frequency of the observation by the total
frequency.
Example 1. UNGROUPED DATA
The data given below refer to the quiz scores of students in Algebra. Construct a
frequency table.
20 19 18 17 15 13 12 11
19 19 19 18 18 18 17 17
15 15 15 13 13 13 13 11 12
College Algebra Quiz Scores
SCORE TALLY FREQUENCY(f) RELATIVE
S FREQUENCY
20 I 1 0.04
19 IIII 4 0.16
18 IIII 4 0.16
17 III 3 0.12
15 IIII 4 0.16
13 IIII 5 0.2
12 I 2 0.08
11 I 2 0.08
TOTAL 25 1
GROUPED DATA
The following are suggested steps in forming a frequency distribution from a raw
data:
1. Find the (R). The range is the difference between the highest and lowest score.
2. Determine the number of class intervals (k). This will depend upon what
information the table is supposed to present. There is no definite rule in
determining the number of class intervals for as long as the number can provide
the necessary information needed. k = 1 + 3.32 logn where n = number of
cases
R
3. Determine the class size (c) c=
k
4. Find the number of observations in each class. This is the class frequency (f).
5. Get the class boundaries of each class interval.
6. Identify the class mark/midpoint of each classes. (LL +UP) ⁄ 2 = CM
7. Get the less than cumulative frequency and greater than cumulative frequency
(<cf, >cf)
8. Calculate the relative frequency. (F of each classes/ total frequency)
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
College of Computer Studies
San Enrique, Iloilo
5036 Philippines
Contact No.: (+63) 917-624-6100/ (033) 323-2058
Website: www.iscof.com.ph / Email: iscofpresident2016@gmail.com/sanenriquecampus@gmail.com
Example 2. GROUPED DATA
Consider the following raw data on an arithmetic test. Construct a frequency table.
29 27 28 27 34 29 27 27 28
25 23 35 25 29 33 23 27 33
27 22 40 27 21 29 22 25 29
25 21 20 21 23 25 30 20 28
30 29 28 30 27 27 27 19 30
R= 40-19= 21
C.I.= 21/10 = 2.1 , 21/20 = 1.05 Size of C.I= 3
HS + 1.5 = 40 + 1.5 = 41.5 HS – 1.5 = 40 – 1.5 = 38.5
Integral Limits = 39 - 41
Class Class Frequency Class <cf >cf
Interva Boundaries Mark
l
39 - 41 38.5 – 41.5 1 38 45 1
36 - 38 35.5 – 38.5 0 37 44 1
33 - 35 32.5 – 35.5 4 34 44 5
30 - 32 29.5 – 31.5 4 31 40 9
27 - 29 26.5 – 29.5 20 28 36 29
24 - 26 23.5 – 26.5 5 25 16 34
21 - 23 20.5 – 23.5 8 22 11 42
18 - 20 17. 5 – 20.5 3 19 3 45
N= 45
Exercises:
1. Make a frequency distribution for the ages of teachers in school.
31 30 31 27 35
34 31 34 35 27
35 27 35 33 31
2. Construct a frequency distribution with the following scores in statistics.
88 77 72 68 66 60 55 51 47 37 26
85 77 71 68 64 58 54 50 45 36 25
81 75 71 67 63 57 53 50 45 35 24
80 75 70 67 63 57 52 49 44 33 23
79 74 70 66 62 57 52 49 40 29 19
79 74 69 66 56 51 48 39 27
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
College of Computer Studies
San Enrique, Iloilo
5036 Philippines
Contact No.: (+63) 917-624-6100/ (033) 323-2058
Website: www.iscof.com.ph / Email: iscofpresident2016@gmail.com/sanenriquecampus@gmail.com
STEM AND LEAF DISPLAY
Stem and leaf display is combined tabular and graphic display. The last digit to
the right of the number represents the leaf and the stem is the digit or digits of the
number that remained when the leaf is dropped.
Illustrative Examples.
Number Stem Leaf
54 5 4
213 21 3
1120 112 0
Obviously, this method works only with whole numbers.
Example 1.
Make a stem-and-leaf plot for the data below.
Scores of 30 students in Science and Technology Test
92 80 81 65 99 84 95 100 91 75
80 82 76 79 70 74 77 82 76 70
78 81 91 94 76 62 83 78 68 80
Solution
Step 1: Find the least and the greatest scores. The least is 62 and the greatest is 100.
Step 2: Determine the stem. The stem ranges from 6 to 10. The stems are the
remaining digits when the rightmost digits are dropped from the numbers.
Step 3: Plot the leaves by writing them to the right of the corresponding stem. For
instance, the leaf of 92 is 2. This is to be written to the right of 9.
Scores of 30 Students in a Science and Technology Test
6 5 2 8
7 5 6 9 0 4 7 6 0 8 6 8
8 0 1 4 0 2 2 1 3 0
9 2 9 5 1 1 4
10 0
Step 4: Rearrange the leaves in ascending order and place the title for the plot.
Scores of 30 Students in a Science and Technology Test
6 5 2 8
7 0 0 4 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 9
8 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 4
9 1 1 2 4 5 9
10 0
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
College of Computer Studies
San Enrique, Iloilo
5036 Philippines
Contact No.: (+63) 917-624-6100/ (033) 323-2058
Website: www.iscof.com.ph / Email: iscofpresident2016@gmail.com/sanenriquecampus@gmail.com
Exercise 1. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot for the data below.
a. 169, 155, 169,158,153,160,166,165,162,165,171,170,165,189.
b. 33,39,44,58,49,50,48,55,47,40,41,49,50
Measures of Central Tendency
(Mean, Median and Mode)
Mean- The most commonly used measure of central position is the arithmetic average
or mean.
Mean of UNGROUPED DATA
The mean is the sum of the item values divided by the number of items.
Example:
The grades in Advanced Algebra of 10 students are 82, 85, 79, 78,
89,87,88,89,75,77. What is their average grade?
Solution:
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
College of Computer Studies
San Enrique, Iloilo
5036 Philippines
Contact No.: (+63) 917-624-6100/ (033) 323-2058
Website: www.iscof.com.ph / Email: iscofpresident2016@gmail.com/sanenriquecampus@gmail.com
= 82 + 85 + 79 + 78 + 89 + 87 + 88 + 89 +75 +77
10
= 82.9 or 83
Mean of GROUPED DATA
To find the mean of a grouped data, use the formula:
= ∑fx
n where f - frequency of the class interval
x- midpoint of the class interval
Example:
Calculate the mean grade of 50 students in Advance Algebra.
Class Frequency Midpoint fx
Interval (f) (x)
90-94 7 92 644
85-89 13 87 1131
80-84 16 82 1312
75-79 8 77 616
70-74 6 72 432
n = 50 ∑ fx= 4135
Using the formula:
= ∑fx = 4135 = 82.7 or 83
n 50
Median- is the value of the middle term when the data are arranged in either
ascending or descending order.
Median of UNGROUPED DATA
In computing the median, remember the following:
1. Arrange the data in ascending or descending order.
2. Take note of the items in the middle position. If there is an odd number
of items, the middle item is the median. If there is an even number of
items, the median is taken as the arithmetic mean of the two values falling in the
middle.
Examples:
1. The number of books loaned from the library during each day of the week
were 36, 31, 24, 45, 50. What is the median?
Solution: Arrange the numbers as 24, 31, 36, 45, 50. Since there are 5 items, the
middle item is 36. Thus, the median is 36.
2. The number of books loaned from another the library from Monday to
Saturday were 36, 31, 24, 25, 47, 50. What is the median?
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
College of Computer Studies
San Enrique, Iloilo
5036 Philippines
Contact No.: (+63) 917-624-6100/ (033) 323-2058
Website: www.iscof.com.ph / Email: iscofpresident2016@gmail.com/sanenriquecampus@gmail.com
Solution: Arrange the numbers as 24, 25, 31, 36, 47, 50. In this case, there are two
middle numbers: 31 and 36. The median is the average of the middle numbers, that is,
Md = 31 + 36 = 33.5
2
Median of GROUPED DATA
To solve the median of a grouped data, use the formula
[ ]
n
−F
x ̃ = Lm + 2 i
fm
where Lm - exact lower limit of the median class
n - total number of items
F - cumulative frequency below the class interval containing the median class
i - size of the class interval
f m- frequency of the median class
Example:
Find the median score of students in two Advanced Algebra classes of Miss Jose.
Class Interval Exact Lower Limit Frequency > Cumulative Frequency
95 - 99 94.5 5 100
90 - 94 89.5 11 95
85 - 89 84.5 17 84
80 - 84 79.5 25 67
75 - 79 74.5 20 42
70 - 74 69.5 12 22
65 - 69 64.5 7 10
60 - 64 59.5 3 3
i=5 n = 100
n
Solution: n= 100, 50, Lm =79.5, F = 42, f m= 25, i =5
2=
The total number of scores divided by 2, which is equal to 50, is the middle point. It is
necessary to locate this point in the distribution with 50 scores above and below it.
The cumulative frequency close to 50 scores but not exceeding it is the point
between the class intervals 75-79 and 80-84, which is 79.5. This is the exact lower limit,
the class interval that contains L is the median class.
Thus,
[ ]
n
−F
x ̃ = Lm + 2 i
fm
= 79.5 + [ 50−42
25 ]
5
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
College of Computer Studies
San Enrique, Iloilo
5036 Philippines
Contact No.: (+63) 917-624-6100/ (033) 323-2058
Website: www.iscof.com.ph / Email: iscofpresident2016@gmail.com/sanenriquecampus@gmail.com
= 79.5 + [ ]
8
25 5
= 79.5 + (0.32) 5
= 79.5 + (1.6)
x ̃ = 81.1
Mode- is referred to as the most frequently occurring value in a given set of data. In a
distribution, the element or measure which is repeated the most number of times is the
mode.
Mode of UNGROUPED DATA
Examples:
1. The sizes of 15 classes selected at random are:
40,39,42,48,45,46,42,49,43,42,41,44,38,42,47.
The mode is 42 because it is the measure that occurs the most number of items.
2. The sizes of 15 families in a barangay chosen at random are as follows:
8,7,4,6,12,6,7,6,8,10,7,8,5,3,4
The modes are 6,7 and 8. The distribution is multimodal.
Mode of GROUPED DATA
In a grouped distribution, the class interval where the value with the highest
frequency is the modal class.
To find the mode, use the formula:
= Lmo + ( d1
d 1 +d 2)i
where Lmo- exact lower limit of the modal class
d 1- the difference between the frequency of the modal class and that of the
frequency
below the modal class
d 2 - the difference between the frequency of the modal class and that of the
frequency
above the modal class
i - the size of the class interval
Example:
Consider the distribution of the weekly wages of the factory workers in Matina
Garments Factory. What is the modal weekly wage of the factory workers?
Weekly Wages Number of Workers
₱ 1,380 - 1,399 4
1,360 - 1,379 6
1,340 - 1,359 12
1,320 - 1,339 31 modal class
1,300 - 1,319 24
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
ILOILO STATE COLLEGE OF FISHERIES
College of Computer Studies
San Enrique, Iloilo
5036 Philippines
Contact No.: (+63) 917-624-6100/ (033) 323-2058
Website: www.iscof.com.ph / Email: iscofpresident2016@gmail.com/sanenriquecampus@gmail.com
1,280 - 1,299 15
1,260 - 1,279 11
1,240 - 1,259 8
= Lmo + ( d1
)
d 1 +d 2
i
= 1319.5 + ¿20
= 1319.5 + ( )
7
7+19
20
= 1319.5 + ( )
7
26
20
140
= 1319.5 +
26
= 1319.5 + 5.38 = ₱1324.88 is the modal weekly wage of the factory workers
