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STATISTICS
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 Statistics

CHAPTER 7 : STATISTICS

7.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

(i) Ungrouped data – data that is not grouped into classes
(ii) Grouped data - data that is grouped in certain classes

7.1.1 Calculating the mean of ungrouped data

Where

x
x x - mean of the set data.
N x – values in the set of data
N – total number of data

Example 1:

Find the mean of 58, 67, 45, 73 and 77

Example 2:

Number 1 2 3 4 5

Frequency 5 8 4 6 2

Find the mean of the number.

7.1.2 Determining mode of ungrouped data

Mode is the value which appears the most number of times in a set of data (value that has the
highest frequency)

Example 1: Determine the mode for the following sets of number.

(a) 2, 5, 6, 2, 6, 7, 2, 4, 8, 2 Answer: ……………………………..

(b) 5, 5, 8, 10, 4, 4 Answer: ……………………………..

(c) 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 , 4, 6, 6 Answer: ……………………………..

Note: It is possible that a set of data either has more than one mode or has no mode.

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 Statistics

Example 2: Determine the mode of the number of pens a student has.

Number of pens 1 2 3 4 5

Number of students 6 7 5 3 3

Answer: ……………………………..

7.1.3 Determining the median of ungrouped data

When the values in set of data are arranged in either ascending or descending order, the value that
lies in the middle is the median.

Example 1: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

Median

Example 2: 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14

4 numbers 4 numbers

Median =

Activity 1:

1. Calculate the mean, mode and median for the following sets of data.

(i) 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 8, 8, 7, 4 (ii) 5, 8, 12, 10, 5, 3, 7, 5, 20, 10

2. (i) Find the mean of 6, 8, 4, 9 and 11

(ii) Find the value of x if the mean of 4, 5, 6, 7, 11 and x is 7.

3. Find the mode of each following sets of data.

(i) 8, 6, 10, 8, 5

(ii) 2, 2, 5, 5, 11, 11

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 Statistics

4. Find the mean, mode and the median of the following data

Time ( hours ) 12 13 14 15 16

Number of cars 3 5 10 6 6

5. The following frequency distribution table shows the score of a group of students in a
quiz. Find the mean , mode and median

Score 5 6 7 8 9 10

Number of students 5 6 4 3 8 4

7.1.4 Determine modal class of grouped data from the frequency distribution table.

Modal class of a set of data is the value of class which occurs most frequently. The value of mode
can be obtained by drawing the histogram

Example 1:
The following table below shows the mark for 50 students in their Additional Mathematics test.
Find the modal class for the students.

Mark 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79

Number of students 3 6 13 10 7 7 4

7.1.5 Find mode from a histogram

Note: In drawing a histogram, class boundaries are used.

HISTOGRAM
Plot: frequency against boundary of the class

Frequency

Boundary of the class

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 Statistics

Example 1:

The following table below shows the mark for 50 students in their Additional Mathematics test. .

Mark 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79

Number of students 3 6 13 10 7 7 4
Table 3
Complete the following table.

Mark Frequency , f Lower class boundary Upper class boundary

10 – 19 3

From the table, draw a histogram, hence determine the mode from the histogram.

Calculate mean of grouped data

x
 fx where f is the frequency for each class
f
x is the corresponding class midpoint

Note :
lower limit  upper limit
Class mid point =
2

Example 1:
1. The table below shows the marks obtained by 30 students in a Mathematics test.
Marks 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 60 -69

Number of students 4 8 12 6

Find the mean for the marks.

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 Statistics

Solution :

Marks Number of students, f Class mark ,x fx

f   fx 

7.1.7 Calculating median of grouped data from the cumulative frequency distribution table
L = Lower boundary of the class in which the median
lies.
1 
2 N F
N = total frequency
C = Size of class interval
Median, m = L +  C , where F = cumulative frequency before the class in which the
 fm  median lies.
  fm = frequency of the class in which the median lies

Note: Size of class interval = upper class boundary – lower class boundary

Activity :

The following table shows the mark for 40 students in their Additional Mathematics test. Find
the median by using the formula

Mark 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79

Number of students 3 5 7 9 10 4 2
TABLE 1

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 Statistics

Solution:
Cumulative
Mark Frequency , f
frequency, F
10 – 19 3

7.1.8 Estimate median of grouped data from an ogive

OGIVE
Plot: cumulative frequency against upper class boundary

Cumulative
frequency

Upper class boundary

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 Statistics

Refer to table 1

Construct a cumulative frequency table and then draw cumulative frequency curve (ogive)
From the graph, find the median weight.

Upper class Cumulative

Mark Frequency , f
Boundary frequency, F

Activity 2:
1. The following table shows the marks obtained by 30 students in Mathematics test. Find the
mean for the data.

Mark 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79

Number of students 3 6 13 10 7 7 4

Solution :

Mark Number of students, f Class mark ,x fx

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 Statistics

2. The data below shows the scores obtained by 30 students in a game.

0 3 3 6 8 9 9 10 10 11
5 0 7 6 9 10 12 17 5 4
2 5 8 8 10 11 7 8 12 11

Using 3 scores as a size of class interval, construct a frequency distribution table for its data.
Then find
(a) the mean
(b) median
(c) modal class

Note : Students have to draw the frequency distribution table as below.

Cumulative
Number of scores x f fx
frequency

3. The table below shows the age of factory workers in 1995.

Age(year) 20-25 26-31 32-37 38-43 44-49 50-55 56-61

Number of workers 5 24 16 20 13 12 10

(i) Draw a histogram and hence estimate the mode of the data.
(ii) Find the median without using an ogive.

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 Statistics

7.1.9 Determine the effects on mode, median and mean for a set of data when

(a) Every value of the data is change uniformly

Measures of Added by k Subtracted by k Multiplied by k Divided by k

central
tendency

New mean Original mean + k Original mean - k k(Original mean) original mean
k

New mode Original mode + k Original mode - k K(Original mode) original mode
k

New median Original median+ k Original median - k K(Original median) original median
k

1. The mean, mode and median of a set data are 7.4, 9 and 8 respectively. Find the new
mean, mode and median if every value of the set data is
a) divided by 2
b) subtracted by 4
c) multiplied by 3
d) added by 3

2. Find the mean of 12, 14, 16, 18, 20. By using the result, find the mean of 8 ,10 ,12 ,14,16

7.1 MEASURES OF DISPERSION

7.2.1 Finding the measures of dispersion of ungrouped data

Formulae:

(i) Range of ungrouped data = largest value – smallest value

(ii) Interquartile range = Upper quartile – lower quartile
= Q3 – Q1

 (x
2
 x)
(iii) Variance,  2
: 
2

i
or  2 
 x  x  ,
2
2
where x 
x
N N N
(iv) Standard deviation,  :  = var iance

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 Statistics

Example :

For the given ungrouped set of data, find

(i) range
(ii) interquartile range
(iii) variance
(iv) standard deviation

(a) 3 , 6 , 8 , 12 , 15 , 16

(b) 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 14

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 Statistics

Activity 3:

1. Find range, interquartile range, variance and standard deviation for each set of the
following data.

(a) 10 , 7 , 19 , 13 , 14 , 10

(b) 4 , 3 , 2 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 6 , 15

(d) 4 , 12 , 15 , 10 , 7 , 6 , 1

2. Given that the mean of set data 5 , 7 , x , 11 , 12 is 9.

a. Find the value of x.
b. Find the variance and the standard deviation of the data.

7.2.2 Finding measures of dispersion of grouped data

Example:

For the following table,

Find (i) range

(ii) interquartile range using ogive

Age ( year ) Number of workers Upper class boundary Cumulative frequency

25 – 29 16
30 – 34 20
35 – 39 24
40 – 44 20
45 – 49 14
50 – 54 6

Solution:

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 Statistics

7.2.3 Determining the variance and standard deviation of grouped data.

Formulae :

var iance   2

 f ( x  x) 2

or  =
2  fx  x 
2
2

N f

where x  mean 
 fx
f

standard deviation =   var iance 

 f ( x  x) 2

or
 fx 2


 x
2

N f

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 Statistics

Example 1:

From the following table, calculate the variance and standard deviation.

Number of
Mass ( kg )
students
46 – 50 3
51 – 55 7
56 – 60 10
61 – 65 5
66 – 70 6
71-75 9

Solution:

Example 2:

The heights of 100 men to the nearest cm are recorded as follows. Calculate the mean ( giving
your answer to one decimal place). Calculate the standard deviation for the height of the men.

Height , x(cm) Frequency, f

159 - 160 2
161 – 162 14
163 – 164 28
165 – 166 26
167 – 168 19
169 – 170 9
171 - 172 2

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 Statistics

Solution:

Class f x fx x2 fx2

Activity 4:

1. The following table shows the number of durians sold in 50 consecutive days.

Number of durians Number of days

0–8 10
9 – 17 15
18 – 26 20
27 - 35 5

Calculate the variance and standard deviation

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 Statistics

2. The table below shows the distribution of marks of 120 students in a Physics test.

Number of
Marks
students
20 – 29 2
30 – 39 14
40 – 49 35
50 – 59 50
60 – 69 17
70 - 79 2

Calculate
a. mean
b. median
c. standard deviation
for this distribution.

7.2.4 Determining the effects on measures of dispersion when some values in a set of data
are changed.

A. If every value of the data is changed uniformly

Measures Added by k Subtracted by k Multiplied by k Divided by k

New 2 2
2
Variance,  2 (original k 2 ( 2 )
variance)
(original variance) k2

New  
Standard  original
(original k ( )
Deviation,  standard
(original standard
k
deviation)
deviation)

New Range k (original range) original range

Original range Original range
k
New
Original k(original original interquartile
Interquartile Original
interquartile interquartile k
range interquartile range
range range)

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 Statistics

B. If there are extreme values in the set of data

Range
Extreme values in a set of data will significantly increase the range of the set of data.

Interquartile range
Extreme values in a set of data will have little or no effect on the interquartile range.

Variance and Standard Deviation

Extreme values also significantly increase the value of standard deviation and variance but
standard deviation is affected to a smaller degree as compare to variance.

C. If certain values are added or removed

When a value is added or removed from a set of data, the effect on the measures of dispersion is
uncertain. In general, the range and the interquartile range are less affected as compared to the
variance and the standard deviation. Variance and standard deviation are more significantly
affected when the added or removed value has a greater difference from the mean.

Activity:

(a) The interquartile range and the standard deviation of a set of data are 5 and 2.5. Find the new
interquartile range and standard deviation if every value of the data is divided by 2 followed
by an addition of 10.

(b) Given a set of data 4, 5, 8, 12, 14, 18, 20. Determine the standard deviation of the set of data.
Explain how the standard deviation will change if a value of 100 is added to the set of data.

Activity 5:

1 The following table shows the results in five Additional Mathematics Test obtained by two
students A and B.

Students A 71 76 80 83 90
Students B 40 67 95 98 100

(a) Find the mean and the standard deviation of the result for each students.
(b) If a student with a more consistent performance is selected, which students would
be selected? Explain the reason for your selection.

2 Find the mean and standard deviation for the following set of numbers: 2, 3, 5, 8, 10.
Hence, using this result find the mean and standard deviation for

(a) five numbers : 7, 8, 10, 13, 15

(b) five numbers : 10, 15, 25, 40, 50
(c ) ten numbers : 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 8, 8, 10, 10

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 Statistics

3 The mean for 7, 14, 2x, x, 16, 9, 10 and 2 is 8. Find the value of

(a) x
(b) the standard deviation
(c ) standard deviation if each of the number is added by 2.

Enrichment

SPM 2006

1. A set of positive integers consists of 2 , 5 and m. The variance for this set of integers is 14.
Find the value of m. [ 3 marks ]

2. Table 1 below shows the frequency distribution of the scores of a group of pupils in a
game.

Score Number of pupils

10 – 19 1
20 – 29 2
30 – 39 8
40 – 49 12
50 – 59 k
60 – 69 1

Table 1
a. It is given that the median score of the distribution is 42. Calculate the value of k.
[ 3 marks ]
b. Use the graph paper to answer this question

Using a scale of 2 cm to 10 scores on the horizontal axis and 2 cm to 2 pupils on the

vertical axis, draw a histogram to represent the frequency distribution of the scores.
Find the mode score [ 4 marks ]

c. What is the mode score if the score of each pupil is increased by 5? [ 1 mark ]

SPM 2005
3. The mean of four numbers is m .The sum of the squares of the numbers is 100 and the
standard deviation is 3k. Express m in terms of k. [ 3 marks ]

4. Diagram 2 is a histogram which represents the distribution of the marks obtained by 40

pupils in a test.

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 Statistics

frequency
14

12

10

0 0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5

Upper class boundary
Diagram 2

(a) Without using an ogive, calculate the median mark. [ 3 marks ]

(b) Calculate the standard deviation of the distribution. [ 4 marks ]

SPM 2004

5. A set of data consist of 10 numbers. The sum of the numbers is 150 and the sum of the
squares of the numbers is 2 472.
(a) Find the mean and variance of the 10 numbers.
(b) Another number is added to the set of data and the mean is increased by 1.
Find
(i) the value of this number,
(ii) the standard deviation of the set of 11 numbers. [ 4 marks ]

SPM 2003
6. A set of examination marks x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6 has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of
1.5.
(a) Find
(i) The sum of the marks, 
x,
(ii) The sum of the squares of the marks, x 2
[ 3 marks ]
(b) Each mark is multiplied by 2 and then 3 is added to it. Find for the new set of
marks,
(i) The mean,
(ii) The variance [ 4 marks ]

7. The mean for 20, 5 + x, 5 + 4x and 5 are 10. Calculate the value of
(a) x
(b) median

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 Statistics

(c) standard deviation

8. The table shows the mark obtained by a group of students in a competition.

Mark 1 2 3 4 5

Number of 1
3 7 5 4
students

Find
(a) mean , mode and median
(b) standard deviation
9.
Score 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency 3 2 2x 5 x+4 4 3

The table above shows the score obtained by 30 students in a test.

(a) Find the value of x
(b) Find score mode
(c) If we represent the table by pie chart, calculate the angle sector for the students who
get score more than 3.

SPM 2001
10. (a) Given that 4 positive integers have mean 9. If a number, y, is added , the mean
become 10. Find the value of y. [ 2 marks ]
(b) Find the standard deviation for the set of number 5, 6, 6, 4, 7
[ 3 marks ]
11.
Mark Number of students
6 – 10 12
11 – 15 20
16 – 20 27
21 – 25 16
26 – 30 13
31 – 35 10
36 –40 2
Table 2
Table 2 shows the frequency distribution table for the marks obtained by 100 students.
(a) Calculate the variance. [ 3 marks ]

(b) Using the graph paper provided to solve this question

Construct a cumulative frequency distribution table and draw an ogive. Hence, find the
percentage of the number of students who get mark between 6 and 24. [7 marks ]

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 Statistics

SPM 2000

12.

Mark < 10 < 20 < 30 < 40 < 50 < 60 < 70 < 80

Number of
2 8 21 42 68 87 98 100
students

The table above shows the mark obtained by 100 students in a test.

(a) Using the table above, copy and complete the following table.

Mark 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79

2
frequency

[ 2 marks ]
(b) Without drawing an ogive, estimate the interquartile range for the data.
[ 4 marks ]

SPM 1998

13. The mean of set data 2, k, 3k, 8, 12 and 18 in increasing order is m. If every number in
5m
the set data is subtracted by 2, the median for the new data is . Find
8
(a) the value of m and k [ 4 marks ]
(b) Variance for the new data. [ 2 marks ]

14. Set X consist of 50 score, in a certain match, has mean 8 and standard deviation 3.

(i) Calculate  x and  x 2

(ii) The sum of a number, 180 scores with mean 6 and the sum of the square of a
number, 1200, are removed from set X. Evaluate the mean and variance for left
data in set X. [ 7 marks ]

SPM 1996

15. The mean for the list of number x – 2, x + 4, 2x + 5, 2x – 1, x + 7 and x – 3 is 7. Find

(a) The value of x [ 1 marks ]

(b) Variance [ 2 marks ]

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 Statistics

SPM 1995

16.

Number of class Number of students

6 35
5 36
4 30

The table shows the number of students in a class. Find

(i) the mean
(ii) the standard deviation, for the number of students in every class.

(b)

Age Number of people

1 - 20 50
21 - 40 79
41 - 60 47
61 - 80 14
81 - 100 10

(Solution using graph method is not allowed)

The table above shows the age of 200 people in a village. Calculate
(i) median
(ii) Upper quartile, of the age of the people. [ 6 marks ]

17. (a) Given a list of number: 3, 6, 3, 8. Find the standard deviation of the number.
[ 2 marks ]
(b) Find a set of five possible positive integer with mode 3, median 4 and mean 5.

SPM 1994

18. Set A is a set that consist of 10 numbers. The sum of the number is 150 and the sum of the
square of the marks are 2890.

(i) Find the mean and variance.

(ii) If one number is added to the set of numbers in Set A, (in case mean is unchanged),
find the standard deviation of the 11 numbers.

19. Find the interquartile range for the following data:

10, 24, 11, 18, 8, 26, 19, 13, 17, 16, 25

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 Statistics

SPM 1993 P1

20.

Mark 1 - 20 21 - 40 41 - 60 61 - 80 81 – 100

Number of 4
5 8 12 11
students

The table shows the mark obtained by a group of students in a Monthly Test.

(a) By using graph paper , draw a histogram and hence determine the mode of the data.
(b) Without drawing an ogive, find the median.
(c) Calculate mean mark.

Answer :Enrichment 1

1 11 12. (a) (b) 21.78

2 (a) k = 4
(b) mode = 43
(c) 48
3 m  25  9k 2
4 (a) 24.07 (b) 11.74 10 (a) m = 8, k = 2 (b)  2  32
5 (a) 15 ,  2  22.2 11 (i)  x  400,  x 2
 3650
(b) (i) k = 26 (ii) 5.494 (ii) New variance = 1.5
6 (a) (i) 30 (ii) 163.5 12 (a) x=4 (b)  2  19
(b) (i) 13 (ii) 9
7 (a) x = 1 (b) 7.5 (c) 5.958 13 (a) (i) 34 (ii) 2.449
(b) (i) 33.16 (ii) 49.44
8. (a) 2.65, 2, 2.5 (b) 1.108 14 (a) 2.121 (b) 3,3,4,6,9 or
3,3,4,5,10 or 3,3,4,7,8
9. (a) x= 3 (b) 4 (c) 168o 16 (a) (i) 15, 64 (ii) 7.628
10. (a) y = 14 (b) 1.020 17 13
11. (a) 61.26 (b) 70% 18 (a) 56.5 (b) 52.17 (c) 51

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