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ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 13
STATISTICS
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_____________________________________
CHAPTER 7 : STATISTICS
_____________________________________
CONTENTS PAGE
7.0 STATISTICS
7.1 Concept Map 2
7.2 Mean, Mode and Median of Grouped Data 3─5
7.3 Test Your Self 1 6
7.4 Range and Interquartile Range of

Grouped Data 7─ 8
7.5 Test Your Self 2 8─9
7.6 Past Year Question 10
7.7 Assessment 11 ─ 13
Answers 14
1
7.1 CONCEPT MAP
STATISTICS
Measures of Measures of
Central Tendency Dispersion
Mean Interquartile
Mode & Range Range
x Modal Median
Q3 ─ Q1
Class m=
First Quartile
Third Quartile
Q1 =
Q3 =
Histogram
2
7.2 MEAN, MODE AND MEDIAN OF GROUPED DATA

(Using a formula)
Activity 1: The number of vehicles that pass by a toll plaza from 1 p.m to 2 p.m. for 60
concecutive days is shown in the table below.
Number of vehicles Number of days

50  59 4
60  69 10
70  79 24
80  89 16
90  99 6
(a) Calculate the mean of the number of cars.

(b) State the modal class.
(c) Draw a histogram and estimate the mode of the number of cars from a
histogram .
(d) Calculate the median of the number of cars using formula.
Solution :
(a)
Number of Number of Midpoint fx
vehicles days( f ) (x)
50  59 4 54.5 218
60  69 10 ( ) ( )
70  79 24 ( ) 1788
80  89 16 84.5 1352
90  99 6 94.5 567
f =( )  fx  ( )

Mean, x 
 fx  ( )
= 76 . 17 vehicles.
f ( )
(b) Modal class = 70  79 This is the class with
the highest frequency
(c)
Class boundary Number of days
(frequency)
49.5 ─ 59.5 4
10
24
16
6
3
(c) The histogram is shown below
Frequency
25
20
15
10
49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 Number of vehicles
Mode = 76 vehicles
4
(d)
Number of Number of days Cumulative
vehicles (f) frequency
50  59 4 4
60  69 10 (14)
m 70  79 (24) 38
80  89 16 ( )
90  99 6 ( )
Step 1 : Median class is given by = T n  T60  T30

2 2
Therefore, the median class is 70  79 cm.
L = lower boundary of the median

n  class = 69.5
 F
Step 2 : Median = L   2 c n =  f  60
 fm  F = cumulative frequency before the
 
  median class = 14
 60  fm = frequency of the median class
  14  =24
= (___)   2  ( __ ) c = size of the median class
 24  = upper boundary ─ lower
 
  boundary
= 76.17 vehicles
5
7.3 Test Yourself 1
For each set of data below, calculate the median by using a formula.
1. The table below shows the age of a group of students.
Age (years) 0─4 5─9 10 ─ 14 15 ─ 19 20 ─ 24 25 ─ 29

Number of students 10 20 25 32 28 25
Age Frequency Cumulative frequency

0─4
5─9
10 ─ 14
15 ─ 19
20 ─ 24
25 ─ 29
Median =
2. The table below shows the weight of a group of babies . 2. The table below shows the
weight of a group of babies.
Weight 3.0 ─ 3.4 3.5 ─ 3.9 4.0 ─ 4.4 4.5 ─ 4.9 5.0 ─ 5.4
(kg)
Frequency 21 14 25 18 16
Weight (kg) Frequency Cumulative frequency

3.0 ─ 3.4
3.5 ─ 3.9
4.0 ─ 4.4
4.5 ─ 4.9
5.0 ─ 5.4
Median =
6
7.4 RANGE AND INTERQUARTILE RANGE OF GROUPED DATA

( Using a formula)
Activity 2 : The table below shows the speed of 100 vehicles that pass by a small town
in a certain period of time.
Speed (km hour─1) Number of vehicles

40 ─ 44 8
45 ─49 18
50 ─ 54 16
55 ─ 59 26
60 ─ 64 22
65 ─ 69 10
Calculate
(a) the range
(b) the interquartile range using formula.
Solution :
65  69 ( ) Midpoint of the highest class
(a) Range = 
2 2 ─ Midpoint of the lowest class
= 67 ─ 42
= 25 km hour─1
(b)
Speed Number of Cumulative
vehicles(f) frequency
40 ─ 44 8 (8)
Q1 45 ─49 (18) 26
50 ─ 54 16 ( )
55 ─ 59 26 (68)
Q3
60 ─ 64 (22) 90
65 ─ 69 10 ( )
Step 1 : The Q3 class is given by = T n  T100  T25

4 4
 Q1 class = . 45 ─49
7
n 
 F
Step 2 : Q1 = LQ   4 c LQ1 = lower boundary of the class Q1
 f 
 Q1 
1
class = 44.5
  n = f  100
F = cumulative frequency before the
 100 
 ( ) Q1 class = 8
)+   (5)
4 fQ1 = frequency of the Q1 class = 18
= (
 18  c = class size
  = upper boundary ─ lower boundary
  = 49.5 ─ 44.5
= 49.22 km hour─1 = 5
Step 3 : The Q3 class is given by = T 3  T3  T75

n (100 )
4 4
 Q3 class = . 60 ─ 64
3 
 nF
Step 4 : Q3 = LQ   4 c LQ3 = lower boundary of the class
 f  Q1 class = 59.5
 Q3 
3
  n = f  100
F = cumulative frequency before
3  the Q3 class = 68
 (___)  68  fQ3 = frequency of the Q1 class = 22
= 59.5 +  4  (5) c = class size
 ( )  = upper boundary ─ lower
 
  boundary = 64.5 ─ 59.5
= 61.09 km hour─1 = 5
Hence, the interquartile range = Q3 ─ Q1
= ( ) ─ ( )
─1
= 11.87 km hour
7.5 Test Yourself 2
For each set of data below, find (a) the range (b) the interquartile range by calculation.
8
1. The table below shows the number of chickens sold over a period of 100 days.
Number of chickens 10 ─ 14 15 ─ 19 20 ─24 25 ─ 29 30 ─ 34
Number of days 20 25 30 15 10
(a)
(b)
2. The table below shows the transport expenses of the workers of an electronic firm to their
working place.
Expenses 0.10 ─ 1.00 1.10 ─ 2.00 2.10 ─ 3.00 3.10 ─ 4.00 4.10 ─ 5.00
(RM)
Number of 5 9 12 8 6
workers
(a)
(b)
9
7.6 Past Year Question
SPM 2005 : Paper 2 Question 4
The diagram below is a histogram which represents the distribution of the marks obtained
by 40 pupils in a test.
Number of Pupils
14
12
10
0
0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 Marks
(a) Without using an ogive, calculate the median mark.

[3 marks]
10
7.7 Assesment
1. Table below shows the frequency distribution of the age of a group of people in a
town.
Age 16 ─ 20 21 ─ 25 26 ─ 30 31 ─ 35 36 ─ 40 41 ─ 45
Frequency 18 p 15 8 4 1
Given that the median of the age of a group of people is 24.25, find the value of p.
[4 marks]
2. Use graph paper to answer this question.

The following table shows the distance of 40 workers houses to their place of work.
Distance (km) Numbers of

workers
1─2 4
3─4 8
5─6 14
7─8 10
9 ─ 10 4
11
(a) Draw a histogram and estimate the modal distance from your histogram
[4 marks]
(c) Without drawing an ogive, find the median distance. [3 marks]
(c) Calculate the mean distance. [3 marks]
12
3. The table below shows the distribution of the ages of 100 teachers in a secondary
school.
Age(years) Number of teachers

< 30 8
< 35 22
< 40 42
< 45 68
< 50 88
< 55 98
< 60 100
(a) Based on the given table, complete the following :
Ages(years) Frequency
25 ─ 29
[2 marks]
(b) Without drawing an ogive, calculate the interquartile range of the above
distribution. [6 marks]
13
Answers:
Test Yourself 1
1. Median = 16.84 years
2. Median = 4.19 kg
Test Yourself 2
1. ( a ) range = 20
( b ) Q1 = 15.5
Q3 = 24.5
Interquartile Range = 9 chickens
2. ( a ) range = 4
( b ) Interquartile Range = RM 1. 94
SPM 2005
Median = 24.07
Assessment
1. p = 20
2. (a) Mode = 5.7 km
(b) 5.64 km
(c) x =
 fx =
224
= 5.6 km
f 40
2. (a)
Age Frequency Cumulative
frequency
25 ─ 29 18 8
30 ─ 34 14 22
35 ─ 39 20 42
40 ─ 44 26 68
45 ─ 49 20 88
50 ─ 56 10 98
55 ─ 59 2 100
(b) Q1 = 35.25 years

Q3 = 46.25 years
Interquartile Range = 11 years
14
15
ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
MODULE 14
STATISTICS
16
CHAPTER 7 : STATISTICS
CONTENT PAGE
7.1. Concept Map 2
7.2 Standard Deviation And Variance Of Ungrouped Data 3
7.3. Activity 1 5
7.4. Standard Deviation And Variance Of Ungrouped Data 8

( In Frequency Table )
7.5. Standard Deviation And Variance Of Grouped Data 9

( With Class Interval )
7.6. Activity 2 11
7.7. Activity 3 : SPM Focus Practice 13
7.8. Answers 16
17
7.1 CONCEPT MAP
STATISTICS
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY MEASURES OF DISPERSION
UNGROUPED GROUPED UNGROUPED GROUPED

DATA DATA DATA DATA
Mean Mean Standard Deviation Standard Deviation

x fx x 2
 fx 2
x = x = σ =  (x) 2 σ =  (x) 2
n f n f
Variance
Variance
σ² =
 x 2  (x) 2  fx 2
σ² =  (x) 2
f
n
18
7.2: STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF UNGROUPED DATA
Standard deviation,
σ=
  (x) 2
Variance,
n
σ² =
 x 2  (x) 2
where
 x 2 = sum of squares of x
n = number of data
x = mean =
x
n
Example 1: Calculate the mean, standard deviation and variance of the set of data 15,
17, 20, 23, 25.
Solution :
Step 1: Find the sum of squares of x
x 15 17 20 23 25 ∑x = 100
x² 225 400 625 ∑x² = 2068
Step 2: Substitute the values into the formulae
Mean, x =
 x = 100 = 20
n
Standard deviation, σ =
x 2
 (x) 2
n
=
 ( )2
5
= 3.688
Variance, σ² = (standard deviation)² = ( )² = 13.6
19
Example 2: The set of six integers p, q,6, 10, 15 and 18 has a mean of 9 and a standard
deviation of 6. Find
(a) the value of p + q,
(b) the value of p and of q if q>p.
Solution :
(a) Given that, mean, x = 9,

x = 9
n
p  q  6     15   
9
6
p + q + 49 = 9 x 6
p + q = 54 – ( )
p+q=5
(b) Given that, standard deviation, σ =6

x 2
 (x) 2 = 6
n
 x2  (x) 2 = 6²
n
p  q  6  10  15  18 2
2 2 2 2 2
 92   
6
p 2  q 2  685
    36
6
p 2  q 2  685
 36 + 81
6
p 2  q 2  685
 
6
From (a), p + q = 5 p² + q² + 685 = 117 x 6
p = 5 - q p² + q² = ( ) – 685
(5 – q)² + q² = 17
25 – 10q + q² + q² - 17 = 0
2q² - 10q + ( ) = 0
÷2, q² - 5q + 4 = 0
(q – 1)(q – ) = 0
(q – 1) = 0 or (q – 4) = 0
q = 1 or q=4
When q = 1, p = 5 – 1 = 4 ( not accepted because it does not satisfy the condition q > p)
When q = 4, p = 5 – 4 = 1 (accepted)
20
7.3 ACTIVITY 1
1. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the set of data 3, 8, 5, 7, 9, 6.
2. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the set of data 2.3, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2,
2.5, 3.9, 3.3.
21
3. The sum of 10 numbers is 180. The sum of the squares of these numbers is 3360.
Find the variance of these 10 numbers.
4. Given a set of data (k – 2), k, k, (5k – 2), where k ≠ 0, find the value of k for which the
mean equals the standard deviation.
22
5. The mean and the standard deviation for the numbers 1, 3, 5, 6 and 8 are 4.6 and 2.42
respectively. Find in terms of k
(a) The mean for numbers 1 + k, 3 + k, 5 + k, 6 + k and 8 + k.
(b) The standard deviation for the numbers k + 4, 3k + 4, 5k + 4, 6k + 4 and 8k + 4.
23
7.4: STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF UNGROUPED DATA (in

Frequency
Table)
Standard deviation,
Variance,
σ=
 fx  (x)
2
2
 fx 2  ( ) 2
  σ² =
f
where
f = frequency
x = mean =
 fx
f
Example : A group of 90 typist took a typing test. They were given a document to type.
The following table shows the times they took to type.
Time(minutes), x Number of typists, f

15 10
16 28
17 24
18 13
19 10
29 5
Calculate
(a) the mean,
(b) the standard deviation
Solution :
Time,(x) f fx fx²
15 10 150 2250
16 ( ) 448 7168
17 24 ( ) 6937
18 13 234 4212
19 10 190 ( )
20 5 100 2000
 f = 90  fx     fx 2  26176
(a) Mean, x =
 fx  1530  17 minutes
f  
24
(b) Standard deviation,
σ=
 fx 2
 (x) 2
f
=
   17 2
90
= 1.36 minutes
7.5: STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF GROUPED DATA (with class

interval)
Standard deviation, Variance,

    (x) σ² =
 fx 2
 (x) 2
σ=
 
2
 fx
where
f = frequency
x = class midpoint
x = mean =
 fx
f
Example : The following table shows the distribution of heights of a group of 40 students.
Height(cm) Number of students

159 ─ 162 1
163 – 166 4
167 – 170 11
171 – 174 12
175 – 178 6
179 – 182 4
183 – 186 2
Calculate
(a) the mean,
(b) the standard deviation
of the distribution.
25
Solution:
Step 1:
Height(cm) Mid-point, x f fx fx²

159 ─ 162 160.5 1 160.5 25760.25
163 – 166 164.5 4 ( ) 108241.00
167 – 170 ( ) 11 1853.5 312314.75
171 – 174 172.5 ( ) 2070.0 357075.00
175 – 178 176.5 6 1059.0 ( )
179 – 182 ( ) 4 722.0 130321.00
183 – 186 184.5 2 369.0 68080.50
 f  40  fx     fx 2  1188706
Step 2: Substitute the values into the formulae
(a) Mean, x =
 fx  6892  172.3 cm
f  
(b) Standard deviation,
σ=
 fx 2
 (x) 2
f
 
1188706
=
40
= 5.51 cm
26
7.6 ACTIVITY 2:
1. Find the mean and variance of the set of data below.
Number of tickets 26 28 30 32
Number of days 10 12 15 11
The table above shows the number of tickets sold over a period of 48 days.
27
2. Find the mean and standard deviation of the set of data below.
Score 10 – 14 15 – 19 20 – 24 25 – 29 30 – 34
Frequency 6 10 14 12 8
The table above shows the scores of a group of students who fail in a test.
28
7.7 ACTIVITY 3 : SPM FOCUS PRACTICE
1. SPM 2005, PAPER 1. QUESTION 23.
The mean of four numbers is m . The sum of squares of the numbers is 100 and the
standard deviation is 3k.
Express m in terms of k. [3 marks]
2. SPM 2003, PAPER 2. QUESTION 5.
A set of examination marks x1 , x 2 , x3 , x 4 , x5 , x6 has a mean of 5 and a standard

deviation of 1.5.
(a) Find
(i) the sum of the marks,  x ,
(ii) the sum of the squares of the marks,  x 2 . [3 marks]
(b) Each mark is multiplied by 2 and then 3 is added to it.
Find, for the new set of marks,
(i) the mean,
(ii) the variance. [4 marks]
29
3. SPM 2004, PAPER 2, QUESTION 4.
A set of data consists of 10 numbers. The sum of the numbers is 150 and the sum of
the squares of the numbers is 2472.
(a) Find the mean and variance of the 10 numbers. [3 marks]
(b) Another number is added to the set of data and the mean is increased by 1.
Find
(i) the value of this number,
(ii) the standard deviation of the set of the set of 11 numbers. [3 marks]
30
4. SPM 2005, PAPER 2. QUESTION 4(b)
The diagram below is a histogram which represents the distribution of the marks
obtained by 40 pupils in a test.
Number of Pupils
14
12
10
0
0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5
(b) Calculate the standard deviation of the distribution.
31
7.8 ANSWERS
ACTIVITY 1:
1. x = 6.333 2. x = 3
σ² = 3.893 σ² = 0.2457
σ = 1.973 σ = 0.4957
3. σ² = 12 4. k = 2
5k  23
5. (a)
5
(b) 2.42k
ACTIVITY 2:
1. x = 29.13 2. x = 22.6
σ² = 4.193 σ = 6.216
ACTIVITY 3:
1. m = 25 – 9k² 2. (a) (i)  x  30

(ii)  x  163.5
2
(b) (i) x = 13
(ii) σ² = 9
3. (a) x = 15 4. (b) σ = 11.74
σ = 22.2
(b) (i) k = 26
(ii) σ = 5.494
32
33

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7.1 Concept Map 2

7.2 Mean, Mode and Median of Grouped Data 3─5

7.3 Test Your Self 1 6

7.4 Range and Interquartile Range of

7.5 Test Your Self 2 8─9

7.6 Past Year Question 10

7.1 CONCEPT MAP

7.2 MEAN, MODE AND MEDIAN OF GROUPED DATA

Number of vehicles Number of days

(a) Calculate the mean of the number of cars.

(c) The histogram is shown below

49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 Number of vehicles

Step 1 : Median class is given by = T n  T60  T30

L = lower boundary of the median

7.3 Test Yourself 1

1. The table below shows the age of a group of students.

Age (years) 0─4 5─9 10 ─ 14 15 ─ 19 20 ─ 24 25 ─ 29

Age Frequency Cumulative frequency

Weight (kg) Frequency Cumulative frequency

7.4 RANGE AND INTERQUARTILE RANGE OF GROUPED DATA

Speed (km hour─1) Number of vehicles

Step 1 : The Q3 class is given by = T n  T100  T25

Step 3 : The Q3 class is given by = T 3  T3  T75

Hence, the interquartile range = Q3 ─ Q1

7.5 Test Yourself 2

Number of chickens 10 ─ 14 15 ─ 19 20 ─24 25 ─ 29 30 ─ 34

7.6 Past Year Question

SPM 2005 : Paper 2 Question 4

(a) Without using an ogive, calculate the median mark.

2. Use graph paper to answer this question.

Distance (km) Numbers of

(c) Without drawing an ogive, find the median distance. [3 marks]

(c) Calculate the mean distance. [3 marks]

Age(years) Number of teachers

(a) Based on the given table, complete the following :

2. (a) Mode = 5.7 km

(b) Q1 = 35.25 years

7.1. Concept Map 2

7.2 Standard Deviation And Variance Of Ungrouped Data 3

7.4. Standard Deviation And Variance Of Ungrouped Data 8

7.5. Standard Deviation And Variance Of Grouped Data 9

7.7. Activity 3 : SPM Focus Practice 13

7.1 CONCEPT MAP

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY MEASURES OF DISPERSION

UNGROUPED GROUPED UNGROUPED GROUPED

Mean Mean Standard Deviation Standard Deviation

7.2: STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF UNGROUPED DATA

Step 1: Find the sum of squares of x

Step 2: Substitute the values into the formulae

Variance, σ² = (standard deviation)² = ( )² = 13.6

(a) Given that, mean, x = 9,

(b) Given that, standard deviation, σ =6

7.4: STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF UNGROUPED DATA (in

Time(minutes), x Number of typists, f

(b) Standard deviation,

7.5: STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE OF GROUPED DATA (with class

Standard deviation, Variance,

Height(cm) Number of students

Height(cm) Mid-point, x f fx fx²

Step 2: Substitute the values into the formulae

1. Find the mean and variance of the set of data below.