15 – 1

Chapter 15

15.2.1. n = 0.014.

Catchment Ground elevation Area Runoff Inlet time

(m) (km2) coefficient (min)
1.1 300 0.01 0.60 25
1.2 298 0.008 0.75 20
2.1 296 0.005 0.80 15
3.1 294.5

1.1

200 m
150 m
2.1 1.2

150 m
3.1

The solution for this problem is given in the following table. Figure P15.2.1 (b)
has been used to determine the rainfall intensities.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sewer Elevation Length Slope Total Catchment Incremental C CA CA
(m) (m) (m/m) drained area
area (km2)
(km2)
1.1 300 200 0.020 0.01 1.1 0.01 0.60 0.006 0.006
1.2 298 150 0.013 0.008 1.2 0.008 0.75 0.006 0.006
2.1 296 150 0.010 0.005 2.1 0.005 0.80 0.004
1.1
1.2

0.023 0.016
3.1 294.5 150 0.010 3.1

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Inlet Upstream tc Td i Design Computed Pipe Flow Sewer
time sewer (min) (min) (mm/hr) discharge, diameter size velocity flow
(min) flow time Qp (m3/s) (m) used (m/s) time
(min) (mm) (min)
25 Na 25 25 45.7 0.077 0.248 250 1.56 2.13
20 Na 20 20 50.8 0.085 0.279 300 1.21 2.07
15 Na 15
25 2.13 27.13
20 2.07 22.07

27.13 40.6 0.182 0.391 400 1.45 1.73

 15 – 2

15.2.2. n = 0.014.

Catchment Ground elevation Area Runoff Inlet time

(m) (km2) coefficient (min)
1.1 300 0.01 0.60 25
1.2 298 0.008 0.75 20
2.1 296 0.005 0.80 15
3.1 294.5

1.1

200 m
150 m
2.1 1.2

150 m
3.1

The solution for this problem is given in the following table. Figure P15.2.1 (b)
has been used to determine the rainfall intensities.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sewer Elevation Length Slope Total Catchment Incremental C CA CA
(m) (m) (m/m) drained area
area (km2)
(km2)
1.1 300 200 0.020 0.01 1.1 0.01 0.60 0.006 0.006
1.2 298 150 0.013 0.008 1.2 0.008 0.75 0.006 0.006
2.1 296 150 0.010 0.005 2.1 0.005 0.80 0.004
1.1
1.2

0.023 0.016
3.1 294.5 150 0.010 3.1

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Inlet Upstream tc Td i Design Computed Pipe Flow Sewer
time sewer flow (min) (min) (mm/hr) discharge, diameter size velocity flow
(min) time (min) Qp (m3/s) (m) used (m/s) time
(mm) (min)
25 Na 25 25 69.85 0.117 0.291 300 1.66 2.01
20 Na 20 20 81.28 0.137 0.334 350 1.42 1.76
15 Na 15
25 2.01 27
20 1.76 21.8

27 68.58 0.307 0.476 500 1.57 1.60

 15 – 3

15.2.3. The IDF curve for Phoenix for T = 10 years is used for this problem. n = 0.014.
A layout of the sewer system is shown below.

1000 ft

800 ft

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Pipe Slope Length Drained area C CA CA tc i
(ft/ft) (ft) (ac) (min) (in/hr)
1–2 0.005 1000 2 0.50 1.0 1.0 15 3.75
2–3 0.006 800 3 0.80 2.4 3.4 20 3.25

(10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

td Design discharge, Computed Pipe size Flow velocity Sewer flow
(min) Qp (ft3/s) diameter (in) used (in) (ft/s) time (min)
15 3.75 14.3 15 3.06 5.45
20.45 11.05 20.8 21 4.59 2.90

15.2.4. D1 = 600 mm = 0.6 m, D2 = 700 mm = 0.7 m, Q = 0.5 m3/s.

m/s

m/s
For a sudden expansion, K = 1.0. Hence,

m.

15.2.5.  = 45o, D = 500 mm = 0.5 m, Q = 0.45 m3/s, r/D = 2.

m/s
Since  > 40o, Figure 15.2.9 is used to determine Kb. For  = 45o and r/D = 2,
Kb = 0.18.
 15 – 4

15.2.6. QL = 30 cfs, Qu = 50 cfs, Qo = 80 cfs,

DL = 30 in = 2.5 ft, Du = 42 in = 3.5 in, Do = 48 in = 4 ft
Outfall pressure line elevation = 475.7 ft
Top of Manhole elevation = 476.0 ft
Bottom of Manhole elevation = 470.15 ft
Manhole diameter = 48 in = 4 ft.
Step 1) Outfall pressure line elevation given as 475.7 ft
Step 2) Velocity head at outfall:

ft

Step 3) Compute the ratios:

B 4
Step 4) Compute   1.0
Do 4

Step 5)

Step 6) Using Figure 15.2.6: for and

For round-edged manhole, , where the

0.2 constant is an adjustment for rounded entrance. However, when
, it is not economical to use a rounded entrance. Thus keep
for a square-edged entrance.

Step 7) From Figure 15.2.6, mL = 0.66 for

Step 8) KL = mL = 0.66(0.95) = 0.63 for a square-edged entrance.

Step 9) Lateral pipe pressure change =

Step 10) Lateral pipe pressure = 475.7 + 0.4 = 476.1 ft.
Step 11) From Figure 15.2.7, for and
 15 – 5

Step 12) However, because , a rounded entrance is not used; instead a

square-edged entrance is used.

Step 13) From Figure 15.2.7, mn = 0.5 for

Step 14) Ku = mu = 0.5(1.85) 0.93

Step 15)

Step 16) The upstream inline pressure elevation is 475.7 + 0.59  476.3 ft.

15.2.7. The coefficient of variation of each parameter is computed in the following table.
For a uniform distribution, , ,

and are determined using equation 15.2.24 and 15.2.26, respectively.

Parameter Mean Mode range Variance Coefficient of variation

C 0.80 0.75 – 0.85 8.33 x 10-4 3.61 x 10-2
i 5.0 4.5 – 5.5 8.33 x 10-2 5.77 x 10-2
A 10.0 9.8 – 10.2 1.33 x 10-2 1.15 x 10-2
n 0.015 0.014 – 0.016 3.33 x 10-7 3.85 x 10-2
D 5.0 4.98 – 5.02 1.33 x 10-4 2.31 x 10-3
So 0.0005 0.0004 – 0.0006 3.33 x 10-9 11.54 x 10-2

15.2.8. The coefficient of variation of each parameter is computed in the following table.
For a triangular distribution:
, ,

and are determined using equation 15.2.24 and 15.2.26, respectively.

Parameter Mode Range Mean Variance Coefficient of

variation
C 0.75 0.70 – 0.80 0.75 0.0046 5.29 x 10-3
i 7.5 7.2 – 7.8 7.5 0.2650 96.76 x 10-3
 15 – 6

A 12 11.9 – 12.1 12 0.1350 38.97 x 10-3

n 0.015 0.0145 – 0.0155 0.015 8.75 x 10-7 7.14 x 10-6
D 5.0 4.96 – 5.04 5 0.022489 10.06 x 10-3
So 0.001 0.0009 – 0.0011 0.001 1.28E-08 4.04 x 10-7

15.2.9. From the solution to problem 15.2.7, = 6.90 x 10-2 and = 6.95 x 10-2.
= = 0.80(5)(10) = 40.0 cfs.
= = 50.56 cfs.
= = 6.90 x 10-2(40) = 2.76 cfs
= = 6.95 x 10-2(50.56) = 3.51 cfs.
= 50.56 – 40 = 10.56 cfs.
= 4.47 cfs.

Risk = P(SM < 0) =

= P(Z < -2.362)

= 1 – 0.991
= 0.009 = 0.9%.

15.2.10. From the solution to example 15.2.6, = 67.50 cfs, = 3.05 cfs,
= 71.51 cfs, = 2.63 cfs. Thus,

, .

The formula for risk using the safety factor approach was given in Chapter 10 as

where = and =

Hence, = (17.11)
 15 – 7

15.3.1. Q = 6 m3/s, n = 0.025, So = 0.0005.

The section factor for a trapezoidal section is

For the best hydraulic trapezoidal channel,

The best hydraulic trapezoidal section is half a hexagon.

1
z

Area, A = m2
m

m/s
Minimum velocity necessary to avoid silt deposition ranges from 0.6 to 0.8 m/s.
Thus the computed velocity is slightly higher than the minimum velocity. OK.
Add 0.5 m of freeboard resulting in a channel depth of about 2.5 m.

15.3.2. Q = 8 m3/s, So = 0.0001, and best hydraulic trapezoidal section.

n = 0.013 is assumed for concrete lined channel.
The section factor for trapezoidal section is
where Ka = 1.0 in SI units.

For the best hydraulic trapezoidal channel,

The best hydraulic trapezoidal section is half a hexagon.

1
z

b
 15 – 8

Area, A = m2
m

m/s
Minimum velocity necessary to avoid silt deposition ranges from 0.6 to 0.8 m/s.
Thus the computed velocity is slightly higher than the minimum velocity. OK.
Add about 0.5 m of freeboard resulting in a channel depth of about 2.8 m.

15.3.3. Q = 25 ft3/s, So = 0.0001, n = 0.013 (assumed for concrete lined channel)

The section factor for a rectangular channel is

For the best hydraulic rectangular channel,

ft
The best hydraulic rectangular section is half a square.
Area, A = 2y2 = 2(2.91)2 = 16.94 ft2.
The width of the channel, b = 2y = 2(2.91) = 5.82 ft.
ft/s (< 2 ft/s, which is the minimum required velocity to
avoid silt deposition. If silt deposition may cause a serious problem, the slope of
the channel may be raised slightly to avoid it).
Add 1 ft freeboard resulting in a channel depth of about 2.90 ft.

15.3.4. Q = 11.33 m3/s, So = 0.0016, best hydraulic trapezoidal cross-section assumed.

Assume D50 = 2.5 cm (allowable= 1.61 kg/m2), y 1m
From Table 15.3.1, n = 0.030 for a non-vegetative lining.
The section factor for a trapezoidal section is
m.

For the best hydraulic trapezoidal channel,

m
R = 0.5y = 0.5(2.16) = 1.08 m
Check for : design = RSo = 9810(1.08)(0.0016) = 16.95 N/m2 = 1.73 kg/m2.
design > allowable (1.61 kg/m2). Hence, we need a higher gravel rip-rap size
Again, referring to Table 15.3.1, for D50 = 5 cm, and y 1 m, n = 0.034.

Thus,
 15 – 9

y = 2.26 m
R = 0.5y = 0.5(2.26) = 1.13 m
Again, check for : design = RSo = 9810(1.13)(0.0016) = 17.74 N/m2
= 1.81 kg/m2.
design < allowable (3.22 kg/m2).
m
Thus, the following design specifications may be used: Gravel rip-rap with D50 =
5 cm, depth of flow of 2.26 m and bottom width of 2.61 m. The cross-section is
the best hydraulic trapezoidal channel cross-section, which is half a hexagon.
A 0.5 m freeboard may be added to the flow depth.

15.3.5. Q = 11.33 m3/s, So = 0.0016, best hydraulic triangular cross-section assumed.

Assume D50 = 2.5 cm (allowable= 1.61 kg/m2), y 60 cm
From Table 15.3.1, n = 0.030 for a non-vegetative lining.
The section factor for the triangular section is
m.
For the best hydraulic trapezoidal channel, AR2/3 = 0.5y8/3

y = 2.89 m
for the best hydraulic triangular sections. Note that for triangular
sections, R is significantly different from y.
m.
Check for : design = RSo = 9810(1.02)(0.0016) = 16.04 N/m2 = 1.64 kg/m2.
design > allowable (1.61 kg/m2). Hence, the lining may not be acceptable.
Use a gravel rip-rap of D50 = 5 cm (allowable = 3.22 kg/m2).
Again, referring to Table 15.3.1, for D50 = 5 cm, and y 60 cm, n = 0.034.

Thus, AR2/3 = 0.5y8/3 = 9.63, solving for y = 3.03 m

With y = 3.03 m determine the hydraulic radius,

m
Again, check for : design = RSo = 9810(1.07)(0.0016) = 16.79 N/m2
= 1.71 kg/m2.
design < allowable (3.22 kg/m2).
A half square triangular cross-section is the best hydraulic cross-section.
Thus, the following design specifications may be used: Gravel rip-rap with D50 =
5 cm, and a depth of flow of 3.03 m. A 0.5 m freeboard may be added to the flow
depth.
 15 – 10

15.3.6

Compute the stem stiffness using MEI = 24.5h2.26 (N·m2) for dormant grass, where h =
0.2 m, so MEI = 24.5(0.2)2.26 = 0.645 N·m2

Boundary shear stress is τo = γRSo = 9810(0.5)(0.015) = 73.58 N/m2.

Next compute the effective roughness height ks using

ks = 0.055

Next compute the Manning’s roughness factor using

For erect grass a = 0.42 and b = 5.23

n = (0.5)1/6/{9.810.5[0.42 + 5.23log(0.5/0.055)]} = 0.052

 15 – 11

15.3.7

Compute the stem stiffness using MEI = 319h3.3 for green grass, where h = 0.2 m
so MEI = 319(0.2)3.3 = 1.57 N·m2

Boundary shear stress is τo = γRSo = 9810(0.5)(0.015) = 73.58 N/m2.

Next compute the effective roughness height ks using

with h, MEI and τo to obtain ks = 0.0784

Next compute the Manning’s roughness factor using

For an erect grass a = 0.42 and b = 5.23

n = (0.5)1/6/{9.810.5[0.42 + 5.23log(0.5/0.0784)]} = 0.0615

 15 – 12

15.3.8

Compute the stem stiffness using MEI = 24.5h2.26 (N·m2) for dormant grass, where h =
0.2 m, so MEI = 24.5(0.2)2.26 = 0.645 N·m2

Boundary shear stress is τo = γRSo = 9810(0.5)(0.015) = 73.58 N/m2.

Next compute the effective roughness height ks using

ks = 0.055

Next compute the Manning’s roughness factor using

For flat grass a = 0.82 and b = 9.90

n = (0.5)1/6/{9.810.5[0.82 + 9.9log(0.5/0.055)]} = 0.0276

15.3.9

Compute the stem stiffness using MEI = 319h3.3 for green grass, where h = 0.2 m
so MEI = 319(0.2)3.3 = 1.57 N·m2

Boundary shear stress is τo = γRSo = 9810(0.5)(0.015) = 73.58 N/m2.

Next compute the effective roughness height ks using

with h, MEI and τo to obtain ks = 0.0784

Next compute the Manning’s roughness factor using

For flat grass a = 0.82 and b = 9.90

n = (0.5)1/6/{9.810.5[0.82 + 9.9log(0.5/0.0784)]} = 0.032

 15 – 13

15.3.10
15 – 14
 15 – 15

15.3.11
15 – 16
 15 – 17

15.3.12

15.2.13

15.3.14

For Kentucky blue grass this is a Class C (Table 15.3.5) so τp = 1 lb/ft2 (Table 15.3.4)

The hydraulic radius is computed, using the permissible shear stress,

τp = 1 lb/ft2 ≥ τdes = γRSo = 62.4R(0.005).

Solving R=3.205 ft which can be used to compute the depth of flow y = 4.67 ft and
A = 158.8 ft2

With the hydraulic radius the Manning’s roughness factor can be determined using

n = R1/6/[ac + 19.97log(R1.4S0.4) with ac = 30.2 for class C (Kentucky bluegrass lining), S

= 0.005 and R=3.205 ft. Solving n = 0.0468

Solve for the maximum allowable discharge for this lining

AR2/3 = 158.8(3.205)2/3 = Qn/[1.49S1/2] = Q(0.0468)/[1.49(0.005)0.5]

Solving Q = 777 ft3/s

 15 – 18

15.3.15

Grass legume mixture lining with a stand of 4 to 5 inches.

This lining is a Class D (Table 15.3.5) so τp = 0.6 lb/ft2 (Table 15.3.4)

The hydraulic radius is computed, using the permissible shear stress,

τp = 0.6 lb/ft2 ≥ τdes = γRSo = 62.4R(0.005).

Solving R= 1.923 ft which can be used to compute the depth of flow y = 2.505 ft and
A = 68.9 ft2

With the hydraulic radius the Manning’s roughness factor can be determined using

n = R1/6/[ac + 19.97log(R1.4S0.4) with ac = 34.6 for class D (Kentucky bluegrass lining), S

= 0.005 and R=1.923 ft. Solving n = 0.0462

Solve for the maximum allowable discharge for this lining

AR2/3 = 68.9(1.923)2/3 = Qn/[1.49S1/2] = Q(0.0462)/[1.49(0.005)0.5]

Solving Q = 242 ft3/s

Grass legume mixture lining with a stand of 6 to 8 inches.

This lining is a Class C (Table 15.3.5) so τp = 1 lb/ft2 (Table 15.3.4)

The hydraulic radius is computed, using the permissible shear stress,

τp = 1 lb/ft2 ≥ τdes = γRSo = 62.4R(0.005).

Solving R=3.205 ft which can be used to compute the depth of flow y = 4.67 ft and
A = 158.8 ft2

With the hydraulic radius the Manning’s roughness factor can be determined using

n = R1/6/[ac + 19.97log(R1.4S0.4) with ac = 30.2 for class C (Kentucky bluegrass lining), S

= 0.005 and R=3.205 ft. Solving n = 0.0468

Solve for the maximum allowable discharge for this lining

AR2/3 = 158.8(3.205)2/3 = Qn/[1.49S1/2] = Q(0.0468)/[1.49(0.005)0.5]

Solving Q = 777 ft3/s

The change in maximum allowable discharge is 777 – 242 = 535 cfs.

 15 – 19

15.4.1. QA = 30 ft3/s.
min where tb is the time form the beginning to a
point on the recession limb of the inflow hydrograph where the flow is 5% of the
peak.

Vr = 30 min(133 cfs)(60 s/min) = 239,400 ft3 = 5.5 ac-ft (note 1 ac-ft = 43560 ft3)
Hence, Vs = 0.94Vr = 0.94(5.5) = 5.17 ac-ft.

133 cfs

I(t)

0.05(133)/133

tp

2tp
 15 – 20

15.4.2. Qp = 133 cfs, QA = 30 cfs, tp = 30 min

Using Abt and Grigg’s (1978) formula:

The following Figure is drawn for this problem based on Abt and Grigg’s
assumptions.

Q
133 cfs

y = 133 – 30 = 103 cfs

Vs

30 cfs
x

30 min 60 min

In this Figure, , that is, min.

Vr = 0.5(60)(133)(60) = 239,400 ft3 = 5.5 ac-ft

Vs = 0.6Vr = 0.6(5.5) 3.3 ac-ft

15.4.3. Cp = 0.85, A = 15.24 acre, QA = 32.17 cfs, tc = 21.2 min

The critical storm duration, tD, can be obtained by using Newton’s iteration
method. From equation (15.4.19),

=
 15 – 21

Let tD = 70 min.

= -0.017

Hence, min.

min.
This solution appears to be reasonably close enough to the actual solution. tD may
be assumed to be about 71.8 min.

cfs.

Vs = 60(42.12)(71.8)-30(32.17)(71.8+21.2) = 91699 ft3 = 2.11 ac-ft.

15.4.4. Cp = 0.80, A = 31.39 acre, QA = 59.08 cfs, tc = 21.2 min

This problem is solved in the same fashion as problem 15.4.3 above.

= (see problem 15.4.3’s solution)

(see problem 15.4.3’s solution)

Let tD = 75 min.
 15 – 22

= -0.015

Hence, min.

Thus, tD = 76 min may be taken.

cfs.

Vs = 60(78.81)(76)-30(59.08)(76+21.2) = 187096 ft3 = 4.30 ac-ft.

15.4.5. A = 25 acre, C = 0.85, tp (before development) = 25 min, tp (after development)

= 15 min, QA = 25 cfs, a = 96.6, b = 13.9.

tD = 21.54 min.

cfs.

Vs = tDQp – QAtD - QAtp +

Vs = 21.54(57.92) – 25(21.54) – 25(15) +

Vs = 727.53 cfs - min = 43652 ft3 = 1.00 ac-ft.

15.4.6. A = 25 acre, C = 0.95, tp (before development) = 25 min, tp (after development)

= 15 min, QA = 25 cfs, a = 96.6, b = 13.9.

tD = 23.37 min.

cfs.

Vs = tDQp – QAtD - QAtp +

Vs = 23.37(61.56) – 25(23.37) – 25(15) +

Vs = 868.05 cfs - min = 52083 ft3 = 1.20 ac-ft.
 15 – 23

15.4.7. To solve this problem, first the storage outflow relationship is developed using the
stage outflow data given. The result is obtained as shown in the following table.

H Q S 2S/t + Q Q H Q S 2S/t + Q Q
(ft) (cfs) (ft3) (cfs) (cfs) (ft) (cfs) (ft3) (cfs) (cfs)
0.0 0 0 0 0 5.5 156 479160 955 156
0.5 3 43560 76 3 6.0 173 522720 1044 173
1.0 8 87120 153 8 6.5 190 566280 1134 190
1.5 17 130680 235 17 7.0 205 609840 1221 205
2.0 30 174240 320 30 8.0 231 696960 1393 231
2.5 43 217800 406 43 9.0 253 784080 1560 253
3.0 60 261360 496 60 10.0 275 871200 1727 275
3.5 78 304920 586 78 11.0 323 958320 1920 323
4.0 97 348480 678 97 12.0 340 1045440 2082 340
4.5 117 392040 770 117 12.1 341.7 1054152 2099 341.7
5.0 137 435600 863 137

Note that the last data point (given in bold face italic font) have been extrapolated
since the required 2S/t + Q versus Q data exceeded the range of the derived
relationship from the given data.

Using the above 2S/t + Q versus Q relationship, the routing can be performed.
The result is given in the following table.

Time Inflow Ij + Ij+1 2Sj/t – Qj 2Sj+1/t + Qj+1 Q

(min) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs)
0 0 0 0 0 0.0
20 180 180 158 180 11.0
40 360 540 495 698 101.4
60 540 900 933 1395 231.4
80 450 990 1276 1923 323.3
100 360 810 1405 2086 340.4
120 270 630 1365 2035 335.1
140 180 450 1221 1815 296.9
160 90 270 1003 1491 244.0
180 0 90 729 1093 182.3
200 0 0 513 729 108.0
220 0 0 386 513 63.4
240 0 0 306 386 40.0
260 0 0 250 306 27.8
280 0 0 212 250 19.4
300 0 0 183 212 14.4
320 0 0 160 183 11.3
340 0 0 143 160 8.8
360 0 0 128 143 7.3
380 0 0 115 128 6.4
400 0 0 104 115 5.6

15.4.8. t = 30 min = 1800 s, A(H) = 87120 ft2,

I = 9t for 0  t  60,
 15 – 24

I = 540 – 4.5t for 60  t  180

Using the third order Runge-Kutta method:
I(0) = 0
cfs

cfs

ft

= 12.32 cfs (by interpolation from

the head-discharge table). Hence,

ft

ft.
Q(2.59) = 46.06 cfs (by interpolation from the head-discharge table).
The iterations for H3, H4, and so on are done in a similar fashion from which the
result given in the following table is obtained.

Time Inflow H1 (ft) H2 H3 H H Outflow

(min) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (cfs) (ft) (cfs)
0 0 - - - - 0 0
30 270 0 1.86 3.46 2.59 2.59 46
60 540 4.63 5.33 5.62 5.37 7.96 230
90 405 6.40 4.46 2.69 3.62 11.58 333
120 270 1.49 0.39 -0.46 0.03 11.61 333
150 135 -1.31 -2.08 -2.18 -1.96 9.65 267
180 0 -2.73 -3.25 -3.56 -3.36 6.29 183

15.4.9. Area of basin with vertical walls = 4047 m2.

Qp = 10.2 m3/s, tp = 60 min, t = 20 min = 1200 s.
 15 – 25

Q (cfs)

60 min 150 min

By linear interpolation, m3/s.

I(0) = 0, m3/s, m3/s

Since the reservoir is initially empty, H1 = 0 and Q(H1) = 0

By linear interpolation from the table, Q(0.24) = 0.15 m3/s. Hence,

m

m
Q(H2) = Q(0.47) = 0.52 m3/s.