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CONCEPT OF Allah IN ISLAM: God (Allah) is one and only one.. Only Allah is worthy of worship.
Only Allah is creator of all things..Allah is omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient Allah is supreme,
Eternal, almighty, wise perfect..Allah is the prossessor of will, wisdom and unbounded grace. ..Allah is
the lord of power, the lord of East & West, lord of universe.
Everything will return to him. Allah is above every want while all depend on Him. Allah is sovereign, the
master of the day of judgement. Allah is responsive to man’s requests. He is close to every man even
closer than the jugular vein of the man. He is the lord of all worlds and has power over all things and to
Him belongs all that is in the heavens and in the earth. It is He who has spread the earth like a carpet,
sends down water from the sky.His decisions are implemented in the twinking of an eye or even quicker
for there is nothing to oppose His will. He draws the night as a veil over the day.. He is the beginning and
the end. He has no need. He creates when He likes and destroys when He desires He himself never
changes. There is nothing like him. He gives life and death and he is powerful over every thing. He is
manifest and hidden and He knows everythingCONCEPT OF MAN IN ISLAM:islam has an important
position in the world of religions. It wants to make a man which can be distinguished from other
societies on the basis of all aspects of life. Islam differs from other religions. Islam considers a child as
innocent when he or she is born. Allah has mentioned man as his best creation in the universe. He has
given to man intelligence and knowledge. These are the special favours to man from Allah which have
not been given to other creatures. Therefore he is more answerable and responsible also Islam makes a
man responsible for his each and every act. This status of man in Islam put heavy responsibility on
Islamic society. Man’s duty is to establish the law of God on earth. He works hard for this purpose.
special eyes, special ears, and a special mind, so that he should be able to capture, utilize and rule that
world on behalf of God. Purpose of Man is to serve Allah i.e. to work His plan so as to carry it forward
and to raise himself to greater and greater heights till he meets Allah on, the day of Judgement and
receive his rewards. Otherwise if he obstructed Allah plan, he be put into the hell where he will burn for
ever. Allah says that we have created man in the best of moulds. We made him hearing and seeing. We
have honoured the children of Adam and have carried them on land and sea and have provided them of
clean things. CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE: Knowledge means familiarity of a person, thing or fact gained
by experience. It is a individual’s range of information or the theoretical or practical understanding of a
subject or language etc. ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF KNOWLEDGE:In the Islamic theory of knowledge, the
word used for knowledge in Arabic is ilm, which has a much wider connotation than its synonymous in
English and other languages. ‘Knowledge’ falls short of expressing all aspects of ilm. Knowledge in the
western world means information about something divine or physical while ilm is an all-embracing term
covering theory, action and education.We can say that Islam is the path of ‘Knowledge’. No other
religion has given so much importance to ilm. In the Holy Quran that word ilm has occurred in 140
places while Al-ilm in 27. In all, the total number of verses in which ilm or its derivatives and associated
words are used in 704 places. The aids of Knowledge such as book, pen, ink etc are mentioned in the
same number. Qalam is mentioned in tow places. Al-Kitab in 230 verses among which Al-Kitab for Al-
Quran occurs in 81 years. Other words associated with writing occur in 319 verses. It is important to
note that pen Book are essential to the acquisition of Knowledge.
The Islamic revelation started with the word Iqra (read/recite) according to Holy Quran. The Holy Quran
has used many words to express ideas connected with knowledge and each word has a meaning
different from the other. In Arabic there are two words for information.(i) Khabar (ii) Naba: Khabar
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means information about happenings and Naba is information about some very important matter. The
world ilm, is translated into English as knowledge, has a wider meaning then present in awareness,
consciousness and recognition for familiarity. CLASSIFICATION OF KNOWLEDGE: a) REVEALED
KNOWLEDGE: This knowledge is based on the divine Revelation presented in the Quran and Sunnah and
all that can be derived from them.b) ACQUIRED KNOWLEDGE: This knowledge include social, natural,
and applied science. This knowledge refers to scientific knowledge which is acquired through experience
observation and research. Therefore we can conclude that the first kind of knowledge is given by Allah
to man through direct revelation and the second through speculation, experience, to seek knowledge
for one hour at night is better than keeping it (night) awake. CONCEPT OF SOCIETY: The word “Society”
is Latin in Origion, and it is derived from a Latin word “SOCIUS” which means a companion. it is a large
group in which individuals have relationships.A society is a large group of people who share a common
set of habits, ideas, attitudes and consider themselves a social unit. CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
ISLAM:Society in Islam is an association formed according to divine law, for the purpose of harmonious
and peaceful coexistence. It is neither capitalistic nor socialistic but is a mixture of material and spiritual
life. The ideal society of Islam is called ummah. The ummah is a society in which a number of individuals,
having a common faith and goal come together with the intention of moving towards their common
goal. CHARACTERISTICS OF ISLAMIC SOCIETY:In Islamic society there is a law, which controls it..The
Islamic society has character of training of the individual as its important feature..The Islamic society is
in altruistic one.The Islamic society is fraternal one..The Islamic society is an “educated society”.,The
Islamic society must revolve around the righteous life of people..The Islamic society is in industrious
society.. The Islamic society is a universal society.The Islamic society believes in accountability..The
Islamic society is welfare society.The Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) established a model society at
Madinah on the basis of respect for humanity, equality, liberty and fraternity.
1slamic concept of curiculum. discuss the various functions of curriculum in islamic system of
education. Islamic curriculum in particular is based on what the Islamic world views as coherent and
fixed divine verities, values, and criteria. This complex intertwines with mutable human experiences,
mediums of learning, and skillsFUNCTIONS Islamic curricula aim at the inculcation of faith in the mind
and hearts of younger generation. The correction of morals and spiritual education of soul. They aim at
the constant acquisition of knowledge, the combination of knowledge and work, faith and morality and
the practical application of theory in life. Islamic curricula stress the value and sincerity of man's work in
the cause of Allah and man kind. Islamic curricula require that man should belief in Allah and that he
should be loving, righteous and compassionate towards his fellow men. Philosophical Basis of
Curriculum:Both Philosophy and curriculum are closely related. A nation first develops a philosophy of
life for the country and then develops curriculum on the basis of that philosophy. Whenever there is a
change in the philosophy of a nation, the curriculum is also changed. According to this philosophy the
discipline was relaxed, and the curriculum was changed and activity curriculum was used so that the
individual’s talents and abilities should be developed. We can say that the philosophy is reflected in the
curriculum.It is concluded from the above discussion that the curriculum of an education system is
developed on the basis of philosophy of life of a nation e.g the science curriculums based on Idealism
include sense subjects, Arts subjects and learning of skills. IDEALOGICAL BASIS OF CURRICULUM:
Idealogy is defined as closely organized system of values, beliefs and ideas forming the basis of social,
Economic political or educational programme. The ideology of a nation effects all the aspects of life of
the people of that nation. Curriculum is also effected by the ideology of the nation. Therefore the
ideology forms a sound basis of curriculum. The curriculum of materialist society will be based on the
materialistic principles. The communist society will have its own effects on curriculum. A Muslim society
must have an Islamic Ideology which can be seen in the Islamic system of education. Ideological basis of
curriculum help in framing the objectives, and methods of teacher training. They also help in the
selection of content of curriculum. In a Muslim state like Pakistan the ideology should be based on the
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teaching of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF CURRICULUM: Psychology and
curriculum are closely related. Psychology is the science of human character. It explains human
behaviour in different situation. On the basis of many experiments, the psychologists have divided.
Human development in to different stages. Each stage has its own qualities and needs. For the better
development of children these needs should be fulfilled. The human mind develops gradually. The child
is slowly and gradually adjusted in the environment and his knowledge is increased. Therefore the
psychological needs should be kept in mind while developing the curriculum. The content should be
according to the mental level of the children. It should be interesting, meaningful and should be
according to the daily life and should be purposeful. SOCIO-CULTURAL BASIS OF CURRICULUM:Culture
and curriculum are closely related. The main objective and function of curriculum is to transmit culture
from one generation to another generation and to promote culture. Similarly on of important functions
of curriculum is the preservation of culture. The valuable cultural heritage, which has accumulated a
vast store of knowledge and experience, is transmitted to the coming generations through curriculum.
Curriculum is also agent of social change because it improves culture by avoiding bad elements and
adopting good ones. Education is a social process and school is a social situation. The objectives of
curriculum is to transmit the social values from one generation to another generation. In order to enable
the learners to participate successfully in the social life, the school organizes observations and
experimentations. These observation and experimentation are curriculum. The curriculum depends on
the educational objectives and educational objectives are based on the philosophy of life of a society.
CURRICULUM INTEGRATION:The attempt to reduce hurdles among the school subjects and to unite the
common elements in different subjects is called as curriculum integration. In Pakistan there is always
complained of heavy school bags.School bag at primary level is usually too heavy to carry. The children
have to study at least five subjects at primary level and carry five or six textbooks in their bags. Separate
exercise books. The school bag may weight about 1.5 kilogram in class 1 and upto 5 kilogram in class 5th.
In order reduce the weight of the school bag, repetition of content in different subjects should be
avoided selected content of Islamiyat, Social studies and Science may be integrated in a single Urdu test
book for class 1-111.The National Curriculum committee has given a simple definition to curriculum
integration. According to their definition the integrated curriculum is the presentation of concept of two
or more subjects in the lessons or a textbooks in such a manner so as to avoid repetition, duplication
and unwanted emphasis on different topics of school subjects and through this approach to reduce the
volume and weight of subjects. PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED CURRICULUM:Basic language skills i.e.
listening, Speaking, Writing received preference over knowledge and terminology..Mathematics has an
important place in primary stage curriculum. Therefore it will have a separate textbook for each
class…Social studies, Science, Islamiyat etc in the shape of one textbook for each class..OBJECTIVES OF
INTEGRACTED CURRICULUM:To emphasize the learning of basic language skills for the children of class
I-III. This will raise the literacy rate of the society.,To reduce the textbooks to one or two only so that the
teachers may focus their attention on language skills and to enable them to impart the concept of other
subject..To keep the mental level and interest of the children in mind which is the basic condition of
acquiring knowledge. This will attract the children to the acquisition of knowledge. Process/ mechanism
for dev/integration curriculum in pak: Curriculum wing request the provincial centers to prepare draft
curriculum for each subject taught in various classes up to class twelve..Provincial centers call of
committee of teachers, subject specialists and experts on each subject..Provincial curriculum
committees prepare curriculum plan..The draft plan is sent to curriculum wing..Curriculum wing
circulates the drafts to the selected teachers, subject specialists, in school colleges and other agencies
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concerns and invites their comments. The comments are reviewed in curriculum wing..The national
committee of curriculum scrutinizes the draft in the light of comments..Secretary education accords
necessary approvals..The curriculum schemes duly approved are passed on to the provincial text book
boards of preparation of textbook.CONCEPT OF EDUCATION The word education has been derived from
Latin words “Educare” ‘Educatum’ or Educere’ . The meaning of the first two words are ‘to train’ or ‘ to
bring up’ while the third word means ‘ to lead out’.def: Aristotle: Education is a process necessary for
the creation of a sound mind in a sound body.Imam Ghazali: Education is a process which enables
an individual to distinguish between true and False, the Good and the bad, the right conduct and the evil
doing.Ibn-e-Khaldoon: Education consists of the intellectual and moral training of the mankind
through which their hidden potentialities developed, traits of are character are built the knowledge and
culture of the people are coveyed to the coming generations.William James: Education means fitting
the individual to his physical and social environment.Consulsion: It can be concluded from the above
definitions of education that all of them are different with respect to terminology but are the same with
respect to content. We can say that education is harmonious development of the personality of an
individual. All these definitions show that a child has some natural potentialities which should be
developed according to the needs of the society. Education is not static, but it is a continuous and life-
long process. Soon after the birth and throughout life. NATURE OF EDUCATION & TRAINING:The nature
of Education is two fold.1.It enables the learner to have self-realization and individual development.2.It
enables the learner to have civic efficiency & social development education develops a well-integrated
personality and enables him to act as a useful member of the society.- Culture: The role of education is
to conserve the culture. Thus it is an instrument of social stability and agent of social change. Education
is a process by which men, women, young and old are taught how to contribute to their own welfare
and the welfare of the society to which they belong the education should provide the
following..Confirmation and consolidation of faith in Allah..Integration of faith & knowledge..Making of a
useful member of the family, society and Ummah..To utilize the resources of Ummah..Acquistion of
Knowledge..To do research..To prepare Muslims for multiple roles in society..It goes beyond sensory
knowledge..It develops good habits..It purifies the soul..It is an aid to attain ‘Taqwa’. NEED &
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION & TRAINING: Education & training develops the innate powers of the
child. According to Pestalozzi the function of education is the natural and harmonious development of
man’s innate powers. The personality of the child has many aspects i.e physical intellectual, social,
spiritual and education & training develop complete man. Therefore the education training develop all
these aspects of the personality of the child in a balanced way. Through education the individual learns
to exercise control over his emotions and develops his abilities of the mind In the right direction.
Education plays a vital role in the character formation. Character is the necessary component of our
personality. A good character leads to the development of good qualities of citizenship.This leads to a
responsible social behaviour. Education preserves the culture and civilization and helps in the promotion
of human civilization. Education is an instrument for the material fulfillment and the spiritual
development of man.

Islam gives great importance to knowledge. It is the “knowledge of things” which distinguishes his
superiovity over others. Education is an essential quality for leadership in Islam. It stands next to the
faith. Knowledge is power & it controles human Ideas and Actions. Right thinking is necessary for right
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actions. It is necessary condition of virtue. Islam wants education impossible which can provide man to
understand the eternal & spiritual realities of life and basic realities of Science and social science. The
education creates such feelings in the Muslims due to which they become ready to sacrifice their lives
for the pleasure of Allah. The Holy Prophet encouraged the reading & writing. In the battle of Badar the
literate prisoners were promised their freedom after each had taught writing to the boys of Madinah.
The Holy prophet (P.B.U.H) also encouraged the learning of other languages not only for the purpose of
religion but also for material benefits. This raised the literacy rate in Muslims. The knowledge of
creations will lead man to the knowledge of the creator. THEORY OF LEARNING/Knowledge IN ISLAM:
Learning is defined by Gage as “the process where by an organism changes its behaviour more or less
permanently as a result of experience”. Hazrat Ali (R.A) said, “you should preach the people according to
their mental level. The Quran asks the Muslims to use their reason, observation and senses to get the
true spirit of the religion instead of blindly following pure dogma. The muslims are asked to see the
things and draw conculsions. The Quran invites the people to go around the world and see its wonders,
to observe the stars and their movements and make an attempt to discover the truth of the creation.
Ali Ibn Abi Talib laid great importance to self-reasoning after observation and discovering the truth. He
invites in many of his lectures to different objects like bees, peacock etc and asks to think over them in
order to understand Nature an thus its creator. Hazrat Ali gave importance to positive learning and said
that learning can not take place unless one knows its opposites. It shows that:..Learning is possible
through man’s own initiatives in addition to that given to him through revelation..The learning not only
included the religion but also that which is not religion or is against religion. Islam backs up the
principles of learning through one’s own initiative and the use of reason and common sense in
understanding the religion. We can say that Islam is not pro-dogma. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE IN
ISLAM:In Islam there are four main sources of Knowledge:I) SENSORY ORGANS: Sensory organ are the
main sources of getting knowledge. We know ourselves and the world by sense perception. Through
sense perception we can establish a direct connection between us and the object perceived. We have
discovered this world and derived benefit from it through senses of sight, smelling, hearing, Taste, &
touch. The Holy Quran has directed man to observe the universe.ii) INTELLECT:Intellect has been
considered an important source of knowledge. The difference between animals and human beings is
intellect or reason. Reasoning involves logical concepts. Logical knowledge is obtained through the
process of synthesis and analysis. It is the ability to think. Human mind has got a reasoning power.To
Philosophers, this is superior knowledge. By comparison and, we reach to some correct conclusion. To
Kant we get knowledge by reasoning. He started doubting every thing. He said nothing exists for me in
this world. Do I exist? It is my mind which tells me that I exist. “I think therefore I am”. All ideas and
concepts are formed by reasoning.iii) INTUITION: It is sudden awareness. A knowledge which comes to
man without thinking sometimes there is sudden awareness about the truth of an idea. Mystics
claim to give this knowledge Reasoning is not involved in it. It is immediate insight that we come to the
truth.iv) INSPIRATION/REVELATION: It is knowledge of the truth which is revealed to prophets in a state
of vision or dream. Very few people in the world have this experience.
FOUNDATIONAL OBJECTIVE:The foundational objectives are different in different societies. These are
based on the concept of God, values needs of the society. According Aristotle, the foundational
objectives are the collection of three values, which are as under:
i) Truthfulness. ii) Beauty. iii) Good needs.
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According Islamic point of view, foundational objectives are those which creates the following
characteristics in a man:Fear of Allah…Love of Allah..Willingness of Allah..Islamic Values..Understanding
of self…Universe understanding…Knowledge to make, better life.
The objectives are guides for making a course unit or selection of curriculum. Curriculum has a list of
fundamental objectives and teachers have to translate these objectives into specific classroom action.
FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATIONAL OBJECTIVES:
1. They give direction to the educational process.
2. They determine the role of the teacher.
3. They motivate the learners to determine the character.
4. The motivate the learners to determine their experience.
5. They provide the educator with criteria of evaluating the educative process.
The objective of education should provide the following:They should confirm and consolidate the faith
in Allah..They should integrate faith and knowledge in terms of Applications..They should make useful
member of the family, society ummah..They should prepare the individuals for productive work, lawful
earning..To acquire new knowledge..To study the universe in all its aspects..To do search and research
to discover the reality of laws of Allah..To improve Muslims to play their multiple roles in society.
DERIVED OBJECTIVES:These objectives are specific, limited and immediate. These objective are derived
from fundamental objectives.They are also helpful for fundamental objectives. These are derived from
course unit objectives. These are precise statements.i) EDUCATION FOR VOCATION:The primary needs
of man are food, shelter and clothing. The education should enable the individual to earn all these three.
It should enable the individual for some profession. The industrialization and mechanization of the
present time has increased need of the vocational education Therefore the education should prepare
the individual for certain vocation.ii) EDUCATION FOR KNOWLEDGE:According to Socrates, “Knowledge
is power by which things are done”. Therefore the aim of education should be the acquisition of
knowledge. It is knowledge that has enabled the man to make progress.It is knowledge which ensures
success in any profession, vocation. iii) EDUCATION FOR CULTURE:The transmission of culture from one
generation to another generation is an important objective of education. Culture is the way of living and
this way of living is transmitted to the coming generation through education. iv) EDUCATION FOR
CHARACTER:Character building is the aim of education. We should try to develop courage, strength the
ability to forget oneself in working towards great aim. v) EDUCATION FOR INDIVIDUAL
DEVELOPMENT:Individual development is the aim of education. Individuality is an affair of whole
organism. It is the synthesis of body, mind and soul the all round development of a person makes him a
well adjusted man. Therefore the education should try to develop a balanced personality of the
individual. vi) EDUCATION FOR SOCIAL EFFICIENCY:Man is a social animal and we can not think of the
individual living and developing is isolation from society. Without society either he is a beast an or angel.
He is neither of the two, but a rational social being, the aim of education should be social efficiency. The
success of an individual depends, on social efficiency. ) OBJECTIVES GIVEN BY MUSLIM EDUCATIONISTS:
i) IBN SINA’S EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:According to Ibn sina the training of the child is divided into
two parts:Cultivation of good habits before the child is influenced by evil efforts..Training of his intellect.
The child should be taught the manners of the society. In his view the main objective of education is
action and to get benefit of knowledge in earning one’s livelihood.ii) GHAZALI’S EDUCATIONAL
OBJECTIVES:According to Imam Ghazali, the objectives of education are:To make Allah happy..To
develop character of man..To distinguish between true and false..To distinguish between good and bad.
To distinguish between right and wrong..All round development of personality..To inculcate desirable
behaviour in child..To provide religious education..The controversial topics should not be included in
curriculum.IBN-E-KHALDOON’S EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:According to Ibn-e-Khaldoon, the objectives
of education are:Education is a need like food, dress and self-defence..The education should fulfil the
needs of the society..The education should promote self confidence..The education should promote
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bravery..The education should promote self-respect..The education should develop thinking..The

education should develop creativity..To develop good habits for which religion is necessary..To ensure
means of livelihood..To enable the child to plan for action which may promote the interest of the society
IQBAL’S EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:According to Allama Iqbal the objectives of education are:
To develop the personality of the individual..To develop the precious self of the individual.
To develop the individuality of all persons..To achieve the objectives of education in a democratic
way..To involve the learners in practical work.SHAH WALI ALLAH’S EDUCATIONALOBJECTIVES:According
to Shah Wali Allah, the main objectives of education are:To give awareness about the main aims of
education..To give awareness about the relationship between man and God and the universe..To enable
the learners to know the universe..To give knowledge about the establishment and development of the
society..To develop the ability of self-realization..To train the learners in social ethics/social
responsibilities..To create the feelings of cooperation and sympathy..To develop patriotism..To aware
the learners about the international relationship and to think without considering the colour, race and
language..To make the learners responsible citizens..To prepare the learners to take part in practical
life.. To develop a desire to obey God.SIR SYED’S EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:has suggested the
following educational objectives:To develop self-esteem among the learners..To enable the students to
become good human beings..To give awareness to students about their right and duties and to enable
them to recognize Haqooq ullah is rights of Allah and Haqooq ul Ibad i.e rights of Human beings and
rights of self i.e Haqooq un nafs..To give students such training which help them to avoid evil ways..To
give students ethical training and it is necessary for better development of truthfulness, trust worthiness
and good habits..To train the students to avoid evil ways. Concept and Meaning of Administration
and Supervision:The English verb “to administer” comes from the Latin word Administrate which means
to care for. So we can define administration is to manage the affairs of the people or to look after the
people. Super vision means “Super” “Vision” which means “a forward look or a “broad look”.
It can be defined as the activities of the teachers are so guided and stimulated that it ensures
improvement in the teaching learning process. Supervision is the process of bringing improvement in
instruction by working with people who are working with pupils.
BASIS OF ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION:Good administration and supervision are the needs of
every system. Quran, the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad S.A.W and Shariah and the role of the four
caliphs R.A provide a strong basis for administration and supervision. Quran and Shariah provide theory
about, who could be the administrator of Muslim society? What should be duties, role and
responsibilities of administrator and supervisor in a Muslim society? The Holy prophet Muhammad
(S.A.W) and his four friend presented a practical model and style of administration and supervision.
1)QURAN SHARIAH AND ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISIO Some of the important principles of
administration and supervision are found in the Holy Quran and Shariah that is how carry out
administration and supervision. The Islamic Shariah lays down fundamental principles for running the
government affairs and for good administration and supervision the Quran and Shariah provide a
comprehensive code for all the affairs of life. However the Quran and Shariah provide general principles
and broad outlines and minor details and administration and supervision are left to the discreation of
Muslim as the circumstances of the age and place require. Administration and supervision in shariah
must operate through consultation and should be based on democratic basis. 2) ADMINISTRATION AND
SUPERVISIONUNDER THE PROPHET (S.A.W)The most important characteristics of the administration
and supervision of the Holy Prophet S.A.W were the simplicity and ease with which the administrative
affairs were conducted. There were no offices or officials or paid employees. The mosque was the
centre of all religious, social and political activities. The public servants under the administration of the
Prophet S.A.W in Madinah were of three Kinds i.e. Al-Wali (Governor) Al-Amil (Tax collector) and Al-Qadi
(Judge). The Walis, Amils and Qadis Were directly responsible to the prophet S.A.W. The Prophet always
used the principle of accountability and check and balance. The Prophet S.AW. has left a great legacy
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in the form of six authentic books of Hadith. Many of his directives and sayings contain the elements, of
trust, justice and efficiency as basic qualities of the administration.UNDER THE FOUR CALIPHS (R.A):
Under The First Caliph:The first caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr strictly followed the pattern of the
administration and supervision of the Holy Prophet S.A.W. He divided the heavy burden of
administration and appointed Hazrat Umar (R.A) as the chief justice. He was also incharge of the
distribution of the poor tax. He appointed Hazrat Ali R.A as incharge of the Work of correspondence and
the supervision of the captives of war. He practiced accountability. Under The Second Caliph:The
second caliph Hazrat Umar Farooq is considered as the great grandfather of the Islamic administration
and supervision and the most popular person in the history of Islam after the Holy Prophet and Hazrat
Abu Bakr (R.A). He was the builder of Islamic civilization. His administration is characterized by Reforms
and innovation. He said to the people that I have appointed over you governors and agents not to beat
your bodies or take your monies but rather to teach you and serve you”. He started and encouraged
democratic methods in Islamic administration and supervision.Under the Third Caliph The third caliph
was Hazrat Usman bin Affan. He followed the footsteps of Hazrat Umar R.A in administration. Because
of his old age his administration became in the last year of his reign. He is not considered as a creative
caliph. He was considered as a follower of his predecessors.

Under the Fourth Caliph:Hazrat Ali was the fourth caliph. He advises in a letter to the governor of Egypt
in the following way:Be a good ideal for staff and fellow citizens..Choose the most qualified pious,
honest and God fearing men in administration..Be impartial and do justice..Beaware of backbiters and
scandle-mogers..Supervise the activities of aides and secretaries and be sure that justice and social
equity, are always maintained..Consult with your staff and do not issue authoritative orders which were
made solely by you..Keep communication with commissioners..Do not develop traits of slef-
administration and self appreciation. PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC ADMINISTRATION
AND SUPERVISION :Principle of Honesty:All religious and ethical philosophies have emphasized that
honesty ensures stability and happiness for mankind. Honesty gives richness and dignity to human
character. Dishonesty harms character and increase distrust and suspicion. According to the Holy Quran
“Not to consume each other wealth unjustly, nor offer it to judges as a bribe, so that with their aid you
might seiz other men’s property dishonestly.” (2:188) Priniciples of Justice:In our religion, justice has
been one of the greatest display of character. Imbalance of any kind is against the principle of justice. In
every discussion of Islamic ethics and administration justice is highlighted as one of the basic
characteristic and principle of good administration. It creates a sense of proportion, encourages ethical
behaviour. Principle of Varacity :Love for truth and fair play have been themes of practically every
ethical system. Truth is the basis of human character and a basic factor which strengthens human faith
administrator and supervisors who love truth will never become prey of sychophants and courtiers who
are always ready together around men of authority. Principle of Courage:Individuals can achieve
success only with the help of courage. courage should not be confused with bravery. Courage to criticize
and large heart edness to accept criticism are certainly counted among the salient features of Islamic
administration.Principle of Politeness:This is a principle which is accepted universally . this principle
ensure peace and unity. The politeness help the individuals to save themselves from many bad situation.
Politeness help the individuals in authority to win confidence, to reduce resistance and win support of
the government. Principle of Forgivenss:A forgiving man is always considered respectable in a group. It
is a display of large heartedness. It makes the leadership more effective. A leader who is forgiving is
always respected. Allah says in Quran, “praised are they who restrain their anger and God lovers those
who do good to others. (2:134)Principle of Patience:The Holy Quran says,“when God wishes the welfare
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of a community he blesses it with officers who are patient and large hearted”. Similarly the Holy Quran
has said, “Seek assistance through patience and prayer. (2:45) Principle of Peacefulness: According to
Islam love for peace is a great decoration of Human character and individuals and communities get
dignity and respect through it. Principle of Accessibility: According to Islamic tradition of administration
and supervision officers to all levels and in all circumstances have to provide free and easy access to the
public. The relationship between the officers and the public is very much necessary for the social and
political stability.Principle of Tolerance: Religious tolerance is one of the qualities of Islam. The Quran
says that there should be no compulsion in the propagation of religion and that the non-Muslim must
not be converted to Islam by force.The greatest tolerance was shown by our Holy Prophet (S.A.W).
QUALITIES OF ADMINISTRATORL God Consciousness: The Arabic word Taqwa is used for a quality which
is necessary in the personality of a Muslim administration. This word has no exact English equivalent.
Taqwa refers to an attitude consisting of love and fear of God. We can translate it as “God
consciousness”. This is know as “Taqwa” in the words of the Holy Quran, The Muttaqeen are, “Those
who fear their lord in their most secret thought.” So the Muslim administrator should possess this
quality. Sincerity: The Muslim administrator should possess sincerity with out this quality the Muslim’s
relationship with both God and his fellow men is not effective. Sincerity towards God makes a man fair
in worship and honest in his character and he does not become hypocrite and selfish, while sincerity
towards his staff members and fellow human beings should lead him to behave in an open and straight
forward manner with them.
Responsibility: This is the most important quality of the Muslim administrator’s beahviour on which his
relation with God, with other human beings with staff members, with students is based. Integrity: The
Muslim Administrator should possess integrity and every act and every aspect of his life is to be
submitted to the standard of Islam.Truthfulness: The Holy Prophet (S.A.W) as a great administrator
never told a lie in all his life or misled any one. so it has become clear that truthfulness is an essential
quality for a Muslim administrator. Discipline & Self Control: Discipline and self-control should be
present in private and public life of administrator as a quality Patience & Courage: Our Holy Prophet
was never upset by any obstacle in his path. He was the most patient man on earth. If things happened
against his expectations he did not blame anyone or ask God to curse those . It is therefore needed that
the Muslim administrator should be patient and courageous. Dignity, Honour & Self Respect: A true
Muslim administrator should possess the qualities of dignity, honour and self-respect Justice: A Muslim
administrator should be justice in his dealing and decision making. The Holy Prophet says,

“The person most pleasing in the sight of God and the nearest to Him on the Day of judgement will be a
ruler who is justice and the person most obnoxious in the sight of God and the farthest from Him will be
a ruler who is unjust”.
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING IN ISLAMIC SYSTEM:Teacher uses many principles to achieve the goals of
teaching learning process. The teacher needs different types of devices, strategies, techniques,
methods, at the time of presenting, associating and assimilating the learning material to make learning
more permanent and effective and for solving different problems related to content.
According to Ibn-e-Khaldoon:.Proceed from simple to complex..Proceed from easy to difficult..The
learning material should be well-graded..Concrete examples should be given..The learning capacity of
the child should be kept in mind..Teaching of difficult things beyond the capacity of the learner causes
repulsion of Knowledge..According to Ibn-e-Khaldoon the process of learning should consist of the
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following three stages: STAGE ONE:The most effective way of teaching needs that knowledge should be
taught bit by bit. For example we can say that the main and basic facts of a unit of knowledge should be
taught along with some explanation. STAGE 2:At this stage the same topic which was taught briefly
should be taught in a little more detail at a higher level and critically. STAGE 3:The same topic should be
taught for the third time. At this stage the lesson should be taught more comprehensively and no point
should be left unclear and unresolved. At this stage the student should get complete mastery over the
taught lesson. ROLE OF TEACHER IN ISLAMIC SYSTEM OF EDUCATION:In the Islamic system of
Education, the role of teachers is more important as compared to the other systems. Teaching is a
scared profession for a Muslim. The Ummah needs teachers committed to the mission of transmitting
Islamic ideology. The Islamic system needs teachers who are true practicing Muslims, stable and
balanced individuals, models for students in personality and character, competent in communicative
skills, missionaries, moral and social mentors, possessors of Islamic vision, ideal followers for the Shariah
and mature interpreters of what they teach. They should be God fearing.In all ideological systems of
education the teachers occupies the central position. Our Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) was a teacher
and exerted a great influence on these who gathered around him. The chain of Prophets ended with him
but his mission continued after his death. He made the teachers of his community responsible for
propagating his teaching. He said, “Learned men are the heirs of the prophets”. As a heir of the Prophet,
the Muslim teacher is the custodian of the cultural values of Islam and that of society. He transmits
culture form generation to generation and thus making the growth and continuity of the society. There
should be consistency between his used word and deed.Imam Shafi derives teachers to be kind to his
students. Ibn Abbas said that the most dear to me is the person who makes his way to me by crossing
over other’s heads in order to be closer to me (for listening to my speech), I would hardly bear a fly
sitting on him and bring discomfort to him”. According to Ghazali, a teacher’s personality should be a
model with which the students may relate themselves.Ibn Khaldoon stresses that teacher should behave
like parents towards their students.According to Allama Iqbal, “a teacher’s function is not mere
promotion of literacy by imparting a certain amount of knowledge to pupils. A teacher is the ideal and
model to be followed by students. He is key to the whole education process. A teacher should be such a
person who commands the respect of pupils by virtue of what he is. So we can say that Islamic teacher
will be: consistent in words & deeds,:Capable of effective communication to pupils..Well prepared for
lessons, confident..Clear in expression, punctual, systematic..Creative, Dedicated & devoted..Fluent in
language, well informed of teaching. TEACHING METHODS: LECTURE METHOD:
Lecture method is a popular method of teaching in Islam. While delivering the lecture the following
points are kept in mind:The lecture should be delivered with slow speed..The voice should be neither
too high nor too low.,The pitch should be according to the size of the audience.
Repeat every sentence thrice..But for continuity the repetition can be avoided..It should be
appropriately long..The teacher can use different devices. MERITS OF LECTURE METHOD:It saves the
time of the teacher..It is for large number of students..It is very flexible.
Teacher can draw the attention of the students with his voice.DISCUSSION METHOD:In this method the
student discuss certain points. The students know how to discuss the things with the teacher. They
discuss the things with the teacher for the purpose of explaining and not for the purpose of opposing or
regrading the teacher. The students give the latest examples and information in support of their ideas.
QUESTION AND ANSWER METHODThis method is widely used in the teaching of Quran and Sunnah. At
many occasions the Quran and Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) ask some question and then answer these
question. The Quran has used this method on many occasions. e.g. The calamity! what is the
calamity? Ah what will convey unto thee what the calamity is! Similarly the Holy Prophet’s inquisitive
style on the one of his last address: What day is it today? What city is it? Which month is it? Through
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these questions the desire to learn is created.STORY TELLING METHOD:Story is a narrative of incidents
in their sequence. Allah used this method in the Holy Quran describing many stories of past. In this the
information are given in the form of a story?..This method develop interest in the students..It develops
creativity..It develops the understanding & conclusion power in students. TEACHR TRAINING IN ISLAMIC
SYSTEM:It is necessary for Muslim teachers to be fully aware of the nature and objectives of Islamic
Education and to use modern techniques of communication in the transmission of Islamic education
both in Muslim and non-Muslim countries. For this purpose it is necessary to train teachers according to
the principles of Islam and to enable them to perform their teaching in the best possible way. There
were three classes of teachers in the early stage of Islam:The first class was that of the companions of
the Holy prophet (S.A.W), their successors and the Ulama. They were not full-time teachers. They taught
because it was the duty of those who had knowledge of Islam. They also performed other
responsibilities along with the teaching. The second class of teachers gave greater time to the teaching.
They had professions other than teaching because the students were not expected to pay the teachers
for teaching. The third class of Teachers were men who taught the children. These teachers usually were
poor people or the prisoners arrested in battle. They were paid from the Bait ul Mal.No separate
institutions were established for the teachers. The teachers were not being trained but they were being
educated. There was no official system of teacher training in the early period. This was only in the ninth
century when textbooks came into use and the Ijazaha became the certificate of professional
qualifications. Any one who studied with a teacher could get permission from him to teach from the
book which he had copied. The permission was usually written in the book that was intended to be
taught as text. Just as a book should be use only after permission by author. The lectures dictated by the
teacher could also be used only after his permission.A teacher could also give a general license (Ijazah
aama) which permitted a person to teach from all of his works. In Damascus, Ibn Batuta was given a
number of such certificates. The Ijazaha served a two fold purpose i.e. it was an acknowledgement of
the rights of the author and a certificate for teaching.
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