Stress in Beam

Chapter 7.
STRESSES IN BEAM
1. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING

MOMENT
I. INTRODUCTION
 OBJECTIVES
we shall consider the materials that result forces acting laterally
to their axis, to cause bending.
 CONTENTS
- Shear force diagram and Bending moment: distribution of
shear force and bending moment along the beam.
- Bending stress and shear stress: the distribution of those
tresses in cross section of beam.
 APPLICATION
- Experiment to determine bending strength of materials.
- Calculate the strength of mechanical system
- Basic knowledge for the next lectures: Mechanical
behavior of materials.
MultiPurpose TestWare 1
II. LOAD TYPES and TYPES OF MEMBERS
II. 1. LOAD TYPES

P
 Point load
q
 Uniform
q
 Linearly varying
M, C
 Couple
(just moment)
3
II. LOAD TYPES and TYPES OF MEMBERS

II. 2. TYPES OF MEMBERS
q
P
 Simply supported A B
RA RB
 Cantilevered
RB
MB
B
 Overhanging P q
A
B
 Reactions RA, RB và MA are RA RB
determined base on
equilibrium of beam 4
III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT
III. 1. POINT FORCE
L
aL (a1)
 Finding the reaction at A and P
B C
A B
RA = (1-a)P
C
RA = x
RB = aP C M RB =
(1-a)P 0x<aL aP
1) Consider the cutting plane
between A and P, By
equilibrium on LH section A
above0x<aL. RA =
V
(1-a)P
V – SHEAR FORCE V = (1-a)P
M – BENDING MOMENT
+
FY = 0 V = (1-a)P
FC = 0 Mmax = (1-a)PL
M = (1-a)Px

III. 1. POINT FORCE
 SIGN CONVENTION
M V M V
+ -
V M V M
By using the sign convention above on the LH
section, we also find
x
C M
A V = (1-a)P
M = (1-a)Px
V
RA = (1-a)P
6
L
III. 1. POINT FORCE aL (a1)
2) Consider the cutting P C

plan between P and B A B
RA x C
(aL < x  L) = (1-a)P RB
V = (1-a)P-P = -aP aL<x L = aP
aL (a1) M
M = (1-a)Px-P(x-aL) P C
V = -aP A
RA
M = Pa(L-x) = (1-a)P V
V = (1-a)P
+
V
Shear force diagram V -
Mmax = (1-a)PL V = -aP
Bending moment diagram M
+
M 7

III. 1. POINT FORCE
Important remarks: L
aL (a1)
V Shear force P
Graph jumps across
A B
concentrated P by amount of
concentrated load.
RA D RB
= (1-a)P
= aP
M V = (1-a)P
For Moment diagram
1) If : V >0 then M +
V<0 thì M
V
-
2) The change in bending moment is
V = -aP
equal to the area under the
shear force graph
Mmax = (1-a)PaL
3)
+
M
III. 1. Uniform distributed force
L
L/2
 S1. By equilibrium of q
beam, we find the reactions
FY = 0 RA = 3qL/8 A B
MA = 0 RB = qL/8 x C
RA = RB =
 S2. 3qL/8 q M qL/8
- Consider the cutting plane in
0x<L/2 A
V =-qx + 3qL/8 RA =
3qL/8
V
M = - qx.(x/2)+(3qL/8).x
=(- qx2/2) +(3qL/8).x L/2
-Consider the cutting plane in

q M
L/2 x L A
V =-qL/2 + 3aL/8 =-qL/8
RA =
x C
M = - (qL/2).(x-L/4)+(3qL/8)x
3qL/8 V
= (- qL/8)x + qL2/8
9

Draw V and M L
L/2
 In AC q
(0 x<L/2)
Shear force: V A B
V =-qx + 3qL/8 RA = C
x = 0 thì VA = 3qL/8 3qL/8 RB =
x = L/2 thì VC = - qL/8 3L/8 L/8 qL/8
In AC, V linearly decreases 3qL/8
Bending moment: M
M = (- qx2/2) +(3qL/8).x V
if x = 0 then MA = 0
9qL2/128 - qL/8
if x = L/2 then MC = -qL2/16 qL2/16
in AC, M distributes in parabolic.
(dM/dx) = -qx + 3qL/8 = 0
x = 3L/8
then
M
M = 9qL2/128
10
 In CB L/2
L
(L/2 x<L) q
Shear force: V
A B
V =-qL/2 + 3qL/8=-qL/8
x = L/2 then VC = -qL/8 C
RA = RB =
x = L then VB = - qL/8
3qL/8 3L/8 L/8 qL/8
Shear force graph does not change
Bending moment: M
M= (- qL/8)x + qL2/8
x = L/2 then MC = qL2/16
V
x = L then MB = 0 9qL2/128 qL/8
M decreases linearly in CB qL2/16
M
V =-qL/8 V =-qx + 3qL/8
M= (- qL/8)x + qL2/8 M = (- qx2/2) +(3qL/8).x 11

Important remarks
L
1)) Shear force V increases or L/2
decrease linearly if uniform q
distributed force directs up or
down. A B
2) The change of V, V, is equal to C
the area under distributed force RA = RB =
3qL/8 3L/8 L/8 qL/8
3qL/8
V
9qL2/128 -qL/8
qL2/16
M
V =-qL/8 V =-qx + 3qL/8
M= (- qL/8)x + qL2/8 M = (- qx2/2) +(3qL/8).x 12
Important remarks
L
3) V = 0, then M reaches extreme. L/2
V> 0 then M q
V< 0 then M
A B
The change of M is equal to the area
under V graph
C
RA = RB =
Or : 3qL/8 qL/8
3L/8 L/8
3qL/8
V=0
V
9qL2/128 -qL/8
qL2/16
13

III. 3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOADS, SHEAR FORCE & BENDING
MOMENTS
 For point force and distributed force,

we have
1 2
 For general cases: Right?
14
MOMENTS y
q
q
M V M + M
A B
C
x
C
 Proof x V +V
(V +V)=V- qx
 V = - qx, or V/x = -q
if x  then dV/dx = -q or
( M+M)=M+V.x - qx.(x/2)
 M = V.x, or M/x = V
if x  then dM/dx = V
15

MOMENTS
We can use those relationships to draw the shear force and bending
moment
1) if P = 0, q = 0 then V=const
P
2) if P  0, q = 0 then
VR = VL + P graph jumps with direction of P VL
VR
3) if P = 0; q  then
- if q directs downward then V is increasing function

- If q directs upward then V is decreasing function
4) From equations
If P = 0, the change of shear force is the area under

distributed force
16
MOMENTS
5) If there is a couple C ML
MR = ML + C MR
The moment graph jumps as the value of moment C
(couple)
6) Because
Then V(x) is slop of M graph at considering cutting

plane
7) If C= P = 0
A change of bending moment is the area under V

graph in the considering range of x 17

L
III. 4. EXAMPLE
aL P P
aL
 EX 1. Determine shear A B
force and bending moment C D
diagram RA = P RB = P
Solution
1st way: Base on Equilibrium equations
 1st step. Determine the reaction at A and B
 2nd step. Determine V and M functions of x at each section of beam.
 3rd step. Drawing V & M graph
2nd way. Base on relationship between P, V & M

 1st way. Determine reaction at A and B
 2nd way. Drawing V & M based on P, V and M 18
III. 4. EXAMPLE 3
L
Following 2nd way
aL P P
1) From Equilibrium condition aL
Fy = 0 A B
MA = 0 C D
RA = P và RB = P RA = P RB = P
V=P
2) Relationships P và V
At A: point force P is upward with + V=0
value of P V
Jumps up by a value of P
-
V
V = -P
At C: Point force is downward with a value
of P
M = PaL
V Jumps down by value of P M
At D: point force is downward with a Đoạn CD chịu Uốn thuần túy
value of P
V Jumps down by value of P 19

III. 4. EXAMPLE 3
Follow 2nd way
2) P&V
at A: point force P is upward with L
value of P, Graph of V jumps up
by a value of P. V = P aL P P
aL
In AC: no point force, V=const,
V=P. A B
Tại C point force P is downward
with value of P, Graph of V
C D
RA = P RB = P
jumps down by a value of P.
V=0.
V=P
In CD: no point force, V=const,
V=P. V=const, V=0 + V=0
Tại D: C point force P is V
downward with value of P, -
Graph of V jumps down by a
V = -P
value of P. V = -P.
In DB: no point force, V=const,
V=P.
At B: : point force P is upward
with value of P, Graph of V
20
jumps up by a value of P, V=0
III. 4. EXAMPLE 3
aL P P
2)Relationship V & M aL
At A: M = MA = 0
in AC: V is not change, V=P. A B
M linearly increases from A to C C D
with slop of V= P, RA = P RB = P
at C: MC –MA = area under V graph
in AC = P.aL, then MC = P.aL V=P
in CD: V = 0, M is constant
+ V=0
MD -MC =0 or MD = MC = P.aL. V
in CB: V is not change, V=-P. -
M linearly decreases from D to B
V = -P
with slop of V= P,
at B: MB – MD = -P.aL or
M = PaL
MB = -P.aL + PaL = 0, MB = 0
M
CD section in Pure bending
21

III. 5. DETERMINE BENDING STRESS OF MATERIALS
Apply to determine bending stress of materials
3 POINT METHOD 4 POINT METHOD
22
y
III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING
500 MOMENT
200
lb lb/ft
x
III. 6.EX 4 A B C
4 6
ft ft
500 200
lb lb/ft M
x
C
A B C
V
500
M C
lb
A x O
V
200
500 lb/ft
lb M
x
A B
4 x- V
ft x 4 ft

V,
lb 500
1700


2000
8600
23
 Draw shear
force (V) and
bending
moment (M)
24
 Draw shear
force (V) and
bending
moment (M)
25
 Draw shear
force (V) and
bending
moment (M)
26
 Draw shear
force (V) and
bending
moment (M)
27
28
Ví dụ bổ sung 3
 Draw shear
force (V) and
bending
moment (M)
29
 Draw shear
force (V) and
bending
moment (M)
30
 Draw shear force (V)

and bending
moment (M)
31
 Draw shear
force (V) and
bending
moment (M)
32
33
IV. NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN CAUSED BY BENDING
IV. 1. Normal stress and strain caused by pure bending

L
aL P P
aL
A B
C D
RA = P RB = P
V=P
+ V=0
V
-
V = -P
M = PaL
M
CD section in pure bending
34
Strain
35

 Stress
Kéo
 Positive stress: tension

 Negative stress: compression
36
IV. 2. Relationship between normal stress and strain
 Consider a cross-section
Differential force on area A
Differential moment on area A
 Bending moment
Where
 Normal stress
37
IV. 3. Examples
 EX7.5
1) Draw V and M
diagram A B
b
2) Determine
maximum and
minimum normal h
stress at x = L/2
38
IV. 3. Examples
39
IV. 3. Examples
 at
 Max Moment
 Maximum normal stress
At the bottom of the beam
 Minimum normal stress
At the top of the beam

40
V. Shear stress in beam
V.1. Shear stress analysis
 An element under normal and shear stress
 For a beam in bending
41

 Consider equilibrium of a piece (ABCD)

of beam with shear stress on AB b
 Horizontal force on AB
C D
 On the other hand, FH should be equal to a force generated by

shear stress
42
- 1st Moment of shaded region (AC), Denoted by

Q, can be determined as:
Centroid of AC
43

V.1. Distribution of Shear stress
 For rectangular cross-section
 Maximum shear stress occurs when y1 = 0
44
 For circular cross-section
 For hollow circular cross-section
45

 EX ….
 Draw V and M 6’
 Determine 1.5’ Cross-secion
max max
 Determine
 and  at points: 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5 over
cross-section at x =
1.5’ from A
46
 EX 7….
1) find RA & RB
2) draw V & M
(base on
relationship
between Load,
Shear force and
bending moment)
47
 EX 7.5
3) Determine max max
At Mid-beam
At ends of beam
note: 1ft = 12 in
Psi = lb/in2
48
 Ex7….
3) Determine max max
49
 Ex7….
 Determine
 and  at points: 1,
2, 3, 4 and 5 over 6’
cross-section x = 6’
1.5’ Tiết diện
1.5’ from A
50
 Ex 7.
RA = 5400 lb
x V
 V and M function of x
 At x = 1.5’
51
 Ex 7….
Positions
Note: 1ft = 12 in
Psi = lb/in2
52
 Ex 7.5
Stress state at points: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
53
 EX 7….
40 kN
 Determine bending A a
C
b
stress and shear c
stress at a, b and c
B C
in A cross-section 1.5 m
A
1.5 m 1.5 m
a tf
Dầm chữ W24533
I = 49.1 (106)mm4, b
d = 258 mm,
wf = 146 mm, c d
tf = 9.1 mm,
tw
tw = 6.1 mm
tf
wf 54
40 kN
A a
C
b
c
At A B A C
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
VA = 16 kN RB=16kN RC=24kN
MA = 24 kNm
16kN V
-24 kN
48 kNm
24kNm M
55
a tf
 At a y
My 24(10 3 )(129)(10 3 )
b
a     63.05(10 6 ) N/m 2  63.1 MPa(C)
I 49.1(10 6 )
c
VQ
 Vì Q = 0 nên  = 0 tw
It
 At b tf
3 3
My 24(10 )(119.9)(10 )
b     58.6(10 6 ) N/m 2  58.6 MPa(C) wf
I 49.1(10 6 )
VQb 16(10 3 )(165.34)(10 6 )

b    8.832(10 6 ) N/m 2  8.83 MPa
I NA t w 49.1(10 6 )(6.1)(10 3 )
Where
Q= yC A = 124.45(146)(9.1) = 165.34 (103) mm3= 165.34 (10-6) m3
Note: in the formula  has (-) because direction of y in this case is

opposite to y direction in the theory section.
56
a tf
 At c y
b
VQc 16(10 3 )(209.2)(10 6 )
c    11.176(10 6 ) N/m 2  11.18 MPa
I NA t w 49.1(10 6 )(6.1)(10 3 ) c
Where tw
tf
Qc = yCA = 124.45 (146)
(9.1) + 59.95 (119.9)(6.1) wf
= 209.2 (103) mm3 = 209.2
(10-6) m3
Bending stress = 0 at NA
57
Chữa bài tập

Bài tập 4. Xác định ứng suất kéo và nén gây ra bởi momen uốn trong đoạn BC
Giải
Xác định đường trung tuyến của tiết diện
Chia tiết diện chữ T thành 2 phần
Phần 1 có diện tích là A1 và trọng tâm là C1
Phần 1 có diện tích là A2 và trọng tâm là C2
Trọng tâm của toàn bộ tiết diện là
58
Chữa bài tập
Momen bậc 2
59
Chữa bài tập

Momen bậc 2
Ứng suất kéo tại đáy dầm
3000 lb
Ứng suất nén tại mặt trên của

dầm
- 3000 lb
30000 lb.in
60
Bài tập 7.
1) Vẽ V và M
2) Tìm ứng suất nén lớn nhất
3) Tìm ứng suất tiếp tại tiết diện ghép nối
61
62
Ứng suất uốn tại tiết diện AB, trên mặt đáy của dầm
Ứng suất uốn tại điểm D, trên mặt trên của dầm
Ứng suất tiếp của dầm trên đoạn BC, tại tiết diện ghép nối
63

Stress in Beam

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Stress in Beam

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Chapter 7.

1. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING

II. 1. LOAD TYPES

II. LOAD TYPES and TYPES OF MEMBERS

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

2) Consider the cutting P C

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

-Consider the cutting plane in

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

 For point force and distributed force,

 For general cases: Right?

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

- if q directs downward then V is increasing function

If P = 0, the change of shear force is the area under

Then V(x) is slop of M graph at considering cutting

A change of bending moment is the area under V

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

 1st step. Determine the reaction at A and B

 2nd step. Determine V and M functions of x at each section of beam.

 3rd step. Drawing V & M graph

2nd way. Base on relationship between P, V & M

 2nd way. Drawing V & M based on P, V and M 18

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

3 POINT METHOD 4 POINT METHOD

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

 Draw shear force (V)

III. SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

IV. NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN CAUSED BY BENDING

IV. 1. Normal stress and strain caused by pure bending

IV. 1. Normal stress and strain caused by pure bending

IV. NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN CAUSED BY BENDING

IV. 1. Normal stress and strain caused by pure bending

 Positive stress: tension

IV. 2. Relationship between normal stress and strain

Differential moment on area A

IV. NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN CAUSED BY BENDING

IV. NORMAL STRESS AND STRAIN CAUSED BY BENDING

At the bottom of the beam

 Minimum normal stress

At the top of the beam

 An element under normal and shear stress

 For a beam in bending

V. Shear stress in beam

 Consider equilibrium of a piece (ABCD)

 On the other hand, FH should be equal to a force generated by

- 1st Moment of shaded region (AC), Denoted by

V. Shear stress in beam

 For rectangular cross-section

 Maximum shear stress occurs when y1 = 0

 For circular cross-section

 For hollow circular cross-section

V. Shear stress in beam

V. Shear stress in beam

V. Shear stress in beam

V. Shear stress in beam

Stress state at points: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

V. Shear stress in beam